Moon mission, India/ Chandrayaan - Revision history

Jyoti: /* Findings/ discoveries */

2024-12-26T20:47:10Z

‎Findings/ discoveries

Jyoti: /* Touchdown in 2024 */

2024-09-18T20:50:43Z

‎Touchdown in 2024

Jyoti: /* Chandrayaan-3 */

2024-09-18T20:49:40Z

‎Chandrayaan-3

Jyoti: /* Touchdown in 2024 */

2024-09-18T20:49:25Z

‎Touchdown in 2024

Jyoti: /* Experts and institutions involved */

2024-04-08T19:35:46Z

‎Experts and institutions involved

Jyoti: /* 2023 Aug: soft landing; first ever on south pole */

2023-11-16T17:16:45Z

‎2023 Aug: soft landing; first ever on south pole

Jyoti: /* International comparisons */

2023-10-08T09:50:03Z

‎International comparisons

Jyoti: /* History */

2023-09-14T17:42:24Z

‎History

Jyoti: /* 2008, 2019 and 2023 (planned) */

2023-09-12T19:17:15Z

‎2008, 2019 and 2023 (planned)

Jyoti: /* Chandrayaan-3 */

2023-09-06T19:20:52Z

‎Chandrayaan-3

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 The thermal stability of these hydration features depends upon how they interact with one another, with the surface and their environment at particular temperature range and therefore provides important clues about their origin and evolution, the research paper said.
-[[Category:India|C CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)
+==Seismic data/ 2024==
-CHANDRAYAAN]]
+[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=09_09_2024_013_003_cap_TOI  Chethan Kumar, Sep 9, 2024: ''The Times of India'']
 [[Category:Pages with broken file links|CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)
 CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)]]
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+Bengaluru : In a first collection of seismic data from Moon’s southern polar region, Chandrayaan-3 has detected over 250 seismic signals, some of which may be linked to moonquakes. This experiment, conducted by Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) aboard Vikram lander, is the first of its kind on the lunar surface since Apollo.
 CHANDRAYAAN]]
 =International comparisons=

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:50, 18 September 2024
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	Additionally, understanding the mechanisms behind this low dust disturbance could help engineers design even more efficient and environmentally-conscious landers and rovers for future missions.		Additionally, understanding the mechanisms behind this low dust disturbance could help engineers design even more efficient and environmentally-conscious landers and rovers for future missions.
		+
		+	[[Category:India\|C CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)MOON MISSIO
		+	]]
		+	[[Category:Pages with broken file links\|CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)MOON MISSION, INDIA/ CHANDRAYAANMOON MISSION, INDIA/ CHANDRAYAANMOON MISSION, INDIA/ CHANDRAYAAN
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	==2024/ findings back magma theory==		==2024/ findings back magma theory==

@@ Line 664: / Line 664: @@
  Additionally, understanding the mechanisms behind this low dust disturbance could help engineers design even more efficient and environmentally-conscious landers and rovers for future missions.
 ==2024/ findings back magma theory==
 [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=22_08_2024_024_005_cap_TOI  August 22, 2024: ''The Times of India'']

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:49, 18 September 2024
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	Additionally, understanding the mechanisms behind this low dust disturbance could help engineers design even more efficient and environmentally-conscious landers and rovers for future missions.		Additionally, understanding the mechanisms behind this low dust disturbance could help engineers design even more efficient and environmentally-conscious landers and rovers for future missions.
		+
		+	=Chandrayaan-3=
		+	==2024/ findings back magma theory==
		+	[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=22_08_2024_024_005_cap_TOI August 22, 2024: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+
		+	New Delhi : Just ahead of National Space Day on Aug 23 to mark the first anniversary of India’s successful landing on the south pole of the Moon, a study on Chandrayaan-3’s Pragyan findings has added another feather to the mission’s cap.
		+
		+	A team of scientists from the Ahmedabad-based Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) and Isro has reported the first in-situ elemental abundance of lunar soil near the Southern Polar region using measurements made by Alpha Particular X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS), one of the payloads on the rover. The study, published in the journal Nature, has provided evidence that supports the Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) hypothesis — which predicts that the primordial lunar crust was formed as a result of the floatation of lighter anorthite plagioclase. APXS also detected higher abundance of magne- sium-rich minerals, suggesting contributions from deeper layer material ejected from South Pole-Aiktken basin during its formation.
		+
		+	According to the widely accepted LMO hypothesis, the Moon was entirely an ocean of magma when it formed. As the magma cooled, heavier minerals such as olivine and pyroxene sank and formed the inner layers of the Moon, while the lighter mineral plagioclase floated and formed the outer crust of the Moon. The dominant presence of ferroan anorthosite (FAN) in the soil observed by APXS further confirms the LMO hypothesis. However, the presence of additional Mg-rich materials suggests that the outer crustal material has been mixed with material from deeper layers of the Moon to form the soil near the Shiv Shakti point — Chandrayaan-3’s landing site.
		+
		+	The analysis from 23 measurements at different locations within 50-metre of the Chandrayaan-3 landing site showed that the lunar regolith is uniform in elemental composition, and hence can serve as an excellent ground truth for future remote sensing missions. Thus, the new measurements by APXS in this never-before-explored region of the Moon indicate that the lunar soil is a mixture of two types of rocks where part of the material is excavated from deeper layers of the Moon, providing direct insight into the evolutionary history of the Moon.

