http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Governors%3A_IndiaGovernors: India - Revision history2026-09-30T15:38:48ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.19.2http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Governors:_India&diff=139236&oldid=prevJyoti: /* The changing role of Governor */2026-03-29T07:07:03Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The changing role of Governor</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>But the medicine was soon to be administered to his admirers when the very next year, the BJP, in office, sent a recommendation to President Narayanan for the imposition of President’s rule in Bihar. Governor S.S. Bhandari had reported “a slide into chaos of Bihar”, then ruled by Rabri Devi’s government. In a memorable Minute, President Narayanan said a slide was a slow process and observed: “A pertinent point arises, viz., that over the period of the slide, remedial action in terms of constitutional obligation ought to have been taken to arrest the decline.” His Minute, long in the public domain, has become, for Article 356, as pertinent a document as the Sarkaria recommendation and the Bommai judgment. The exigencies in each “Article 356 case” must differ, but President Narayanan’s Minute stresses the need, applicable to all cases, for the greatest circumspection before activating that Article in order to inure a proclamation under it from the charge of political bias.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>But the medicine was soon to be administered to his admirers when the very next year, the BJP, in office, sent a recommendation to President Narayanan for the imposition of President’s rule in Bihar. Governor S.S. Bhandari had reported “a slide into chaos of Bihar”, then ruled by Rabri Devi’s government. In a memorable Minute, President Narayanan said a slide was a slow process and observed: “A pertinent point arises, viz., that over the period of the slide, remedial action in terms of constitutional obligation ought to have been taken to arrest the decline.” His Minute, long in the public domain, has become, for Article 356, as pertinent a document as the Sarkaria recommendation and the Bommai judgment. The exigencies in each “Article 356 case” must differ, but President Narayanan’s Minute stresses the need, applicable to all cases, for the greatest circumspection before activating that Article in order to inure a proclamation under it from the charge of political bias.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Government|GGOVERNORS: INDIA</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=PART C=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=YEAR WISE DEVELOPMENTS=</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==March reshuffle==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=06_03_2026_001_005_cap_TOI  March 6, 2026: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">New Delhi/Kolkata: Tamil Nadu governor R N Ravi has replaced C V Ananda Bose as the new governor of West Bengal, while former ambassador to the US Taranjit Singh Sandhu will be the new Delhi L-G. The move to appoint Ravi as Bengal governor came under fire from CM Mamata Banerjee. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The appointment of Ravi, a former IPS officer who had frequent run-ins with the DMK govt, comes days ahead of the announcement of poll dates for Bengal and other states. The changes are part of the larger gubernatorial reshuffle announced by Rashtrapati Bhavan on Thursday (see gfx) . Bose, whose tenure was marked by confrontations with the Mamata-led TMC govt, announced his resignation from Delhi. He gave gave no reason for the decision. Mamata Banerjee was quick to target BJP, her main challenger in the assembly polls, as she expressed “shock and deep concern”. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> “The reasons behind his resignation are not known to me at this moment. However, given the prevailing circumstances, I would not be surprised if the governor has been subjected to some pressure from the Union home minister to serve certain political interests on the eve of the forthcoming state assembly elections,” she wrote on X, sharing that home minister Amit Shah called her to say that Ravi will be replacing Bose.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' Didi: Shah didn’t consult me over change of guard '''</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mamata said Shah did not consult her over the change of guard “as per established convention”. Ravi has been at odds with the Tamil Nadu govt over a host of issues and his expected transfer to Bengal assumes significance due to Mamata’s vehement protest against the EC’s SIR exercise in the state with polls set to be conducted with the new voters’ list. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The suddenness of Ananda Bose ’s decision was borne out by the fact that a Raj Bhavan social media channel posted his key official engagements on Friday till a few hours before he made the announcement. The engagements included his “presence” at the “first-of-its-kind” Darjeeling Hill Festival, where President Droupadi Murmu would be chief guest. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The election-eve choice of Ravi as Bengal’s 24th governor also prompted the CM to claim that “such actions undermine the spirit of the Constitution of India and strike at the very foundation of our federal structure”. Ravi, known for his confrontations with the Stalin administration, will be stepping into Raj Bhavan just ahead of the assembly election. Bose, as many noted, had been lying low, uncharacteristically, for the last few months, avoiding any fresh tussle with the Bengal govt. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Bengal BJP president Samik Bhattacharya said, “They (TMC) should stop whining on ethics and morality in a state where the assembly opposition leader has to move the high court 124 times just to hold public meetings.” </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Raj Bhavan insiders gave a couple of “reasons” for Bose’s decision: ill health and frustration over not being allowed to work by the state administration. It was also becoming increasingly clear in Bengal’s political circles that Bose’s recent non-confrontational approach was not entirely to the liking of the local BJP brass. “He was stymied not by the state administration but by his own actions and inaction,” a BJP senior told TOI .