May weather in India, Poverty: India

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This is a collection of articles, mainly from the Delhi- based press.<br/>
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[[Category: Development|P]]
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[[Category: Economy-Industry-Resources|P]]
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'''This page is under construction. Data will continue to be added over the next several years. '''
 
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May
 
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=1st  May=
 
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=2nd  May=
 
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==Delhi/ 13.2mm rain/ 38.3°C falls to 25°C, dust storm: 2018==
 
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From The Times of India 3 May 2018
 
  
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=Defining poverty=
  
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2018 Dust storm, sudden rain bring relief from heat
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[[File: poverty line ststes.png| Indian states with the highest/ lowest proportion of population below the poverty line, 2004-12.  Source: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Gallery.aspx?id=11_07_2014_013_037_002&type=P&artUrl=STATE-OF-THE-STATES-11072014013037&eid=31808 The Times of India ]|frame|500px]]
  
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The capital saw a sudden dust storm followed by heavy rain that brought the mercury down by several notches.
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[[File: National Food Security Act (NFSA), poor implementation.jpg|National Food Security Act (NFSA) has revealed that there are more than 1.58 lakh 'non-deserving' BPL card holders, sponging off Rs 116 crore of govt money by availing wheat and rice at Rs 2 per kg, highly subsidized sugar and kerosene meant for the impoverished. Some facts regarding the poor distributive mechanism: See above; Graphic courtesy: [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Look-whos-living-below-the-poverty-line/articleshow/51905495.cms ''The Times of India''], April 20, 2016|frame|500px]]
  
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The Safdarjung observatory, considered as the base for weather in the capital, received 13.2mm of rainfall between 5.30pm and 8.30 pm, while several other parts of the capital reported intense showers. Met officials said the rain was caused due to a cyclonic circulation forming over Haryana, which also resulted in the dust storm.
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===Planning Commission's formula===
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'''Plan panel sticks to old formula to define poor'''
  
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Met officials say the dust storm hit the capital around 4.30 pm, with Safdarjung recording a maximum speed of 59km/hr at 4.45 pm. A drizzle was reported around parts of the capital around 5.30 pm and the intensity increased by 7pm, during which the temperature ''' fell to around ''' 25 degrees, officials said. Operations were also affected at the IGI airport during the time and 15 flights were diverted.
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Mahendra Singh, TNN | Jul 24, 2013
  
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Delhi had also received light rain on Sunday night due to favourable local conditions like high temperature and moisture. The humidity levels on Wednesday, meanwhile, were between 38-66%, met official said.
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[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Plan-panel-sticks-to-old-formula-to-define-poor/articleshow/21287467.cms The Times of India]
  
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''' Earlier in the day, ''' Delhi had recorded a maximum temperature of 38.3 degrees Celsius , while the minimum was 27 degrees Celsius—two notches above normal. The regional met has forecast cloudy skies on Thursday and the maximum likely to be around 36 degrees Celsius. A drizzle may occur in some parts.
 
  
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==Rajasthan to Jharkhand, Telangana: Superstorm kills 129/ 2018==
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NEW DELHI: People spending more than Rs 27.2 per day in villages and Rs 33.3 in cities are not poor, according to latest data released by the government.
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[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/?olv-cache-ver=20180426052044  From The Times of India 4 May 2018]
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The proportion of the poor has come down to 21.9% of the country's population in 2011-12 from 37.2% in 2004-05, a decline of 2.18 percentage points every year during seven years of UPA rule.
  
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Superstorms across India kill 129, shatter homes and lives
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The absolute number of poor declined by nearly 137.4 million between 2004-05 and 2011-12 and by around 85 million between 2009-10 and 2011-12.
  
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Major Damage In UP, Raj; 46 Dead In Agra
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However, there are still 269.7 million poor — 217.2 million in villages and 53.1 million in cities — across the country as against 407.3 million in 2004-05.
  
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Severe thunderstorms lashed many parts of the country on [the night of 2May 2018], killing at least 129 people in the last 24 hours and leaving a trail of destruction, with houses flattened, trees uprooted and electricity poles in disarray. The maximum devastation occurred in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, where the storms claimed 112 lives.
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The percentage of persons below the poverty line in 2011-12 has been estimated at 25.7% in rural areas and 13.7% in urban areas.
  
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Uttar Pradesh reported 73 deaths, of which 46 were in Agra district alone. As many as 39 people died in Rajasthan, followed by seven in Telangana, four in Uttarakhand and two each in Jharkhand and Punjab.
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The sharp decline in poverty levels across the country is based on the benchmark of a fresh poverty line. But the timing and the methodology for estimating poverty is questionable as the fresh estimates are based on the Tendulkar methodology, which was junked by the Planning Commission last year after a huge public outcry.
  
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The fury of unusually strong winds and heavy rains lasted for up to three hours in many places.
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The plan panel's earlier figures showed that poverty was declining by 1.5 percentage points from 37.2% to 29.8% between 2004-05 and 2009-10, but the data was disowned after it was criticized for pegging the poverty line too low at Rs 22.42 per person per day in rural areas and Rs 28.65 in urban areas.
  
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“Concrete houses came down like packs of cards one after the other. Trees, streetlights and whatever stood taller than a few feet were flattened by the winds. We took out victims from debris of houses and ferried them to hospitals on motorcycles,” Narendra Sharma, the SHO of Kheragarh police station in Agra district, told TOI after spending the night in rescue ops.
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After intervention from the UPA's top leadership, the government set up another committee headed by C Rangarajan to look at a methodology for determining poverty lines and estimating poverty.
  
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With 24 deaths, ''' Kheragarh tehsil in Agra ''' near UP Rajasthan border bore the maximum brunt of the storm in the district.
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The commission justified the release of the data using the old methodology saying the data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) 68th round (2011-12) was now available and the Rangarajan committee recommendation will only be available in mid-2014 so it had updated the poverty estimates for the year 2011-12 as per the methodology recommended by the Tendulkar committee.
  
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Deaths were reported from other parts of the state too. These included three each in Bijnor and Kanpur Dehat, two each in Saharanpur, Hamirpur, Mirzapur and Kanpur city; and one each in Bareilly, Pilibhit, Chitrakoot, Rae Bareli, Unnao, Mathura, Amroha, Banda, Sitapur, Sambhal, Etawah, Allahabad and Rampur. Nearly 90 people were injured in the state. The UP government has announced a compensation of Rs 4 lakh each for the families of the deceased.
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After the controversy, a special survey was conducted by the NSSO to determine poverty, an exercise which taken up after a gap of five years.
  
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In Rajasthan, home minister Gulab Chand Kataria put the toll at 33 on Thursday, but unofficial sources said it had climbed to 39 by evening. Over 200 people have been injured in the storm which affected Bharatpur, Dholpur and Alwar districts.
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The official argument is that whatever be the poverty line, there will be a decline in poverty in percentage terms.
  
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After a horrifying night, Thursday morning brought in a host of woes as people woke up to disruption in water and power supply. As many as 12,700 electricity polls were uprooted and 1,523 transformers damaged in the three districts. More than 50,000 trees were destroyed.
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The commission argued that it is important to note that although the declining trend is based on the Tendulkar poverty line, which is being reviewed and may be revised by the Rangarajan committee, an increase in the poverty line will not alter the fact of a decline. "While the absolute levels of poverty would be higher, the rate of decline would be similar," it said.
  
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The Rajasthan government rushed ministers to the three districts on Thursday while chief minister Vasundhara Raje is scheduled to visit the affected areas of Bharatpur on Friday. “Seventeen persons have died in Bharatpur, nine in Alwar and five in Dholpur district due to the dust storm,” Kataria said.
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===Definition of poverty in 2011-12===
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According to the [Planning] commission, in 2011-12 for rural areas, the national poverty line by using the Tendulkar methodology is estimated at Rs 816 per capita per month in villages and Rs 1,000 per capita per month in cities.  
  
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In Uttarakhand, casualties were reported from Almora, Udham Singh Nagar and Haridwar districts.
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This would mean that the persons whose consumption of goods and services exceed Rs 33.33 in cities and Rs 27.20 per capita per day in villages are [below the poverty line].
  
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In Telangana, heavy rains triggered by a cyclonic circulation killed seven people across the state. Strong winds plunged many areas in Hyderabad into darkness. Deaths were reported from Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda and Warangal districts.
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The commission said that for a family of five, the all India poverty line in terms of consumption expenditure would amount of Rs 4,080 per month in rural areas and Rs 5,000 per month in urban areas. The poverty line however will vary from state to state.
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===2014: McKinsey’s definition===
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''' McKinsey pegs poverty line at 1,336 per month '''
  
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In Punjab, two people were killed in Patiala city when the boundary wall of an underconstruction house collapsed on them. The victims died on the spot within minutes.
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Prabhakar Sinha | TNN
  
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In Jharkhand, two women were killed in Sahibganj district when they were struck by lightning.
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[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Client.asp?Daily=CAP&showST=true&login=default&pub=TOI&Enter=true&Skin=TOINEW The Times of India]
  
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===Why the storm was so intense===
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A Global consultancy firm pegged a new level for poverty or empowerment line — at Rs 1,336 per month per person as against the poverty line prescribed by the government at around Rs 870 per month per person.  
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[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/?olv-cache-ver=20180426052044  From The Times of India 4 May 2018]
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McKinsey, in a report, said the empowerment line determines the level of consumption required for an individual to fulfill his/her basic need for food, energy, housing, drinking water, sanitation, health care, education and social security at a level sufficient to achieve a modest standard of living.
  
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‘Perfect conditions’ gave deadly edge to storms: Met
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According to the report —From poverty to empowerment: India’s imperative for jobs, growth, and effective basic services — 56% of the population lacks the means to meet essential needs as consumption level falls below Rs 1,336 per person per month or almost Rs 6,700 per month for a family of five. This translates to 680 million people whose consumption levels across both rural and urban area of the country fall short of this mark.
  
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More Intense Than IMD Had Predicted
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===SIGNS OF POVERTY===
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[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP/2013/08/10&PageLabel=21&EntityId=Ar02100&ViewMode=HTML The Times of India] 2013/08/10
  
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Amit.Bhattacharya@timesgroup.com
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'''Deprivation indicators for poverty survey'''
  
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One-room kuchcha households No adult member (in the family)
  
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Multiple factors lined up perfectly to cause the widespread thunderstorms and dust storms that claimed more than 110 lives across Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttarakhand on Wednesday, Met officials said. At several places, the storms were more intense than predicted.
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Women-headed households without any [presumably male] adult
  
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While ''' squalls and dust storms are a common April-May phenomenon in north India ''' as a result of high heat, what gave Wednesday’s storms more destructive power was their association with a western disturbance (WD), Met officials said.
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Households with disabled member and without any able adult
  
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“The thunderstorms coincided with a passing WD which provided moisture and unstable conditions, leading to storms across a wide area,” said K G Ramesh, director general of India Meteorological Department. The department had issued alerts for “isolated heavy thunderstorms” in the region with wind speeds of 40-50kmph. But winds reportedly reached higher speeds at several places.
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SC/ST
  
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“This can happen due to local gustiness within the zone of precipitation. These are accentuated by land features which enable winds to reach higher speeds due to tunnelling effect. Generally, the winds were within the range we had forecast” Ramesh said.
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Households without literate adult
  
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“Four weather conditions need to come together for thunder squalls to take place. One, there should be adequate heating of the land; two, there must be moisture in the air; three, the atmosphere should be unstable and, four, there must be a triggering mechanism,” said M Mohapatra, DGM, IMD.
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Landless households
  
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All these conditions were met on Wednesday, Mohapatra said. “Surface temperatures were high and moist easterly winds were blowing up to Himachal Pradesh. The atmosphere was unstable and a cyclonic circulation over Haryana and its neighbourhood provided the trigger for the storms,” he said.
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''' Groups for automatic inclusion '''
  
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===2018 storms were the most lethal since 2013===
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Shelterless households
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[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F05%2F08&entity=Ar01506&sk=98FACC2D&mode=text  Amit Bhattacharya, (With Arvind Chahan in Agra), May 2 storms were most lethal in 6 yrs: IMD data, May 8, 2018: ''The Times of India'']
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Destitutes
  
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[[File: 2013-2018, April- May storms with the highest death toll.jpg|2013-2018, April- May storms with the highest death toll <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F05%2F08&entity=Ar01506&sk=98FACC2D&mode=text  Amit Bhattacharya, (With Arvind Chahan in Agra), May 2 storms were most lethal in 6 yrs: IMD data, May 8, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
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Manual scavengers
  
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Primitive tribal groups
  
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''Winds Hit 126kmph In Agra''
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Legally released bonded labourers
  
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The severe thunderstorms that hit north India and some other regions last Wednesday (May 2) unleashed the most devastation by any single-day storm event in the country in the past six years, for which data was compiled by the India Meteorological Department.
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==Rural poverty==
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===Poverty in rural households: Socio-economic census (2014?)===
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[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Landless-manual-workers-most-prone-to-poverty-13072015001031 ''The Times of India''], Jul 13 2015
  
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TOI had reported 129 deaths in the storms in north India, Jharkhand and Telangana on May 2. That’s nearly double the toll from the previous worst thunderstorm event since 2013, in which 65 people died in Bihar on April 21, 2015.
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Subodh Ghildiyal
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[[File: poverty in rural households.jpg|Poverty in rural households; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Landless-manual-workers-most-prone-to-poverty-13072015001031 ''The Times of India''], Jul 13 2015|frame|500px]]
  
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The data was compiled by IMD’s climate monitoring section, which relies on media reports on deaths from these weather events.
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''' Census: 5.4cr homes deprived on this count '''
  
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That the May 2 storms were a particularly destructive extreme weather event is also indicated by wind speed figures from the IAF’s Kheria airbase near Agra. These show that at 20.45pm that night winds touched 68 knots
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'' `Landless manual workers most prone to poverty' ''
  
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(125.93 kmph) — speeds that prevail during a Category 2 cyclone. “The wind speed of close to 126kmph lasted for 5-10 seconds. The steady wind speed during the storm was recorded at 58 knots
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Landlessness and dependence on manual casual labour for a livelihood are key deprivations facing rural families, socio-economic census figures suggest.
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This, experts say , means they are far more vulnerable to impoverishment than indicated by a plain reading of the census data.
  
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(107.41kmph),” said a Wing Commander-level officer.
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The rural census mapped deprivation on the basis of seven indicators -households with kuchha house; without an adult in working age; headed by a woman and without an adult male in working age; with a disabled member and without an able-bodied adult; of SCSTs; without literate adults over 25 years; and land less engaged in manual labour.
  
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“All conditions necessary for storms were present on May 2, and more. Significantly, strong easterly winds brought moisture into north India which amply fed the storms, giving these a destructive edge,” said M Mohapatra, DGM, IMD.
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While 48.5% of rural households are saddled with at least one deprivation indicator, the eye-opener is how much the other factors over lap with the worst of them ­ landless households engaged in manual labour. The intersection of any of the six other handicaps with `landless-labour' makes it more acute than otherwise suggested by the observation that the household has “two deprivations“. Nearly 5.40 crore house holds are in the landless labourer category -dubbed by the rural development ministry as the “main running theme of deprivation“.
  
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IMD’s data on thunderstorms reveals that these weather events are underrated killers. These storms are usually localised events and hence do not make major news. IMD’s data shows that as many as 388 people died in thunderstorms in 2013. While the casualty count has been slightly lower in subsequent years, 2018 could see another spike since more than 170 lives have been lost on just two stormy days this year — May 2 and April 11.
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The more the number of parameters on which a household is deprived, the worse its extent of poverty . It has been found that nearly 30% have two deprivations, 13% have three, though mercifully , only 0.01% suffer from all seven handicaps. Explan panel member Mihir Shah said the correlation between poverty and landless labour was a worrying feature.
  
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= 3rd May=
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“That a very high number of deprived households are also landless doing casual manual labour is significant. Land being the most important asset in rural India, its absence with other deprivations means a household has no asset and is that much more vulnerable.“ He said small and marginal farmers are also getting pauperized and more engaged in manual labour.
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=4th May=
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= 5th May=
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= 6th May=
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= 7th May=
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= 8th May=
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==Uttarakhand, HP: Kedar: 3” snowfall/ Keylong minus 0.3°C; Gangotri: avalanche/ 2018==
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[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/?olv-cache-ver=20180426052044 Late snowfall halts Kedarnath yatra |The Times of India]
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===2017 yardsticks===
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[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Rs-20k-in-acs-to-be-rural-poverty-22052017008042  Subodh Ghildiyal, Rs 20k in a|cs to be rural poverty barometer , May 22, 2017: The Times of India]
  
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Rough weather struck north India on Tuesday, as forecast by the Met department, bringing dust storms and rain at many places in the plains and rare late-season ''' snowfall ''' in the higher reaches of the Himalayas that left at least 2,500 pilgrims stranded near the Kedarnath shrine.
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A gram panchayat's success in reducing poverty will be judged by the number of households with over Rs 20,000 in savings bank accounts or percentage of families with Aadhaarlinked bank accounts. Or, by the percentage of its households which have availed over Rs 20,000 as bank credit.
  
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The Kedarnath yatra was halted on Tuesday morning following 3 inches of snowfall in the Kedar valley. Among those stuck along the 16km trek route to the Himalayan shrine were former Uttarakhand CM Harish Rawat and Kedarnath MLA Manoj Rawat. According to the district emergency operation centre, over 2,200 pilgrims were halted at Sonprayag, 200 at Lincholi, 350 at Gaurikund and 60 at Bhimbali.
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Interestingly, higher the number of households with bank loans for “diversified livelihood“, the better the village would be assessed on the scale of progress. It will also be a positive if greater number of families are in nonfarm jobs with skilled work, or are selling their products in markets. Another key indicator of positive change will be the number of families using compost as the primary source to fertilise crops.
  
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“Due to bad weather in Kedarnath, most devotees have been asked to stay in Sonprayag and wait for the pilgrimage to resume. They are being accommodated in hotels and guesthouses,” he said. Gangotri and Yamnotri in Uttarkashi district received up to six inches of snowfall on Tuesday, with temple priests at both shrines claiming that this was the ''' first time in eight years that snowfall ''' had occurred at this time of the year. But unlike Kedarnath, snowfall did not disrupt the yatra in Gangotri and Yamnotri.
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Progress of a village will also be measured against the prevalence of malnutrition among children up to three years, percentage of children with full immunisation, number of girls completing secondary education and skilling courses.
  
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State Met department director Bikram Singh said snowfall in May was unusual and a “rare phenomenon”.
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These are among the parameters being considered by the rural development ministry to monitor its coming plan to create 50,000 poverty-free gram panchayats, its success to be measured against the “wellbeing of households“ of a village.
  
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In Himachal Pradesh, snow, hailstorms and rain lashed many parts, with reports of damage to crops, blocked roads and landslides in some areas. Devastating hailstorms in Shimla district damaged apple crop and a thick white sheet of hailstones was seen across the city. At -0.3°C, Keylong in Lahaul-Spiti district, was the coldest inhabited place in the state. The Met department in Delhi said thunderstorms were observed at isolated places over Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Haryana, Chandigarh and Delhi, among other places in the rest of the country.
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Around 20 criteria for development will be clubbed into three categories -infrastructure, social development and economic development.
  
