IL&FS - Revision history

Jyoti: /* 2018, Sept: Govt takes charge of IL&FS */

2024-09-15T07:25:26Z

‎2018, Sept: Govt takes charge of IL&FS

Pdewan: /* Crisis */

2024-08-16T15:07:29Z

‎Crisis

Jyoti: /* India’s Near-Lehman Moment */

2021-01-13T14:50:52Z

‎India’s Near-Lehman Moment

Jyoti: /* ‘LIC stalling Piramal deal led to crisis’ */

2018-10-07T23:19:36Z

‎‘LIC stalling Piramal deal led to crisis’

Jyoti at 23:07, 7 October 2018

2018-10-07T23:07:20Z

Jyoti at 23:04, 7 October 2018

2018-10-07T23:04:05Z

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2018-10-06T07:28:36Z

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[[Category:India |I ]]
[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources |I ]]

=Crisis=
==India’s Near-Lehman Moment==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F09%2F25&entity=Ar01600&sk=8C0E5513&mode=text Mythili Bhusnurmath, September 25, 2018: ''The Times of India'']

''The crisis at IL&FS must be used to address fault lines in the financial sector''

The coincidence is uncanny. Almost to the day 10 years ago, when trouble surfaced at iconic US investment bank Lehman Bros, leading to its bankruptcy on September 15, 2008, India had its own near-Lehman moment. One of our largest infrastructure finance companies, Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services (IL&FS), a “systemically important core investment company” registered with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), began to implode. At first slowly and now, more rapidly!

Starting with a default on its Rs 1,000 crore bond repayment to Sidbi (Small Industries Development Bank of India), IL&FS and its non-banking finance subsidiaries have begun to renege on one repayment after another. By Friday last, fears that mounting troubles in the IL&FS group might be symptomatic of larger problems in the non-banking finance company (NBFC) space and, in turn, pose a serious threat to financial stability saw markets plunge more than 1,100 points intra-day.

The unstated fear was that thanks to its inter-linkages with the financial system IL&FS, like Lehman before it, may drag the entire financial system and the larger macro-economy down with it.

For now the storm seems to have abated. Latest reports speak of Orix Corporation, the diversified Japanese financial services company and one of the largest shareholders in IL&FS, being willing to up its stake; of government and RBI pitching in to help with speedy sale of IL&FS assets. But these are only band-aid solutions that cannot, and will not, last. We need to look deeper and address the cause, rather than the symptom, of the disease.

“Never waste a crisis,” said Rahm Emanuel, former US President Barack Obama’s Chief of Staff. Sound advice! The crisis at IL&FS has exposed a number of fault lines. To begin with, the ills of the financial sector go much beyond the much-maligned public sector banks. It is the familiar story of failure on multiple fronts: the regulator Reserve Bank of India (RBI), credit rating agencies who downgraded IL&FS much too late, auditors, and most importantly, the board of IL&FS.

Take these one by one. IL&FS is a ‘Core Investment Company’, a holding company, whose operations are restricted to investments in group companies. It is registered with RBI as ‘systemically important’, that is its financial health has ramifications for the financial system and the economy. Given that one of the biggest learnings of the 2008 crisis is of the dangers posed by shadow banks like IL&FS, one would have expected RBI to keep a close eye on IL&FS, particularly in view of its excessive leverage. But, sadly, it failed to do so!

If RBI bears the main responsibility for the unfolding events at IL&FS, it is not the only one. Rating agencies have, again, been caught sleeping on the watch. Ratings have been rapidly downgraded; in many cases after the event.

The problem goes deeper. Rating agencies are technically under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi); but are not subject to close regulatory oversight. Worse, under the current rating model, fees are paid by the rated entities. There is, thus, a huge incentive to give generous ratings for fear of losing business. Until we address this basic flaw in the rating model, ratings must be taken for what they are worth: very little!

Company auditors are no less culpable. The annual accounts of IL&FS and its close to 200 subsidiaries were audited by some of the biggest names in the profession. Yet none thought it fit to red flag the growing dependence on short term debt and the excessively high leverage.

The biggest opprobrium must, however, be reserved for the board of IL&FS. As with Satyam Computers and more recently ICICI Bank, IL&FS had a star-studded board. Yet Ravi Parthasarathy, CEO from 1989 till July 2018, seems to have run the company like his fiefdom. Not only were no questions asked, so it would seem, he was handsomely rewarded for presiding over the virtual destruction of IL&FS. According to the latest annual report, his last annual pay was close to Rs 25 crore – 141 times the median salary of the IL&FS employee.