</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Governors:_India&diff=138783&oldid=prevJyoti: /* Controversial actions */2025-12-15T19:50:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Controversial actions</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>More than a decade has passed since the SC registered this appeal to political parties. Nothing has changed. The loyal party soldiers continue to adorn the Governor’s posts and serve as agents of the political party holding the reins at the Centre. Their active participation in the ‘murder of democracy’ is challenged in the SC from time to time. And the political parties, take turn, to shed crocodile tears for ‘murder of democracy’.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>More than a decade has passed since the SC registered this appeal to political parties. Nothing has changed. The loyal party soldiers continue to adorn the Governor’s posts and serve as agents of the political party holding the reins at the Centre. Their active participation in the ‘murder of democracy’ is challenged in the SC from time to time. And the political parties, take turn, to shed crocodile tears for ‘murder of democracy’.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=Raj Bhavan/Raj Niwas renamed Lok Bhavan/Lok Niwas’/ 2025=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=02_12_2025_008_005_cap_TOI  Dec 2, 2025: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''On MHA order, Raj Bhavans in 8 states renamed Lok Bhavan'''</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TIMES NEWS NETWORK</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">New Delhi : Eight states and a Union territory have changed the name of their governor/lieutenant governor’s house from ‘Raj Bhavan/Raj Niwas’ to ‘Lok Bhavan/Lok Niwas’ following a directive from ministry of home affairs (MHA) to shed the earlier nomenclature associated with colonial era.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In a letter to principal secretaries or secretaries to state governors and lieutenant governors of UTs, the home ministry cited the suggestion made at the conference of governors held last year “to rename ‘Raj Bhavans’ as ‘Lok Bhavans’ as the word ‘Raj Bhavan’ smacks of colonialism.”</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Accordingly, it is requested that offices of governor and office of Lt governor may be named as ‘Lok Bhavan’ and ‘Lok Niwas’, respectively, for all official purposes,” said the MHA directive.</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Governors:_India&diff=138528&oldid=prevJyoti: /* Governors: not bound by advice of states */2025-12-05T11:32:18Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Governors: not bound by advice of states</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The AG’s legal opinion virtually coincides with the findings of the Mangeshkar Committee report of the Planning Commission. The Committee had suggested that the office of the governor must play a more pro-active role for ensuring protection of tribal rights, for tribal-welfare and development.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The AG’s legal opinion virtually coincides with the findings of the Mangeshkar Committee report of the Planning Commission. The Committee had suggested that the office of the governor must play a more pro-active role for ensuring protection of tribal rights, for tribal-welfare and development.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===State cabinet’s advice not binding on governor: SC, 2025===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=21_11_2025_001_012_cap_TOI Dhananjay.Mahapatra, Nov 21, 2025: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">New Delhi : In what could disappoint opposition-governed states often at odds with governors for stalling bills passed by assemblies from becoming laws, Supreme Court ruled that governors had absolute discretion in granting assent, withholding and returning it to assembly, or reserving it for President’s consideration. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Importantly, SC said that a governor had the discretion of reserving a bill for consideration of the President even after an assembly repasses the bill, which was earlier returned by the governor with comments, with or without amendments. The opposition-governed states had argued that once an assembly re-passes a bill, he has no option but to grant assent. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Rejecting arguments of Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and other opposition-governed states, SC said, “We are of the firm view that a governor must be given this constitutional option, i.e., to exercise his discretion under Article 200.” </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> However, it caveated the ruling by saying a governor had no discretion to sit over a bill in perpetuity. It also said in exercise of his discretion, a governor must have a dialogue with constitutional functionaries.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==I.S. Council favours Bommai judgment, Punchhi Commission==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==I.S. Council favours Bommai judgment, Punchhi Commission==</div></td></tr>