	[[Category:India\|C CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)MOON MISSIO		[[Category:India\|C CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)MOON MISSIO

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:35, 8 April 2024
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	Academics from IISc, University of Hyderabad, IITKharagpur, IIT-Madras, IITBombay, IISER-Kolkata, Ashoka University and IIT-BHU also contributed, said Isro.		Academics from IISc, University of Hyderabad, IITKharagpur, IIT-Madras, IITBombay, IISER-Kolkata, Ashoka University and IIT-BHU also contributed, said Isro.
		+
		+	==Touchdown in 2024==
		+	[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=05_04_2024_026_013_cap_TOI Chethan Kumar, April 5, 2024: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	[[File: Chandrayaan-3, the lander.jpg\|Chandrayaan-3, the lander <br/> From: [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=05_04_2024_026_013_cap_TOI Chethan Kumar, April 5, 2024: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission made history on Aug 23, 2023 with an incredibly gentle landing. Despite the powerful engines required for descent, the lander kicked up minimal lunar dust, a new paper presented by Isro scientists at last month’s Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas reveals.
		+
		+	The study was carried out by Amitabh, K Suresh, Kannan V Iyer, Ajay K Prashar, Shweta Verma and Abdullah Suhail from Isro’s Space Applications Centre.
		+
		+	That Chandrayaan-3, which made so much noise on Earth, barely kicked up any dust on Moon has significant implications for future lunar exploration missions.
		+
		+	''' Art Of Soft Landings '''
		+
		+	Landing on Moon’s surface is no easy task. Spacecraft must fire powerful engines to slow down and descend in a controlled manner. However, this engine exhaust can interact with the lunar surface, kicking up plumes of dust and debris, and spreading it around the landing site.
		+	Previous lunar landing missions, such as the famous Apollo missions and China’s Chang’e-3, raised dust plumes of up to 60m (nearly 200 feet) height. Such massive dust clouds can potentially damage sensitive equipment, obscure the view of the landing site, and even contaminate scientific samples collected by rovers or astronauts.
		+
		+	''' Minimal Dust Disturbance '''
		+
		+	Vikram, the Chandrayaan-3 lander, however raised a dust plume of only 8.7-12m (28-39 feet), images captured by cameras on the lander, orbiter (from Chandrayaan-2), and rover Pragyan reveal. Furthermore, the area affected by the dust spread was relatively small, covering only about 145 sq-m (around 1,560 sq feet), with a spread of roughly 17m (56 feet) in one direction and 14m (46 feet) in another.
		+
		+	The soft touchdown suggests the lander’s design and engine configuration were optimised for minimal interaction between the engine plume and the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-3’s feat is likely due to a combination of factors, such as the lander’s light-weight design, precise control of the engine thrust during descent, and the specific properties of the lunar soil at the landing site.
		+
		+	''' 30km Of Controlled Descent '''
		+
		+	Vikram landed on the lunar southern hemisphere between craters “Manzinus-U” and “Boguslawsky-M” at a point later named “Shiv Shakti” by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Its lander imager (LI) captured and transmitted a total of 835 images to Earth in nearreal-time mode, providing crucial in- sights into the landing process and the lunar surface environment.
		+
		+	While landing, all four engines of Chandrayaan-3 started firing at an altitude of nearly 30km for deceleration and worked until the lander’s first hovering at an altitude of 800m. After that, only two diagonal engines were kept on until touchdown.
		+
		+	When the four sensors in the lander’s footpad indicated touchdown, in combination with an accelerometer reading of zero, the engines were shut down within 30 milliseconds, ensuring a gentle and controlled landing on the lunar surface.
		+
		+	''' Key To Design Improvement '''
		+
		+	The minimal disturbance of lunar dust has significant implications for future lunar exploration missions. It demonstrates the possibility of landing spacecraft on Moon with minimal environmental impact, preserving the pristine nature of the lunar surface for scientific study and reducing the risk of damage to sensitive equipment.
		+
		+	Additionally, understanding the mechanisms behind this low dust disturbance could help engineers design even more efficient and environmentally-conscious landers and rovers for future missions.