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Porter buried alive, 40 trekkers stuck as avalanche hits Gangotri National Park
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A senior official said the scale to measure poverty-free panchayats -Mission Antyodaya -was being final ised. According to the plan in the works, the target 50,000 gram panchayats will be bunched together in clusters of 5,000, the idea being that development or economic activity best happens in a collection of villages, be it dairy de velopment or manufacturing or horticulture or tourism.
  
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==Delhi: 34.7°C max/ light rain/ 64 km/hr dust storm/ 2018==
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Sources said the gram panchayats will be selected on the basis of evidence that they have done “model work“ or have demonstrated a level of “social initiative“. Creation of poverty-free gram panchayats is a flagship plan mooted by the government, with the RD ministry in the process of drawing up the details of its implementation.
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[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/?olv-cache-ver=20180426052044    Why capital missed its date with storm |  ''The Times of India'']
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The capital saw strong winds on Monday night as a dust storm lashed late with the speed touching a maximum of 64 km/hr around 11pm. While Delhi was prepared for something similar on Tuesday, it received a dust storm of a much lower intensity, with light rain recorded in parts of the national capital region, while winds blew at 35 km/hr on Tuesday night. Met officials said while they had forecast a dust storm of speed touching close to 50 km/hr — a majority of the thunderstorm activity took place in the early hours of Tuesday itself, resulting in no activity in the afternoon.
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In a bid to understand the factors that aid development in rural areas, the ministry recently sent officials to study 50 villages across Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, which have made visible progress in overcoming poverty.
  
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Six diversions were also reported on Monday night as the strong winds affected operations at the IGI airport, also causing delays. However, the intensity was much lower on Tuesday night.
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Also, an elaborate coordination mechanism for the scheme is being created.While it will be included in the list of schemes assessed by the PM and CMs in the Niti Aayog governing council, there will be state level coordination committees under the CMs.
  
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''' “Most parts ofnorthern India ''' were hit by the dust stor m and thunderstor m on Monday night itself and the intensity peaked at 11.03pm when the wind speed touched 64/km hr. These squall conditions also took place overnight and this is why there was no activity in the morning or afternoon as we had earlier forecast,” said Kuldeep Srivastava, scientist at the regional Met office.
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==Urban poverty==
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===Bibek Debroy Committee: 2017===
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[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Own-fridge-AC-or-car-No-welfare-schemes-07082017009030  Dipak Dash, The Times of India], August 7, 2017
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[[File: Identifying the urban poor, 2017.jpg|Identifying the urban poor, 2017; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Own-fridge-AC-or-car-No-welfare-schemes-07082017009030  Dipak Dash, The Times of India], August 7, 2017|frame|500px]]
  
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“Parts of Noida, Ghaziabad and north Delhi received light rain on Tuesday night and wind speed was close to 35 km/hr as another dust storm struck the capital, but this was lower in intensity and ''' this activity is normal for May,” ''' said Srivastava.
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'''Own fridge, AC or car? No welfare schemes for you'''
  
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On Monday, a number of agencies had geared up with a disaster management helpline activated, while government bodies issued advisories on what precautions could be taken. The Delhi Metro had also stated they would stop trains if wind speed exceeded 90 km/hr on Tuesday.
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About six in every 10 households in urban areas will be eligible for assessment for identifying whether they are entitled for government's social welfare schemes, according to the recommendation of a government panel.
  
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The maximum temperature on Tuesday was recorded at 34.7 degrees Celsius — four notches below normal, while a similar maximum temperature is forecast for Wednesday.
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Those having a four-room set or four-wheeler or an airconditioner will be automatically excluded from being eligible for social benefits in urban areas. Households owning all of three items -refrigerator, washing machine and a two-wheeler -will also be automatically excluded, the Bibek Debroy Committee for implementation of the Socio Economic Survey has recommended. The report also specifies who will be automatically included in the list of beneficiaries based on the parameters set for residential, occupational and social deprivation. Those who are houseless or have a house with polythene wall or roof, no income or households without adult male or headed by a child will be included.
  
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= 9th May=
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According to the report, the rest of the households will be assessed to find whether they can also be included in the list of beneficiaries. “They will be ranked on the basis of an index score on a scale of zero to 12. The parameters will be residential, social and occupational deprivation,“ said an official. Earlier, the S R Hashim Committee had submitted its report on urban poor in December 2012, but the government never accepted it.
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= 10th May=
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= 11th May=
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==Delhi/ 42.8°C  max: 2018==
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[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/?olv-cache-ver=20180427052502    After hottest day of season, mercury may hit 43C today |The Times of India]
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“Going by the recommen dation of Hashim panel, 41% households in urban areas could have been included for assessment to find whether they are eligible for getting benefits from government schemes. But the Debroy panel recommendations will make 59% households eligible for this assessment,“ said a source.The panel has said categorising of householdspopulation as BPL or above poverty line would be a misnomer.
  
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Friday saw the hottest day of the season with the mercury touching 42.8 degrees Celsius at Safdarjung, ''' three degrees above normal. '''
+
=Poverty Line=
 +
[ ''From the archives of the Times of India'']
  
−
= 12th May=
+
==Tendulkar committee==
−
==Maharashtra,Chandrapur/ 46.6°C; 2nd hottest in world / 2018==
+
Urban (for 2004-5): 446.68
−
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/?olv-cache-ver=20180427052502  Manka.Behl | The Times of India]
+
  
−
At 46.6°C, Maha district second hottest in world
+
Rural (for 2004-5): 578.8
  
 +
'''Plan panel revised estimates (now withdrawn)'''
  
−
From the world’s fourth-hottest city, Chandrapur or Chanda became the second hottest on Saturday with a maximum temperature of 46.6 degree Celsius. Among the world’s 15 hottest cities, 13 are from India.
+
Urban (for 2009-10): 859.6
 +
 +
Rural (for 2009-10): 672.8
  
−
An international website ‘El Dorado Weather’ ranked Wardha and Nagpur as the world’s 5th and 15th hottest cities respectively, for the day. The world’s hottest city was '''Nawabshah in Pakistan,''' sizzling at a maximum temperature of 47.5 degree Celsius.
+
==WORLD BANK Poverty==
 +
[ ''From the archives of the Times of India'']
  
−
The maximum temperature of Wardha was 45.9 degree Celsius on Saturday and it was the second hottest in the region after Chandrapur.
+
<$1.25 per day (PPP) or 648 per month (urban) & 429 (rural) as of 2005
 +
Extreme poverty: <$1 per day (PPP) or 516 per month (urban) and 342 (rural) as of 2005
  
−
= 13th May=
+
==Angus Deaton on the Indian poverty line==
 +
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Eco-Nobel-winner-strong-critic-of-Indias-poverty-13102015024026 ''The Times of India''], Oct 13 2015
  
−
==Delhi NCR/ 109 kmph squall, dust storm; 40.8°C;  .2mm rainfall; 4 dead: 2018==
+
Partha Sinha & Srikant Tripathy
−
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/?olv-cache-ver=20180427052502    CAPITAL RUNS INTO ROUGH WEATHER  | The Times of India ]
+
  
 +
'''Eco Nobel winner strong critic of India's poverty line'''
  
−
Over 70 flights were diverted from IGI airport and several departures were affected after runway operations had to be shut down due to “wind shear”.
+
''Had a tiff with Panagariya on why Indian kids are shorter''
  
−
FOUR DEAD IN NCR: ''' Strongest Thunderstorm Activity Of Season ''' Uproots Trees, Affects Flight, Rail & Metro Operations
+
Angus Deaton, the Scottish-American Princeton professor who won the Economics Nobel on Monday “for his analysis of consumption, poverty , and welfare“, has a strong India connect with several of his academic papers and articles focused on the country and based on data collected here. Deaton (69) has worked with Jean Dreze of Delhi School of Economics, Abhijit Banerjee of MIT and Jishnu Das of World Bank on areas like poverty , healthcare, nutrition, etc. Even his homepage on Princeton website lists `Poverty in the world and in India' as one of the Nobel winner's main areas of research.
 +
It's not only collaboration with Indians and on India, the Princeton professor even had a tiff with Arvind Panagariya, former Columbia University professor and now the deputy chief of Niti Aayog, about the reasons behind the shorter height of Indian children compared to the global average. Deaton is also a harsh critique of the measure of poverty line used by the Indian government that was a hot topic two years ago.
  
−
A squall and dust storm with a wind speed of up to 109 kmph barrelled through Delhi and neighbouring areas on Sunday, affecting flight, rail and metro operations and uprooting trees. At least four people died and 26 were injured in the national capital region.
+
One of Deaton's leading works, along with MIT's Banerjee and Esther Duflo, and Das from World Bank, was based on a healthcare-related survey of tribal households in Udaipur, then one of the poorest districts in the country . In 2002 and 2003, Deaton and others worked on a survey-based project titled `Health Care Delivery in Rural Rajasthan'. Seva Mandir, an Udaipur-based NGO that works for integrated rural development in the district, was involved in the project as the local facilitator and coordinator.
  
−
According to Met officials, the highest wind speed during the squall was recorded at 109km/hr at Safdarjung, followed closely by Palam at 96km/hr. Dark grey clouds started gathering around 3pm and, within an hour, much of Delhi, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad and Noida were plunged into darkness. People rushed for cover even as the strong winds and poor visibility affected traffic.  
+
According to Priyanka Singh, CEO, Seva Mandir, Deaton visited Udaipur twice and had gone to the villages to have first-hand experience of the situation there.“He was very sound on subjects of nutrition and health.During interactions, we found he could explain difficult things in a very simple way ,“ said Singh.
  
−
“The storm was quite intense, but it cleared up in a matter of hours. Such activity is common during this time of the season as Delhi has high temperatures and easterly winds with moisture are blowing. We also had a western disturbance affecting the region that led to the thunderstorm,” a senior met official said.  
+
Deaton, Banerjee and others' survey of 100 hamlets in Udaupir threw up interesting results -like low level of immunization in rural areas, ab sence of government-sponso red healthcare facility, reliance on private healthcare even at a much higher cost, etc -some of which have strong relevance even today .
  
−
The capital’s maximum temperature during the day had touched 40.8 degrees Celsius at Safdarjung and 41.3 degrees Celsius at Palam — '''before '''the sudden change in the weather. Till 5.30pm, Safdarjung had recorded 4.2mm of rainfall while Palam received 0.8mm during the same period.
+
A few years ago, Deaton had an academic debate with Pana gariya on the reasons for shor ter height of Indian children The article by Deaton and others in the Economic and Po litical Weekly points out that Indian children are very short on average, compared to child ren living in other countries “Because height reflects early life health and net nutrition and because good early life he alth also helps brains to grow and capabilities to develop, wi despread growth faltering is a human development disaster Panagariya while acknowled ges these facts had argued in (another) article that Indian children are particularly short because they are genetically programmed to be so,“ the article had pointed out.
  
−
At least two loss of lives were reported in Delhi. Police said Sumwati Devi (56) was killed when a tree branch fell on her head near Patpargunj in east Delhi. In another incident, a 19-year-old Rohit died in southeast Delhi’s Jaitpur when construction material fell on him. Till late night, 75 trees were removed, officials added.
+
Deaton is also a strong critic of how India fixes its poverty line, the estimated minimum income required for basic necessities of life. “Indian poverty is measured using a series of household surveys, run by India's National Sample Survey. The results of these surveys have been subject to intense debate in recent years.There are also significant questions about the appropriateness of the poverty lines used by the Government of India. Finally , the Indian consumer price indexes used in the poverty calculations have also been questioned,“ the Nobel laureate wrote on his home page.
  
−
As many as 75 poles came crashing and 61 cases of tin sheds/brick-roof wall collapse were reported, police said.
+
= Poverty  line, population below=
 +
==1973- 2005: Percentage and Number of Poor Estimation==
 +
[http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%2099.pdf  December 22, 2014: ''The Planning Commission'']
  
−
In Ghaziabad, at least one person was killed and six injured in different incidents. The deceased was identified as Rajkumar alias Raju (40) of Bulandshahr. According to police, Raju was killed when a tree uprooted by the strong winds fell on his car in Lal Kuan area. “Four other persons were injured in the incident,” police said. In a separate incident, two minor girls, aged 13 and 15 years, respectively, were injured in Pasonda village in Sahibabad as the wall of a house collapsed on them. In Noida, a 42-year-old woman died and her son was injured after a large hoarding collapsed on their bike during the dust storm in Noida Extension on Sunday evening. The woman was identified as Jaimun Nisha, a resident of Haibatpur village in Bisrakh. Her son Imran (21) is undergoing treatment at a private hospital in Noida.
 
  
−
Gurgaon, too, was greeted with a storm, followed by sporadic showers. Visibility was totally obscured by dust whipped up by heavy winds. Residents had to close their windows and doors to keep the dust off their rooms. The situation was severe in new sectors, where winds whipped up clouds of dust from the vast open fields that sprawl across the area. In several places, the wind also knocked down trees.
+
{| border="1"
 +
| width="165" |
 +
'''Year'''
 +
| colspan="3" width="81" |
 +
'''Poverty Ratio (%)'''
 +
| colspan="3" |
 +
'''Number of Poor (million)'''
 +
|-
 +
| width="165" |
  
−
(With agency inputs)
+
| width="25" |
−
===UP, Bengal, Andhra/ 39 dead in storm;  2018===
+
Rural
−
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/?olv-cache-ver=20180427052502  Storm & lightning kill 39 in 3 states | ''The Times of India'']
+
|
 +
Urban
 +
|
 +
Total
 +
|
 +
Rural
 +
|
 +
Urban
 +
|
 +
Total
 +
|-
 +
| width="165" |
 +
1973-74
 +
| width="25" |
 +
56.4
 +
|
 +
49.0
 +
|
 +
54.9
 +
|
 +
261.3
 +
|
 +
60.0
 +
|
 +
321.3
 +
|-
 +
| width="165" |
 +
1977-78
 +
| width="25" |
 +
53.1
 +
|
 +
45.2
 +
|
 +
51.3
 +
|
 +
264.3
 +
|
 +
64.6
 +
|
 +
328.9
 +
|-
 +
| width="165" |
 +
1983
 +
| width="25" |
 +
45.6
 +
|
 +
40.8
 +
|
 +
44.5
 +
|
 +
252.0
 +
|
 +
70.9
 +
|
 +
322.9
 +
|-
 +
| width="165" |
 +
1987-88
 +
| width="25" |
 +
39.1
 +
|
 +
38.2
 +
|
 +
38.9
 +
|
 +
231.9
 +
|
 +
75.2
 +
|
 +
307.0
 +
|-
 +
| width="165" |
 +
1993-94
 +
| width="25" |
 +
50.1
 +
|
 +
31.8
 +
|
 +
45.3
 +
|
 +
328.6
 +
|
 +
74.5
 +
|
 +
403.7
 +
|-
 +
| width="165" |
 +
1999-2000
 +
| width="25" |
 +
27.1
 +
|
 +
23.6
 +
|
 +
26.1
 +
|
 +
193.2
 +
|
 +
67.0
 +
|
 +
260.2
 +
|-
 +
| width="165" |
 +
2004-05<sup>1</sup>(Uniform Reference Period)
 +
| width="25" |
 +
28.3
 +
|
 +
25.7
 +
|
 +
27.5
 +
|
 +
220.9
 +
|
 +
80.8
 +
|
 +
301.7
 +
|-
 +
| width="165" |
 +
2004-05<sup>2 </sup>(Mixed Reference Period)
 +
| width="25" |
 +
21.8
 +
|
 +
21.7
 +
|
 +
21.8
 +
|
 +
170.3
 +
|
 +
68.2
 +
|
 +
238.5
 +
|}
  
−
Road, Rail & Air Traffic Also Hit Across N India
 
  
−
Dust storms and thunderstorms wreaked havoc in Uttar Pradesh, Bengal and Andhra Pradesh, killing at least 39 people and leaving behind a trail of destruction.
+
'''Footnotes''':
  
−
UP bore the brunt of a thunderstorm and hail that left at least 18 dead, while 12 people including four children were killed in Bengal, nine in Andhra Pradesh, and two in Delhi, officials said.
+
1 - Comparable with 1993-94 Estimates;
  
−
At several places in north India, including Delhi, highvelocity winds uprooted trees and affected road, rail and air services. According to the India Meteorological Department, thunderstorms also occurred at isolated places in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Assam, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu on Sunday.
+
2 - Comparable with 1999-2000 Estimates
  
−
In Bengal, at least 12 people, including four children, were killed and over 15 injured in lightning strike amid heavy rain, an official of the state disaster management department said. In Andhra Pradesh, nine persons were killed in lightning strikes.
+
== 1990-2016: below the  international poverty line==
 +
'''See graphics''':
  
−
K Sathi Devi, head of National Weather Forecasting Centre, said two western disturbances had led to the inclement weather. PTI
+
''Proportion of population below the international poverty line between 1990 and 2016''
  
−
= 14th May=
+
''Reduction in the death of children under the age of 5, for every 1,000 live births, between 1990 and 2016 ''
−
= 15th May=
+
−
==Delhi/ 38.2°C / 39.7°C:2018==
+
−
15 May
+
−
After rain relief, brace for hotter days  The Times of India
+
  
 +
[[File: Proportion of population below the international poverty line.jpg|Proportion of population below the international poverty line between 1990 and 2016;  [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=13_09_2017_015_007_006&type=P&artUrl=Having-a-bank-ac-can-change-a-womans-13092017015007&eid=31808 The Times of India], September 13, 2017|frame|500px]]
  
−
Delhi’s maximum temperature was recorded at 38.2 degrees Celsius on 15 May, ''' two notches below normal ''' for the season, while Palam was the hottest location with a maximum of 39.7 degrees Celsius.
+
[[File: Reduction in the death of children under the age of 5, for every 1,000 live births, between 1990 and 2016.jpg|Reduction in the death of children under the age of 5, for every 1,000 live births, between 1990 and 2016; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=13_09_2017_015_007_006&type=P&artUrl=Having-a-bank-ac-can-change-a-womans-13092017015007&eid=31808 The Times of India], September 13, 2017|frame|500px]]
  
−
= 16th May=
+
==1993-2005: Percentage, number of Poor Estimated by Tendulkar Method==
−
==Delhi/ 40.2 °C/ 42 °C / 98 km/hr: 2018==  
+
(Poverty Estimates) by Expert Group by Tendulkar Method using Mixed Reference Period
−
16 May 2018
+
−
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/#  Squall returns, fells trees and upsets power supply  ''The Times of India'']
+
  
−
[[File: 16 May 2018 storm in Delhi.jpg|The 16 May 2018 squall in Delhi <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/#  Squall returns, fells trees and upsets power supply  ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 
  
−
The capital witnessed another strong thunderstorm in the early hours. The squall saw several trees uprooted, damage to electricity poles and ''' even flight disruptions ''' during its brief spell as wind speed touched 106km/hr at Palam.
+
[http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%2099.pdf  December 22, 2014: ''The Planning Commission'']
  
−
Officials at the airport said that while this was the seasons strongest squall, the ''' impact on flights had been minimal '''  as it occurred in the wee hours of Wednesday, resulting in three flight go-arounds and one diversion.
 
