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| − | + | Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge | |
| − | + | V | |
| − | + | ol. 11(1), January 2012, pp. 70-77 | |
| − | + | Traditional, ethnic and fermented foods of different tribes of Manipur | |
| − | + | Devi P & Suresh Kumar P | |
| − | + | * | |
| − | + | ICAR RC NEH Region, AP centre, Basar, Arunachal Pradesh- 791101 | |
| − | + | E-mail | |
| − | + | : | |
| − | + | psureshars@gmail.com | |
| − | + | Received 03.12.09; revised 10.08.10 | |
| − | + | Traditional knowledge exists among different tribes on preparing boiled foods, fermented foods, beverages and | |
| − | + | nutritionally rich traditional foods from various indigenous crop plants, forest products and meat of wild and domesticated | |
| − | + | animals. Manipur has great ethno-cultural diversity, with two major tribes, the | |
| − | + | Nagas | |
| − | + | and the | |
| − | + | Kukis | |
| − | + | . The | |
| − | + | Naga | |
| − | + | tribe | |
| − | + | comprises the | |
| − | + | Maring | |
| − | + | , | |
| − | + | Mao, Maram, Kabui, Tangkhul, Tadubi, Kolya, Khoiras/Mayangkhong, Koirangs, Chirus and | |
| − | + | Maring | |
| − | + | where as the | |
| − | + | Kuki | |
| − | + | tribe comprises the | |
| − | + | Mizos, Paite, Thadou and Vaiphei. Meitei | |
| − | + | and | |
| − | + | Meitei Pangals | |
| − | + | are two non | |
| − | + | tribal communities of Manipur who has individual identity. The traditional foods of the | |
| − | + | Manipuries | |
| − | + | comprises | |
| − | + | Iromba, | |
| − | + | Champhu, Kangshoi, Hawaichar, Soibum, Ngaree, , Paknam, Chagem pomba, Kangshu, Hentak, Khazing, Heikak, sticky | |
| − | + | rice chapatti/bread, | |
| − | + | etc | |
| − | + | . | |
| − | + | Alcoholic beverages made up of rice are very common in almost all the festivals of the tribal | |
| − | + | peoples of Manipur locally called as | |
| − | + | Yu. | |
| − | + | Among different produces, the people of Manipur have the habit of taking variety | |
| − | + | of leafy vegetables which are available in plenty in the dense forests. | |
| − | + | Keywords: | |
| − | + | Manipur, Traditional foods, Fermented foods, Bamboo products, Ethnic foods | |
| − | + | IPC Int. Cl. | |
| − | + | 8 | |
| − | + | : | |
| − | + | A47G, A47G 19/26, A47J 39/02, B01D 3/00, C12C 11/00, C12C 12/04, C12C 7/00, A01G 16/00 | |
| − | + | Manipur is one of the eight states of Northeast India, | |
| − | + | bounded by Nagaland in the North, Mizoram in the | |
| − | + | South, Assam in the West, and by the borders of the | |
| − | + | country Myanmar in the East as well as in the part of | |
| − | + | South. The state lies at latitude of 23°83’N - 25°68’N | |
| − | + | and longitude of 93°03’E - 94°78’E. The total area | |
| − | + | covered by the state is 22,327 km² with the population | |
| − | + | of 23, 88, 634. The major crops of this state are | |
| − | + | wheat, pulses, paddy, maize, sugarcane, potato and | |
| − | + | mustard. The major fruits are pineapple, banana, | |
| − | + | papaya, passion fruit, orange, lemon and mango. The | |
| − | + | major vegetables are cabbage, cauliflower, pea, french | |
| − | + | bean and tomato. The major forest products are oak, | |
| − | + | teak, pine, cane, bamboo, | |
| − | + | leihao | |
| − | + | and | |
| − | + | uningthou | |
| − | + | . The | |
| − | + | major export products are bamboo shoot products | |
| − | + | ginger, pineapple, mushroom, etc | |
| − | + | 1 | |
| − | + | . Glutinous rice is | |
| − | + | cultivated in the valley and inter-most river basins of | |
| − | + | the hills. Transplantation methods in the valley | |
| − | + | cultivations led to substantial growth of population | |
| − | + | with a distinct peasantry, associated with riverine and | |
| − | + | lacustrine village settlements. | |
| − | + | The Government of Manipur had recognized 32 | |
| − | + | different tribes. They are: | |
| − | + | Animol, Chothe, Kacha | |
| − | + | Naga, Kom, Maring, Paite, Sema, Tarao, Anal, | |
| − | + | Gante, Kharem, Lamgang, Mao, Poumi Naga, Simte, | |
| − | + | Thadou, Angami, Hmar, Koirao, Luisai, Mansang, | |
| − | + | Purum, Sahlte, Vaipei, Chiru, Kabui, Koirangm, | |
| − | + | Maram, Mayon, Ralte, Tangkhul and Jou. | |
| − | + | These tribes come into two major tribes, i.e. i) | |
| − | + | Naga | |
| − | + | : The | |
| − | + | Naga | |
| − | + | tribe comprises the | |
| − | + | Maring | |
| − | + | , | |
| − | + | Mao, Maram, Kabui, Tangkhul, Tadubi, Kolya, | |
| − | + | Khoiras/Mayangkhong, Koirangs, Chirus and Maring | |
| − | + | 2 | |
| − | + | . | |
| − | + | They occupy the Northern and North-western hills | |
| − | + | of Manipur. The staple food is rice which is cooked | |
| − | + | either in earthern pot/metal pot or in bamboo tube. | |
| − | + | Young bamboo shoots are collected during summer | |
| − | + | season and are peeled, dried and then added with | |
| − | + | rice for consumption. ii) | |
| − | + | Kuki | |
| − | + | : They are also known | |
| − | + | as | |
| − | + | Khongois. | |
| − | + | They occupy the South western | |
| − | + | and South eastern hills and is wide spread in the | |
| − | + | district of Churachandpur, Tangnoupal and Sadar hills | |
| − | + | in the northern Manipur. This tribe comprises | |
| − | + | the | |
| − | + | Mizos, Paite, Thadou and Vaiphei | |
| − | + | 2 | |
| − | + | . Rice is the | |
| − | + | staple food and there is certain restriction in the | |
