http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Child_marriage%3A_IndiaChild marriage: India - Revision history2026-08-27T15:56:30ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.19.2http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Child_marriage:_India&diff=137902&oldid=prevJyoti: /* 2022, 2024 */2025-09-25T17:49:17Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">2022, 2024</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> Analysing data of child marriages that were prevented by various NGOs, the report says, a “majority of cases of child marriages are instances of exploiting the vulnerability of the girl child, with older men taking advantage of their position of authority and the vulnerability of these girls”.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> Analysing data of child marriages that were prevented by various NGOs, the report says, a “majority of cases of child marriages are instances of exploiting the vulnerability of the girl child, with older men taking advantage of their position of authority and the vulnerability of these girls”.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==State-wise==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Bengal, Kerala: highest, lowest: 2023===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Child marriages in 2023- Bengal, Kerala were the best and worst.jpg|Child marriages in 2023: Bengal, Kerala were the best and worst <br/> From: [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=19_09_2025_015_008_cap_TOI  Sep 19, 2025: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''See graphic''':</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' Child marriages in 2023: Bengal, Kerala were the best and worst ''</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|CCHILD MARRIAGE: INDIACHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|CCHILD MARRIAGE: INDIACHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CHILD MARRIAGE: INDIACHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CHILD <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MARRIAGE: INDIACHILD MARRIAGE: INDIACHILD </ins>MARRIAGE: INDIACHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Child_marriage:_India&diff=136038&oldid=prevJyoti: /* Religions other than Hinduism */2025-05-05T19:29:22Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Religions other than Hinduism</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> Delivering a 141-page judgment on a PIL highlighting the persistence of child marria- ges on an alarming scale despite enactment of PCMA 18 years ago, a bench of Chief Justice D Y Chandrachud and Justices J B Pardiwala and Manoj Misra said, “The issue of the interface of personal laws with the prohibition of child marriage under PCMA has been subject of some confusion.”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> Delivering a 141-page judgment on a PIL highlighting the persistence of child marria- ges on an alarming scale despite enactment of PCMA 18 years ago, a bench of Chief Justice D Y Chandrachud and Justices J B Pardiwala and Manoj Misra said, “The issue of the interface of personal laws with the prohibition of child marriage under PCMA has been subject of some confusion.”</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=YEAR-WISE DEVELOPMENTS=  </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=25_04_2025_028_012_cap_TOI Ambika Pandit, April 25, 2025: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">New Delhi : An analysis of data complied from 416 districts in 23 states by a collective of voluntary organisations shows as many as 1,351 child marriages were stopped and over 1.2lakh prevented through legal interventions in 2024-25, reports Ambika Pandit.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> As many as 779 FIRs were registered in cases where marriage could not be stopped with the maximum cases (170) filed in West Bengal followed by Tamil Nadu (146) and Bihar (114). The data collated by ‘Just Rights For Children’ (JRC) — a network of over 250 organisations shows that of the 1,351 cases where marriages were stopped , legal inverventions involved making a general diary entry in the police stations record (737 cases), intervention of Child Welfare Committees (593 cases) and through an injunction order from the courts ( 21 cases).</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> In over 1.2 lakh cases, mostly where information regarding a family planning to marry their underage daughter was received, marriage was prevented by taking undertakings from the parents and guardians before govt authorties like police, sub divisional magistrate, child marriage prohibition officer or panchayat member. Besides this in a little more than 66,000 cases undertakings were taken from parents where a prospective child marriage was being planned in villages through persuasion by community social workers associated with JRC network.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> The data comes ahead of ‘Akshay Tritiya’ when a lot of child marriages are usually solemnised in the garb of mass marriages and which will be observed on April 30 this year. In fact, NHRC has alerted states to step-up action to prevent child marriage and look out for vulnerable out-ofschool girls. NHRC member Priyank Kanoongo has asked state authorities to issue instructions to the school administration to review current statistics on school dropouts and re-enrol them.</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Child_marriage:_India&diff=133971&oldid=prevJyoti: /* Solutions, causes */2024-12-19T18:16:52Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Solutions, causes</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> While for each individual factor contributing to child marriage there might be states doing worse than Assam, in Assam several of these factors coexist, contributing to a high proportion of marriages before 18 years of age among women. In effect, people, mostly the poorest, are being punished through the muchpublicised arrests, for the state’s failure to provide good quality schooling and health facilities and its inability to empower its women.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> While for each individual factor contributing to child marriage there might be states doing worse than Assam, in Assam several of these factors coexist, contributing to a high proportion of marriages before 18 years of age among women. In effect, people, mostly the poorest, are being punished through the muchpublicised arrests, for the state’s failure to provide good quality schooling and health facilities and its inability to empower its women.