</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Governors:_India&diff=138526&oldid=prevJyoti: /* Timelines cannot be imposed on governors to clear bills: SC, 2025 */2025-12-05T11:18:00Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Timelines cannot be imposed on governors to clear bills: SC, 2025</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=21_11_2025_001_011_cap_TOI  Dhananjay.Mahapatra, Nov 21, 2025: ''The Times of India'']</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=21_11_2025_001_011_cap_TOI  Dhananjay.Mahapatra, Nov 21, 2025: ''The Times of India'']</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>New Delhi : Supreme Court unanimously ruled that it has no jurisdiction or power to set a timeline for a governor or the President to take a decision on bills passed by state assemblies, ask the President to seek SC’s opinion on bills reserved for her and involving constitutional questions, and grant ‘deemed assent’ to bills pending with a governor.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>New Delhi : Supreme Court unanimously ruled that it has no jurisdiction or power to set a timeline for a governor or the President to take a decision on bills passed by state assemblies, ask the President to seek SC’s opinion on bills reserved for her and involving constitutional questions, and grant ‘deemed assent’ to bills pending with a governor.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> Senior advocate Kapil Sibal, who had supported the two-judge bench decision fixing timelines but did not agree with its decision on deemed assent, thanked the bench for a “very circumspect and thoughtful” decision.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> Senior advocate Kapil Sibal, who had supported the two-judge bench decision fixing timelines but did not agree with its decision on deemed assent, thanked the bench for a “very circumspect and thoughtful” decision.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Governors:_India&diff=138525&oldid=prevJyoti: /* Timelines cannot be imposed on governors to clear bills: SC, 2025 */2025-12-05T11:15:05Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Timelines cannot be imposed on governors to clear bills: SC, 2025</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>New Delhi : Supreme Court unanimously ruled that it has no jurisdiction or power to set a timeline for a governor or the President to take a decision on bills passed by state assemblies, ask the President to seek SC’s opinion on bills reserved for her and involving constitutional questions, and grant ‘deemed assent’ to bills pending with a governor.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>New Delhi : Supreme Court unanimously ruled that it has no jurisdiction or power to set a timeline for a governor or the President to take a decision on bills passed by state assemblies, ask the President to seek SC’s opinion on bills reserved for her and involving constitutional questions, and grant ‘deemed assent’ to bills pending with a governor.</div></td></tr>
</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Governors:_India&diff=138523&oldid=prevJyoti: /* President “ought to” seek SC opinion if Governor reserves Bill on grounds of “perceived unconstitutionality” */2025-12-05T11:04:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">President “ought to” seek SC opinion if Governor reserves Bill on grounds of “perceived unconstitutionality”</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> There are 28 states and if five bills passed every year by each state legislature are reserved for the President by the governor on grounds of its constitutionality, then going by the court's reasoning, President ought to seek the opinion of SC on all 140 bills, a law ministry source said. For the record, the President had sought SC’s opinion in 2004 on the Punjab Termination of Agreements Act which annulled water sharing agreements with neighbouring states. SC gave its opinion 12 years later in 2016.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> There are 28 states and if five bills passed every year by each state legislature are reserved for the President by the governor on grounds of its constitutionality, then going by the court's reasoning, President ought to seek the opinion of SC on all 140 bills, a law ministry source said. For the record, the President had sought SC’s opinion in 2004 on the Punjab Termination of Agreements Act which annulled water sharing agreements with neighbouring states. SC gave its opinion 12 years later in 2016.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Law</del>,Constitution,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Judiciary|GGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIA</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GOVERNORS: INDIA]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">New Delhi </ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Supreme Court unanimously ruled that it has no jurisdiction or power to set a timeline for a governor or the President to take a decision on bills passed by state assemblies</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ask the President to seek SC’s opinion on bills reserved for her and involving constitutional questions, and grant ‘deemed assent’ to bills pending with a governor.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GOVERNORS: INDIA]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> This ruling by a bench of CJI B R Gavai, CJI-designate Surya Kant, and Justices Vikram Nath, P S Narasimha and A S Chandurkar dismantled the April 8 judgment by Justices J B Pardiwala and R Mahadevan, which had led the President to seek SC’s opinion on questions regarding the apex court’s intrusion onto the turf of constitutional heads, and virtually challenged the constitutionality of the two-judge bench verdict.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:Pages </del>with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">broken file links|GOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIA</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GOVERNORS: INDIA]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The two-judge bench had fixed timelines for governors and the President for taking a decision on bills passed by state assemblies, suggested to the President to seek SC’s opinion on bills reserved for her and involving complex constitutional questions, and, using SC’s exclusive powers under Article 142 of the </ins>Constitution, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">granted deemed assent to 10 bills pending with the Tamil Nadu governor.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SC termed the rulings by the two-judge bench as constitutionally impermissible.