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ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES
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This page is an extract from 
ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES 
OF 
'''RAJASTHAN ''' 

OR THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN 
RAJPUT STATES OF INDIA 

By 
LIEUT.-COL. JAMES TOD 
Late Political Agent to the Western Rajput States 

Edited with an Introduction and Notes by 
WILLIAM CROOKE, CIE. 
Hon. D.Sc. Oxon., B.A., F.R.A.l. 
Late of the Indian Civil Service 

In Three Volumes 
VOL. IV: ANNALS OF MEWAR 
[The Annals were completed in 1829] 

HUMPHREY MILFORD 
Oxford University Press 
London Edinburgh Glasgow New York 
Toronto Melbourne Bombay 
1920 [The edition scanned] 
</div>
|}
Note: This article is likely to contain several spelling mistakes that occurred during scanning. If these errors are reported as messages to the Facebook page, [http://www.facebook.com/Indpaedia Indpaedia.com] your help will be gratefully acknowledged.

=Mewar 07: Khuman India=
==Khuman II==

Let us now proceed to the next irruption of the
Islamite invaders in the reign of Khuman, from a.d. 812 to 836.
Though the leader of this attack is styled ' Mahmud Khorasan
Pat,' it is evident from the catalogue of Hindu princes who came
to defend Chitor that this ' lord of Khorasan ' was at least two
centuries before the son of Sabuktigin ; and as the period is in
perfect accordance with the partition of the caliphat by Harun
amongst his sons, we can have no hesitation in assigning such
invasion to Mamun, to whose share was allotted Khorasan,
Sind, and the Indian dependencies. The records of this period
are too scanty to admit of our passing over in silence even a
barren catalogue of names, which, as texts, with the aid of col
lateral information, may prove of some benefit to the future
antiquarian and historian.

" From Gajni came the Guhilot ; the Tak from Asir ; from
Narlai the Chauhan ; the Chalukj- a from Rahargarh ; from Setu
bandha the Jarkhera ; from Mandor the Khairavi ; from Mangrol
the Makwahana ; from Jethgarh the Joria ; from Taragarh the
Rewar ; the Kachhwaha from Narwar ; from Sanchor the
Kalam ; from Junagarh the Dasanoh ; from Ajmer the Gaur ;
from Lohadargarh the Chandano ; from Dasaundi the Dor ; from
Delhi the Tuar ; from Patau the Chawara, preserver of royalty
(Rajdhar) ; from Jalor the Sonigira ; from Sirohi the Deora ;
from Gagraun the Khichi ; the Jadon from Junagarh ; the Jhala
from Patri ; from Kanauj the Rathor ; from Chotiala the Bala ;
from Piramgarh the Gohil ; from Jaisalgarh the Bhatti ; the
Busa from Lahore ; the Sankhla from Roneja ; the Sehat from
Kherligarh ; from Mandalgarh the Nikumbha ; the BargUjar
from Raj or ; from Karangarh the Chandel ; from Sikar the
Sikarwal ; from Umargarh the Jethwa ; from Pali the Bargota ;
from Khantargarh the Jareja ; from Jirga the Kherwar ; from
Kashmir the Parihara."

Of the Guhilot from Gajni we have said enough ; nor shall we
comment on the Tak, or his capital, Asir, which now belongs to
the British Government. The Chauhan, who came from Narlai,
was a celebrated branch of the Ajmer [249] house, and claims the
honour of being the parent of the Sonigiras of Jalor and the
Deoras of Sirohi. Nadol is mentioned by Ferishta as falling a
prey to one of Mahmud's invasions, who destroyed its ancient
temples ; but from erroneous punctuation it is lost in the trans
lation as Bazule.1 Of Rahargarh and the Jarkhera from Setu
bandha (on the Malabar coast) nothing is known." Of the Khairavi
from Mandor we can only say that it appears to be a branch of the
Pramaras (who reckoned Mandor one of the nine strongholds,
' Nau-kot,’ under its dominion), established anterior to the Pari
haras, who at this period had sovereignty in Kashmir. Both the
Dor and his capital, Dasaundi, are described in ancient books as
situated on the Ganges below Kanauj.