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=Religions other than Hinduism=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==SC refuses to extend child marriage ban to all faiths/ 2024==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=19_10_2024_101_022_cap_TOI Dhananjay Mahapatra, Oct 19, 2024: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">New Delhi : Supreme Court spurned the Union govt’s invitation to direct application of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA) to citizens irrespective of their religion and personal laws but suggested that Parliament should consider outlawing child betrothals as well.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Delivering a 141-page judgment on a PIL highlighting the persistence of child marria- ges on an alarming scale despite enactment of PCMA 18 years ago, a bench of Chief Justice D Y Chandrachud and Justices J B Pardiwala and Manoj Misra said, “The issue of the interface of personal laws with the prohibition of child marriage under PCMA has been subject of some confusion.”</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Child_marriage:_India&diff=132399&oldid=prevJyoti: /* 1960-2017: women between 15-19 bearing children */2024-07-29T05:32:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">1960-2017: women between 15-19 bearing children</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Until 1990, it was normal for every ninth or tenth girl in the 15-19 age group to have a baby. Since teenage pregnancy is only accepted in India if it happens within marriage, the high adolescent fertility rate clearly pointed to the prevalence of child marriage. However, the rate has steadily fallen over the past 30 years and is now down to 2.3, which means only 1 in 43 girls in that age group becomes a mother.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Until 1990, it was normal for every ninth or tenth girl in the 15-19 age group to have a baby. Since teenage pregnancy is only accepted in India if it happens within marriage, the high adolescent fertility rate clearly pointed to the prevalence of child marriage. However, the rate has steadily fallen over the past 30 years and is now down to 2.3, which means only 1 in 43 girls in that age group becomes a mother.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==2022, 2024==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=18_07_2024_023_007_cap_TOI Ambika Pandit, July 17, 2024: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">We are 24 years into the 21st century, but every minute, three girl children are forced into marriage in India. Not that you will know this from crime data, which captures a fraction of child marriages in the country. Take 2022, for example. Only three cases were registered per day nationwide. It gets grimmer: in most cases, the groom was over 21.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> These shocking numbers are courtesy a new study by ‘India Child Protection’ research team, part of the ‘Child Marriage Free India’ network of civil society organisations. The report analysed data from Census 2011, National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) and National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21). Per the report, NCRB data for 2018-2022 records 3,863 child marriages. But, as the study points out, extrapolating from Census estimates, 16 lakh child marriages take place every year.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' With 81% drop in 3 years, Assam a case study in curbing child marriage: Study ''' </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">That translates into over 4,000 child marriages every day. NFHS-5 estimates show that 23.3% of women in the 20–24 age bracket were married before they were 18. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Assam is cited as a case study in curbing child marriage. The report says, between 2021-22 and 2023-24, there was an 81% drop in child marriages across 1,132 villages in 20 districts of the state. In absolute numbers, the decline is from 3,225 cases in 2021-22 to 627 in 2023-24. Last year, there were over 3,000 arrests for this crime.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> In a survey carried out in these villages, 98% of respondents believed that the state’s strict law enforcement is a major reason child marriages are declining in number.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> The picture is different everywhere else. The report says prolonged trials in courts and poor conviction rates encourage those intent on marrying off girl children. “In 2022, out of the total 3,563 child marriage cases listed for trial in courts under the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, a mere 181 cases were successfully concluded in terms of trial completion,” the report said. Case pendency rate is 92%. Conviction rate is 11%.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Analysing data of child marriages that were prevented by various NGOs, the report says, a “majority of cases of child marriages are instances of exploiting the vulnerability of the girl child, with older men taking advantage of their position of authority and the vulnerability of these girls”.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|CCHILD MARRIAGE: INDIACHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|CCHILD MARRIAGE: INDIACHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Child_marriage:_India&diff=123885&oldid=prevJyoti: /* Arrests, convictions */2023-02-28T17:43:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Arrests, convictions</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Despite prohibitory laws, child marriages are still prevalent and there are around 2.3 crore minor brides in the country .The Centre told the apex court that 899 cases of child marriage were registered in the last three years and 136 people convicted in those cases.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Despite prohibitory laws, child marriages are still prevalent and there are around 2.3 crore minor brides in the country .The Centre told the apex court that 899 cases of child marriage were registered in the last three years and 136 people convicted in those cases.