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''‘Court can only issue limited mandamus under Art 200’ '''</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It said the Constitution confers wide discretion on a governor in deciding whether to grant assent, withhold and return a bill </ins>with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">comments to the House for reconsideration, or reserve it for the President’s consideration. In exercise of this power under Article 200, a governor is not bound by the aid and advice of the council of ministers led by the CM, SC said. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> It said SC is constitutionally barred from scrutinising a governor’s decision to grant or withhold assent to a bill or reserve it for President’s consideration. “The discharge of a governor’s function under Article 200 (and by the President under Article 201), is not justiciable,” it said, accepting the entire range of arguments advanced by solicitor general Tushar Mehta on behalf of the govt.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> “The court cannot enter into a merits review of the decision so taken. However, in glaring circumstances of inaction that is prolonged, unexplained, and indefinite — the court can issue a limited mandamus for a governor to discharge his function under Article 200 within a reasonable time, without making any observations on the merits of the exercise of his discretion,” it said.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The bench said the Constitution does not prescribe a time limit for the President or governors within which they must take a decision on a bill. “It would not be appropriate for this court to judicially prescribe timelines for the exercise of powers under Article 200,” it said.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> It bench said, “The President is not required to seek ad vice of this court by way of reference under Article 143, every time a governor reserves a bill for the President’s assent.” It said the President has absolute discretion when to seek SC’s opinion and on what issue. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> It said SC can adjudicate validity of a bill only after it becomes law on receiving governor’s or President’s assent and notified by the govt concerned. “It is impermissible for courts to undertake judicial adjudication over the contents of a bill, in any manner, before it becomes law. Pertinently, discharge of its role under Article 143, does not constitute ‘judicial adjudication’,” the bench said. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Frowning upon the grant of ‘deemed assent’ to 10 TN bills, the five-judge bench said it is the exclusive constitutional power of governors and the President to grant or refuse assent to a bill and SC cannot usurp the powers conferred on constitutional heads of the country and states. “The governor’s legislative role under Article 200 cannot be supplanted by another constitutional authority,” it said. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Terming the concept of ‘deemed assent’ alien to the Constitution, the bench said, “The exercise of constitutional powers and the orders of the President/governor cannot be substituted in any manner under Article 142, and we hereby clarify that the Constitution, specifically Article 142 even, does not allow for the concept of ‘deemed assent’ of bills.” </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Rejecting the parallels that counsels for opposition govts drew with constitutional heads like the British crown, who is only a figurehead, SC said it will give a ‘swadeshi’ interpretation to the constitutional provisions regarding powers of the President and governors on bills. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehta conveyed to the bench the gratitude of the President and the Union govt for “an illuminating judgment” throwing light on several constitutional fields related to the powers of the President and governors. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Senior advocate Kapil Sibal, who had supported the two-judge bench decision fixing timelines but did not agree with its decision on deemed assent, thanked the bench for a “very circumspect and thoughtful” decision.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Government|GGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIA</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Government|GGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIA</div></td></tr>
</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Governors:_India&diff=138056&oldid=prevJyoti: /* SC: Guvs can’t sit on bills & veto legislative action */2025-10-15T05:14:31Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">SC: Guvs can’t sit on bills & veto legislative action</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> “The expression ‘as soonas possible’ is significant. Itconveys a constitutional imperative of expedition. Failure to take a call and keeping abill duly passed for indeterminate periods is a course of action inconsistent with that expression. Constitutionallanguage is not surplusage,”the bench added.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> “The expression ‘as soonas possible’ is significant. Itconveys a constitutional imperative of expedition. Failure to take a call and keeping abill duly passed for indeterminate periods is a course of action inconsistent with that expression. Constitutionallanguage is not surplusage,”the bench added.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===1970-2025===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=11_09_2025_015_011_cap_TOI  Sep 11, 2025: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Since 1970, guvs cleared 94% of over 17k bills, withheld assent to only 20: Centre bb </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dhananjay.Mahapatra@timesofindia.com </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">New Delhi : The Centre defended the constitutional scheme conferring discretion on governors on bills, and said for the last 55 years it has worked smoothly with the heads of states assenting to 94% of over 17,000 bills presented to them and withholding assent only to 20 bills.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Presenting statistics on bills presented to governors since 1970 and the decisions taken on them, solicitor general …said that in 84% of the bills, the governors had granted assent within one month of receiving the bills, which indicates that the constitutional scheme has worked irrespective of the political parties governing at the Centre and the states.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">He said of the 17,150 bills presented to governors between 1970 and 2025, 16,122 were assented to, of which 14,402 bills (84%) received governors’ assent within a month of the heads of the states receiving them. The statistics indicated the trend to be true even for TN, where an overwhelming majority of the bills received assent from governor within a month.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===2025/ SC sets timeline===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===2025/ SC sets timeline===</div></td></tr>