It is a subject of regret that the annals do not mention the
name of the Tuar prince of Delhi, which city could not have been
refounded above a century when this call was made upon its aid .
Abu-1 Fazl, Ferishta, their translators, and those who have fol
lowed them have been corrected by the Edinburgh Review, whose
critical judgment on this portion of ancient history is eminently
good. I possess the original Hindu record used by Abu-1 Fazl,
which gives S. 829 for the first Anangpal instead of S. 429 ; and

1 presented to the Royal Asiatic Society two inscriptions from Nadol,
one dated S. 1024, the other 1039. They are of Prince Lakha, and state
as instances of his power that he collected the transit duties at the further
barrier of Patau, and levied tribute from the prince of Chitor. He was
the contemporary of Mahmud, who devastated Nadol. I also discovered
inscriptions of the tweKth century relative to this celebrated Chauhan family,
in passing from Udaipur to Jodhpur. [Dow (i. 170) writes " Tilli and
Buzule " ; Briggs (i. 196) has " Baly and Nadole " ; Elliot-Dowson (ii. 229)
writes " Pali and Nandul," the differences being due to misreading of the
Arabic script.]
2 [Setubandha is the causeway made by Rama to Lanka or Ceylon
{10 1, V. 81).]
as there were but nineteen princes who intervened untU his dynasty
was set aside by the Chauhan, it requires no argument to support
the foiir instead of eight centuries. The former will give the just
average of twenty-one years to a reign. The name of Anangpal
was titular in the family, and the epithet was applied to the last
as to the first of the race.
The name of the Chawara prince of Patan (Anhilwara) being
recorded amongst the auxiliaries of Khuman, is another satis
factory proof of the antiquity of this invasion ; for this dynasty
was extinct, and succeeded by the Solankis, in S. 998 (a.d. 942),
fifty years prior to Mahmud of Ghazni, who captured Patan
during the reign of Chawand, the second Solanki prince.1
The Sonigira, who came from Jalor, is a celebrated branch of
the Chauhan race, but we are ignorant of the extent of tune that
it held this fortress : and as nothing can invalidate the testimonies
afforded by the names. of the Chawara of [250] Patan, the Kaclih
waha of Narwar, the Tuar of Delhi, and the Rathor from Kanauj,
there can be no hesitation at pointing out the anachronisms of
the chronicle, which states the Deora from Sirohi, the Khichi
from Gagraun, or the Bhatti from Jaisalgarh, amongst the levies
on this occasion ; and which we must affirm to be decided inter
polations, the two first being at that period in possession of the
Pramara, and the latter not erected for three centuries later.
That the Deoras, the Khichis, and the Bhattis came to the aid
of KJiuman, we cannot doubt ; but the copyist, ignorant even of
the nanaes of the ancient capitals of these tribes, Chhotan, Sind
sagar, and Tanot, substituted those which they subsequently
founded.

The Jadon (Yadu) from Junagarh (Girnar) was of the race of
Krishna, and appeared long to have held possession of this terri
tory ; and the names of the Khcngars, of this tribe, will remain
as long as the stupendous monuments they reared on this sacred
hill. Besides the Jadon, we find Saurashtra sending forth the
Jhalas, the Balas, and the Gohils to the aid of the descendant of
the lord of Valabhipura, whose paramount authority they once
all acknowledged, and who appeared to have long maintained
influence in that distant region.
Of the tribe of Busa, who left their capital, Lahore, to succour
1 [Chamunda reigned a.d. 997-1010 ; Anhilwara was captured under
Bhima I. (1022-64).]
Chitor, we have no mention, further than the name being enumer
ated amongst the unassigned tribes of Rajputs.1 Ferishta fre
quently notices the princes of Lahore in the early progress of
Islamism, though he does not tell us the name of the tribe. In the
reign of the caliph Al-Mansur, a.h. 143 (a.d. 761), the Afghans of
Kirman and Peshawar, who, according to this authority, were a
Coptic colony expelled from Egypt, 2 had increased in such numbers
as to abandon their residence about the ' hill of Sulaiman,' and
crossing the Indus, wrested possessions from the Hindu princes
of Lahore. This frontier warfare with a tribe which, though it
had certainly not then embraced the faith of Islam, brought to
their succour the forces of the caliph in Zabulistan, so that in five
months seventy battles were fought with varied success ; but
the last, in which the Lahore prince carried his arms to Peshawar,3
produced a peace. Hence arose a union of interests between
them and the hill tribe of Gakkhar, and all the Kohistan west of
the Indus was ceded to them [251] on the condition of guarding
this barrier into Hindustan against invasion. For this purpose
the fortress of Khaibar was erected in the chief pass of the Koh-i
Daman. For two centuries after this event Ferishta is silent
on this frontier warfare, stating that henceforth Hindustan was
only accessible through Sind.