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=Solutions, causes=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==School education==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=10_02_2023_024_011_cap_TOI  Rema Nagarajan, February 10, 2023: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Rural women married before the age of 18, state-wise; schooling beyond class 10 for women in the same states- 2019- 2021.jpg|Rural women married before the age of 18, state-wise; schooling beyond class 10 for women in the same states- 2019- 2021 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=10_02_2023_024_011_cap_TOI  Rema Nagarajan, February 10, 2023: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thousands are being arrested in Assam as part of a crackdown on child marriage even though studies from across the world and in India have shown that educational attainment and socio-economic status of a household are the most significant correlates of child marriage. Assam, where almost 86% of the population is rural, has among the largest proportion of rural women who haven’t completed 10 or more years of schooling, roughly 74%. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> ''' The real challenge: girls skipping school ''' </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Among individual characteristics, the level of education of females has the most profound impact on the age they marry, irrespective of household wealth, locality and other characteristics,” stated a Unicef study on child marriages in India. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">According to the latest National Family Health Survey (2019-21), about one-third of rural women in the 20-24 age group in Assam were married before the age of 18. There are only two states – West Bengal (48%) and Jharkhand (36%) – with a higher proportion of rural women in this age group who were married before 18 and they have roughly the same proportion of women who did not complete more than 10 years of schooling as Assam, about 74%. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Instead of doubling down on improving schooling for girls by investing in more schools and improving the condition of existing schools, in September last year, the Assam government announced that over 1,700 government-run elementary schools were being shut down and merged with neighbouring schools in keeping with the school ‘rationalisation’ recommended by Niti Aayog. Such mergers usually hurt girl students the most as they often have to travel longer distances to go to school. This results in girls being pulled out of school citing safety concerns. Parents’ fear about the safety of girls in public spaces is another reason for pushing girls into early marriages. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Limited paid work opportunities for women and girls is another factor that contributes to early marriage. Assam happens to be the state with the second lowest female worker population ratio of just 14. 2%. According to Niti Aayog’s multidimensional poverty estimates, the proportion of the population recognised as vulnerable vis-à-vis food and nutrition security under National Food Security Act as priority households is the third highest in Assam, 71. 2%. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Missing development quotient '''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> The chief minister tweeted on February 6 that the “drive against child marriage is for public health and public welfare” as teenage pregnancy ratio in Assam was as high as 16. 8%. He gave a list of districts with their proportion of teenage pregnancy. Incidentally, some of the districts with the highest proportion of teenage pregnancy also happen to be those with a highproportion of marriages before 18 years. Many of these are also the ones in which a large number of elementary schools were shut down or merged. Poor quality and inaccessibility of facilities and services, whether in health or education, would contribute to teenage pregnancies as poorly educated women are the most vulnerable. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> There have been charges that the crackdown was meant to target Muslims, which the government has denied. Though a Muslim girl can marry on completing 15 years or when she attains puberty according to Muslim personal law – a provision being challenged before the Supreme Court – child marriage is not exclusive to the community. According to the 2011 Census, 84% of the 12 million children (7. 8 million girls) who married before 10 years in India were Hindus and mostly from rural India. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' No community factors here '''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Moreover, Jammu and Kashmir, with 68% Muslim population, has the second lowest proportion of marriages before 18 years of age (5. 3%). Its proportion was low even in the NFHS survey of 2005-06, just 14. 4%, an indication of the influence of socio-cultural norms on the marital age of women. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> More than 46% of rural women in J&K have 10 or more years of schooling. Similarly, in Kerala with almost 27% Muslim population, the proportion of rural women in the 20-24 age group who were married before 18 was just 8. 2%. The proportion of women with 10 or more years of schooling in rural Kerala was over 75%. At the same time, in Jharkhand where Muslims constitute barely 15% of the population, the proportion of marriages before 18 in the same age group is as high as 36%. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> While for each individual factor contributing to child marriage there might be states doing worse than Assam, in Assam several of these factors coexist, contributing to a high proportion of marriages before 18 years of age among women. In effect, people, mostly the poorest, are being punished through the muchpublicised arrests, for the state’s failure to provide good quality schooling and health facilities and its inability to empower its women.