</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Governors:_India&diff=135945&oldid=prevJyoti: /* Rameshwar Prasad v Union of India */2025-05-04T07:51:06Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Rameshwar Prasad v Union of India</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This also prompted the CJI to distinguish between the decision in Rameshwar Prasad and the present case. “The Governor cannot refuse the formation of a new government and override the majority because of his subjective assessment. This is a government which is legitimately formed,” he said.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This also prompted the CJI to distinguish between the decision in Rameshwar Prasad and the present case. “The Governor cannot refuse the formation of a new government and override the majority because of his subjective assessment. This is a government which is legitimately formed,” he said.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Vice-chancellors: TN gets power to appoint, remove them/ SC, 2025==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=09_04_2025_028_004_cap_TOI  Ragu Raman, April 9, 2025: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chennai : Long-term constitutional consequences apart, the immediate impact of the SC’s landmark ruling on the governor’s powers will be the end of stalemate over appointment of vice-chancellors to nine of Tamil Nadu’s 22 state universities. Many of these varsities have remained without a VC for two years as Raj Bhavan had been sitting on the bills.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> AIADMK govt’s Fisheries University Bill, which seeks to rename the university after late former CM Jayalalithaa, too has been pending for more than four years. These bills also empower the state govt to remove VCs on grounds of refusal to carry out provisions of the law. Nomination of members to Senate and Syndicate, besides academic councils of universities, will also become sole prerogative of state govt.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> “The bills have now become acts, and they would come into force once the state notifies them. The governor will not have any role to play in appointment of vice-chancellors,” DMK MP P Wilson told TOI. The state can now proceed with constitution of search panels for appointment of VCs, he said. However, the governor will continue to be chancellor of universities, Wilson said, adding that he would be toothless as all powers will be taken over by govt.</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Governors:_India&diff=135944&oldid=prevJyoti: /* President “ought to” seek SC opinion if Governor reserves Bill on grounds of “perceived unconstitutionality” */2025-05-04T07:50:34Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">President “ought to” seek SC opinion if Governor reserves Bill on grounds of “perceived unconstitutionality”</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> “The expression ‘as soonas possible’ is significant. Itconveys a constitutional imperative of expedition. Failure to take a call and keeping abill duly passed for indeterminate periods is a course of action inconsistent with that expression. Constitutionallanguage is not surplusage,”the bench added.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> “The expression ‘as soonas possible’ is significant. Itconveys a constitutional imperative of expedition. Failure to take a call and keeping abill duly passed for indeterminate periods is a course of action inconsistent with that expression. Constitutionallanguage is not surplusage,”the bench added.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===2025/ SC sets timeline===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=09_04_2025_001_045_cap_TOI  AmitAnand Choudhary, April 9, 2025: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">New Delhi : Frowning upon Tamil Nadu governor R N Ravi for acting in violation of constitutional provisions by sitting on bills forwarded to him after being passed by the state assembly, Supreme Court, in an extraordinary and first-of-its-kind decision, held that 10 bills reserved by the governor be deemed to have been assented to by him, and fixed a timeline for Raj Bhavans to decide on giving or denying nod to bills passed by state legislatures in a time-bound manner in order to prevent what happened in Tamil Nadu.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> As the Constitution restricts itself to saying that the governor has to act “as soon as possible” but does not prescribe any timeline, a governor can delay the decision on assent, a prerequisite for a legislation to become law, for months. The court said if assent was to be given, then it has to be done within a month. The court set a timeframe of three months in case a bill is sent to the assembly for reconsideration or to the President. In case a bill is resent after reconsideration by the assembly, the governor must grant assent in a month. The court also said any breach of the timeline could be challenged legally. In Tamil Nadu’s case, one bill has been pending for over five years.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">====Bills awaiting assent of Governors, As of 2025 April====</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=09_04_2025_028_011_cap_TOI AmitAnand Choudhary, April 9, 2025: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">New Delhi : With confrontations between the elected state govts and governors appointed by the Centre becoming frequent in recent years, particularly in oppositiongoverned states, Supreme Court Tuesday said the constitutional head of a state should be guided by the values of the Constitution and “not by political expediency”.