  
−
The change has been due to localised conditions. The temperatures have been very high and there has been high moisture in the air.  
+
{| border="1"
 +
| rowspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="3" |
 +
'''Poverty Ratio (%) '''
 +
| colspan="3" |
 +
'''Number of Poor (million) '''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
Rural
 +
|
 +
Urban
 +
|
 +
Total
 +
|
 +
Rural
 +
|
 +
Urban
 +
|
 +
Total
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="7" |
 +
'''I. Expert Group 2009 (Tendulkar Methodology) '''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''1. 1993-94 '''
 +
|
 +
'''50.1 '''
 +
|
 +
'''31.8 '''
 +
|
 +
'''45.3 '''
 +
|
 +
'''328.60 '''
 +
|
 +
'''74.50 '''
 +
|
 +
'''403.70 '''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''2. 2004-05 '''
 +
|
 +
'''41.8 '''
 +
|
 +
'''25.7 '''
 +
|
 +
'''37.2 '''
 +
|
 +
'''326.30 '''
 +
|
 +
'''80.80 '''
 +
|
 +
'''407.10 '''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''3. 2009-10 '''
 +
|
 +
'''33.8 '''
 +
|
 +
'''20.9 '''
 +
|
 +
'''29.8 '''
 +
|
 +
'''278.21 '''
 +
|
 +
'''76.47 '''
 +
|
 +
'''354.68 '''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''4. 2011-12 '''
 +
|
 +
'''25.7 '''
 +
|
 +
'''13.7 '''
 +
|
 +
'''21.9 '''
 +
|
 +
'''216.50 '''
 +
|
 +
'''52.80 '''
 +
|
 +
'''269.30 '''
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="7" |
 +
'''II. Expert Group 1993 (Lakdawala Methodology) '''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''1. 1993-94 '''
 +
|
 +
'''37.3 '''
 +
|
 +
'''32.4 '''
 +
|
 +
'''36.0 '''
 +
|
 +
'''244.0 '''
 +
|
 +
'''76.3 '''
 +
|
 +
'''320.4 '''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''2. 2004-05 '''
 +
|
 +
'''28.3 '''
 +
|
 +
'''25.7 '''
 +
|
 +
'''27.5 '''
 +
|
 +
'''220.9 '''
 +
|
 +
'''80.8 '''
 +
|
 +
'''301.7 '''
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="7" |
 +
'''Annual Average Decline from 1993-94 to 2011-12 '''
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="3" |
 +
'''Poverty Ratio (% points) '''
 +
| colspan="3" |
 +
'''Number of Poor (million) '''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
Rural
 +
|
 +
Urban
 +
|
 +
Total
 +
|
 +
Rural
 +
|
 +
Urban
 +
|
 +
Total
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''Annual Average Decline : 1993-94 to 2004-05 (% points per annum) '''
 +
|
 +
'''0.75 '''
 +
|
 +
'''0.55 '''
 +
|
 +
'''0.74 '''
 +
|
 +
'''0.21 '''
 +
|
 +
'''-0.57 '''
 +
|
 +
'''-0.31 '''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''2004-05 from 1993-94 by Expert Group 1993 '''
 +
|
 +
'''0.82 '''
 +
|
 +
'''0.61 '''
 +
|
 +
'''0.77 '''
 +
|
 +
'''2.10 '''
 +
|
 +
'''-0.41 '''
 +
|
 +
'''1.70 '''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''2009-10 from 2004-05 by Expert Group 2009 '''
 +
|
 +
'''1.60 '''
 +
|
 +
'''0.96 '''
 +
|
 +
'''1.48 '''
 +
|
 +
'''9.62 '''
 +
|
 +
'''0.87 '''
 +
|
 +
'''10.48 '''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''Annual Average Decline : 2004-05 to 2011-12 (% points per annum) '''
 +
|
 +
'''2.32 '''
 +
|
 +
'''1.69 '''
 +
|
 +
'''2.18 '''
 +
|
 +
'''15.69 '''
 +
|
 +
'''4.00 '''
 +
|
 +
'''19.69 '''
 +
|}
  
−
Met officials at the airport said the impact of the overnight storm was for around 2 hours. In terms of aviation impact at the IGI airport, this was the lowest impact as ''' compared to the storm of April 6, May 2 and May 13 [2018]'''  when a total of 32, 12 and 78 diversions took place respectively. The ''' maximum speeds during these storms were 84, 80 and 95 km/hr, '''  said an airport met official.
+
==2011-13: the enormity of the poverty that remains==
 +
[[File: Rural deprivation.jpg|Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=04_07_2015_028_024_009&type=P&artUrl=Half-of-rural-India-touched-by-poverty-04072015028024&eid=31808 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 +
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Half-of-rural-India-touched-by-poverty-04072015028024 ''The Times of India''], Jul 04 2015
  
−
Piyal Bhattacharjee
+
''' MOST EXHAUSTIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY SHOWS COUNTRY FACES A GIGANTIC CHALLENGE '''
  
−
The maximum speed at the Safdarjung observatory  taken as the base for Delhis weather  reached 98 km/hr during the squall period, officials said. Meanwhile, Wednesdays maximum temperature was recorded at 40.2 degrees Celsius and Palam recorded a high of 42 degrees Celsius.
+
'' Half of rural India touched by poverty ''
  
−
Traffic control received 53 calls related to falling of trees and 6 calls about fallen poles during the dust storm The SDMC control room received 21 calls of fallen trees and three calls of partially collapsed debris.
+
India has a problem at hand and its magnitude is much higher than what was imagined or reported. That is the short and succinct message of the SocioEconomic and Caste Census (SECC) released on Friday .
 +
According to the census, 49% of rural households show signs of poverty . And 51% of households have `manual casual labour' as the source of income. Whichever way the figures are sliced and diced, the poverty data leaves no scope for assurance or optimism. Till now, every survey had been showing poverty as receding.
  
−
= 17th May=
+
The survey has used seven indicators of deprivation: All definite pointers to subsistence-level existence and seri ous handicaps like `kuccha houses', landless households engaged in manual labour, female-headed households with no adult working male member, households without a working adult, and all SC ST households.
−
==Delhi/  72 km/hr wind; 30°C; light rain: 2018==
+
−
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/#  Mercury falls by 10C after storm, rain likely today | The Times of India]
+
  
 +
While there can be room for correction, experts are unanimous that this would not change the bleak picture significantly . For instance, they are unanimous that all those dependent on `manual casual labour' for livelihood -51.14% of households -are bound to be poor.
  
−
The capital witnessed yet another thunderstorm on Thursday evening, with skies becoming overcast around 5pm as wind speed went up to 50-70 km/hr. The mercury levels, which had touched a maximum of 41.2 degrees Celsius during the day, fell to around ''' 30 degrees C ''' as strong winds were felt across NCR. However, officials say its intensity was much lesser as compared to last two dust storms recorded over the past week.
+
The dismal scenario is illustrated by another set of dire figures: 2.37 crore households live in one-room kuccha houses, constituting 13.25% of the 17.91 crore rural households. At the same time, 30% of rural households own no land and are engaged in manual labour. The overall poverty figures for the country will also take into account the urban household survey that is yet to be released. But they , whenever they are out, are unlikely to change the overall picture.
  
−
Met office said that wind speed touched 72 km/hr at Palam while a maximum speed of 71 km/hr was recorded at Safdarjung, with both places recording a trace of rainfall as well. IGI airport also saw visibility drop following this, coming down from 4000 metres to around 1500 metres. Thunderstorm and light rain continued till 7.45 pm with gusty winds of 65km/hr. It brought down evening temperature by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius, said a Met official at the airport.
+
The degree of deprivation as evidenced by the rural survey poses an intractable challenge for the Modi government if it wants to draw up a consolidated list of the poor, known as `Below Poverty Line'. If the government goes by the new evidence, the BPL category would balloon beyond its fiscal capacity . Conversely , if it seeks to put a ceiling and depress the figures, it would attract the kind of controversy that had hit the UPA.
  
−
Officials said the weather activity can be attributed to a western disturbance with easterly winds and high temperature in the region creating ideal conditions for such localised storms.
+
The last government-commissioned figure had put the poverty line at a much lower 30%. The divergence is possibly the reason why the rural development ministry has desisted from coming out with a poverty figure while releasing the data for SECC.
  
−
= 18th May=
+
A possible way out for the Centre would be to keep various deprivation figures -like on housing, employment, destitution -separate and use them for better targeting of niche welfare and development programmes. The option of drawing up a fresh consolidated poverty list a la BPL may not be exercised.
−
==Delhi; 47.6 °C: 2010==
+
−
Palam Observatory
+
  
−
47.6 degrees Celsius, May 18, 2010
+
SECC may be the fuel to partisan political fire. For Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who does not tire of accusing Congress of keeping the country trapped in under-development, it will serve as the catalyst to intensify his campaign. But the negative messaging has its limits and there is risk of the damning statistics getting identified with the government of the day , that is BJP.
  
−
==Delhi/ 41.6°C; 26.7°C; Humidity 24% to 55%/  2018==
+
==2012 poverty: World Bank report==
−
18 May 2018 [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/#    Rain likely today but day to stay hot | The Times of India]
+
[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/world-bank-india-poverty-report-poverty-line-world-bank-survey-2879969/ ''The Indian Express''], June 28, 2016
  
 +
Yue Li and Martin Rama
  
−
Delhi’s maximum temperature on Friday was recorded at 40.6 degrees Celsius while the minimum was 26.7 degrees Celsius. The hottest location in the capital was Palam with a maximum of 41.6 degrees Celsius.
+
Using '''National Sample Survey (NSS) data from 2012'''
  
−
Humidity, meanwhile, oscillated between 24% and 55%, officials said.
 
  
−
The national capital region over the past two weeks has seen a number of thunderstorms with squally winds that crossed 100km/hr on multiple occasions. The effect of the storms has also been such that several trees were uprooted over the past week while power outages, flight and metro disruptions were also reported.
+
'''Where you live decides how ‘well’ you live'''
  
−
[[Category:Climate/Meteorology|MMAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIA
+
Whether a household is poor or not depends not only on its assets, education and skills but also, importantly, on where it lives. Consider a ‘typical’ Indian household, which has four members and where the adults have less than nine years of education. Assuming this household is also ‘typical’ in other respects, it would spend Rs 8,121 per month if it lived in urban Maharashtra, but only Rs 3,735 a month if it resided in rural Bihar. A part of this difference can be explained by the higher cost of living in urban Maharashtra. Nonetheless, a big part of it can be attributed to the real difference in consumption levels between the two locations. One may think of this difference in consumption levels — 117 per cent in this case — as the gain associated with living in a ‘good’ location.
−
MAY WEATHER IN INDIA]]
+
−
[[Category:India|M MAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIA
+
−
MAY WEATHER IN INDIA]]
+
  
−
=19th May=
+
It is, however, important to note that this clear distinction between urban and rural areas no longer exists in India. A decade ago, India’s cities and countryside were truly different. Nowadays, the difference between urban and rural areas is mostly a matter of degree. While cities are expanding beyond their municipal boundaries, many once-rural areas are becoming denser and acquiring more urban characteristics. Today, as cities move to people as much as people move to cities, India’s rural-urban divide is being replaced by a rural-urban gradation.
−
==Delhi; 46°C : 2002 ==
+
−
Safdarjung:
+
  
−
46-degrees-Celsius, May 19, 2002
+
In a recent paper, we explored how this messy urbanisation affects the likelihood of a household being poor, and its living standards more generally. We used National Sample Survey (NSS) data from 2012 to compare patterns in living standards across four different types of locations along the rural-urban gradation, from small rural areas with a population of less than 5,000 to large urban areas with a population greater than one million. In all, we considered roughly 1,400 places spread across the 599 districts for which we have good data.
 +
With this more granular spatial perspective, we found that the ‘typical’ Indian household could consume Rs 13,554 per month in urban Gurgaon in Haryana, which has the highest consumption levels among all the 1,400 places considered. At the other extreme, a similar household in a small village in the Malkangiri district of Odisha would consume only Rs 2,928. Seen from this more detailed standpoint, the difference in consumption levels rises to 362 per cent.
  
−
==Churu district, Rajasthan: 2016==
+
Clearly, where a household lives matters. About half of the overall variation in consumption expenditure across places can be explained by differences in a household’s characteristics such as its ownership of assets, in its education and skills, and in its age composition — or how many working members there are in a household. But when we also take the household’s place of residence into account, nearly two thirds of this difference can be explained. This means that one third of the variation in per capita consumption in India is related, in one way or another, to the place where a household lives.
−
50.2 degrees Celsius/ May 19, 2016
+
The analysis yields other insights too. First, it has now become difficult to tell the difference between large rural areas and small urban areas. And, that on average, small urban areas and large rural areas can support similar consumption levels.
  
−
==Delhi/ Dust storm; 41.4 °C: 2018 ==
+
'''It’s not just where you live, near what you live matters too'''
−
[19 May 2018 |  ''The Hindu'']
+
  
 +
It also appears that the ‘best’ places to live in India tend to be near each other. Clusters of such places are to be found in the northwest of India, along the western and southwestern coasts, and in India’s northeast, towards Bangladesh. Among them are the agglomerations surrounding Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Delhi, Jodhpur, Kolkata, Mumbai, Puducherry, South Goa and Thiruvananthapuram.
 +
Some of these clusters are huge. For example, the one around Delhi spreads across 60 districts, spanning seven of India’s northwestern states and Union Territories. Similarly, the cluster around Thiruvananthapuram spans 19 districts across the three southern states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
 +
Although generally, urban India tends to have higher consumption levels than rural areas, there are some surprises. Interestingly, it is not only large urban areas which display the highest gains in living standards. In fact, many of the best places to live and work are secondary towns, and some of them are still administratively rural. What makes these ‘good’ rural locations special is that they lie in the catchment area of some of the best locations in the country. Seen this way, what matters for a household is not just ‘where’ it lives, but also ‘near what’ it lives.
  
−
A dust storm hit the Capital on Saturday afternoon. The city experienced a sultry day with the mercury settling at 41.4 degrees Celsius, ''' one notch above ''' the season’s average. [ ''The Hindu'']
+
'''Some ‘good’ locations spread their prosperity more than others'''
  
−
[[Category:Climate/Meteorology|MMAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIA
+
However, all the ‘good’ locations do not spread their prosperity around them evenly. For instance, both Bengaluru and Delhi are among India’s top locations. Between them, Bengaluru enjoys a slightly higher gain in living standards than Delhi, arguably making it a better city to live and work in. But Delhi spreads its benefits more widely, doing substantially better than Bengaluru in the extent of its impact on surrounding areas. In Delhi’s case, the gain in living standards is still high up to 200 km away from the core of the city, while in Bengaluru it almost vanishes just 100 km from the city centre. We do not know for sure why this is so, but the issue certainly warrants further research.
−
MAY WEATHER IN INDIA]]
+
T‘e ‘least good’ places to live and work are concentrated in the centre of India, where the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha meet. A number of such places can also be found in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, along the Ganga basin. Surprisingly, most of them do not fall in the rural parts of these states, but rather in small urban areas.
−
[[Category:India|M MAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIA
+
−
MAY WEATHER IN INDIA]]
+
  
−
= 20th May=
+
'''Tribal populations live in some of the most disadvantaged places'''
−
= 21st May=
+
−
==Delhi/ 44.2°C mx, 27°C mn, Humidity 21> 47%: 2018==
+
−
Delhi sizzled at 44°C on Monday, the hottest day of the season. Humidity levels oscillated between 21% and 47% on Monday. The minimum temperature recorded at Palam was 27 degrees while at Safdarjung, it was 25.5 degrees Celsius.  ([https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/#  The Times of India ])
+
  
−
On Monday, the minimum and maximum temperatures were recorded at 25.5 and 26.4 degrees and 41.8 degrees Celsius  [Safdarjang], respectively. ([[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-records-hottest-day-of-season/articleshow/64277405.cms  | PTI]])
+
Last but not least, paying attention to the places where people live changes our interpretation of the key determinants of poverty. One of the most dramatic changes concerns our understanding of why some social groups are poorer than others. For instance, a tribal household consumes 23 per cent less than a household from the general category that is otherwise identical. But when the place of residence is taken into account, this gap falls to 13 per cent. In other words, a superficial analysis would suggest that poverty among tribals is related to their socio-economic characteristics. On the other hand, our spatial analysis suggests a key reason why tribal populations are poor is because they live in some of the most disadvantaged places in the country.
  
 +
=Causes of poverty=
 +
==Expenditure on health==
 +
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F06%2F13&entity=Ar01514&sk=F0CBDB3D&mode=text  Rema Nagarajan, Health spending pushed 55m into poverty in a year: Study, June 13, 2018: ''The Times of India'']
  
−
= 22nd May=
 
−
==Delhi/ 46°C mx, 26.2°C mn, humidity 45> 15%: 2018==
 
−
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-records-hottest-day-of-season/articleshow/64277405.cms  Delhi records hottest day of season | PTI | May 22, 2018]
 
  
 +
'' ‘38 Million Made Poor Just By Having To Buy Medicines’ ''
  
−
NEW DELHI: The national capital on Tuesday recorded its hottest day of the season with the mercury soaring to 46 degrees Celsius in some parts of the city.
+
About 55 million Indians were pushed into poverty in a single year because of having to fund their own healthcare and 38 million of them fell below the poverty line due to spending on medicines alone, a study by three experts from the Public Health Foundation of India has estimated. The study, published in the British Medical Journal, reveals that non-communicable diseases like cancer, heart diseases and diabetes account for the largest chunk of spending by households on health.
  
−
The Safdarjung observatory, whose recording is considered official, registered a maximum temperature of 44 degrees Celsius, ''' four notches above the season's average, ''' a Met department official said.
+
The study concluded that among non-communicable diseases, cancer had the highest probability of resulting in “catastrophic expenditure” for a household. Health expenditure is considered to be catastrophic if it constitutes 10% or more of overall consumption expenditure of a household. In the case of road traffic and non-road traffic injuries, it was found that catastrophic expenditure was higher among the poorest, with average stay in hospital beyond seven days.
  
−
Areas under Palam, Lodhi Road, Ridge and Ayanagar observatories recorded maximum temperatures of 46, 43.3, 44.3 and 44.7 degrees Celsius, respectively.
+
Data from nationwide consumer expenditure surveys spanning two decades from 1993-94 up to 2011-12 and the ‘Social Consumption: Health’ survey done by the National Sample Survey Organisation in 2014 were analysed by the study authors including health economists Sakthivel Selvaraj and Habib Hasan Farooqui.
  