	[[Category:India\|C CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)MOON MISSIO		[[Category:India\|C CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)MOON MISSIO

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:16, 16 November 2023
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	“All activities are on schedule and all systems are normal. Rover mobility operations have commenced,” Isro said, adding three of the lander payloads, Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA), Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA) and Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE), were turned on. Isro had, on Sunday, activated the Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the propulsion module. On why the rover took more than 4 hours to roll out, Isro chairman S Somanath told TOI: “After the landing, we had to check the inclination, terrain condition and tempe ratures, and wait for the lunar dust to settle. The rover came out late last night.”		“All activities are on schedule and all systems are normal. Rover mobility operations have commenced,” Isro said, adding three of the lander payloads, Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA), Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA) and Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE), were turned on. Isro had, on Sunday, activated the Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the propulsion module. On why the rover took more than 4 hours to roll out, Isro chairman S Somanath told TOI: “After the landing, we had to check the inclination, terrain condition and tempe ratures, and wait for the lunar dust to settle. The rover came out late last night.”
		+
		+	==Nov 2023/ No ‘second innings’==
		+	[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/no-2nd-innings-super-over-for-chandrayaan-3-but-vikram-pragyan-had-a-great-outing/articleshow/104167455.cms Chethan Kumar, Oct 4, 2023: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+
		+	BENGALURU: As Cricket fever grips India, another headline-hogger, Chandrayaan-3, did not get a ‘second innings’ on the Moon where the Sun has set for the second time since the soft-landing on August 23, making way for another long, cold night.
		+
		+	Although both Vikram (the lander) and Pragyan (the rover) were designed to last one lunar day (14 Earth days), Isro and lakhs of its supporters had hoped that would wake up again, which would have been a bonus.
		+
		+	While the first three days, September 20, 21 and 22 would have been the best window for them to have woken up after they had been put on sleep mode in the first week of September, that did not happen.
		+
		+	Later, Isro chairman S Somanath told TOI that the space agency would wait till the last day for the two to wake up as even a small window would give Isro the opportunity to repeat some experiments using the scientific instruments onboard Vikram and Pragyan.
		+
		+	However, in its day-night affair some 3.8-lakh-km away, India’s third lunar mission did not even get the ‘super over’ — a bonus of waking even for a short time.
		+
		+	M Sankaran, director, UR Rao Satellite Centre, the lead centre for Chandrayaan-3, told TOI: “The lander and rover have not woken up. While the chances of them waking up again after this lunar night ends in the next 14 days are very very slim, we are not closing that option.”
		+
		+	That said, both Vikram and Pragyan had a great outing on a tough pitch that the Moon can be, with a picture-perfect lunar landing, exploring alien terrain, and even a daring lunar hop by the lander.
		+
		+	“Given that this mission is not like a remote sensing or communication satellite, the quantity of data from Vikram and Pragyan payloads won’t be large, but the important thing would be the outcome of what we’ve received when they worked on the first day. The analysis of data is ongoing,” Sankaran said.
		+
		+	He added that sufficient data has been collected from the propulsion module payload — Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) — which will specifically study habitable planet-like features of Earth while it goes around the Moon.
		+	Isro has already made some announcements about observations made by instruments it put on the Moon, including unambiguous detection of Sulphur and measurements of temperature, while the movement of the rover has provided new insights into the lunar soil properties which may need further studies.