Each of these entities, RBI, rating agencies, auditors and the board, must share the blame and take corrective measures. But there is a larger factor at play that must be factored in while considering any kind of rescue package: the inherent flaw in the extant model of infrastructure financing. This makes any short-term solution akin to kicking the can down the road. Infra projects have long gestation periods. They require long term funding that neither banks nor NBFCs can provide.

Moreover, issues related to land acquisition, environmental clearance, policy flip-flop, political interference and rapidly changing external dynamics make infrastructure financing particularly risky. Cost and time overruns are inevitable. Unless we address these we will not be able to ring-fence either banks or NBFCs from the risk associated with financing infrastructure. Look no further than to the erstwhile IDBI, ICICI and IDFC that were initially set up as term-lending institutions and then had to be converted into banks to save them from going down under.

It is imperative that before we consider any solution, especially bailout with taxpayer money, RBI must make an informed assessment of IL&FS’s interconnectedness (and, hence, risk of systemic failure). Remember, any solution will prove short lived unless we address fault lines all around, including underlying risks in infra financing.

===₹91000 crore debt: a ticking bomb?===
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ilfs-rs-91000-crore-debt-that-might-well-be-a-ticking-bomb/articleshow/65946060.cms Abhik Deb, IL&FS: Rs 91,000 crore debt that might well be a ticking bomb, September 25, 2018: ''The Times of India'']

[[File: Indian state-run institutions which are major shareholders of beleaguered Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Ltd..jpg|Indian state-run institutions which are major shareholders of beleaguered Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Ltd. <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ilfs-rs-91000-crore-debt-that-might-well-be-a-ticking-bomb/articleshow/65946060.cms Abhik Deb, IL&FS: Rs 91,000 crore debt that might well be a ticking bomb, September 25, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

[[File: IL&FS' Standalone Outstanding Borrowings as on May 30, 2018.jpg|IL&FS' Standalone Outstanding Borrowings as on May 30, 2018 <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ilfs-rs-91000-crore-debt-that-might-well-be-a-ticking-bomb/articleshow/65946060.cms Abhik Deb, IL&FS: Rs 91,000 crore debt that might well be a ticking bomb, September 25, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

[[File: Investments in non-convertible debentures as of May 30, 2018.jpg|Investments in non-convertible debentures as of May 30, 2018 <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ilfs-rs-91000-crore-debt-that-might-well-be-a-ticking-bomb/articleshow/65946060.cms Abhik Deb, IL&FS: Rs 91,000 crore debt that might well be a ticking bomb, September 25, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited (IL&FS), the infrastructure lending conglomerate which was instrumental in inception of public private partnerships in India, has sent tremors down the country's financial markets -- and the rot might well spread.

''' WHAT HAS GONE WRONG '''

To put things succinctly, the IL&FS group is faced with a debt of Rs 91,000 crore in its books and is saddled with a severe liquidity crunch. Of the Rs 91,000 crore, IL&FS alone has a debt of nearly Rs 35,000 crore while IL&FS Financial Services owes Rs 17,000 crore. Together these two sit as standard asset for most of the lenders, according to a Nomura India report.

The lack of liquidity means that the financier which has to its name marquee projects like the country's longest tunnel -- Chenani-Nashri tunnel-- has repeatedly missed debt repayments in the past few months.

On Monday, for the third time this month, it defaulted on interest payments on commercial papers. Earlier this month, it came to light that IL&FS group defaulted on a short-term loan of Rs 1,000 crore from Small Industries Development Bank of India (Sidbi), while a subsidiary has also defaulted Rs 500 crore dues to the development finance institution. IL&FS has not been able to pay Rs 490 crore so far this year and is due to pay an additional Rs 220 crore by October end. In the next six months, it needs to pay as much as Rs 3,600 crore.

To make things worse, news agency Bloomberg on Monday reported quoting sources Sidbi has filed an insolvency application against IL&FS at the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT).

''' THE LARGER PICTURE '''

IL&FS, a financier categorised by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as 'systematically important', having a debt of Rs 91,000 crore spells trouble in itself.

The complexity of the rot however lies in the fact that IL&FS is majorly exposed to state-owned entities and thus puts public money at risk. The shareholding pattern of the conglomerate shows that Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) is the biggest shareholder, with State Bank of India (SBI) and Central Bank of India also having stakes.

More signs of danger lie in the quality of borrowings of IL&FS. According to company filings, almost 60 per cent of IL&FS's borrowings (as of May 2018), lie in non-convertible debentures. For the uninitiated, debenture is a type of debt instrument that is not secured by physical assets or collateral. The absence of collateral in debentures is based on the belief that the bond issuer is unlikely to default on the repayment -- exactly where IL&FS has betrayed the markets.