−
The minimum temperature settled at 26.2 degrees Celsius, ''' normal ''' for this time of the year, the official said.
+
While the study looks at data up to 2011-12, it refers to measures taken by the government since then to reduce the expenditure burden on medicines and healthcare on households. It noted that though the Drug Price Control Order 2013 brought all essential drugs in the National List of Essential Medicines under price control, these constituted just 20% of the retail pharmacy market and that the sales volume of many of the drugs brought under price control has fallen.
  
−
The humidity level oscillated between 45 and 15 per cent.
+
Despite governments launching several health insurance schemes, a majority of the population continued to incur significant expenditure on medicines as hospitalisationbased treatment, which is what most insurance schemes cover, constitutes only one third of India’s morbidity burden, noted the study. It added that frequency of hospitalisation was smaller than outpatient visits in general, especially for NCDs, which are chronic in nature requiring multiple consultations and long-term or lifelong medication and support.
  
−
= 23rd May=
+
With shrinking availability of free drugs in the government health system for outpatients and a sharper decline in their availability for inpatients, there was little incentive for patients to seek public healthcare, noted the study, adding that medicine-related expenditure for households remained high as most patients sought outpatient care in the more expensive private sector.
−
==Delhi/ 45.2 °C/ 43 °C, ‘heatwave’ is declared 2018 ==
+
  
−
Maximum temperature recorded at 45.2 degrees Celsius at Palam,  
+
As for the government's promise to provide cheap medicines through Jan Aushadhi stores, though the target of opening over 3,000 stores has been met, they have been plagued with frequent stockouts and quality issues. Most Jan Aushadhi stores have barely 100-150 formulations instead of the promised 600-plus medicines and their numbers are too small compared to the 5.5 lakh plus pharmacies in India.
−
while Safdarjung scorched at a high of 43 degrees Celsius.
+
−
‘We have declared a heatwave…,” said a met official. A ‘heatwave’ is declared when temperatures are above 40 degrees Celsius and more than four degrees above normal.
+
  
−
= 24th May=
+
=Decline in 2005-12=
−
==Delhi/ 43 to 44.1°C:2018==
+
==Number of poor reduced from 407 million to 269 million==
−
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/#  No let-up: 4-day heatwave likely to keep city sweating | The Times of India]
+
Why no applause for 138 million exiting poverty?
  
 +
Swaminathan S Anklesaria Aiyar
  
−
The maximum temperature at Safdarjung — taken as the base for Delhi’s weather — was recorded at 43 degrees Celsius, ''' three notches above normal ''' for the season. Palam, meanwhile, was the hottest location in Delhi with a maximum of 44.1degrees Celsius. Both locations have been witnessing temperatures 3 to 6 degrees Celsius above normal for the last four, Met officials said. Warm winds continued to blow during the day, adding to the discomfort.
+
[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP/2013/07/28&PageLabel=18&EntityId=Ar01702&ViewMode=HTML The Times of India] 2013/07/28
  
−
= 25th May=
+
When China reduced people in poverty by 220 million between 1978 and 2004, the world applauded this as the greatest poverty reduction in history. Amartya Sen, Joseph Stiglitz and all other poverty specialists cheered.  
−
= 26th May=
+
−
==Delhi/ 45.5°C: 2015==
+
−
Safdarjung was the highest on May 26, 2015 when a maximum of 45.5 degrees Celsius was recorded.
+
  
−
==Churu district, Rajasthan: 2020==
+
India has just reduced its number of poor from 407 million to 269 million, a fall of 138 million in seven years between. This is faster than China’s poverty reduction rate at a comparable stage of development, though for a much shorter period. Are the China-cheerers hailing India for doing even better?
  
−
50 degrees Celsius/ 26 May 2020
+
No, many who hailed China are today rubbishing the Indian achievement as meaningless or statistically fudged. This includes the left, many NGOs and some TV anchors. The double standard is startling.
  
−
==Delhi: 46.2°C Palam’s hottest since 2015/ 45°C Safdarjung: 2018==
+
The Tendulkar Committee determined India’s poverty definition. The Tendulkar poverty line in 2011-12 came to Rs 4,000 per rural and Rs 5,000 per urban family of five. Critics say this is ridiculously low. But it is roughly equal to the World Bank’s well-established poverty line of $1.25 per day in Purchasing Power Parity terms (which translates into around 50 cents/day in current dollars). This is used by over 100 countries, by the United Nations and many other international agencies. When the whole world uses this standard, why call it statistical fudge?
−
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/#    City sizzles at 45°C, no respite in next 2-3 days The Times of India]
+
  
 +
When China claimed to have lifted 220 million people out of poverty, guess what its poverty line was? Just $85 per year, or $0.24 per day! Whatever statistical adjustments you make for comparability, it was far lower than today’s Tendulkar line. Did today’s critics of the Tendulkar line castigate China for fudging? No, they sang China’s praises.
 +
===Defining extreme (Tendulkar) and moderate poverty (Rangarajan)===
 +
The World Bank actually has two lines — $1.25 denoting extreme poverty, and $2 denoting moderate poverty. India can also adopt two lines, the Tendulkar line for extreme poverty and a new Rangarajan line for moderate poverty, at around $2/day.
  
−
Saturday was the highest at Safdarjung after three years as the mercury touched 45 degrees Celsius — ''' five notches above normal. ''' Palam also recorded its highest maximum temperature of the season at 46.2 degrees Celsius.
+
But this will in no way diminish the great achievement of slashing the number of those historically called poor — we can call them the “extreme poor”— by 138 million in seven years. Allowing for rising population in this period, the number saved from extreme poverty is even higher at 180 million.  
  
−
Met officials also pointed out that the last time when Palam hit 46 degrees Celsius, Safdarjung had a maximum of 44 degrees. However this time, the difference between them is just 1.2 degrees Celsius, which points towards the fact that the inner city is also heating up a lot. “This could be because on the first day of the heatwave on May 22, it was not uniformly spread, but as it has settled over the period, the temperature difference between the outer and inner parts of the city has been reducing,” said an official.
+
Given our rising GDP and expectations, we can rename the Tendulkar line as our extreme poverty line. But to condemn it as statistical fudge is ridiculous. The $1.25 line is a world standard, even if it is below the cynics’ line. Indian critics may not accept it, but the world will.
  
−
Meanwhile, a wildlife body claimed that two kites were rescued from Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s office after the birds collapsed due to severe heat exhaustion and dehydration. Wildlife SOS said its veterinarians were providing care to the birds.
+
===A higher poverty line is drawn===
 +
There is, of course, the separate issue of who should be entitled to various government subsidies, including food subsidies. Economists talk of targeting subsidies at those below the Tendulkar line. But for politicians, the aim of subsidies is to win votes. And clearly you win more votes by extending subsidies to two-thirds of the population, rather than the poorest one-third.  
  
−
==Delhi; 46°C: 2020==
+
This spread of subsidies to those above the extreme poverty line was once called “leakages to the non-poor.” But it is considered good politics even if it is bad economics. This explains why the government chose to cover 67% of the population in the Food Security Bill, even though the poverty ratio at the time was 30%.
−
Safdarjung:
+
  
−
46-degrees-Celsius, May 26, 2020
+
However, critics quickly exposed this as a double standard. They asked, if your Food Security Bill views two-thirds of the people as needy, how could you have a poverty line saying only one third are poor? The government found it difficult to say this was good politics even if it was bad economics. Instead, it appointed the Rangarajan Committee to devise a higher poverty line. This line will almost certainly be around the moderate poverty line ($ 2/day in PPP terms) of the World Bank.
  
−
==Delhi; 47.6°C: 2020==
+
Many critics and TV anchors will cheer at the prospect of freebies to two-thirds of the population. Yet here lie the seeds of fiscal disaster. India is poor because it has spent too much on ill-targeted subsidies, leaving too little for infrastructure and effective education that will raise incomes permanently. Total subsidies (mostly non-merit subsidies) exploded in the 1980s, reaching 14.5 % of GDP, almost as much as all central and state tax revenue. This ended in a fiscal and balance of payments crisis in 1991.  
−
Palam Observatory:
+
  
−
47.6 degrees Celsius, May 26, 2020
+
The risk of a new poverty line of $2/day is that it will create political demands for more freebies to twothird of the population. That will further erode limited funds for productive spending.  
  
−
==2020: heat wave continues==
+
In theory we can limit subsidies to the poorest and cut out unworthy subsidies. In practice, the combined pressure of vote banks and TV anchors threatens to raise subsidies beyond all prudent limits. There lie the seeds of another 1991-style disaster.
−
Heat wave in several parts of north, west India; heavy rainfall in northeast The national capital recorded a maximum of 47.6 degrees Celsius in the Palam area  PTI May 26, 2020
+
 
−
   
+
= Decline in 2005-16=
−
Arunachal Pradesh is witnessing incessant rains and a 30-year-old woman and her two children were buried alive after a massive landslide hit their house in Dibang Valley district.
+
==2005-16: Over 270m in India moved out of poverty==
 +
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F09%2F21&entity=Ar00322&sk=2F89651C&mode=text  ‘Over 270m in India moved out of poverty in 10 years’, September 21, 2018: ''The Times of India'']
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Over 270 million people in India moved out of poverty in the decade since 2005-06 and the poverty rate in the country nearly halved over the 10-year period, a promising sign that poverty is being tackled globally, according to latest estimates.
 +
 
 +
The 2018 global Multidimensional Poverty Index released here by the United Nations Development Programme and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative noted that in India, 271 million moved out of poverty between 2005/06 and 2015/16. The country’s poverty rate has nearly halved, falling from 55%to 28% over the 10-year period.
 +
 
 +
India is the first country for which progress over time has been estimated. “Although the level of poverty is staggering, so is the progress that can be made in tackling it” UNDP administrator Achim Steiner said. PTI
 +
 
 +
 
 +
''' 1.3bn live in poverty globally, says report '''
 +
 
 +
The 2018 global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) released here by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) said that about 1.3 billion people live in multidimensional poverty globally.
 +
 
 +
This is almost a quarter of the population of the 104 countries for which the 2018 MPI is calculated. Of these 1.3 billion, almost half — 46% — are thought to be living in severe poverty and are deprived in at least half of the dimensions covered in the MPI, it said.
 +
 
 +
While there is much that needs to be done to tackle poverty globally, there are “promising signs that such poverty can be, and is being, tackled”.
 +
 
 +
“The Multidimensional Poverty Index gives insights that are vital for understanding the many ways in which people experience poverty, and it provides a new perspective on the scale and nature of global poverty while reminding us that eliminating it in all its forms is far from impossible,” UNDP administrator Achim Steiner said.
 +
 
 +
Although similar comparisons over time have not yet been calculated for other countries, the latest information from UNDP’s Human Development Index shows significant development progress in all regions, including many sub-Saharan African countries.
 +
 
 +
Between 2006 and 2017, life expectancy increased over seven years in sub-Saharan Africa and by almost four years in South Asia, and enrolment rates in primary education are up to 100%.
 +
 
 +
This bodes well for improvements in multidimensional poverty.
 +
 
 +
The new figures show that in 104 primarily low- and middle-income countries, 662 million children are considered multidimensionally poor. In 35 countries, half of all children are poor. The MPI looks beyond income to understand how people experience poverty in multiple and simultaneous ways.
 +
 
 +
It identifies how people are being left behind across three key dimensions: health, education and living standards, lacking such things as clean water, sanitation, adequate nutrition or primary education. Those who are deprived in at least a third of the MPI’s components are defined as multidimensionally poor. AGENCIES
 +
 
 +
The estimates showed that half of all people living in poverty are younger than 18 years
 +
 
 +
===…according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index===
 +
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/is-this-the-best-news-for-india-in-over-a-decade/articleshow/65910238.cms  Is this the best news for India in over a decade?, September 22, 2018: ''The Times of India'']
 +
 
 +
[[File: 2006- 2016- Per cent reduction in poverty in the various states of India, The largest number of people (absolute  numbers) who rose above the poverty were from these states, The reduction in poverty in urban and rural areas.jpg|2006> 2016: <br/> i) Per cent reduction in poverty in the various states of India ; <br/> ii) The largest number of people (absolute  numbers) who rose above the poverty were from these states; <br/> iii) The reduction in poverty in urban and rural areas; <br/>  From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F09%2F22&entity=Ar00401&sk=E94FEF2E&mode=text  Is this the best news for India in over a decade?, September 22, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 +
 
 +
[[File: 2006- 2016- Reduction in poverty, by caste and religion.jpg|2006> 2016- Reduction in poverty, by caste and religion <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/is-this-the-best-news-for-india-in-over-a-decade/articleshow/65910238.cms  Is this the best news for India in over a decade?, September 22, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 +
 
 +
[[File: 2006- 2016- How Indian states fared in the 10 aspects of measuring poverty; The best and worst states.jpg|2006> 2016- How Indian states fared in the 10 aspects of measuring poverty; The best and worst states <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/is-this-the-best-news-for-india-in-over-a-decade/articleshow/65910238.cms  Is this the best news for India in over a decade?, September 22, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 +
 
 +
India has made tremendous progress in pulling its people out of poverty. Over a 10-year period between 2005-06 and 2015-16, 271 million people moved out of poverty, with the country’s poverty rate nearly halving — falling from 55% to 28%. But there’s still a huge discrepancy between states. While Kerala has performed consistently well, some states like Bihar have struggled to better their lot. These are the findings of a UN report that takes a holistic view of poverty, factoring in education, health and standard of living to come up with an index of poverty.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
''' WHAT IS THIS INDEX? '''
 +
 
 +
Like development, poverty is multidimensional — but traditional methods only look at income to compute poverty.
 +
 
 +
The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) complements monetary measures of poverty by considering overlapping deprivations suffered by individuals at the same time.
 +
 
 +
The index identifies deprivations across the same three dimensions as the human development index (HDI) — health, education, standard of living — and shows the number of people who are multidimensionally poor.
 +
 
 +
=Decline in poverty: 2010> 19=
 +
==Details==
 +
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2020%2F07%2F18&entity=Ar01116&sk=39C38023&mode=text  273m Indians out of poverty in 10 yrs, India Saw World’s Biggest Cut In Number Of Multi-Dimensionally Poor During 2005-15: UN, July 18, 2020: ''The Times of India'']
 +
 
 +
 
 +
India had the biggest reduction in the number of multi-dimensionally poor people estimated at 273 million during the 2005-15 period, a UN report has said.
 +
 
 +
The data, released by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), showed that 65 of the 75 countries studied significantly reduced multidimensional poverty levels between 2000 and 2019.
 +
 
 +
Four countries — Armenia (2010–2015/2016), India (2005/2006–2015/2016), Nicaragua (2001–2011/2012) and North Macedonia (2005/2006–2011) — halved their global MPI (multidimensional poverty index) value and did so in 5.5–10.5 years. These countries show what is possible for countries with very different initial poverty levels. They account for roughly a fifth of the world’s population, mostly because of India, the report said. The multidimensional index is a measure that looks beyond income to include access to safe water, education, electricity, food, and six other indicators.
 +
 
 +
But the impact of Covid-19 may slow down efforts to reduce multidimensional poverty. The pandemic unfolded in the midst of this analysis. While data is not yet available to measure rise of global poverty after the pandemic, simulations based on different scenarios suggest that, if unaddressed, progress across 70 developing countries could be set back by 3–10 years, the report said.
 +
 
 +
“Covid-19 is having a profound impact on the development landscape. But this data — from before the pandemic — is a message of hope. Past success stories on how to tackle the many ways people experience poverty in their daily lives can show how to build back better and improve the lives of millions,” said Sabina Alkire, director of Ophi at the University of Oxford.
 +
 
 +
Among the 1.3 billion people still living in multidimensional poverty today, more than 80% are deprived in at least five of the ten indicators used to measure health, education and living standards in the global MPI. The data also reveals that the burden of multidimensional poverty disproportionately falls on children. Half of the 1.3 billion poor have not yet turned 18, while 107 million are 60 or older, the report said.
 +
 
 +
Children show higher rates of multidimensional poverty: half of multidimensionally poor people (644 million) are children under age 18. One in three children is poor compared with one in six adults, the report said.
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Development|P
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|P
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
[[Category:India|P
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
[[Category:Name|ALPHABET
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Development|PPOVERTY: INDIA
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|PPOVERTY: INDIA
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
[[Category:India|PPOVERTY: INDIA
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
[[Category:Name|ALPHABETPOVERTY: INDIA
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
 
 +
=Decline in 2011-12: I=
 +
Odisha, Bihar show biggest drop in percentage of poor
 +
 
 +
Mahendra Singh, TNN | Jul 24, 2013
 +
 
 +
[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Odisha-Bihar-show-biggest-drop-in-percentage-of-poor/articleshow/21286897.cms The Times of India]
 +
 
 +
=== Odisha and Bihar===
 +
Odisha and Bihar have registered the sharpest decline in poverty levels between 2004-05 and 2011-12, although the proportion of the poor in these states remains well above the national average.
 +
 
 +
Latest data released on Tuesday revealed that in Odisha, the proportion of people below the poverty line (BPL) in total population came down from 57.2% in 2004-05 to 32.6% in 2011-12, a decline of 24.6 percentage points.
 +
 
 +
In Bihar, which logged the fastest growth rate during the 11th five-year plan (2007-12), the share of BPL in total population was estimated at 33.7% in 2011-12, compared to 54.4% in 2004-05, a reduction by 20.7 percentage points.
 +
=== All-India===
 +
At the all-India level, the share of the BPL population was estimated at 21.9%, which is almost 270 million. This means that roughly every fifth Indian lives below the poverty line. The government has set the bar low, defining anyone earning Rs 27.20 or less in rural areas as BPL, while those earning up to Rs 33.30 a day in urban areas are classified as poor, though these benchmarks vary from state to state.
 +
===Bimaru===
 +
Although things seem to looking up in the poor states, especially Bimaru, they still remain home to the maximum number of poor people in the country. While Uttar Pradesh has just under 30% of its population in the BPL group, the number adds up to almost 60 million. Bihar, despite the improvement, still has 35.8 million poor, and ranks second, followed by Madhya Pradesh where 23.4 million or 31.6% of the population is BPL.
 +
=== Rajasthan===
 +
Among the Bimaru states, only Rajasthan has managed to do better than the national average with the share of BPL in total population estimated at 14.7% in 2011-12, compared to 34.4% in 2004-05. In fact, the state now is a better performer than Gujarat, famed for its rapid growth and good infrastructure. The state ruled by Narendra Modi had 16.6% people below the poverty line.
 +
=== Rural India has seen faster improvement than urban centres===
 +
The other important trend coming from the latest poverty estimates, which have traditionally created controversy, is the fact that rural India has seen faster improvement than urban centres. The decline in poverty was steeper in rural areas as BPL population came down to 25.8% (2011-12) from 42% (2004-05), around 17 percentage points, as against around 12 percentage points in urban areas.
 +
 
 +
On an all-India basis, there were 217 million poor in rural areas and 53 million in urban areas in 2011-12, as against 326 million and 81 million, respectively, in 2004-05.
 +
 
 +
The final figures for 2011-12 are likely to be revised once a government-appointed committee under C Rangarajan submits its report on a new methodology for fixing the poverty line, but the Planning Commission in its press release pointed out that this would only change the numbers, not the declining trend.
 +
 