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=See also=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=See also=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Age of consent in India]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Age of consent in India]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Child_marriage:_India&diff=119050&oldid=prevPdewan: /* 1960-2017: women between 15-19 bearing children */2022-06-12T06:11:08Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">1960-2017: women between 15-19 bearing children</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 06:11, 12 June 2022</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=The extent of the problem=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=The extent of the problem=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==1891- 1921==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=12_06_2022_021_015_cap_TOI    SWAMINATHAN S ANKLESARIA AIYAR, Child marriage: Why we should not point fingers/ ''The Times of India''/  12 Jun. 22]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">No, child marriage is not a Muslim specialty. It was common for centuries across regions and faiths, a compact between two families and not two individuals. Parents would marry their children at age five or six. After the ceremony, the children lived apart with their parents till the girl attained puberty, after which she went to the boy’s house as wife. All prayed that she should be blessed with a son within a year (girls were not considered a blessing). This was not just ancient tradition. It was the norm in India in the early 20th century. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">My own maternal aunt was married as a child. When she attained puberty, she got the shocking news that her boy-husband had died of disease. Hinduism forbade widow remarriage, though Islam encouraged it. Tradition required my aunt, as a child widow, to shave her head and wear a plain saffron sari to make herself unattractive to men and become, in effect, a lifelong household servant. To save her from this fate, my grandfather entrusted my aunt to Sister Subbalakshmi, the great reformer who ran a sanctuary for child widows. She educated the widowed girls, enabling them to earn a living in an era when respectable women were not supposed to work outside their house. My aunt became a well-known doctor. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Through the centuries, little girls were married not only to little boys but also to grown men. This had the full sanction of tradition and religion. But it had horrendous outcomes. Some of these are described in Katherine Mayo’s 1927 book ‘Mother India’. She recounts that in 1891, the legislative assembly of the British Raj debated reforms including a minimum marriage age. Hindu traditionalists strongly opposed any reform. The reformers presented evidence from doctors who had treated girls at hospital after terrible abuse by adult husbands. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Here is a partial list. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1. Girl on the day after marriage. “Left femur dislocated, pelvis crushed out of shape, flesh hanging in shreds. ” </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2. Girl aged 9. “So completely ravished as to be almost beyond surgical repair. Her husband had two other wives and spoke fine English.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3. Girl aged 10. “Very small child entirely undeveloped physically. ” Bleeding to death from the rectum after being sodomised by her 40-year-old husband. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4. Girl aged 9. “Lower limbs completely paralysed”. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5. Girl aged seven. “Living with husband. Died in great agony after three days in hospital. ” </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6. Girl aged 10. Condition “most pitiable. ” After one day in hospital, her husband demanded her back for his “lawful use. ” </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7. Girl of 11. Great violence done to her person, will be a cripple for life. No use of lower extremities. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8. Aged about 10. “Crawled to hospital on her hands and knees. Has never been able to stand erect after her marriage. ” My body shook and eyes shut with horror on reading this. What deplorable brutality! All sanctified by tradition! Mayo quotes another doctor. “I have never seen a creature so fouled. Her internal wounds were alive with maggots. For days after she got there, she lay speechless on her bed…. Meanwhile her husband is suing her to receive his marital rights and force her back into his possession. She is not yet thirteen years old. ”</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The doctors also speak of rampant venereal disease in little girls, contracted from their husbands. “Ninety nine percent of pelvic infection is of gonorrheal infection. ” Mayo recounts a conversation with a senior Brahmin official. He says if he has any female children, he will have to get them married by the age of five or seven. Otherwise, he will become an outcast. Fellow Brahmins will not eat, talk, or socialise with him, and his son will not find a decent wife. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Writing in 1927, Mayo says that child marriage is overwhelmingly a Hindu custom, but less common in Muslims. Yet she cites the 1921 census as saying virtually every woman in India was married by or immediately after puberty, and “cohabitation begins in every case with puberty. ” This assessment does not distinguish between Hindus and Muslims. Child marriage was common across faiths. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==1960-2017: women between 15-19 bearing children==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==1960-2017: women between 15-19 bearing children==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F06%2F22&entity=Ar02516&sk=A61BA40D&mode=text  June 22, 2019: ''The Times of India'']</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F06%2F22&entity=Ar02516&sk=A61BA40D&mode=text  June 22, 2019: ''The Times of India'']</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Until 1990, it was normal for every ninth or tenth girl in the 15-19 age group to have a baby. Since teenage pregnancy is only accepted in India if it happens within marriage, the high adolescent fertility rate clearly pointed to the prevalence of child marriage. However, the rate has steadily fallen over the past 30 years and is now down to 2.3, which means only 1 in 43 girls in that age group becomes a mother.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Until 1990, it was normal for every ninth or tenth girl in the 15-19 age group to have a baby. Since teenage pregnancy is only accepted in India if it happens within marriage, the high adolescent fertility rate clearly pointed to the prevalence of child marriage. However, the rate has steadily fallen over the past 30 years and is now down to 2.3, which means only 1 in 43 girls in that age group becomes a mother.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|CCHILD MARRIAGE: INDIACHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Society|CCHILD MARRIAGE: INDIACHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Marriage, before 18: Prevalence despite ban=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Marriage, before 18: Prevalence despite ban=</div></td></tr>