As far as loss to individual investors are concerned, the risk does not end here. A major chunk of the debentures mentioned above are subscribed by insurance companies, pension funds and provident funds -- savings that the huge middle class of the country banks upon.

The beleaguered shadow bank has caused jitters in the equity markets too. Coupled with other global and domestic cues, the IL&FS fiasco has resulted in a rout in the banking and financial stocks in the last one month, precisely since IL&FS missed the first repayment in August-end. The Nifty Financial Services sub-index has lost 10.97 per cent, while the Nifty Bank sub-index has slipped 12.18 per cent during the period.

“There are liquidity concerns ... financial stocks led the rally and now they are dragging the markets and it has a domino effect on sectors such as real estate and autos,” told AK Prabhakar, head of research at IDBI Capital to news agency Reuters.

''' IS A RECOVERY IN SIGHT? '''

In the wake of the crisis, the strongest support till now has come from the LIC. On Tuesday, Reuters quoted the state-owned insurer's chairman V K Sharma as saying that LIC will not let IL&FS collapse adding they have kept all options, including increasing LIC's stake in IL&FS open.

RBI and Sebi on Sunday promised 'appropriate action' to prevent market disruption while SBI has assured continued support to non-banking finance companies (NBFCs).

This week could prove to be a crucial one for IL&FS with the RBI slated to meet the stakeholders on September 28 ahead of the annual general meeting (AGM) of the financier, which is expected to take up a capital infusion plan. Earlier this month, news agency PTI reported LIC is believed to have agreed to subscribe to the forthcoming rights issue and extend some immediate working capital loan.

Bloomberg quoted an internal memo of the company to report IL&FS is seeking to sell 25 assets worth Rs 30,000 crore, adding that 14 of the 25 assets have garnered investor interests.

However, with a number of long and short-term borrowings downgraded to 'default' or 'junk' by rating agencies, it might be difficult for IL&FS to roll over the debt.