 +
= Decline in 2011-12: II =
 +
''This article contains many points given in the article above.''
 +
 
 +
'''Poverty declines to 21.9% in 2011-12: Planning Commission'''
 +
 
 +
According to the commission, in 2011-12 for rural areas, the national poverty line by using the Tendulkar methodology is estimated at Rs 816 per capita per month in villages and Rs 1,000 per capita per month in cities.
 +
 
 +
PTI | Jul 23, 2013
 +
 
 +
[http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=50&offset=20&redirs=1&profile=all&search=poverty The Times of India]
 +
 
 +
NEW DELHI: Poverty ratio in the country has declined to 21.9% in 2011-12 from 37.2% in 2004-05 on account of increase in per capita consumption, Planning Commission said.
 +
===The poverty ratio in 2011-12===
 +
The percentage of persons below poverty line in 2011-12 has been estimated at 25.7% in rural areas, 13.7% in urban areas and 21.9% for the country as a whole, a commission's press statement said.
 +
 
 +
The percentage of persons below poverty line in 2004-05 was 41.8% in rural areas, 25.7% in cities and 37.2% in the country as a whole.
 +
 
 +
In actual terms, there were 26.93 crore people below poverty line in 2011-12 as compared to 40.71 crore in 2004-05.
 +
=== Suresh Tendulkar committee’s methodology===
 +
This ratio for 2011-12 is based on the methodology suggested by Suresh Tendulkar committee which factors in money spent on health and education besides calorie intake to fix a poverty line.
 +
 
 +
The commission said the decline in poverty is mainly on account of rising real per capita consumption figures which is based on 68th round of National Sample Survey on household consumer expenditure in India in 2011-12.
 +
 
 +
Earlier, a committee was appointed under Prime Minister's economic advisory council chairman C Rangarajan to revisit the Tendulkar committee methodology for tabulating poverty.
 +
 
 +
The committee is expected to submit its report by mid 2014.
 +
 
 +
===Best and worst states===
 +
State-wise, the commission said the poverty ratio was highest in Chhattisgarh at 39.93% followed by Jharkhand (36.96%), Manipur (36.89%), Arunachal Pradesh (34.67%) and Bihar (33.47%).
 +
 
 +
Among the union territories, the Dadra and Nagar Haveli was the highest, with 39.31% people living below poverty line followed by Chandigarh at 21.81%.
 +
 
 +
Goa has the least percentage of people living below poverty line at 5.09% followed by Kerala (7.05%), Himachal Pradesh (8.06%), Sikkim (8.19%), Punjab (8.26%) and Andhra Pradesh (9.20%).
 +
 
 +
==2011-12: BPL population==
 +
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=STATOISTICS-BELOW-THE-LINE-20032015009009 ''The Times of India'']
 +
 
 +
[[File: poverty 2011 12a.jpg|2011-12: the number and percentage of population below the poverty line, Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=STATOISTICS-BELOW-THE-LINE-20032015009009 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 +
[[File: poverty 2011 12b.jpg|2011-12: the number and percentage of population below the poverty line, Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=STATOISTICS-BELOW-THE-LINE-20032015009009 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 +
 
 +
Mar 20 2015
 +
 
 +
There are two ways to measure poverty--relative and absolute. Poverty estimates in advanced economies are based on the calculation of relative poverty, with the average standard of living used as the reference point. People are counted as poor if they cannot maintain this level. In India, poverty is estimated at absolute level or the minimum money required for subsistence. The poverty line is defined as the minimum money required for maintaining a per capita caloric intake of 2,100 calories in an urban area and 2,400 calories in a rural area. These estimates are done by analysing monthly per capita expenditure baskets of NSSO surveys.By this methodology, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Bihar have the highest proportion of BPL persons in the latest estimates.
 +
 
 +
=2011-12: Rangarajan panel's estimate: III=
 +
''' 3 out of 10 in India are poor: Rangarajan panel '''
 +
 
 +
[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-out-of-10-in-India-are-poor-Rangarajan-panel/articleshow/37913421.cms  PTI] | Jul 6, 2014
 +
 
 +
The Rangarajan committee was set up in 2013 to review the Tendulkar committee methodology for estimating poverty and clear the ambiguity over the number of poor in the country.
 +
 
 +
NEW DELHI: A panel headed by former Prime Ministers economic advisory council chairman C Rangarajan has dismissed the Tendulkar committee report on estimating poverty and said that the number of poor in India was much higher in 2011-12 at 29.5 per cent of the population, which means that three out of 10 people are poor.
 +
 
 +
As per the report submitted by Rangarajan to planning minister Rao Inderjit Singh earlier, persons spending below Rs 47 a day in cities would be considered poor, much above the Rs 33-per-day mark suggested by the Suresh Tendulkar committee.
 +
 
 +
As per the Rangarajan panel estimates, poverty stood at 38.2 per cent in 2009-10 and slided to 29.5 per cent in 2011-12.
 +
 
 +
This is at variance with the Tendulkar methodology under which poverty was estimated at 29.8 per cent in 2009-10 and declined to 21.9 per cent in 2011-12.
 +
 
 +
The Planning Commission's estimates based on Tendulkar committee had drawn flak in September 2011, when in an affidavit to the Supreme Court it was stated that households with per capita consumption of more than Rs 33 in urban areas and Rs 27 in rural areas would not be treated as poor.
 +
 
 +
The Rangarajan committee was set up last year to review the Tendulkar committee methodology for estimating poverty and clear the ambiguity over the number of poor in the country.
 +
As per Rangarajan panel estimates, a person spending less than Rs 1,407 a month (Rs 47/day) would be considered poor in cities, as against the Tendulkar Committee's suggestion of Rs 1,000 a month (Rs 33/day).
 +
 
 +
In villages, those spending less than Rs 972 a month (Rs 32/day) would be considered poor. This is much higher than Rs 816 a month (Rs 27/day) recommended by Tendulkar Committee.
 +
 
 +
In absolute terms, the number of poor in India stood at 36.3 crore in 2011-12, down from 45.4 crore in 2009-10, as per the Rangarajan panel.
 +
 
 +
Tendulkar Committee, however, had suggested that the number of poor was 35.4 crore in 2009-10 and 26.9 crore in 2011-12.
 +
==II==
 +
''' New poverty line: Rs 32 per day in villages, Rs 47 in cities '''
 +
 
 +
Mahendra Kumar Singh
 +
New Delhi:
 +
 
 +
TNN
 +
[[File: Poverty2.jpg| |frame| 500px]]
 +
 
 +
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=New-poverty-line-Rs-32-per-day-in-07072014001051  ''The Times of India''] Jul 07 2014
 +
 
 +
Rangarajan Panel Puts Number Of Poor At 363m
 +
 
 +
Those spending over Rs 32 a day in rural areas and Rs 47 in towns and cities should not be considered poor, an expert panel headed by former RBI governor C Rangarajan said in a report submitted to the BJP government last week.
 +
 
 +
The recommendation, which comes just ahead of the budget session of Parliament, is expected to generate fresh debate over the poverty measure as the committee's report has only raised the bar marginally . Based on the Suresh Tendulkar panel's recommendations in 2011 12, the poverty line had been fixed at Rs 27 in rural areas and Rs 33 in urban areas, levels at which getting two meals may be difficult.
 +
 
 +
The Rangarajan committee was tasked with revisiting the Tendulkar formula for estimation of poverty and identification of the poor after a massive public outcry erupted over the ab normally low poverty lines fixed by UPA government.
 +
 
 +
The panel's recommendation, however, results in an increase in the below poverty line population, estimated at 363 million in 2011-12, compared with the 270 million estimate based on the Tendulkar formula -a rise of 35%. This means 29.5% of InT dia's population lives below the poverty line as defined by the Rangarajan committee, as against 21.9% according to Tendulkar. For 2009-10, Rangarajan has estimated that the share of BPL group in total population was 38.2%, translating into a decline in poverty ratio by 8.7 percentage points over a twoyear period.
 +
 
 +
The real change is in urban areas where the BPL number is projected to have nearly doubled to 102.5 million based on Rangarajan's estimates, compared to 53 million based on the previous committee's recommendations. So, based on the new measure, in 2011-12, 26.4% of the people living in urban areas were BPL, compared to 35.1% in 2009-10.
 +
 
 +
In case of rural areas, the rise is of the order of 20% to 260.5 million, compared to around 217 million based on the Tendulkar formula. Rang arajan's estimates would put the BPL share of total population in rural areas at 30.9%, compared to 39.6% in 2009-10.
 +
 
 +
Documents accessed by TOI show that the Rangarajan panel has suggested to the government that those spending more than Rs 972 a month in rural areas and Rs 1,407 a month in urban areas in 2011-12 do not fall under the definition of poverty .
 +
 
 +
If calculated on a daily basis, this translates into a per capita expenditure of Rs 32 per day in rural areas and Rs 47 per day in urban areas in 2011-12.
 +
 
 +
=Decline in 2018=
 +
== South and east lead; central India worst off==
 +
[[File: 2018, Poverty decline most in south and east India, and the least in central India.jpg|2018: Poverty decline most in south and east India, and the least in central India. <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F04%2F24&entity=Ar00201&sk=91204612&mode=image April 24, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
''' See graphic ''' :
 +
 
 +
'' 2018: Poverty decline most in south and east India, and the least in central India. ''
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Development|PPOVERTY: INDIAPOVERTY: INDIA
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|PPOVERTY: INDIAPOVERTY: INDIA
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
[[Category:India|PPOVERTY: INDIAPOVERTY: INDIA
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
[[Category:Name|ALPHABETPOVERTY: INDIAPOVERTY: INDIA
 +
POVERTY: INDIA]]
 +
 
 +
=2017-18=
 +
==World Data Lab estimates==
 +
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F01%2F27&entity=Ar00101&sk=4B00242E&mode=text  Surojit Gupta, New data may show big cut in no. of poor, January 27, 2019: ''The Times of India'']
 +
 
 +
[[File: 2017-18- the extent by which poverty might have fallen in India.jpg|2017-18: the extent by which poverty might have fallen in India <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F01%2F27&entity=Ar00101&sk=4B00242E&mode=text  Surojit Gupta, New data may show big cut in no. of poor, January 27, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 +
 
 +
''Fresh Govt Numbers To Be Out In June''
 +
 
 +
India may have reduced extreme poverty far more effectively than most of us are aware of. The last official data is eight years old. In 2011, 268 million were surviving on less than $1.90 a day, the World Bank measure for extreme poverty. The next round of data on household consumption is likely to come out in June, and it may well show a drastic drop in the number of poor.
 +
 
 +
India’s chief statistician Pravin Srivastava told TOI that data will be published in June. Poverty estimates are derived from household consumption data. According to the World Data Lab, which monitors global poverty using advanced statistical models, less than 50 million Indians may be living on less than $1.90 a day now.
 +
 
 +
“The soon-to-be-largest country in the world has been reducing extreme poverty fast and the world may have underestimated India’s achievements,” a report by thinktank Brookings said.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
''' ‘Poverty has declined in India since 2004-05’ '''
 +
 
 +
India’s last household survey of 2017/18 (to be released in 2019) captures household consumption more comprehensively — it will include an adjustment for owner-occupied housing and measure other items in accordance with international practices,” a report by thinktank Brookings said.
 +
 
 +
Economists said rapid economic growth and the use of technology for social sector programmes have helped make a significant dent in extreme poverty in the country. “As such there has been a decline in poverty for quite some time. Since 2004-05 there is a sustained decline in extreme poverty,” said N R Bhanumurthy, professor at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.
 +
 
 +
=India vis-a-vis other countries=
 +
==8 Indian states poorer than Africa’s 26 poorest==
 +
 
 +
[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Client.asp?Daily=CAP&showST=true&login=default&pub=TOI&Enter=true&Skin=TOINEW&AW=1393708348876  Times of  India]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
London: Eight Indian states, including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, together account for more poor people than the 26 poorest African nations combined, a new ‘‘multidimensional’’ measure of global poverty has said.  
  
−
Chandigarh:  43.1 degrees Celsius, four degrees above normal limits.
+
The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed and applied by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) with UNDP support and will feature in the forthcoming 20th anniversary edition of the UNDP Human Development Report due late October. The MPI, which supplants the Human Poverty Index, assesses a range of critical factors or ‘‘deprivations’’ at the household level: from education to health outcomes to assets and services.  
  
−
Delhi: the Safdarjung Observatory recorded a maximum of 46 degrees Celsius, as Delhi sweltered under a scorching heat wave.  The national capital recorded a maximum of 47.6 degrees Celsius in the Palam area. The IMD said the weather stations at Lodhi Road and Aya Nagar recorded their respective maximum at 45.4 degrees and 46.8 degrees Celsius.
+
An analysis by MPI creators reveals that there are more ‘MPI poor’ people in eight Indian states (42.1 crore in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal) than in the 26 poorest African countries combined (41 crore).  
  
−
Gujarat: the temperature ranged between 39 degrees Celsius to 43 degrees Celsius, with Ahmedabad recording 43.7 degrees Celsius,  
+
In fact, according to the new measure that includes key services such as water, sanitation and electricity, half of the world’s poor live in South Asia (51% or 84.4 crore) and one quarter in Africa (28% or 45.8 crore).
  
−
Haryana: Hisar turning out to be the hottest place in the region at 48 degrees Celsius five notches above the normal.Narnaul recorded at 46 degrees Celsius and Karnal at 44 degrees Celsius.  
+
Niger has the greatest intensity and incidence of poverty in any country, with 93% of its population classified as poor in MPI terms.  
  
−
Punjab: Patiala recorded a high of 44.7 degrees Celsius and Ludhiana 44.1 degrees Celsius.
+
AGENCIES
 +
Deprivation Count
 +
42 crore poor in Bihar, Jharkhand, UP, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Rajasthan and West Bengal compared to 41 crore in 26 of Africa’s poorest countries
 +
Half of world’s poor (48.4cr) live in south Asia, a quarter in Africa (45.8crore), says new Multi-dimensional Poverty Index
 +
Of 104 countries surveyed (5.2bn people in all), 1.7bn live in poverty
  
−
Rajasthan : Bikaner, Ganganagar, Kota and Jaipur recorded maximum temperatures of 47.4 degrees Celsius, 47 degrees Celsius, 46.5 degrees Celsius and 45 degrees Celsius, respectively.
+
==2017: the share of India, China in the world’s poor==
 +
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=NEW-LINES-BUT-INDIA-STILL-HOME-TO-BIGGEST-02112017011019  NEW LINES, BUT INDIA STILL HOME TO BIGGEST CHUNK OF GLOBAL POOR, November 2, 2017: The Times of India]
 +

 +
[[File: Poverty line, PPP$ per hour, India vis-à-vis China.jpg|Poverty line, PPP$ per hour, India vis-à-vis China <br/> From: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=NEW-LINES-BUT-INDIA-STILL-HOME-TO-BIGGEST-02112017011019  NEW LINES, BUT INDIA STILL HOME TO BIGGEST CHUNK OF GLOBAL POOR, November 2, 2017: The Times of India]|frame|500px]]
  
−
Uttar Pradesh: with Allahabad being the hottest place in the state at 47.1 degrees Celsius.Day temperatures rose appreciably over Gorakhpur and Faizabad divisions, it said.
 
  
−
[[Category:Climate/Meteorology|MMAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIA
+
In November 2017, the World Bank has started reporting poverty rates for all countries using two new international poverty lines: a lower middle-income line, set at $3.20 per day, and an upper middle-income line, set at $5.50 per day. These are in addition to the main poverty line of $1.90 per day. The new lines are supposed to serve two purposes. One, they account for the fact that “achieving the same set of capabilities may need a different set of goods and services in different countries“ and, specifically, a costlier set in richer countries. Second, “they allow for cross-country comparisons and benchmarking both within and across developing regions“.Using the $1.90 line, the incidence of poverty in lower middle-income countries is 15.5%, as against 45.8% in low-income countries. However, using the $3.20 line, 46.7% of the population of lower middle-income countries is poor. Similarly, for upper middle-income countries, the proportion of the poor at $1.90 is just 2.3%, but at $ 5.50 it is 29.2%.
−
MAY WEATHER IN INDIA]]
+
−
[[Category:India|M MAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIAMAY WEATHER IN INDIA
+
−
MAY WEATHER IN INDIA]]
+
  
−
= 27th May=
+
==2016-18: India’s international position improves==
−
= 28th May=
+
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-no-longer-home-to-the-largest-no-of-poor-study/articleshow/64754988.cms June 27, 2018: ''The Times of India'']
−
==Kerala: Rainfall; ‘It is not monsoon,' says IMD: 2018==
+
−
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/#  Vishwa.Mohan | Did monsoon hit Kerala on Monday? Skymet thinks so but IMD differs | The Times of India]
+
  
 +
[[File: Congo, India and Nigeria- No. of people living in extreme poverty, 2016-18.jpg|Congo, India and Nigeria- No. of people living in extreme poverty, 2016-18 <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-no-longer-home-to-the-largest-no-of-poor-study/articleshow/64754988.cms  June 27, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
  
−
With Kerala receiving good rains on Monday, private weather forecast agency Skymet Weather has announced the onset of monsoon in the state and arrival of the rainy season in India.
 
  
−
The national weather forecaster — India Meteorological Department (IMD) — however remained cautious, saying the monsoon will hit Kerala in the next 24 hours (on Tuesday) as predicted by it 10 days ago.
+
'''HIGHLIGHTS'''
  
−
Skymet Weather, which had predicted May 28 (Monday) as the onset date, said: “The wait for arrival of much awaited southwest monsoon 2018 has finally come to an end on Monday. As per weathermen, all the criteria required for declaring onset of monsoon over the Indian mainland have been met.”
+
India has finally shed the dubious distinction of being home to the largest number of poor, with Nigeria taking that unwanted position in May 2018
  
−
The technical aspects of the monsoon (as seen by Skymet and IMD) apart, the rains have arrived in Kerala with reports of wet conditions.
+
If present trends continue, India could drop to No. 3 later this year, with the Democratic Republic of the Congo taking the number 2 spot
  
−
The southwest ''' monsoon normally sets over Kerala on June 1. ''' It advances northwards, usually in surges, and covers the entire country around July 15. The early onset this year may send a good signal for farmers as they may now start kharif sowing operation a bit early. Well-distributed normal rainfall invariably helps to expand acreage and increase production.
 