</table>Pdewanhttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Child_marriage:_India&diff=106773&oldid=prevJyoti at 18:22, 8 December 20202020-12-08T18:22:04Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 18:22, 8 December 2020</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category: Law,Constitution,Judiciary |C]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category: Society |C]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=The extent of the problem=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==1960-2017: women between 15-19 bearing children==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F06%2F22&entity=Ar02516&sk=A61BA40D&mode=text  June 22, 2019: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Births per 100 women ages 15-19, 1960-2017.jpg|Births per 100 women ages 15-19, 1960-2017 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F06%2F22&entity=Ar02516&sk=A61BA40D&mode=text  June 22, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sharp fall in child marriage bodes well for women empowerment</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Until 1990, it was normal for every ninth or tenth girl in the 15-19 age group to have a baby. Since teenage pregnancy is only accepted in India if it happens within marriage, the high adolescent fertility rate clearly pointed to the prevalence of child marriage. However, the rate has steadily fallen over the past 30 years and is now down to 2.3, which means only 1 in 43 girls in that age group becomes a mother.</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Child_marriage:_India&diff=105538&oldid=prevJyoti: /* Other legal issues */2020-11-17T19:45:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Other legal issues</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A marriage of minors will not become void automatically without either of them obtaining divorce within two years of attaining the legal age for marriage, the Madras high court has ruled. A division bench set aside the order of a lower court refusing to take on file a woman's divorce petition on the grounds that she was a minor during marriage which was automatically void.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A marriage of minors will not become void automatically without either of them obtaining divorce within two years of attaining the legal age for marriage, the Madras high court has ruled. A division bench set aside the order of a lower court refusing to take on file a woman's divorce petition on the grounds that she was a minor during marriage which was automatically void.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=Exceptions=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==The advocate who ‘married’ a minor 40 years his junior==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F05%2F07&entity=Ar01305&sk=5B062080&mode=text  Swati Deshpande, May 7, 2019: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the case of an advocate who had ‘married’ a minor almost 40 years younger to him four years ago, the Bombay high court has said that on her turning a major and “ready to cohabit with him as his legally wedded wife, the otherwise voidable marriage, becomes valid”.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The HC had on May 2, as reported first by TOI, directed that the lawyer transfer 11 acres — including six acres offered to her earlier — to her name under the 7/12 land record extracts within three months and put Rs 7.5 lakh in fixed deposits for her, and stayed the trial of the lawyer, now aged. The girl, aged about 14 and a half in 2015 when they married after the lawyer offered to her grandparents that he would transfer six acres of land, had filed an FIR in December 2017 accusing him of rape, aggravated sexual assault and violation of the Child Marriage Act. The FIR also accused her 80-year-old grandfather, grandmother and two absconding uncles.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A day before being granted bail, on September 28, 2018, and 10 days after she turned 18, an adult by law, the lawyer filed for quashing of the criminal case against him, as did the grandparents.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A division bench of justices Ranjit More and Bharati Dangre opined that ultimately she would “suffer if the case is allowed to go on as she is now married and no one in the society would accept her as a wife”. “We think at this stage, securing her future is of prime importance,” it said.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The HC directed that the land once in her name not be transferred to anyone else during pendency of his petition. The bench also said it was “specifically made clear that this order is passed in the peculiar facts and circumstances of the present case and the same shall not be treated as precedent”. The court posted the matter for compliance in August. It also posted a hearing on February 10, 2020, to “observe the conduct” of the lawyer towards her after recording his assurance to look after her and her education; she wants to pursue studies after class XI.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The lawyer, who had lost his wife in 2014, had married the girl in 2015. The girl said she “consents” to his quashing plea as she had filed the FIR “in anger and misunderstanding”. When questioned by the judges, the girl stood by her affidavit that said she wanted to reside with the lawyer “quietly as his wife”.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the case of an advocate who had ‘married’ a minor almost 40 years younger to him 4 years ago, the HC said that on her turning 18 now and ‘ready to cohabit with him as his legally wedded wife, the otherwise voidable marriage, becomes valid’</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|C</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|C</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Society|C</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CHILD MARRIAGE: INDIA]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Arrests, convictions=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Arrests, convictions=</div></td></tr>