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 While the market was worried about the future of IL&FS and its 169 group companies, the government decided to step in after a go-ahead from the Prime Minister’s Office.
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 ''IL&FS shareholding (%), as in October 2018''
-=Crisis=
+=Crises=
 ==India’s Near-Lehman Moment==
 [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F09%2F25&entity=Ar01600&sk=8C0E5513&mode=text  Mythili Bhusnurmath, September 25, 2018: ''The Times of India'']
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 ==‘LIC stalling Piramal deal led to crisis’==
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 While the market was worried about the future of IL&FS and its 169 group companies, the government decided to step in after a go-ahead from the Prime Minister’s Office.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:50, 13 January 2021
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	However, with a number of long and short-term borrowings downgraded to 'default' or 'junk' by rating agencies, it might be difficult for IL&FS to roll over the debt.		However, with a number of long and short-term borrowings downgraded to 'default' or 'junk' by rating agencies, it might be difficult for IL&FS to roll over the debt.
		+
		+	==2012, 2018: Collusion with credit rating agencies==
		+	[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F07%2F20&entity=Ar00525&sk=B3A8AA85&mode=text July 20, 2019: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	[[File: 2012-2018- How credit rating agencies colluded with the IL&FS management.jpg\|2012-2018: How credit rating agencies colluded with the IL&FS management <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F07%2F20&entity=Ar00525&sk=B3A8AA85&mode=text July 20, 2019: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	Rating agencies colluded with IL&FS execs: Audit
		+
		+	New Delhi/Mumbai:
		+
		+	A forensic audit on credit rating agencies has pointed to massive irregularities by top IL&FS executives in obtaining favourable ratings, with allegations that the agencies did not change ratings despite knowledge of stress in the group, and colluded with the beleaguered entity’s management.
		+
		+	The draft update by Grant Thornton is based on several e-mails exchanged between IL&FS group executives as well as some key functionaries of the agencies.
		+
		+	It accuses ratings companies of changing their action after “private meetings and discussions”.
		+
		+	These e-mails point to instances of agencies such as ICRA, CRISIL, CARE, Fitch, India Ratings, Moody’s and Brickworks being manipulated by the IL&FS management or ignoring several warning signs.
		+
		+
		+	''' Agencies ignored stress in IL&FS, ITNL '''
		+
		+	The mails suggested that for at least three years before the collapse, the agencies ignored stress in IL&FS, IL&FS Transportation Network Ltd (ITNL), despite having knowledge.
		+	Similarly, between 2012 and 2018, the rating agencies had multiple concerns on IL&FS, ITNL and IL&FS Financial Services and yet, kept assigning high ratings.
		+
		+	For instance, in an email on September 24, 2015, IFIN CEO Ramesh Bawa informed IL&FS vice chairman Hari Sankaran, with a copy to then chairman Ravi Parthasarthy, about liquidity issues in ITNL due to cost overrun in various projects. He also highlighted the rise in borrowing, which the market saw as a concern.
		+	Similarly, in March 2016, Parthasarthy, who stepped down as IL&FS chairman months before it collapsed, wrote to top executives about the cash problems at ITNL and IL&FS Engineering and Construction Company (IECCL) for six-seven months. IECCL had faced problems even in 2014-15.
		+	The audit also points to an email sent on November 21, 2011 highlighting concerns of the three rating agencies — CARE, ICRA and Fitch regarding profitability, divestment and weak exposure in group companies but GT has said that there were no downgrades although the “agencies were aware that the group was under stress and had multiple issues”. Again in December 2015, Parthasarthy wrote to ousted ICRA CEO Naresh Takkar regarding concerns flagged on ITNL operations, but the audit suggested that there were no rating action.
		+
		+	IL&FS and CARE did not comment on the report, while Crisil, Fitch, Brickworks and India Ratings could not be reached for comment. "We are aware of the interim report commissioned by the ILFS board. We are reviewing the report, however, we can not comment on the accuracy of the report at present," an ICRA spokesperson said.
		+
		+	What could have helped avert a rating downgrade were “private discussions and meetings” that IL&FS group executives had with the brass at the agencies, with the GT report citing several instances. What is more damaging for the agencies, whose role is already being probed by investigative and regulatory agencies, are references by IL&FS employees to change the rating rationale. Surprisingly, they not just played ball but the mails suggest that in certain cases the words used by the rating companies were the same as those suggested by the controversial group. In fact, there are cases where agencies seem to have agreed to “requests” from the IL&FS management to delay adverse action against ITNL and Gurgaon Metro to help them complete certain events such as a transaction or comply with regulatory timelines.
		+
		+	Some of the emails also suggest that the agencies went ahead with their action despite having incomplete information. A mail seems to indicate former ITNL MD K Ramchand instructing his colleague Ajay Menon to share “limited information” with CARE on an acquisition that took place in 2008. A few years later, Menon allegedly wrote to Ramchand suggesting that he had projected profits of Rs 325 crore for the year against projections of Rs 240 crore.
		+
		+	The IL&FS executives — some of whom have been arrested and several others named in the chargesheet filed by the Serious Fraud Investigation Office — also used every possible trick to browbeat the rating agencies. This included the threat to drop the agency if the rating was not favourable to the group. They often cited higher ratings being given by another agency to argue for a better appraisal.
		+
		+	There are also instances where the ratings obtained were kept private. In one instance, IL&FS executives suggested that Moody’s ratings could be kept private if an additional fee of $68,000 was paid. Moody’s has denied this.
		+
		+	“The draft report commissioned by the IL&FS Board on credit rating agencies is wrong with respect to Moody’s. To be clear, Moody’s has never requested, accepted or in any way agreed to receive an additional fee in exchange for keeping a rating in the 'private domain' as the draft report inaccurately claims. The fee for any particular rating is the same regardless of whether the rating is public or private, and ongoing monitoring of the rating is subject to a separate annual fee. We are in the process of alerting the company to the inaccuracies relating to Moody’s in the draft report and expect the report to be corrected accordingly,” a spokesperson said in a statement.
		+
		+	Crisil said it had first rated ITNL in 2011, and withdrawn it in July 2016. “Since then Crisil has no outstanding rating on ITNL. As a fact check, the rating history of ITNL (which is in the public domain) indicates that the negative rating outlook (initially assigned in May 2012) was reaffirmed by CRISIL at negative in January 2014," said a statement. It added, "We do not comment on speculations and private conversations”.
		+
		+	[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources\|I
		+	IL&FS]]
		+	[[Category:India\|I
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		+	[[Category:Pages with broken file links\|IL&FS]]

	==‘LIC stalling Piramal deal led to crisis’==		==‘LIC stalling Piramal deal led to crisis’==