  
−
The IMD, however, stuck to its own prediction of May 29 as date of onset. Mritunjay Mohapatra, its additional director general, told TOI that the agency will formally announce its arrival on Tuesday after observing “consistency of all its parameters on the second day”. “Kerala got good rains on Monday and all the conditions are favourable. We’ll go by our own definition and criteria to formally announce the onset of monsoon,” he said.
+
In the time that it takes you to read this article, several Indians will have escaped the clutches of extreme poverty. In fact, about 44 Indians come out of extreme poverty every minute, one of the fastest rates of poverty reduction in the world. As a result, India has finally shed the dubious distinction of being home to the largest number of poor, with Nigeria taking that unwanted position in May 2018.  
−
==Shimla/ Water crisis: 2018==
+
−
Railway staff protested against water scarcity at Shimla. The scenic hill station was witness to some not-so-picturesque scenes on Monday, with a worsening water crisis triggered by scant snowfall forcing residents of one of its suburbs to fetch drinking water from a crematorium. Hundreds of agitated citizens even blocked the national highway at Kanlog bypass for around two and a half hours: From ''The Times of India''
+
  
−
==Delhi/ 43.5° C- 44.4°C:  2018 ==
+
If present trends continue, India could drop to No. 3 later this year, with the Democratic Republic of the Congo taking the number 2 spot. Defining extreme poverty as living on less than $1.9 a day, a recent study published in a Brookings blog says that by 2022, less than 3% of Indians will be poor and extreme poverty could be eliminated altogether by 2030.  
−
There was a slight drop in the maximum temperature on Monday as easterly winds blew towards the capital. While Safdarjung recorded a high of 43.5° Celsius, Palam recorded a maximum of 44.4° Celsius — ''' four notches above normal ''' for the season.  Delhi had been experiencing a ‘heatwave’ for the past week.
+
  
−
= 29th May=
+
The study, published in the ‘Future Development’ blog of Brookings, says, “At the end of May 2018, our trajectories suggest that Nigeria had about 87 million people in extreme poverty, compared with India’s 73 million. What is more, extreme poverty in Nigeria is growing by six people every minute, while poverty in India continues to fall.”
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==Delhi/ 47.2°C:  '''1944'''==
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The highest maximum recorded ever at Safdarjung was on May 29, 1944 when it touched 47.2 degrees Celsius.
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==Kerala/ Southwest monsoon arrives: 2018==
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[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/southwest-monsoon-hits-kerala-imd/articleshow/64365406.cms    Southwest monsoon hits Kerala: IMD |PTI | May 29, 2018]
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''' June 1 is the official onset date for the arrival of monsoon in India '''
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However, the estimates of extreme poverty reduction may not match with Indian numbers because of differences in how poverty is measured. According to the World Bank, between 2004 and 2011 poverty declined in India from 38.9% of the population to 21.2% (2011 purchasing power parity at $1.9 per person per day).
  
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The southwest monsoon hit Kerala on Tuesday, ''' three days before its scheduled arrival, ''' says the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
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Economists said the finding of the study supports the argument that rapid economic growth had helped make a dent in extreme poverty. “Basically it supports the growth story and the 1991 economic reforms that have helped reduce poverty,” said N R Bhanumurthy, professor at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy. “Going ahead, the challenge is to meet the Sustainable Development Goals, which will help realise the study’s findings that India would be able to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030,” he said.  
  
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= 30th May=
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Bhanumurthy said the assumption that India would be able to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030 seems realistic given the country’s record in the past 10 years in reducing poverty and its ability to meet the Millennium Development Goals. “But to achieve that we must continue to grow at 7%-8% for the remaining period,” he said. The UN-sponsored Sustainable Development Goals aim to eliminate global poverty by 2030.
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= 31st May=
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=See also=
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The benchmark projections of poverty by country imply a high speed of poverty reduction in South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, fuelled by the high rates of income per capita growth in India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, China and Pakistan, the study says. It showed global income increases in the last decades have led to systematic decreases in poverty rates worldwide, with the experience in India and China having played the most important role when it comes to the overall number of persons escaping absolute poverty.
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[[January weather in India]] <>[[ February weather in India]] <> [[March weather in India]] <> [[April weather in India]] <> [[May weather in India]] <> [[June weather in India]] <> [[July weather in India]] <> [[August weather in India]] <> [[September weather in India]] <> [[October weather in India]] <> [[November weather in India]] <> [[December weather in India]]
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[[Monsoons: India]]
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At the heart of the study is the World Poverty Clock. It takes into account household surveys and projections of economic growth from the IMF’s World Economic Outlook. These form the basic building blocks for poverty trajectories computed for 188 countries. The study said that Africa accounts for about two-thirds of the world’s extreme poor.
  
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[[Storms (dust-, hail-, thunder-): India ]]
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If current trends persist, they will account for nine-tenths by 2030. Fourteen out of 18 countries in the world where the number of extreme poor is rising are in Africa, it added. The study model estimated that on September 1, 2017, 647 million people lived in extreme poverty. “Every minute 70 people escape poverty (or 1.2 people per second). This is close to the Sustainable Development Goal target (92 people per minute, or 1.5 per second) and allows us to estimate that around 36 million people have escaped extreme poverty in the year 2016,” it added.

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Contents

Defining poverty

Indian states with the highest/ lowest proportion of population below the poverty line, 2004-12. Source: The Times of India
National Food Security Act (NFSA) has revealed that there are more than 1.58 lakh 'non-deserving' BPL card holders, sponging off Rs 116 crore of govt money by availing wheat and rice at Rs 2 per kg, highly subsidized sugar and kerosene meant for the impoverished. Some facts regarding the poor distributive mechanism: See above; Graphic courtesy: The Times of India, April 20, 2016

Planning Commission's formula

Plan panel sticks to old formula to define poor

Mahendra Singh, TNN | Jul 24, 2013

The Times of India


NEW DELHI: People spending more than Rs 27.2 per day in villages and Rs 33.3 in cities are not poor, according to latest data released by the government.

The proportion of the poor has come down to 21.9% of the country's population in 2011-12 from 37.2% in 2004-05, a decline of 2.18 percentage points every year during seven years of UPA rule.

The absolute number of poor declined by nearly 137.4 million between 2004-05 and 2011-12 and by around 85 million between 2009-10 and 2011-12.

However, there are still 269.7 million poor — 217.2 million in villages and 53.1 million in cities — across the country as against 407.3 million in 2004-05.

The percentage of persons below the poverty line in 2011-12 has been estimated at 25.7% in rural areas and 13.7% in urban areas.

The sharp decline in poverty levels across the country is based on the benchmark of a fresh poverty line. But the timing and the methodology for estimating poverty is questionable as the fresh estimates are based on the Tendulkar methodology, which was junked by the Planning Commission last year after a huge public outcry.

The plan panel's earlier figures showed that poverty was declining by 1.5 percentage points from 37.2% to 29.8% between 2004-05 and 2009-10, but the data was disowned after it was criticized for pegging the poverty line too low at Rs 22.42 per person per day in rural areas and Rs 28.65 in urban areas.

After intervention from the UPA's top leadership, the government set up another committee headed by C Rangarajan to look at a methodology for determining poverty lines and estimating poverty.

The commission justified the release of the data using the old methodology saying the data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) 68th round (2011-12) was now available and the Rangarajan committee recommendation will only be available in mid-2014 so it had updated the poverty estimates for the year 2011-12 as per the methodology recommended by the Tendulkar committee.

After the controversy, a special survey was conducted by the NSSO to determine poverty, an exercise which taken up after a gap of five years.

The official argument is that whatever be the poverty line, there will be a decline in poverty in percentage terms.

The commission argued that it is important to note that although the declining trend is based on the Tendulkar poverty line, which is being reviewed and may be revised by the Rangarajan committee, an increase in the poverty line will not alter the fact of a decline. "While the absolute levels of poverty would be higher, the rate of decline would be similar," it said.

Definition of poverty in 2011-12

According to the [Planning] commission, in 2011-12 for rural areas, the national poverty line by using the Tendulkar methodology is estimated at Rs 816 per capita per month in villages and Rs 1,000 per capita per month in cities.

This would mean that the persons whose consumption of goods and services exceed Rs 33.33 in cities and Rs 27.20 per capita per day in villages are [below the poverty line].

The commission said that for a family of five, the all India poverty line in terms of consumption expenditure would amount of Rs 4,080 per month in rural areas and Rs 5,000 per month in urban areas. The poverty line however will vary from state to state.

2014: McKinsey’s definition

McKinsey pegs poverty line at 1,336 per month

Prabhakar Sinha | TNN

The Times of India

A Global consultancy firm pegged a new level for poverty or empowerment line — at Rs 1,336 per month per person as against the poverty line prescribed by the government at around Rs 870 per month per person.

McKinsey, in a report, said the empowerment line determines the level of consumption required for an individual to fulfill his/her basic need for food, energy, housing, drinking water, sanitation, health care, education and social security at a level sufficient to achieve a modest standard of living.

According to the report —From poverty to empowerment: India’s imperative for jobs, growth, and effective basic services — 56% of the population lacks the means to meet essential needs as consumption level falls below Rs 1,336 per person per month or almost Rs 6,700 per month for a family of five. This translates to 680 million people whose consumption levels across both rural and urban area of the country fall short of this mark.

SIGNS OF POVERTY

The Times of India 2013/08/10

Deprivation indicators for poverty survey

One-room kuchcha households No adult member (in the family)

Women-headed households without any [presumably male] adult

Households with disabled member and without any able adult

SC/ST

Households without literate adult

Landless households

Groups for automatic inclusion

Shelterless households

Destitutes

Manual scavengers

Primitive tribal groups

Legally released bonded labourers

Rural poverty

Poverty in rural households: Socio-economic census (2014?)

The Times of India, Jul 13 2015

Subodh Ghildiyal

Poverty in rural households; Graphic courtesy: The Times of India, Jul 13 2015

Census: 5.4cr homes deprived on this count

`Landless manual workers most prone to poverty'

Landlessness and dependence on manual casual labour for a livelihood are key deprivations facing rural families, socio-economic census figures suggest. This, experts say , means they are far more vulnerable to impoverishment than indicated by a plain reading of the census data.

The rural census mapped deprivation on the basis of seven indicators -households with kuchha house; without an adult in working age; headed by a woman and without an adult male in working age; with a disabled member and without an able-bodied adult; of SCSTs; without literate adults over 25 years; and land less engaged in manual labour.

While 48.5% of rural households are saddled with at least one deprivation indicator, the eye-opener is how much the other factors over lap with the worst of them ­ landless households engaged in manual labour. The intersection of any of the six other handicaps with `landless-labour' makes it more acute than otherwise suggested by the observation that the household has “two deprivations“. Nearly 5.40 crore house holds are in the landless labourer category -dubbed by the rural development ministry as the “main running theme of deprivation“.

The more the number of parameters on which a household is deprived, the worse its extent of poverty . It has been found that nearly 30% have two deprivations, 13% have three, though mercifully , only 0.01% suffer from all seven handicaps. Explan panel member Mihir Shah said the correlation between poverty and landless labour was a worrying feature.

“That a very high number of deprived households are also landless doing casual manual labour is significant. Land being the most important asset in rural India, its absence with other deprivations means a household has no asset and is that much more vulnerable.“ He said small and marginal farmers are also getting pauperized and more engaged in manual labour.

2017 yardsticks

Subodh Ghildiyal, Rs 20k in a|cs to be rural poverty barometer , May 22, 2017: The Times of India

A gram panchayat's success in reducing poverty will be judged by the number of households with over Rs 20,000 in savings bank accounts or percentage of families with Aadhaarlinked bank accounts. Or, by the percentage of its households which have availed over Rs 20,000 as bank credit.

Interestingly, higher the number of households with bank loans for “diversified livelihood“, the better the village would be assessed on the scale of progress. It will also be a positive if greater number of families are in nonfarm jobs with skilled work, or are selling their products in markets. Another key indicator of positive change will be the number of families using compost as the primary source to fertilise crops.

Progress of a village will also be measured against the prevalence of malnutrition among children up to three years, percentage of children with full immunisation, number of girls completing secondary education and skilling courses.

These are among the parameters being considered by the rural development ministry to monitor its coming plan to create 50,000 poverty-free gram panchayats, its success to be measured against the “wellbeing of households“ of a village.

Around 20 criteria for development will be clubbed into three categories -infrastructure, social development and economic development.

A senior official said the scale to measure poverty-free panchayats -Mission Antyodaya -was being final ised. According to the plan in the works, the target 50,000 gram panchayats will be bunched together in clusters of 5,000, the idea being that development or economic activity best happens in a collection of villages, be it dairy de velopment or manufacturing or horticulture or tourism.

Sources said the gram panchayats will be selected on the basis of evidence that they have done “model work“ or have demonstrated a level of “social initiative“. Creation of poverty-free gram panchayats is a flagship plan mooted by the government, with the RD ministry in the process of drawing up the details of its implementation.

In a bid to understand the factors that aid development in rural areas, the ministry recently sent officials to study 50 villages across Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, which have made visible progress in overcoming poverty.

Also, an elaborate coordination mechanism for the scheme is being created.While it will be included in the list of schemes assessed by the PM and CMs in the Niti Aayog governing council, there will be state level coordination committees under the CMs.

Urban poverty

Bibek Debroy Committee: 2017

Dipak Dash, The Times of India, August 7, 2017

Identifying the urban poor, 2017; Dipak Dash, The Times of India, August 7, 2017

Own fridge, AC or car? No welfare schemes for you

About six in every 10 households in urban areas will be eligible for assessment for identifying whether they are entitled for government's social welfare schemes, according to the recommendation of a government panel.

Those having a four-room set or four-wheeler or an airconditioner will be automatically excluded from being eligible for social benefits in urban areas. Households owning all of three items -refrigerator, washing machine and a two-wheeler -will also be automatically excluded, the Bibek Debroy Committee for implementation of the Socio Economic Survey has recommended. The report also specifies who will be automatically included in the list of beneficiaries based on the parameters set for residential, occupational and social deprivation. Those who are houseless or have a house with polythene wall or roof, no income or households without adult male or headed by a child will be included.

According to the report, the rest of the households will be assessed to find whether they can also be included in the list of beneficiaries. “They will be ranked on the basis of an index score on a scale of zero to 12. The parameters will be residential, social and occupational deprivation,“ said an official. Earlier, the S R Hashim Committee had submitted its report on urban poor in December 2012, but the government never accepted it.

“Going by the recommen dation of Hashim panel, 41% households in urban areas could have been included for assessment to find whether they are eligible for getting benefits from government schemes. But the Debroy panel recommendations will make 59% households eligible for this assessment,“ said a source.The panel has said categorising of householdspopulation as BPL or above poverty line would be a misnomer.

Poverty Line

[ From the archives of the Times of India]

Tendulkar committee

Urban (for 2004-5): 446.68

Rural (for 2004-5): 578.8

Plan panel revised estimates (now withdrawn)

Urban (for 2009-10): 859.6

Rural (for 2009-10): 672.8

WORLD BANK Poverty

[ From the archives of the Times of India]

<$1.25 per day (PPP) or 648 per month (urban) & 429 (rural) as of 2005 Extreme poverty: <$1 per day (PPP) or 516 per month (urban) and 342 (rural) as of 2005

Angus Deaton on the Indian poverty line

The Times of India, Oct 13 2015

Partha Sinha & Srikant Tripathy

Eco Nobel winner strong critic of India's poverty line

Had a tiff with Panagariya on why Indian kids are shorter

Angus Deaton, the Scottish-American Princeton professor who won the Economics Nobel on Monday “for his analysis of consumption, poverty , and welfare“, has a strong India connect with several of his academic papers and articles focused on the country and based on data collected here. Deaton (69) has worked with Jean Dreze of Delhi School of Economics, Abhijit Banerjee of MIT and Jishnu Das of World Bank on areas like poverty , healthcare, nutrition, etc. Even his homepage on Princeton website lists `Poverty in the world and in India' as one of the Nobel winner's main areas of research. It's not only collaboration with Indians and on India, the Princeton professor even had a tiff with Arvind Panagariya, former Columbia University professor and now the deputy chief of Niti Aayog, about the reasons behind the shorter height of Indian children compared to the global average. Deaton is also a harsh critique of the measure of poverty line used by the Indian government that was a hot topic two years ago.

One of Deaton's leading works, along with MIT's Banerjee and Esther Duflo, and Das from World Bank, was based on a healthcare-related survey of tribal households in Udaipur, then one of the poorest districts in the country . In 2002 and 2003, Deaton and others worked on a survey-based project titled `Health Care Delivery in Rural Rajasthan'. Seva Mandir, an Udaipur-based NGO that works for integrated rural development in the district, was involved in the project as the local facilitator and coordinator.

According to Priyanka Singh, CEO, Seva Mandir, Deaton visited Udaipur twice and had gone to the villages to have first-hand experience of the situation there.“He was very sound on subjects of nutrition and health.During interactions, we found he could explain difficult things in a very simple way ,“ said Singh.

Deaton, Banerjee and others' survey of 100 hamlets in Udaupir threw up interesting results -like low level of immunization in rural areas, ab sence of government-sponso red healthcare facility, reliance on private healthcare even at a much higher cost, etc -some of which have strong relevance even today .

A few years ago, Deaton had an academic debate with Pana gariya on the reasons for shor ter height of Indian children The article by Deaton and others in the Economic and Po litical Weekly points out that Indian children are very short on average, compared to child ren living in other countries “Because height reflects early life health and net nutrition and because good early life he alth also helps brains to grow and capabilities to develop, wi despread growth faltering is a human development disaster Panagariya while acknowled ges these facts had argued in (another) article that Indian children are particularly short because they are genetically programmed to be so,“ the article had pointed out.

Deaton is also a strong critic of how India fixes its poverty line, the estimated minimum income required for basic necessities of life. “Indian poverty is measured using a series of household surveys, run by India's National Sample Survey. The results of these surveys have been subject to intense debate in recent years.There are also significant questions about the appropriateness of the poverty lines used by the Government of India. Finally , the Indian consumer price indexes used in the poverty calculations have also been questioned,“ the Nobel laureate wrote on his home page.