</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Child_marriage:_India&diff=100529&oldid=prevJyoti: /* 2015-16: a decrease */2019-02-09T14:48:41Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">2015-16: a decrease</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==2015-16: a decrease==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==2015-16: a decrease==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F08&entity=Ar00506&sk=3BE7619B&mode=text Bengal has most child marriages, February 8, 2019:  ''The Times of India'']</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[File: Child marriages in India, 2015-16.jpg|Child marriages in India, 2015-16 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F08&entity=Ar00400&sk=ED2B3335&mode=image  February 8, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[File: Child marriages in India, 2015-16.jpg|Child marriages in India, 2015-16 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F08&entity=Ar00400&sk=ED2B3335&mode=image  February 8, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''See graphic''':</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Child marriages in India, 2015-16''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==2015-16: prevalence of child marriages, state-wise==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F08&entity=Ar00506&sk=3BE7619B&mode=text Bengal has most child marriages, February 8, 2019:  ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">If you thought the Bimaru states topped in child marriages, think again. </del>West Bengal now has the highest incidence of girls aged between 15 and 19 years being married off, far ahead of states such as Rajasthan that one traditionally associated with child brides.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>West Bengal now has the highest incidence of girls aged between 15 and 19 years being married off, far ahead of states such as Rajasthan that one traditionally associated with child brides.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, the findings of the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), conducted in 2015-16, show a steady decline across states, barring a marginal rise in two states – Himachal Pradesh and Manipur. The national average for child marriages now is 11.9% of all girls aged 15-19.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However, the findings of the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), conducted in 2015-16, show a steady decline across states, barring a marginal rise in two states – Himachal Pradesh and Manipur. The national average for child marriages now is 11.9% of all girls aged 15-19.</div></td></tr>
</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Child_marriage:_India&diff=100528&oldid=prevJyoti: /* 2015-16: a decrease */2019-02-09T14:46:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">2015-16: a decrease</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 14:46, 9 February 2019</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==2015-16: a decrease==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==2015-16: a decrease==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F08&entity=Ar00506&sk=3BE7619B&mode=text Bengal has most child marriages, February 8, 2019:  ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[File: Child marriages in India, 2015-16.jpg|Child marriages in India, 2015-16 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F08&entity=Ar00400&sk=ED2B3335&mode=image  February 8, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[File: Child marriages in India, 2015-16.jpg|Child marriages in India, 2015-16 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F08&entity=Ar00400&sk=ED2B3335&mode=image  February 8, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''See graphic''':</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">If you thought the Bimaru states topped in child marriages, think again. West Bengal now has the highest incidence of girls aged between 15 and 19 years being married off, far ahead of states such as Rajasthan that one traditionally associated with child brides.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, the findings of the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), conducted in 2015-16, show a steady decline across states, barring a marginal rise in two states – Himachal Pradesh and Manipur. The national average for child marriages now is 11.9% of all girls aged 15-19.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When NFHS-3 was conducted in 2005-06, Bihar topped in child marriages, with a prevalence of 47.8%; Jharkhand was second with 44.7% and Rajasthan third (40.4%). Bengal was fourth with 34%.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">But in the 10 years since then, some Bimaru states — Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh — managed to reduce the incidence of child marriage by over 20 percentage points. In the same period, Bengal managed only an 8.4 percentage point reduction.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">District-level analysis using NFHS-4 reveals that Murshidabad (39.9%) in Bengal shows the highest prevalence of child marriage, followed by Gandhinagar</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''Child marriages </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">India</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015-16''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(39.3%) </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gujarat and Bhilwara (36.4%) in Rajasthan. Bihar has the most number of districts with high prevalence (20)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">followed by Bengal (14) and Jharkhand (11).</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Laws banning child marriages=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Laws banning child marriages=</div></td></tr>
</table>Jyoti