	[[Category:India\|C CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)MOON MISSIO		[[Category:India\|C CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)MOON MISSIO

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:50, 8 October 2023
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	Nasa’s heavy-lift vehicle was a three-stage liquid-propellant rocket. As of 2019, Saturn V is the tallest (111 metre or a 36-storey building), heaviest (2,950 tonnes) and most powerful rocket built. It had the largest payload capacity of 140 tonnes, which included third stage and unburnt propellant to send a command and service module and lunar module to the Moon. Saturn V carried a 43-tonne payload		Nasa’s heavy-lift vehicle was a three-stage liquid-propellant rocket. As of 2019, Saturn V is the tallest (111 metre or a 36-storey building), heaviest (2,950 tonnes) and most powerful rocket built. It had the largest payload capacity of 140 tonnes, which included third stage and unburnt propellant to send a command and service module and lunar module to the Moon. Saturn V carried a 43-tonne payload
		+
		+	=Vikram Lander=
		+	==2023: success==
		+	[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=10_09_2023_030_018_cap_TOI Sep 10, 2023: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	When Vikram, the lander in Isro’s Chandrayaan-3 mission, safely touched down on the Moon at 6.03pm on August 23, a 500-strong team of scientists looked back upon four years of work with pride.
		+	They we re years when the team “breathed Chandrayaan-3,” says Isro’s associate project director K Kalpana. And she means it. Hundreds of tests were done, thousands of simulations run. In the words of project director P Veeramuthuvel, “Failure was not an option.”
		+
		+	TOI spoke to some scientists in Chandrayaan-3’s 34-member core team to find out how they ensured everything worked this time. Isro Chairman S Somanath, and M Sankaran, director of UR Rao Satellite Centre – the lead centre for Chandrayaan-3 – give all the credit to the relentless toil and unwavering commitment of their scientists and engineers. Chandrayaan-3 succeeded because nothing was left to chance, says Veeramuthuvel. “The lander was meticulously crafted to adapt to any descent path it encountered. No room for compromise was left.”
		+
		+	For this, the team developed multiple mission plans and designed tests to fix the shortcomings identified in Chandrayaan-2.
		+
		+	''' Putting Things To The Test '''
		+
		+	It was crucial to anticipate every possible fault, and build systems capable of overcoming them. That’s why, after hundreds of lab and field tests, the team was fully confident of success on landing day.
		+
		+	They had done more than 80 integrated cold tests (no engines), integrated hot tests (with engines) and drop tests. The cold tests alone had involved 25 hours of flight time and 23 sorties in an IAF helicopter. As issues arose, they were addressed to guarantee reliability.
		+
		+	The preparation differed from Chandrayaan-2 in one crucial way, says Veeramuthuvel: “In Chandrayaan-2, we used an aeroplane so we couldn’t hover or bring it to low altitudes, like 10 metres.” As the equipment was tested on a flat bed at a 6km altitude, system-level sensors could not be evaluated thoroughly for Chandrayaan-2.
		+	However, the use of a helicopter for Chandrayaan-3’s testing allowed Isro to test sensors “at different levels of the power descent phase for five months. We even did tests while it hovered at 800m and 150m, just as Vikram did while landing on the Moon,” adds Veeramuthuvel.
		+
		+	While the cold testing focused on sensors and navigation, the hot testing at Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh checked for engine firing. It included dry runs, static tests, closed-loop evaluations, and truncated de-boost tests under conditions similar to those on the Moon.
		+
		+	''' Sure-Footed Vikram '''
		+
		+	They also had to ensure that Vikram landed on its feet, so they built seven models of the lander, three of which were scaled-down pieces, and did extensive lander leg drop tests at Chitradurga in Karnataka where craters and boulders served as a test bed for helicopter experiments. These tests improved the team’s know-how of powered descent and landing.  “We closely assessed integrated sensors and navigation performance, ensuring every system was in sync,” says Veeramuthuvel. The lander leg tests were done for conditions ranging from steep slopes to flat surfaces, hard and soft terrain, and various combinations of horizontal and vertical velocity.
		+
		+	''' Practice In Virtual World '''
		+
		+	Chandrayaan-3 had something Chandrayaan-2 did not – a dedicated simulation group. The 2019 mission’s simulations were done by its control system teams and were less elaborate. Aditya Rallapalli, project manager (simulations), says, “We have 25TB simulation data from more than one lakh tests.”
		+
		+	Bharath Kumar GV, deputy project director for navigation, guidance and control (NGC) simulations, says, “Testing for nominal conditions wasn’t enough. We predicted various parameters that could go wrong and built models. Then corrections were carried out at each level.”
		+
		+	Four different simulation test beds – six degrees of freedom (6-DOF), onboard in-loop simulation (OILS), software in-loop simulation (SILS), and hardware simulation – were used with one clear goal: making Vikram soft-land on the Moon. A team led by Prashant Kulshreshtha built and exhaustively tested the onboard software, a key component of the redesigned lander.
		+
		+	''' Guiding It Home '''
		+
		+	And finally, someone had to ensure that the systems behaved exactly like the simulations showed they would. Madhavraj, project manager (trajectory), Kuldeep Negi and their team were on the job. “Our role was to see that all the planning on the ground worked. It involved a lot of mathematics,” says Negi.
		+
		+	The five Earth-bound manoeuvres, the trans-lunar injection, lunar orbit insertion, five lunar-bound manoeuvres, and the two de-boosts to get into the pre-landing orbit had to happen exactly as planned. “We had a Plan B for each of them, but our Plan A worked every single time,” says Madhavraj. “If I’ve to sum everything up, I’d say, guidance couldn’t fail,” says Rijesh MP, also a deputy project director with NGC controls and dynamics. One of their key challenges was to ensure the guidance systems were in sync with the engines. If the engines were slow to respond to a command, the guidance system shouldn’t have read it as an error. It didn’t.
		+
		+	[[Category:India\|C CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)MOON MISSIO
		+	]]
		+	[[Category:Pages with broken file links\|CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)CHANDRAYAAN (INDIA’S MOON MISSION)MOON MISSION, INDIA/ CHANDRAYAANMOON MISSION, INDIA/ CHANDRAYAANMOON MISSION, INDIA/ CHANDRAYAAN
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	=See also=		=See also=