Poverty line, population below

1973- 2005: Percentage and Number of Poor Estimation

December 22, 2014: The Planning Commission


Year

Poverty Ratio (%)

Number of Poor (million)

Rural

Urban

Total

Rural

Urban

Total

1973-74

56.4

49.0

54.9

261.3

60.0

321.3

1977-78

53.1

45.2

51.3

264.3

64.6

328.9

1983

45.6

40.8

44.5

252.0

70.9

322.9

1987-88

39.1

38.2

38.9

231.9

75.2

307.0

1993-94

50.1

31.8

45.3

328.6

74.5

403.7

1999-2000

27.1

23.6

26.1

193.2

67.0

260.2

2004-051(Uniform Reference Period)

28.3

25.7

27.5

220.9

80.8

301.7

2004-052 (Mixed Reference Period)

21.8

21.7

21.8

170.3

68.2

238.5


Footnotes:

1 - Comparable with 1993-94 Estimates;

2 - Comparable with 1999-2000 Estimates

1990-2016: below the  international poverty line

See graphics:

Proportion of population below the international poverty line between 1990 and 2016

Reduction in the death of children under the age of 5, for every 1,000 live births, between 1990 and 2016

Proportion of population below the international poverty line between 1990 and 2016; The Times of India, September 13, 2017
Reduction in the death of children under the age of 5, for every 1,000 live births, between 1990 and 2016; The Times of India, September 13, 2017

1993-2005: Percentage, number of Poor Estimated by Tendulkar Method

(Poverty Estimates) by Expert Group by Tendulkar Method using Mixed Reference Period


December 22, 2014: The Planning Commission


Poverty Ratio (%)

Number of Poor (million)

Rural

Urban

Total

Rural

Urban

Total

I. Expert Group 2009 (Tendulkar Methodology)

1. 1993-94

50.1

31.8

45.3

328.60

74.50

403.70

2. 2004-05

41.8

25.7

37.2

326.30

80.80

407.10

3. 2009-10

33.8

20.9

29.8

278.21

76.47

354.68

4. 2011-12

25.7

13.7

21.9

216.50

52.80

269.30

II. Expert Group 1993 (Lakdawala Methodology)

1. 1993-94

37.3

32.4

36.0

244.0

76.3

320.4

2. 2004-05

28.3

25.7

27.5

220.9

80.8

301.7

Annual Average Decline from 1993-94 to 2011-12

Poverty Ratio (% points)

Number of Poor (million)

Rural

Urban

Total

Rural

Urban

Total

Annual Average Decline : 1993-94 to 2004-05 (% points per annum)

0.75

0.55

0.74

0.21

-0.57

-0.31

2004-05 from 1993-94 by Expert Group 1993

0.82

0.61

0.77

2.10

-0.41

1.70

2009-10 from 2004-05 by Expert Group 2009

1.60

0.96

1.48

9.62

0.87

10.48

Annual Average Decline : 2004-05 to 2011-12 (% points per annum)

2.32

1.69

2.18

15.69

4.00

19.69

2011-13: the enormity of the poverty that remains

Graphic courtesy: The Times of India

The Times of India, Jul 04 2015

MOST EXHAUSTIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY SHOWS COUNTRY FACES A GIGANTIC CHALLENGE

Half of rural India touched by poverty

India has a problem at hand and its magnitude is much higher than what was imagined or reported. That is the short and succinct message of the SocioEconomic and Caste Census (SECC) released on Friday . According to the census, 49% of rural households show signs of poverty . And 51% of households have `manual casual labour' as the source of income. Whichever way the figures are sliced and diced, the poverty data leaves no scope for assurance or optimism. Till now, every survey had been showing poverty as receding.

The survey has used seven indicators of deprivation: All definite pointers to subsistence-level existence and seri ous handicaps like `kuccha houses', landless households engaged in manual labour, female-headed households with no adult working male member, households without a working adult, and all SC ST households.

While there can be room for correction, experts are unanimous that this would not change the bleak picture significantly . For instance, they are unanimous that all those dependent on `manual casual labour' for livelihood -51.14% of households -are bound to be poor.

The dismal scenario is illustrated by another set of dire figures: 2.37 crore households live in one-room kuccha houses, constituting 13.25% of the 17.91 crore rural households. At the same time, 30% of rural households own no land and are engaged in manual labour. The overall poverty figures for the country will also take into account the urban household survey that is yet to be released. But they , whenever they are out, are unlikely to change the overall picture.

The degree of deprivation as evidenced by the rural survey poses an intractable challenge for the Modi government if it wants to draw up a consolidated list of the poor, known as `Below Poverty Line'. If the government goes by the new evidence, the BPL category would balloon beyond its fiscal capacity . Conversely , if it seeks to put a ceiling and depress the figures, it would attract the kind of controversy that had hit the UPA.

The last government-commissioned figure had put the poverty line at a much lower 30%. The divergence is possibly the reason why the rural development ministry has desisted from coming out with a poverty figure while releasing the data for SECC.

A possible way out for the Centre would be to keep various deprivation figures -like on housing, employment, destitution -separate and use them for better targeting of niche welfare and development programmes. The option of drawing up a fresh consolidated poverty list a la BPL may not be exercised.

SECC may be the fuel to partisan political fire. For Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who does not tire of accusing Congress of keeping the country trapped in under-development, it will serve as the catalyst to intensify his campaign. But the negative messaging has its limits and there is risk of the damning statistics getting identified with the government of the day , that is BJP.

2012 poverty: World Bank report

The Indian Express, June 28, 2016

Yue Li and Martin Rama

Using National Sample Survey (NSS) data from 2012


Where you live decides how ‘well’ you live

Whether a household is poor or not depends not only on its assets, education and skills but also, importantly, on where it lives. Consider a ‘typical’ Indian household, which has four members and where the adults have less than nine years of education. Assuming this household is also ‘typical’ in other respects, it would spend Rs 8,121 per month if it lived in urban Maharashtra, but only Rs 3,735 a month if it resided in rural Bihar. A part of this difference can be explained by the higher cost of living in urban Maharashtra. Nonetheless, a big part of it can be attributed to the real difference in consumption levels between the two locations. One may think of this difference in consumption levels — 117 per cent in this case — as the gain associated with living in a ‘good’ location.

It is, however, important to note that this clear distinction between urban and rural areas no longer exists in India. A decade ago, India’s cities and countryside were truly different. Nowadays, the difference between urban and rural areas is mostly a matter of degree. While cities are expanding beyond their municipal boundaries, many once-rural areas are becoming denser and acquiring more urban characteristics. Today, as cities move to people as much as people move to cities, India’s rural-urban divide is being replaced by a rural-urban gradation.

In a recent paper, we explored how this messy urbanisation affects the likelihood of a household being poor, and its living standards more generally. We used National Sample Survey (NSS) data from 2012 to compare patterns in living standards across four different types of locations along the rural-urban gradation, from small rural areas with a population of less than 5,000 to large urban areas with a population greater than one million. In all, we considered roughly 1,400 places spread across the 599 districts for which we have good data. With this more granular spatial perspective, we found that the ‘typical’ Indian household could consume Rs 13,554 per month in urban Gurgaon in Haryana, which has the highest consumption levels among all the 1,400 places considered. At the other extreme, a similar household in a small village in the Malkangiri district of Odisha would consume only Rs 2,928. Seen from this more detailed standpoint, the difference in consumption levels rises to 362 per cent.

Clearly, where a household lives matters. About half of the overall variation in consumption expenditure across places can be explained by differences in a household’s characteristics such as its ownership of assets, in its education and skills, and in its age composition — or how many working members there are in a household. But when we also take the household’s place of residence into account, nearly two thirds of this difference can be explained. This means that one third of the variation in per capita consumption in India is related, in one way or another, to the place where a household lives. The analysis yields other insights too. First, it has now become difficult to tell the difference between large rural areas and small urban areas. And, that on average, small urban areas and large rural areas can support similar consumption levels.

It’s not just where you live, near what you live matters too

It also appears that the ‘best’ places to live in India tend to be near each other. Clusters of such places are to be found in the northwest of India, along the western and southwestern coasts, and in India’s northeast, towards Bangladesh. Among them are the agglomerations surrounding Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Delhi, Jodhpur, Kolkata, Mumbai, Puducherry, South Goa and Thiruvananthapuram. Some of these clusters are huge. For example, the one around Delhi spreads across 60 districts, spanning seven of India’s northwestern states and Union Territories. Similarly, the cluster around Thiruvananthapuram spans 19 districts across the three southern states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Although generally, urban India tends to have higher consumption levels than rural areas, there are some surprises. Interestingly, it is not only large urban areas which display the highest gains in living standards. In fact, many of the best places to live and work are secondary towns, and some of them are still administratively rural. What makes these ‘good’ rural locations special is that they lie in the catchment area of some of the best locations in the country. Seen this way, what matters for a household is not just ‘where’ it lives, but also ‘near what’ it lives.

Some ‘good’ locations spread their prosperity more than others

However, all the ‘good’ locations do not spread their prosperity around them evenly. For instance, both Bengaluru and Delhi are among India’s top locations. Between them, Bengaluru enjoys a slightly higher gain in living standards than Delhi, arguably making it a better city to live and work in. But Delhi spreads its benefits more widely, doing substantially better than Bengaluru in the extent of its impact on surrounding areas. In Delhi’s case, the gain in living standards is still high up to 200 km away from the core of the city, while in Bengaluru it almost vanishes just 100 km from the city centre. We do not know for sure why this is so, but the issue certainly warrants further research. T‘e ‘least good’ places to live and work are concentrated in the centre of India, where the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha meet. A number of such places can also be found in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, along the Ganga basin. Surprisingly, most of them do not fall in the rural parts of these states, but rather in small urban areas.

Tribal populations live in some of the most disadvantaged places

Last but not least, paying attention to the places where people live changes our interpretation of the key determinants of poverty. One of the most dramatic changes concerns our understanding of why some social groups are poorer than others. For instance, a tribal household consumes 23 per cent less than a household from the general category that is otherwise identical. But when the place of residence is taken into account, this gap falls to 13 per cent. In other words, a superficial analysis would suggest that poverty among tribals is related to their socio-economic characteristics. On the other hand, our spatial analysis suggests a key reason why tribal populations are poor is because they live in some of the most disadvantaged places in the country.

Causes of poverty

Expenditure on health

Rema Nagarajan, Health spending pushed 55m into poverty in a year: Study, June 13, 2018: The Times of India


‘38 Million Made Poor Just By Having To Buy Medicines’

About 55 million Indians were pushed into poverty in a single year because of having to fund their own healthcare and 38 million of them fell below the poverty line due to spending on medicines alone, a study by three experts from the Public Health Foundation of India has estimated. The study, published in the British Medical Journal, reveals that non-communicable diseases like cancer, heart diseases and diabetes account for the largest chunk of spending by households on health.

The study concluded that among non-communicable diseases, cancer had the highest probability of resulting in “catastrophic expenditure” for a household. Health expenditure is considered to be catastrophic if it constitutes 10% or more of overall consumption expenditure of a household. In the case of road traffic and non-road traffic injuries, it was found that catastrophic expenditure was higher among the poorest, with average stay in hospital beyond seven days.

Data from nationwide consumer expenditure surveys spanning two decades from 1993-94 up to 2011-12 and the ‘Social Consumption: Health’ survey done by the National Sample Survey Organisation in 2014 were analysed by the study authors including health economists Sakthivel Selvaraj and Habib Hasan Farooqui.

While the study looks at data up to 2011-12, it refers to measures taken by the government since then to reduce the expenditure burden on medicines and healthcare on households. It noted that though the Drug Price Control Order 2013 brought all essential drugs in the National List of Essential Medicines under price control, these constituted just 20% of the retail pharmacy market and that the sales volume of many of the drugs brought under price control has fallen.

Despite governments launching several health insurance schemes, a majority of the population continued to incur significant expenditure on medicines as hospitalisationbased treatment, which is what most insurance schemes cover, constitutes only one third of India’s morbidity burden, noted the study. It added that frequency of hospitalisation was smaller than outpatient visits in general, especially for NCDs, which are chronic in nature requiring multiple consultations and long-term or lifelong medication and support.

With shrinking availability of free drugs in the government health system for outpatients and a sharper decline in their availability for inpatients, there was little incentive for patients to seek public healthcare, noted the study, adding that medicine-related expenditure for households remained high as most patients sought outpatient care in the more expensive private sector.

As for the government's promise to provide cheap medicines through Jan Aushadhi stores, though the target of opening over 3,000 stores has been met, they have been plagued with frequent stockouts and quality issues. Most Jan Aushadhi stores have barely 100-150 formulations instead of the promised 600-plus medicines and their numbers are too small compared to the 5.5 lakh plus pharmacies in India.

Decline in 2005-12

Number of poor reduced from 407 million to 269 million

Why no applause for 138 million exiting poverty?

Swaminathan S Anklesaria Aiyar

The Times of India 2013/07/28

When China reduced people in poverty by 220 million between 1978 and 2004, the world applauded this as the greatest poverty reduction in history. Amartya Sen, Joseph Stiglitz and all other poverty specialists cheered.

India has just reduced its number of poor from 407 million to 269 million, a fall of 138 million in seven years between. This is faster than China’s poverty reduction rate at a comparable stage of development, though for a much shorter period. Are the China-cheerers hailing India for doing even better?

No, many who hailed China are today rubbishing the Indian achievement as meaningless or statistically fudged. This includes the left, many NGOs and some TV anchors. The double standard is startling.

The Tendulkar Committee determined India’s poverty definition. The Tendulkar poverty line in 2011-12 came to Rs 4,000 per rural and Rs 5,000 per urban family of five. Critics say this is ridiculously low. But it is roughly equal to the World Bank’s well-established poverty line of $1.25 per day in Purchasing Power Parity terms (which translates into around 50 cents/day in current dollars). This is used by over 100 countries, by the United Nations and many other international agencies. When the whole world uses this standard, why call it statistical fudge?

When China claimed to have lifted 220 million people out of poverty, guess what its poverty line was? Just $85 per year, or $0.24 per day! Whatever statistical adjustments you make for comparability, it was far lower than today’s Tendulkar line. Did today’s critics of the Tendulkar line castigate China for fudging? No, they sang China’s praises.

Defining extreme (Tendulkar) and moderate poverty (Rangarajan)

The World Bank actually has two lines — $1.25 denoting extreme poverty, and $2 denoting moderate poverty. India can also adopt two lines, the Tendulkar line for extreme poverty and a new Rangarajan line for moderate poverty, at around $2/day.

But this will in no way diminish the great achievement of slashing the number of those historically called poor — we can call them the “extreme poor”— by 138 million in seven years. Allowing for rising population in this period, the number saved from extreme poverty is even higher at 180 million.

Given our rising GDP and expectations, we can rename the Tendulkar line as our extreme poverty line. But to condemn it as statistical fudge is ridiculous. The $1.25 line is a world standard, even if it is below the cynics’ line. Indian critics may not accept it, but the world will.

A higher poverty line is drawn

There is, of course, the separate issue of who should be entitled to various government subsidies, including food subsidies. Economists talk of targeting subsidies at those below the Tendulkar line. But for politicians, the aim of subsidies is to win votes. And clearly you win more votes by extending subsidies to two-thirds of the population, rather than the poorest one-third.

This spread of subsidies to those above the extreme poverty line was once called “leakages to the non-poor.” But it is considered good politics even if it is bad economics. This explains why the government chose to cover 67% of the population in the Food Security Bill, even though the poverty ratio at the time was 30%.

However, critics quickly exposed this as a double standard. They asked, if your Food Security Bill views two-thirds of the people as needy, how could you have a poverty line saying only one third are poor? The government found it difficult to say this was good politics even if it was bad economics. Instead, it appointed the Rangarajan Committee to devise a higher poverty line. This line will almost certainly be around the moderate poverty line ($ 2/day in PPP terms) of the World Bank.

Many critics and TV anchors will cheer at the prospect of freebies to two-thirds of the population. Yet here lie the seeds of fiscal disaster. India is poor because it has spent too much on ill-targeted subsidies, leaving too little for infrastructure and effective education that will raise incomes permanently. Total subsidies (mostly non-merit subsidies) exploded in the 1980s, reaching 14.5 % of GDP, almost as much as all central and state tax revenue. This ended in a fiscal and balance of payments crisis in 1991.

The risk of a new poverty line of $2/day is that it will create political demands for more freebies to twothird of the population. That will further erode limited funds for productive spending.

In theory we can limit subsidies to the poorest and cut out unworthy subsidies. In practice, the combined pressure of vote banks and TV anchors threatens to raise subsidies beyond all prudent limits. There lie the seeds of another 1991-style disaster.

Decline in 2005-16

2005-16: Over 270m in India moved out of poverty

‘Over 270m in India moved out of poverty in 10 years’, September 21, 2018: The Times of India


Over 270 million people in India moved out of poverty in the decade since 2005-06 and the poverty rate in the country nearly halved over the 10-year period, a promising sign that poverty is being tackled globally, according to latest estimates.

The 2018 global Multidimensional Poverty Index released here by the United Nations Development Programme and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative noted that in India, 271 million moved out of poverty between 2005/06 and 2015/16. The country’s poverty rate has nearly halved, falling from 55%to 28% over the 10-year period.

India is the first country for which progress over time has been estimated. “Although the level of poverty is staggering, so is the progress that can be made in tackling it” UNDP administrator Achim Steiner said. PTI


1.3bn live in poverty globally, says report

The 2018 global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) released here by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) said that about 1.3 billion people live in multidimensional poverty globally.

This is almost a quarter of the population of the 104 countries for which the 2018 MPI is calculated. Of these 1.3 billion, almost half — 46% — are thought to be living in severe poverty and are deprived in at least half of the dimensions covered in the MPI, it said.

While there is much that needs to be done to tackle poverty globally, there are “promising signs that such poverty can be, and is being, tackled”.

“The Multidimensional Poverty Index gives insights that are vital for understanding the many ways in which people experience poverty, and it provides a new perspective on the scale and nature of global poverty while reminding us that eliminating it in all its forms is far from impossible,” UNDP administrator Achim Steiner said.

Although similar comparisons over time have not yet been calculated for other countries, the latest information from UNDP’s Human Development Index shows significant development progress in all regions, including many sub-Saharan African countries.

Between 2006 and 2017, life expectancy increased over seven years in sub-Saharan Africa and by almost four years in South Asia, and enrolment rates in primary education are up to 100%.

This bodes well for improvements in multidimensional poverty.

The new figures show that in 104 primarily low- and middle-income countries, 662 million children are considered multidimensionally poor. In 35 countries, half of all children are poor. The MPI looks beyond income to understand how people experience poverty in multiple and simultaneous ways.

It identifies how people are being left behind across three key dimensions: health, education and living standards, lacking such things as clean water, sanitation, adequate nutrition or primary education. Those who are deprived in at least a third of the MPI’s components are defined as multidimensionally poor. AGENCIES

The estimates showed that half of all people living in poverty are younger than 18 years

…according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index

Is this the best news for India in over a decade?, September 22, 2018: The Times of India

2006> 2016:
i) Per cent reduction in poverty in the various states of India ;
ii) The largest number of people (absolute numbers) who rose above the poverty were from these states;
iii) The reduction in poverty in urban and rural areas;
From: Is this the best news for India in over a decade?, September 22, 2018: The Times of India
2006> 2016- Reduction in poverty, by caste and religion
From: Is this the best news for India in over a decade?, September 22, 2018: The Times of India
2006> 2016- How Indian states fared in the 10 aspects of measuring poverty; The best and worst states
From: Is this the best news for India in over a decade?, September 22, 2018: The Times of India

India has made tremendous progress in pulling its people out of poverty. Over a 10-year period between 2005-06 and 2015-16, 271 million people moved out of poverty, with the country’s poverty rate nearly halving — falling from 55% to 28%. But there’s still a huge discrepancy between states. While Kerala has performed consistently well, some states like Bihar have struggled to better their lot. These are the findings of a UN report that takes a holistic view of poverty, factoring in education, health and standard of living to come up with an index of poverty.


WHAT IS THIS INDEX?

Like development, poverty is multidimensional — but traditional methods only look at income to compute poverty.

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) complements monetary measures of poverty by considering overlapping deprivations suffered by individuals at the same time.

The index identifies deprivations across the same three dimensions as the human development index (HDI) — health, education, standard of living — and shows the number of people who are multidimensionally poor.

Decline in poverty: 2010> 19

Details

273m Indians out of poverty in 10 yrs, India Saw World’s Biggest Cut In Number Of Multi-Dimensionally Poor During 2005-15: UN, July 18, 2020: The Times of India


India had the biggest reduction in the number of multi-dimensionally poor people estimated at 273 million during the 2005-15 period, a UN report has said.