When Aliptigin first crossed the
Indus, the prince of Lahore and the Afghans still maintained this
alliance and united to oppose him. Jaipal was then prince of
Lahore ; and it is on this event that Ferishta, for the first time,
mentions the tribe of Bhatti,4 " at the advice of whose prince
he conferred the command of the united forces on an Afghan
chief," to whom he assigned the provinces of Multan and Lam
ghan. From this junction of interests the princes of Lahore
enjoyed comparative security, until Sabuktigin and Mahmud
compelled the Afghans to serve them : then Lahore was captured.
The territory dependent upon Lahore, at this period, extended
from Sirhind to Lamghan, and from Kashmir to Multan.
Bhatinda divided with Lahore the residence of its princes. Their
first encounter was at Lingham, on which occasion young Mahmud
first distinguished himself, and as the historian says, " the eyes

1 See p. 144. 2 [Ferishta i. 6
3 The scene of action was between Peshawar and Kirman, the latter
lying ninety miles south-west of the former.
4 Dow omits this in his translation [see Briggs i. Introd. 9, i. 16].
of the heavens were obscured at seeing his deeds." 1 A tributary
engagement was the result, which Jaipal soon broke ; and being
aided by levies from all the princes of Hindustan, marched an
army of one hundred thousand men against Sabuktigin, and
was again defeated on the banks of the Indus. He was at length
invested and taken in Bhatinda by Mahmud, when he put him
self to death.2 The successors of Jaipal are mentioned merely
as fugitives, and always distinct from the princes of Delhi. It is
most probable that they were of the tribe termed Busa in the
annals of Mewar, i)ossibly a subdivision of another ; though
Ferishta calls the j^rince of Lahore a Brahman.
The Sankhla from Roneja. Both tribe and abode are well
known: it is a subdivision of the Pramara. Harbuji Sankhla
was the Paladin pf Marwar, in which Roneja was situated.

The Sehat from Kherligarh was a northern tribe, dwelling
about the Indus, and though entirely unknown to the modern
genealogists of India, is frequently mentioned in the early history
of the Bhattis, when their possessions extended on both sides of
the Hyphasis. As intermarriages between the Bhattis and Sehats
are [252] often spoken of, it must have been Rajput. It most
probably occupied the province of Swat, the Suvat of D'Anville,
a division of the province of Ashthanagar, where dwelt the Assa
kenoi of Alexander ; concerning which this celebrated geographer
says, " II est mention de Suvat comme d'un canton du pays
d'Ash-nagar dans la meme geographic turque " {Eel. p. 25).
The whole of this ground was sacred to the Jadon tribe from the
most remote antiquity, from Multan, the hills of Jud, to Aswinikot
(the Tshehin-kote of D'Anville), which, built on the point of con
fluence of the Choaspes of the Greeks with the Indus, marks the
spot where dwelt the Assakenoi, corroborated by the Puranas,
which mention the partition of all these territories amongst the
sons of Bajaswa, the lord of Kampilnagara, the grand sub
division of the Yadu race. In all likelihood the Sehat, who came
to the aid of Khuman of Chitor, was a branch of these Assakenoi,
the opponents of Alexander.3 The modern town of Dinkot