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:42, 14 September 2023
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	India's space program has come a long way in a short time, and the country is now considered a major player in the global space community. The nation is in an especially unique position to make important global contributions to space exploration in the years to come with an emphasis on low-cost, high-impact missions and a dedication to pursuing cutting-edge research.		India's space program has come a long way in a short time, and the country is now considered a major player in the global space community. The nation is in an especially unique position to make important global contributions to space exploration in the years to come with an emphasis on low-cost, high-impact missions and a dedication to pursuing cutting-edge research.

		+	=Moon missions=
		+	==An overview, till 2023 July==
		+	[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/5-things-you-did-not-know-about-chandrayaan-other-moon-missions-8904492/ Amitabh Sinha, August 24, 2023: ''The Indian Express'']
		+
		+	[[File: The anatomy of the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft.jpg\|The anatomy of the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft <br/> From: [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/5-things-you-did-not-know-about-chandrayaan-other-moon-missions-8904492/ Amitabh Sinha, August 24, 2023: ''The Indian Express'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	[[File: How Chandrayaan-3 inched closer to the Lunar surface.jpg\|How Chandrayaan-3 inched closer to the Lunar surface <br/> From: [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/5-things-you-did-not-know-about-chandrayaan-other-moon-missions-8904492/ Amitabh Sinha, August 24, 2023: ''The Indian Express'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	[[File: Timeline of the Chandrayaan-3 mission.jpg\|Timeline of the Chandrayaan-3 mission <br/> From: [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/5-things-you-did-not-know-about-chandrayaan-other-moon-missions-8904492/ Amitabh Sinha, August 24, 2023: ''The Indian Express'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	''' Kalam ensured Chandrayaan-1 left imprint on Moon '''
		+
		+	Chandrayaan-1, India’s first mission to the Moon in 2008, was just an Orbiter. When the spacecraft was being assembled, President A P J Abdul Kalam visited the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) office. According to an account by former ISRO chairman G Madhavan Nair, Kalam asked scientists what evidence Chandrayaan-1 would have to show it had been to the Moon.
		+
		+	When the scientists said it would have pictures of the lunar surface, Kalam apparently shook his head and said that would not be enough. He then suggested that the spacecraft carry an instrument that could be made to fall on the Moon’s surface.
		+
		+	ISRO heeded Kalam’s advice and made design changes to accommodate a new instrument. This Moon Impact Probe hit the lunar surface, and became the first Indian object on the Moon.
		+
		+	''' Chandrayaan-2 lander was to come from Russia '''
		+
		+	Russia’s Luna-25 spacecraft crashed on the lunar surface on Saturday. An earlier version of the same lander was supposed to go on India’s Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft, but did not.
		+
		+	The Chandrayaan-2 mission, which had a lander and a rover, was originally supposed to go in the 2011-12 time frame. At that time, India had not developed its own lander and rover. The original Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft was supposed to be a joint mission with Russia. India was supposed to provide the rocket and Orbiter, while the lander and rover would have come from Russia.
		+
		+	The kind of lander and rover that Russia was developing for Chandrayaan-2, however, showed problems on a different mission, forcing Russia’s space agency Roscosmos to make design changes. The new design, however, was larger and could not be accommodated on the Indian rocket.
		+