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> SC said the governor must respect the will of the people which was reflected in the decisions taken by elected representatives in the assembly and refrain from creating roadblocks. It said governor should keep in mind the high constitutional office he occupies and as the constitutional head of the state, he was obliged to accord primacy to the will and welfare of the people of the state and work in harmony with the state machinery.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> “We are not undermining office of the governor. All we say is that governor must act with due deference to the settled conventions of parliamentary democracy, respecting the will of the people expressed through the legislature as well as the elected govt responsible to the people. He must perform his role of a friend, philoso- pher and guide, with dispassion, guided not by considerations of political expediency but by the sanctity of the constitutional oath he undertook. In times of conflict, he must be the harbinger of consensus and resolution, lubricating the functioning of the state machinery by his sagacity and wisdom, and not bring it to a standstill. He must be the catalyst and not the inhibitor,” a bench of Justices J B Pardi- wala and R Mahadevan said.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Reading out the operative part of the verdict, Justice Pardiwala said the governor must not create roadblocks or prevent state legislature from passing law for political ends. “Members of state legislature have been elected by people of the state as a result of the democratic outcome and are better attuned to ensure the wellbeing of the people,” it said.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> “Constitutional author- ities occupying high offices must be guided by values of Constitution. When called upon to take decisions, such authorities must not give into ephemeral political considerations but rather be guided by the spirit that underlies the Constitution. They must reflect whether their actions are informed by the constitutional oath and the course of actions adopted furthers ideals of the Constitution,” the court said.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===President “ought to” seek SC opinion if Governor reserves Bill on grounds of “perceived unconstitutionality”===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===President “ought to” seek SC opinion if Governor reserves Bill on grounds of “perceived unconstitutionality”===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> There are 28 states and if five bills passed every year by each state legislature are reserved for the President by the governor on grounds of its constitutionality, then going by the court's reasoning, President ought to seek the opinion of SC on all 140 bills, a law ministry source said. For the record, the President had sought SC’s opinion in 2004 on the Punjab Termination of Agreements Act which annulled water sharing agreements with neighbouring states. SC gave its opinion 12 years later in 2016.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> There are 28 states and if five bills passed every year by each state legislature are reserved for the President by the governor on grounds of its constitutionality, then going by the court's reasoning, President ought to seek the opinion of SC on all 140 bills, a law ministry source said. For the record, the President had sought SC’s opinion in 2004 on the Punjab Termination of Agreements Act which annulled water sharing agreements with neighbouring states. SC gave its opinion 12 years later in 2016.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jyotihttp://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Governors:_India&diff=135918&oldid=prevJyoti: /* President “ought to” seek SC opinion if Governor reserves Bill on grounds of “perceived unconstitutionality” */2025-04-30T20:46:34Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">President “ought to” seek SC opinion if Governor reserves Bill on grounds of “perceived unconstitutionality”</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 20:46, 30 April 2025</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Article 143 deals with the power of the President to seek the SC’s opinion on important questions of law or fact.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Article 143 deals with the power of the President to seek the SC’s opinion on important questions of law or fact.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Acknowledging that it’s not mandatory for the government to accept its opinion, the SC added that the same “holds high persuasive value and should ordinarily be accepted by the legislature and the executive” and “merely because the jurisdiction under Article 143 is not binding does not undermine the principles used by this Court to determine the constitutionality of the bill.”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Acknowledging that it’s not mandatory for the government to accept its opinion, the SC added that the same “holds high persuasive value and should ordinarily be accepted by the legislature and the executive” and “merely because the jurisdiction under Article 143 is not binding does not undermine the principles used by this Court to determine the constitutionality of the bill.”</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The judgement added that “the exercise of a self-imposed restraint by the court in matters involving purely political considerations is in consonance with the doctrine of political thicket, that is, the courts do not venture into areas of governance in which the Constitution gives a prerogative solely to the executive.”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The judgement added that “the exercise of a self-imposed restraint by the court in matters involving purely political considerations is in consonance with the doctrine of political thicket, that is, the courts do not venture into areas of governance in which the Constitution gives a prerogative solely to the executive.”