1 The sense of this passage has been quite perverted by Dow [see
Briggs i. 16].
2 [See Smith, EHI, .382.]
3 [The capital of the Assakenoi was Massaga, near the Malakand Pass
(Smith, EHI, 54 ; McCrindle. Alexander, .334 £.).]
appears to occupy the site of Aswinikot, though D'Anville feels
inchned to carry it into the heart of Bajaur and place it on the
rock (silla) Aornos.1 Such the Sehat ; not improbably the Soha,
one of the eight subdivisions of the Yadu.2 When, in S. 785,
the Bhatti chief Rao Tanu was driven across the Sutlej, the
Sehats are mentioned with other tribes as forming the army of
Husain Shah, with the Barahas, the Judis, and Johyas (the
Juds and Jinjohyas of Babur), the Butas, and the ' men of
Dud.'

The Chandel, from Karangarh, occupied the tracts now termed
Bundelkhand.
We shall pass over the other auxiliary tribes and conclude with
the Parihar, who -came from Kashmir on this occasion ; a cir
cxmistance entirely overlooked in the dissertation on this tribe ; 3
nor does this isolated fact afford room for further discussion on a
race which expelled the Pramaras from Mandor.

Such aids, who preserved Khuman when assailed by the
' Khorasan Pat,' fully demonstrate the antiquity of the annals,
which is further attested by inscriptions. Khuman fought twenty
four great battles, and his name, like that of Caesar, became a
family distinction. At Udaipur, if you make a false step, or
even sneeze, you hear the ejaculation of ' Khuman aid you ! '
Khuman, by the advice of the Brahmans, resigned the gaddi to
his younger son, Jograj ; but again resumed [253] it, slaying his
advisers and execrating the name of Brahman, which he almost
exterminated in his own dominions. Khuman was at length
slain by his own son, Mangal ; but the chiefs expelled the parri
cide, who seized upon Lodorwa in the northern desert, and there
established the Mangalia Guhilots.

==Bhartribhat III==

Bhartribhat (familiarly Bhato) succeeded.
In his reign, and in that of his successor, the territory dependent
on Chitor was greatly increased. All the forest tribes, from the
banks of the Mahi to Abu, were subjugated, and strongholds
erected, of which Dharangarh and Ujargarh still remain to main
tain them. He established no less than thirteen 4 of his sons in

1 [For the site see Smith, EHI, 56, note 2.]
2 See p. 104. 3 See p. 119 f.
3 By name, Kulanagar, Champaner, Choreta, Bhojpur, Lunara, Nimthor,
Sodara, Jodhgarh, Sandpur, Aitpur, and Gangabheva. The remaining
two are not mentioned.
independent possessions in Malwa and Gujarat, and these were
distinguished as the Bhatera Guhilots.

We shall now leap over fifteen generations ; which, though
affording a few interesting facts to the antiquary, would not
amuse the general reader. We will rest satisfied with stating
that the Chauhans of Ajiner and the Guhilots of Chitor were
alternately friends and foes ; that Durlabh Chauhan was slain by
Bersi Rawal in a grand battle fought at Kawaria, of which the
Chauhan annals state ' that their princes were now so powerful
as to oppose the chief of Chitor.' Again, in the next reign, we
find the renowned Bisaldeo, son of Durlabh, combining with
Rawal Tejsi of Chitor to oppose the progress of Islamite invasion :
facts recorded by inscriptions as well as by the annals. We may
close these remarks on the fifteen princes, from Khuman to
Samarsi, with the words of Gibbon on the dark period of Guelphic
annals : " It may be presumed that they were illiterate and
valiant ; that they plundered in their youth, and reared churches
in their old age ; that they were fond of arms, horses, and hunt
ing " ; and, we may add, continued bickering with their vassals
within when left unemployed by the enemy from without [254],

Mewar 07: Khuman II - Revision history

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