The data, released by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), showed that 65 of the 75 countries studied significantly reduced multidimensional poverty levels between 2000 and 2019.

Four countries — Armenia (2010–2015/2016), India (2005/2006–2015/2016), Nicaragua (2001–2011/2012) and North Macedonia (2005/2006–2011) — halved their global MPI (multidimensional poverty index) value and did so in 5.5–10.5 years. These countries show what is possible for countries with very different initial poverty levels. They account for roughly a fifth of the world’s population, mostly because of India, the report said. The multidimensional index is a measure that looks beyond income to include access to safe water, education, electricity, food, and six other indicators.

But the impact of Covid-19 may slow down efforts to reduce multidimensional poverty. The pandemic unfolded in the midst of this analysis. While data is not yet available to measure rise of global poverty after the pandemic, simulations based on different scenarios suggest that, if unaddressed, progress across 70 developing countries could be set back by 3–10 years, the report said.

“Covid-19 is having a profound impact on the development landscape. But this data — from before the pandemic — is a message of hope. Past success stories on how to tackle the many ways people experience poverty in their daily lives can show how to build back better and improve the lives of millions,” said Sabina Alkire, director of Ophi at the University of Oxford.

Among the 1.3 billion people still living in multidimensional poverty today, more than 80% are deprived in at least five of the ten indicators used to measure health, education and living standards in the global MPI. The data also reveals that the burden of multidimensional poverty disproportionately falls on children. Half of the 1.3 billion poor have not yet turned 18, while 107 million are 60 or older, the report said.

Children show higher rates of multidimensional poverty: half of multidimensionally poor people (644 million) are children under age 18. One in three children is poor compared with one in six adults, the report said.

Decline in 2011-12: I

Odisha, Bihar show biggest drop in percentage of poor

Mahendra Singh, TNN | Jul 24, 2013

The Times of India

Odisha and Bihar

Odisha and Bihar have registered the sharpest decline in poverty levels between 2004-05 and 2011-12, although the proportion of the poor in these states remains well above the national average.

Latest data released on Tuesday revealed that in Odisha, the proportion of people below the poverty line (BPL) in total population came down from 57.2% in 2004-05 to 32.6% in 2011-12, a decline of 24.6 percentage points.

In Bihar, which logged the fastest growth rate during the 11th five-year plan (2007-12), the share of BPL in total population was estimated at 33.7% in 2011-12, compared to 54.4% in 2004-05, a reduction by 20.7 percentage points.

All-India

At the all-India level, the share of the BPL population was estimated at 21.9%, which is almost 270 million. This means that roughly every fifth Indian lives below the poverty line. The government has set the bar low, defining anyone earning Rs 27.20 or less in rural areas as BPL, while those earning up to Rs 33.30 a day in urban areas are classified as poor, though these benchmarks vary from state to state.

Bimaru

Although things seem to looking up in the poor states, especially Bimaru, they still remain home to the maximum number of poor people in the country. While Uttar Pradesh has just under 30% of its population in the BPL group, the number adds up to almost 60 million. Bihar, despite the improvement, still has 35.8 million poor, and ranks second, followed by Madhya Pradesh where 23.4 million or 31.6% of the population is BPL.

Rajasthan

Among the Bimaru states, only Rajasthan has managed to do better than the national average with the share of BPL in total population estimated at 14.7% in 2011-12, compared to 34.4% in 2004-05. In fact, the state now is a better performer than Gujarat, famed for its rapid growth and good infrastructure. The state ruled by Narendra Modi had 16.6% people below the poverty line.

Rural India has seen faster improvement than urban centres

The other important trend coming from the latest poverty estimates, which have traditionally created controversy, is the fact that rural India has seen faster improvement than urban centres. The decline in poverty was steeper in rural areas as BPL population came down to 25.8% (2011-12) from 42% (2004-05), around 17 percentage points, as against around 12 percentage points in urban areas.

On an all-India basis, there were 217 million poor in rural areas and 53 million in urban areas in 2011-12, as against 326 million and 81 million, respectively, in 2004-05.

The final figures for 2011-12 are likely to be revised once a government-appointed committee under C Rangarajan submits its report on a new methodology for fixing the poverty line, but the Planning Commission in its press release pointed out that this would only change the numbers, not the declining trend.

Decline in 2011-12: II

This article contains many points given in the article above.

Poverty declines to 21.9% in 2011-12: Planning Commission

According to the commission, in 2011-12 for rural areas, the national poverty line by using the Tendulkar methodology is estimated at Rs 816 per capita per month in villages and Rs 1,000 per capita per month in cities.

PTI | Jul 23, 2013

The Times of India

NEW DELHI: Poverty ratio in the country has declined to 21.9% in 2011-12 from 37.2% in 2004-05 on account of increase in per capita consumption, Planning Commission said.

The poverty ratio in 2011-12

The percentage of persons below poverty line in 2011-12 has been estimated at 25.7% in rural areas, 13.7% in urban areas and 21.9% for the country as a whole, a commission's press statement said.

The percentage of persons below poverty line in 2004-05 was 41.8% in rural areas, 25.7% in cities and 37.2% in the country as a whole.

In actual terms, there were 26.93 crore people below poverty line in 2011-12 as compared to 40.71 crore in 2004-05.

Suresh Tendulkar committee’s methodology

This ratio for 2011-12 is based on the methodology suggested by Suresh Tendulkar committee which factors in money spent on health and education besides calorie intake to fix a poverty line.

The commission said the decline in poverty is mainly on account of rising real per capita consumption figures which is based on 68th round of National Sample Survey on household consumer expenditure in India in 2011-12.

Earlier, a committee was appointed under Prime Minister's economic advisory council chairman C Rangarajan to revisit the Tendulkar committee methodology for tabulating poverty.

The committee is expected to submit its report by mid 2014.

Best and worst states

State-wise, the commission said the poverty ratio was highest in Chhattisgarh at 39.93% followed by Jharkhand (36.96%), Manipur (36.89%), Arunachal Pradesh (34.67%) and Bihar (33.47%).

Among the union territories, the Dadra and Nagar Haveli was the highest, with 39.31% people living below poverty line followed by Chandigarh at 21.81%.

Goa has the least percentage of people living below poverty line at 5.09% followed by Kerala (7.05%), Himachal Pradesh (8.06%), Sikkim (8.19%), Punjab (8.26%) and Andhra Pradesh (9.20%).

2011-12: BPL population

The Times of India

2011-12: the number and percentage of population below the poverty line, Graphic courtesy: The Times of India
2011-12: the number and percentage of population below the poverty line, Graphic courtesy: The Times of India

Mar 20 2015

There are two ways to measure poverty--relative and absolute. Poverty estimates in advanced economies are based on the calculation of relative poverty, with the average standard of living used as the reference point. People are counted as poor if they cannot maintain this level. In India, poverty is estimated at absolute level or the minimum money required for subsistence. The poverty line is defined as the minimum money required for maintaining a per capita caloric intake of 2,100 calories in an urban area and 2,400 calories in a rural area. These estimates are done by analysing monthly per capita expenditure baskets of NSSO surveys.By this methodology, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Bihar have the highest proportion of BPL persons in the latest estimates.

2011-12: Rangarajan panel's estimate: III

3 out of 10 in India are poor: Rangarajan panel

PTI | Jul 6, 2014

The Rangarajan committee was set up in 2013 to review the Tendulkar committee methodology for estimating poverty and clear the ambiguity over the number of poor in the country.

NEW DELHI: A panel headed by former Prime Ministers economic advisory council chairman C Rangarajan has dismissed the Tendulkar committee report on estimating poverty and said that the number of poor in India was much higher in 2011-12 at 29.5 per cent of the population, which means that three out of 10 people are poor.

As per the report submitted by Rangarajan to planning minister Rao Inderjit Singh earlier, persons spending below Rs 47 a day in cities would be considered poor, much above the Rs 33-per-day mark suggested by the Suresh Tendulkar committee.

As per the Rangarajan panel estimates, poverty stood at 38.2 per cent in 2009-10 and slided to 29.5 per cent in 2011-12.

This is at variance with the Tendulkar methodology under which poverty was estimated at 29.8 per cent in 2009-10 and declined to 21.9 per cent in 2011-12.

The Planning Commission's estimates based on Tendulkar committee had drawn flak in September 2011, when in an affidavit to the Supreme Court it was stated that households with per capita consumption of more than Rs 33 in urban areas and Rs 27 in rural areas would not be treated as poor.

The Rangarajan committee was set up last year to review the Tendulkar committee methodology for estimating poverty and clear the ambiguity over the number of poor in the country. As per Rangarajan panel estimates, a person spending less than Rs 1,407 a month (Rs 47/day) would be considered poor in cities, as against the Tendulkar Committee's suggestion of Rs 1,000 a month (Rs 33/day).

In villages, those spending less than Rs 972 a month (Rs 32/day) would be considered poor. This is much higher than Rs 816 a month (Rs 27/day) recommended by Tendulkar Committee.

In absolute terms, the number of poor in India stood at 36.3 crore in 2011-12, down from 45.4 crore in 2009-10, as per the Rangarajan panel.

Tendulkar Committee, however, had suggested that the number of poor was 35.4 crore in 2009-10 and 26.9 crore in 2011-12.

II

New poverty line: Rs 32 per day in villages, Rs 47 in cities

Mahendra Kumar Singh New Delhi:

TNN

Poverty2.jpg

The Times of India Jul 07 2014

Rangarajan Panel Puts Number Of Poor At 363m

Those spending over Rs 32 a day in rural areas and Rs 47 in towns and cities should not be considered poor, an expert panel headed by former RBI governor C Rangarajan said in a report submitted to the BJP government last week.

The recommendation, which comes just ahead of the budget session of Parliament, is expected to generate fresh debate over the poverty measure as the committee's report has only raised the bar marginally . Based on the Suresh Tendulkar panel's recommendations in 2011 12, the poverty line had been fixed at Rs 27 in rural areas and Rs 33 in urban areas, levels at which getting two meals may be difficult.

The Rangarajan committee was tasked with revisiting the Tendulkar formula for estimation of poverty and identification of the poor after a massive public outcry erupted over the ab normally low poverty lines fixed by UPA government.

The panel's recommendation, however, results in an increase in the below poverty line population, estimated at 363 million in 2011-12, compared with the 270 million estimate based on the Tendulkar formula -a rise of 35%. This means 29.5% of InT dia's population lives below the poverty line as defined by the Rangarajan committee, as against 21.9% according to Tendulkar. For 2009-10, Rangarajan has estimated that the share of BPL group in total population was 38.2%, translating into a decline in poverty ratio by 8.7 percentage points over a twoyear period.

The real change is in urban areas where the BPL number is projected to have nearly doubled to 102.5 million based on Rangarajan's estimates, compared to 53 million based on the previous committee's recommendations. So, based on the new measure, in 2011-12, 26.4% of the people living in urban areas were BPL, compared to 35.1% in 2009-10.

In case of rural areas, the rise is of the order of 20% to 260.5 million, compared to around 217 million based on the Tendulkar formula. Rang arajan's estimates would put the BPL share of total population in rural areas at 30.9%, compared to 39.6% in 2009-10.

Documents accessed by TOI show that the Rangarajan panel has suggested to the government that those spending more than Rs 972 a month in rural areas and Rs 1,407 a month in urban areas in 2011-12 do not fall under the definition of poverty .

If calculated on a daily basis, this translates into a per capita expenditure of Rs 32 per day in rural areas and Rs 47 per day in urban areas in 2011-12.

Decline in 2018

South and east lead; central India worst off

2018: Poverty decline most in south and east India, and the least in central India.
From: April 24, 2019: The Times of India


See graphic  :

2018: Poverty decline most in south and east India, and the least in central India.

2017-18

World Data Lab estimates

Surojit Gupta, New data may show big cut in no. of poor, January 27, 2019: The Times of India

2017-18: the extent by which poverty might have fallen in India
From: Surojit Gupta, New data may show big cut in no. of poor, January 27, 2019: The Times of India

Fresh Govt Numbers To Be Out In June

India may have reduced extreme poverty far more effectively than most of us are aware of. The last official data is eight years old. In 2011, 268 million were surviving on less than $1.90 a day, the World Bank measure for extreme poverty. The next round of data on household consumption is likely to come out in June, and it may well show a drastic drop in the number of poor.

India’s chief statistician Pravin Srivastava told TOI that data will be published in June. Poverty estimates are derived from household consumption data. According to the World Data Lab, which monitors global poverty using advanced statistical models, less than 50 million Indians may be living on less than $1.90 a day now.

“The soon-to-be-largest country in the world has been reducing extreme poverty fast and the world may have underestimated India’s achievements,” a report by thinktank Brookings said.


‘Poverty has declined in India since 2004-05’

India’s last household survey of 2017/18 (to be released in 2019) captures household consumption more comprehensively — it will include an adjustment for owner-occupied housing and measure other items in accordance with international practices,” a report by thinktank Brookings said.

Economists said rapid economic growth and the use of technology for social sector programmes have helped make a significant dent in extreme poverty in the country. “As such there has been a decline in poverty for quite some time. Since 2004-05 there is a sustained decline in extreme poverty,” said N R Bhanumurthy, professor at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.

India vis-a-vis other countries

8 Indian states poorer than Africa’s 26 poorest

Times of India


London: Eight Indian states, including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, together account for more poor people than the 26 poorest African nations combined, a new ‘‘multidimensional’’ measure of global poverty has said.

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed and applied by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) with UNDP support and will feature in the forthcoming 20th anniversary edition of the UNDP Human Development Report due late October. The MPI, which supplants the Human Poverty Index, assesses a range of critical factors or ‘‘deprivations’’ at the household level: from education to health outcomes to assets and services.

An analysis by MPI creators reveals that there are more ‘MPI poor’ people in eight Indian states (42.1 crore in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal) than in the 26 poorest African countries combined (41 crore).

In fact, according to the new measure that includes key services such as water, sanitation and electricity, half of the world’s poor live in South Asia (51% or 84.4 crore) and one quarter in Africa (28% or 45.8 crore).

Niger has the greatest intensity and incidence of poverty in any country, with 93% of its population classified as poor in MPI terms.

AGENCIES Deprivation Count 42 crore poor in Bihar, Jharkhand, UP, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Rajasthan and West Bengal compared to 41 crore in 26 of Africa’s poorest countries Half of world’s poor (48.4cr) live in south Asia, a quarter in Africa (45.8crore), says new Multi-dimensional Poverty Index Of 104 countries surveyed (5.2bn people in all), 1.7bn live in poverty

2017: the share of India, China in the world’s poor

NEW LINES, BUT INDIA STILL HOME TO BIGGEST CHUNK OF GLOBAL POOR, November 2, 2017: The Times of India 

Poverty line, PPP$ per hour, India vis-à-vis China
From: NEW LINES, BUT INDIA STILL HOME TO BIGGEST CHUNK OF GLOBAL POOR, November 2, 2017: The Times of India


In November 2017, the World Bank has started reporting poverty rates for all countries using two new international poverty lines: a lower middle-income line, set at $3.20 per day, and an upper middle-income line, set at $5.50 per day. These are in addition to the main poverty line of $1.90 per day. The new lines are supposed to serve two purposes. One, they account for the fact that “achieving the same set of capabilities may need a different set of goods and services in different countries“ and, specifically, a costlier set in richer countries. Second, “they allow for cross-country comparisons and benchmarking both within and across developing regions“.Using the $1.90 line, the incidence of poverty in lower middle-income countries is 15.5%, as against 45.8% in low-income countries. However, using the $3.20 line, 46.7% of the population of lower middle-income countries is poor. Similarly, for upper middle-income countries, the proportion of the poor at $1.90 is just 2.3%, but at $ 5.50 it is 29.2%.

2016-18: India’s international position improves

June 27, 2018: The Times of India

Congo, India and Nigeria- No. of people living in extreme poverty, 2016-18
From: June 27, 2018: The Times of India


HIGHLIGHTS

India has finally shed the dubious distinction of being home to the largest number of poor, with Nigeria taking that unwanted position in May 2018

If present trends continue, India could drop to No. 3 later this year, with the Democratic Republic of the Congo taking the number 2 spot


In the time that it takes you to read this article, several Indians will have escaped the clutches of extreme poverty. In fact, about 44 Indians come out of extreme poverty every minute, one of the fastest rates of poverty reduction in the world. As a result, India has finally shed the dubious distinction of being home to the largest number of poor, with Nigeria taking that unwanted position in May 2018.

If present trends continue, India could drop to No. 3 later this year, with the Democratic Republic of the Congo taking the number 2 spot. Defining extreme poverty as living on less than $1.9 a day, a recent study published in a Brookings blog says that by 2022, less than 3% of Indians will be poor and extreme poverty could be eliminated altogether by 2030.

The study, published in the ‘Future Development’ blog of Brookings, says, “At the end of May 2018, our trajectories suggest that Nigeria had about 87 million people in extreme poverty, compared with India’s 73 million. What is more, extreme poverty in Nigeria is growing by six people every minute, while poverty in India continues to fall.”

However, the estimates of extreme poverty reduction may not match with Indian numbers because of differences in how poverty is measured. According to the World Bank, between 2004 and 2011 poverty declined in India from 38.9% of the population to 21.2% (2011 purchasing power parity at $1.9 per person per day).

Economists said the finding of the study supports the argument that rapid economic growth had helped make a dent in extreme poverty. “Basically it supports the growth story and the 1991 economic reforms that have helped reduce poverty,” said N R Bhanumurthy, professor at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy. “Going ahead, the challenge is to meet the Sustainable Development Goals, which will help realise the study’s findings that India would be able to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030,” he said.

Bhanumurthy said the assumption that India would be able to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030 seems realistic given the country’s record in the past 10 years in reducing poverty and its ability to meet the Millennium Development Goals. “But to achieve that we must continue to grow at 7%-8% for the remaining period,” he said. The UN-sponsored Sustainable Development Goals aim to eliminate global poverty by 2030.

The benchmark projections of poverty by country imply a high speed of poverty reduction in South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, fuelled by the high rates of income per capita growth in India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, China and Pakistan, the study says. It showed global income increases in the last decades have led to systematic decreases in poverty rates worldwide, with the experience in India and China having played the most important role when it comes to the overall number of persons escaping absolute poverty.

At the heart of the study is the World Poverty Clock. It takes into account household surveys and projections of economic growth from the IMF’s World Economic Outlook. These form the basic building blocks for poverty trajectories computed for 188 countries. The study said that Africa accounts for about two-thirds of the world’s extreme poor.

If current trends persist, they will account for nine-tenths by 2030. Fourteen out of 18 countries in the world where the number of extreme poor is rising are in Africa, it added. The study model estimated that on September 1, 2017, 647 million people lived in extreme poverty. “Every minute 70 people escape poverty (or 1.2 people per second). This is close to the Sustainable Development Goal target (92 people per minute, or 1.5 per second) and allows us to estimate that around 36 million people have escaped extreme poverty in the year 2016,” it added.

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