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:19, 7 October 2018
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	IL&FS sources said that the group’s bailout of Satyam’s real estate entities, which includes Hill Country Properties, had resulted in substantial funds being locked in. Since the property under development was saddled with litigation, the outgo was much higher with Rs 2,300 crore still invested. One of the biggest challenges for the new board would be to bring in a management capable of getting its arms around the group with 169 subsidiaries and associate companies. The new board would also have to find people to run its subsidiary IL&FS Financial Services, where the CEO and five board members resigned last week.		IL&FS sources said that the group’s bailout of Satyam’s real estate entities, which includes Hill Country Properties, had resulted in substantial funds being locked in. Since the property under development was saddled with litigation, the outgo was much higher with Rs 2,300 crore still invested. One of the biggest challenges for the new board would be to bring in a management capable of getting its arms around the group with 169 subsidiaries and associate companies. The new board would also have to find people to run its subsidiary IL&FS Financial Services, where the CEO and five board members resigned last week.
		+
		+	==2018, Sept: Govt takes charge of IL&FS==
		+	[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F10%2F02&entity=Ar00515&sk=3CFDF266&mode=text Govt takes charge of IL&FS, names board of 6 to run co, October 2, 2018: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	[[File: The IL&FS descent, a brief history.jpg\|The IL&FS descent, a brief history <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F10%2F02&entity=Ar00515&sk=3CFDF266&mode=text Govt takes charge of IL&FS, names board of 6 to run co, October 2, 2018: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	[[File: The IL&FS crisis of 2018- July to September.jpg\|The IL&FS crisis of 2018- July to September <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F10%2F02&entity=Ar00515&sk=3CFDF266&mode=text Govt takes charge of IL&FS, names board of 6 to run co, October 2, 2018: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	''Some Ousted Directors May Be Barred From Leaving India''
		+
		+	In a Satyam-like rescue act for Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS), the government on Monday successfully moved the National Company Law Tribunal to supersede the company’s board and change its management.
		+
		+	The government has alerted immigration authorities against possible escape of some directors on the superseded board. The Centre may approach the courts to order impounding of passports of some of the former directors.
		+
		+	Based on a government petition, NCLT approved a sixmember board to manage the affairs of the company. The tribunal directed the new board to meet before October 8 and submit a roadmap for resolution by the next hearing on October 31. The board is likely to elect Uday Kotak as chairman with sources indicating that he would be able to use his network to work out a financial resolution plan .
		+
		+
		+	'''IL&FS suffered due to mismanagement: Govt'''
		+
		+	The government alleged that the debt-laden financial services company had suffered due to “misgovernance and mismanagement”.
		+
		+	The company has debt of around Rs 90,000 crore with assets of close to Rs1.15 lakh crore and was seen to be posing a risk to the system. Besides, the government argued that the IL&FS auditor had brought to the notice of the board certain concerns related to the management’s fund raising plans as well as the “extremely precarious financial position”. Further, there were doubts about the “correctness of the financial statement” given the rise in value of intangible assets, prompting “red signals” from department of economic affairs.
		+
		+	Ruling in favour of the government, Justice M K Shrawat and Justice Ravi Duraiswamy said that this was a fit case to invoke jurisdiction prescribed under the Companies Act 2013 and to declare that the conduct of IL&FS management was prejudicial to public interest.
		+
		+	The government action comes a little over two months after IL&FS founder-CEO Ravi Parthasarthy stepped down as chairman after leading the company for three decades on health grounds. Since his stepping down, the company’s rating has slipped from ‘AAA’ to ‘default’.
		+
		+	While the market was worried about the future of IL&FS and its 169 group companies, the government decided to step in after a go-ahead from the Prime Minister’s Office.

@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F10%2F02&entity=Ar03212&sk=4513CB8C&mode=text  Mayur Shetty, LIC stalling Piramal deal led to crisis, say IL&FS insiders, October 2, 2018: ''The Times of India'']
-[[File: IL&FS group stocks- Engineering & Construction, Transportation Networks and Investment Managers, (% change), October 2018.jpg|IL&FS group stocks- Engineering & Construction, Transportation Networks and Investment Managers, (% change), October 2018 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F10%2F02&entity=Ar03212&sk=4513CB8C&mode=text  Mayur Shetty, LIC stalling Piramal deal led to crisis, say IL&FS insiders, October 2, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
+[[File: The Piramal deal that allegedly led to the 2018 crisis.jpg| The Piramal deal that allegedly led to the 2018 crisis <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F10%2F02&entity=Ar03212&sk=4513CB8C&mode=text  Mayur Shetty, LIC stalling Piramal deal led to crisis, say IL&FS insiders, October 2, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 ''Infra Financier Wanted To Value Stake At ₹750/Share In ’15''

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 It is imperative that before we consider any solution, especially bailout with taxpayer money, RBI must make an informed assessment of IL&FS’s interconnectedness (and, hence, risk of systemic failure). Remember, any solution will prove short lived unless we address fault lines all around, including underlying risks in infra financing.
 ===₹91000 crore debt: a ticking bomb?===
@@ Line 92: / Line 99: @@
 However, with a number of long and short-term borrowings downgraded to 'default' or 'junk' by rating agencies, it might be difficult for IL&FS to roll over the debt.