</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[Category</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Government|GGOVERNORS</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIA</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">====SC’s view Sparks Debate Over Judicial Overreach====</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GOVERNORS: INDIA]</del>]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=15_04_2025_011_014_cap_TOI  Dhananjay Mahapatra, April 15, 2025</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''The Times of India''</ins>]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GOVERNORS</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Law</del>,Constitution,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Judiciary|GGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIA</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">New Delhi</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Can Supreme Court force the President to approach SC under Article 143 of the Constitution seeking its opinion on constitutionality of a bill? This is one of the key questions that has emerged on acloser study of the SC’s recent judgment on the President’s powers regarding bills passed by state legislatures.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GOVERNORS: INDIA]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:Name|ALPHABETGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIA</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Article 201 of the Constitution does not prescribe a time limit or warrant the President to provide a reason for withholding assent to a bill reserved for her by governors. But a bench of Justices J B Pardiwala and R Mahadevan asked the President to do what is not mandated by the Constitution — to specify elaborate reasons for withholding assent to a bill or returning it to the state legislature.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GOVERNORS: INDIA]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:Pages </del>with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">broken file links|GOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIA</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> SC also appeared to have stepped into the legislative process, that includes assent of the President, when it said, “We are also of the view that a bill appearing to be unconstitutional must be assessed by a judicial mind. The President is not just precluded but constitutionally expected to refer the question of vires of a bill to this court as the apex judicial institution to ascertain the constitutionality thereof and accordingly enable President to act in respect of the said bill under Article 201.”</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This has raised eyebrows as there is no concept of ‘advance ruling’ in constitutional litigation, as is available under the GST and income tax laws. “We are of the considered view that constitutional courts are not precluded from making suggestions or giving opinion about constitutional validity of a bill before the same becomes a law,” the court said, inserting itself into a process that is hardly its domain.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Teaching prudence to the President, SC said she ought to “seek an opinion under the said provision in respect of bills that have been reserved for consideration of the President on grounds of perceived unconstitutionality…President’s recourse to Art 143 also palliates any apprehensions of bias or mala fides in the central govt’s approach to bills reserved under Article 200”. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Article 143 makes no mention of bills or the question of constitutionality. It provides</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of SC upon it</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">he may refer the question to that court for consideration and the court may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.” SC judgment said “where the bill upon becoming law would be a peril to democracy, the decision of the President must be guided by the fact that it is the constitutional courts that have been conferred with the ultimate authority of interpretation of the </ins>Constitution <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and the laws”, its remarks seemingly reflecting the assumption that the Union</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">its law ministry and top law officers lacked understanding of the intricacies of the Constitu tion and were incompetent to tender proper advice in a matter involving intricate play of constitutional provisions.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> “It is expected that the Union executive should not assume the role of the courts in determining the vires of a bill and should, as a matter of practice, refer such a question to the Supreme Court under Article 143. We have no qualms in stating that the hands of the executive are tied when engaging with purely legal issues in a bill and only the constitutional courts have the prerogative to study and provide recommendations as regards the constitutionality of a bill,” the bench said, knowing full well that the SC’s opinion under Article 143 is not binding on the govt.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> There are 28 states and if five bills passed every year by each state legislature are reserved for the President by the governor on grounds of its constitutionality, then going by the court's reasoning, President ought to seek the opinion of SC on all 140 bills, a law ministry source said. For the record, the President had sought SC’s opinion in 2004 on the Punjab Termination of Agreements Act which annulled water sharing agreements </ins>with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">neighbouring states. SC gave its opinion 12 years later in 2016.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Government|GGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIA</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Government|GGOVERNORS: INDIAGOVERNORS: INDIA</div></td></tr>
</table>Jyoti