		+	Russia eventually pulled out of the collaboration, and ISRO went in for indigenous development of the lander and rover. That took time, and Chandrayaan-2 could fly only in 2019.
		+
		+
		+	''' India’s next Moon mission is not called Chandrayaan '''
		+
		+	Unlike some countries that have a whole series of lunar missions planned, India has not yet announced follow-up missions to Chandrayaan-3. While there would obviously be a Chandrayaan-4, 5, 6 or more, India will, before those, send another Moon mission in collaboration with Japan. It is called LUPEX. The mission is likely to be launched in the 2024-25 timeframe.
		+
		+	''' Europe withdrew from Russia’s Luna-25 due to Ukraine war '''
		+
		+	The European Space Agency was an important partner for Roscosmos, not just on Luna-25 but also on the Luna-26 and Luna-27 missions, planned for later this decade. The ESA was putting a navigation camera and an optical navigation system on Luna-25. More robotic equipment was planned to be integrated into Luna-26 and Luna-27. Similar cooperation was going on for a Russian Mars mission as well.
		+
		+	However, all that was suspended by the European agency in April last year, after Russian forces invaded Ukraine. The science and technology objectives that Europe planned to fulfill through these missions will now be fulfilled through collaboration with NASA.
		+
		+	''' Japan, Israel landing bids were by private companies '''
		+
		+	Over the last decade, five countries have attempted to land on the Moon — China, Israel, India, Japan, and Russia. Only China has succeeded so far. The Moon missions from Israel and Japan, Beresheet and Hakuto-R respectively, were sent by private companies. Till date, these remain the only attempts by private space agencies to land on the Moon.
		+
		+	Japan’s space agency JAXA is readying to send its first Moon landing mission. It is called SLIM, or Smart Lander for Investigating Moon.
		+
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	=Why does India/ the world want moon missions?=		=Why does India/ the world want moon missions?=

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:17, 12 September 2023
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	'' Chandrayaan-3, some basic facts ''		'' Chandrayaan-3, some basic facts ''
		+
		+	==2023 Aug: soft landing; first ever on south pole==
		+	[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=25_08_2023_025_010_toim_TOI Chethan Kumar, August 25, 2023: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	[[File: Vikram and Propulsion module.jpg\|Vikram and Propulsion module <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=25_08_2023_025_010_toim_TOI Chethan Kumar, August 25, 2023: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	[[File: Vikram landing on moon, A timeline.jpg\|Vikram landing on moon, A timeline <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=24_08_2023_012_001_toim_TOI Chethan Kumar, August 24, 2023: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	''' Day after, Vikram ‘full on’, Pragyan does a Moonwalk '''
		+
		+	Bengaluru : A day after Chandrayaan-3 lander Vikram touched down on Moon’s south polar region, Isro on Thursday switched on the payloads on Vikram and started moving Pragyan, the rover, on the lunar surface.
		+
		+	“All activities are on schedule and all systems are normal. Rover mobility operations have commenced,” Isro said, adding three of the lander payloads, Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA), Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA) and Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE), were turned on. Isro had, on Sunday, activated the Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the propulsion module. On why the rover took more than 4 hours to roll out, Isro chairman S Somanath told TOI: “After the landing, we had to check the inclination, terrain condition and tempe ratures, and wait for the lunar dust to settle. The rover came out late last night.”
		+
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	==Experts and institutions involved==		==Experts and institutions involved==

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