| + | consumption of animal flesh. Rice beer ( | ||
| + | Yu | ||
| + | ) is the | ||
| + | most important alcoholic beverages in all the festivals | ||
| + | of this tribe | ||
| + | 3 | ||
| + | . Dried fish is eaten by almost all the | ||
| + | ethnic groups. All type of domestic animals is eaten | ||
| + | except cat. They also eat locusts, dog, all kinds of | ||
| + | birds and frogs. | ||
| + | —————— | ||
| + | * | ||
| + | Corresponding author | ||
| + | DEVI & SURESH KUMAR: TRADITIONAL FOODS OF MANIPUR | ||
| + | 71 | ||
| + | Meitei | ||
| + | and | ||
| + | Meitei Pangals | ||
| + | are the communities of | ||
| + | Manipur which does not belong to tribes. The | ||
| + | meiteis | ||
| + | are distributed in the main valley and fish is the | ||
| + | common article of diet. Rice is the staple food and | ||
| + | wheat is not taken in the form of | ||
| + | chappatti | ||
| + | or | ||
| + | roti | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | The majorities of | ||
| + | Meitei Pangals | ||
| + | occupies the | ||
| + | Thoubal district and follow the Islamic way of life. | ||
| + | The region as a whole provides an exotic mosaic, rich | ||
| + | in the tapestry of colour, rhythm and movement | ||
| + | 3 | ||
| + | . All | ||
| + | the ethnic groups living in the hills and the valley | ||
| + | prefer wild plants/plant parts as foods to introduce | ||
| + | cultivate plants. Though many of these plants are | ||
| + | available, nowadays the number and quality of | ||
| + | species are much less than past. Very few numbers of | ||
| + | introduced plants are replacing this vast number of | ||
| + | wild plants. | ||
| + | Different tribes have their own traditional foods | ||
| + | and beverages. The traditional food habits of tribal | ||
| + | population of the state are very simple and have to do | ||
| + | with the festival and rituals which forms a mosaic of | ||
| + | ethnic cultural combinations | ||
| + | 3 | ||
| + | . Traditional knowledge | ||
| + | exists among different tribes on preparing boiled | ||
| + | foods, fermented foods, beverages and nutritionally | ||
| + | rich traditional foods from various indigenous crop | ||
| + | plants, forest products and meat of wild and | ||
| + | domesticated animals. These foods are part and parcel | ||
| + | of their social spectrum of life. Traditional foods are | ||
| + | not only rich in nutrients but also have certain | ||
| + | curative properties against many diseases and | ||
| + | disorders | ||
| + | 4 | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Meitei | ||
| + | diet has been influenced by many | ||
| + | other cultures due to various socio political reasons. | ||
| + | Sanskritisation is one of the biggest factors that | ||
| + | influence the change of dietary habit. From the meat | ||
| + | eater they became fish eater, and those who accepted | ||
| + | the Hinduism to its extreme even gave up fish and | ||
| + | became pure vegetarian. The | ||
| + | Manipuris | ||
| + | are usually | ||
| + | two meals eater, one in the morning and the other in | ||
| + | the evening /night. Occasionally, enjoy taking | ||
| + | Sinju | ||
| + | vegetable salad with fermented fish or roasted gram | ||
| + | flour. Alcoholic beverages of different tribal | ||
| + | communities have received attention of several | ||
| + | ethnobotanists and anthropologists. Introduction of | ||
| + | fast foods thorough globalization process, | ||
| + | accompanied by decrease in the use of traditional | ||
| + | foods of local tribe has resulted in many diseases | ||
| + | notably diabetes, heart diseases, and anaemia | ||
| + | particularly to pregnant and lactating women | ||
| + | 5 | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Though the new generation of tribes adopted to | ||
| + | modern food habits, due to its importance, it is | ||
| + | imperative to document the traditional food products | ||
| + | and their importance among different tribal | ||
| + | communities. | ||
| + | Methodology | ||
| + | The present study was conducted in Manipur state | ||
| + | covering all the districts. Thirty different villages | ||
| + | covering 200 different tribal people were conducted to | ||
| + | make the final conclusion. The population is covered | ||
| + | in such a way that it comprises of more than 50% | ||
| + | elders as they practice those traditional practices | ||
| + | still in household. The response of all sampled | ||
| + | respondents was recorded. A questionnaire after | ||
| + | pretesting and thereafter editing by amending, | ||
| + | recording errors and deleting queries that were | ||
| + | obviously erroneous was filled through structured | ||
| + | participatory interviews at the site residence of rural | ||
| + | people. Secondary information was collected from | ||
| + | district agriculture information centre, books, reports, | ||
| + | and electronic and non- electronic sources. The use of | ||
| + | multiple sources of information was intended to | ||
| + | increase `construct validity of the case study in terms | ||
| + | of seeking convergent lines of inquiry. | ||
| + | Results and discussion | ||
| + | Dietary pattern | ||
| + | Staple diet of the | ||
| + | Manipuries | ||
| + | is rice mixed with | ||
| + | Bora/Bada | ||
| + | fried or roasted peas or gram or | ||
| + | Kangou, | ||
| + | the fried vegetable and pulse. Rice is also eaten | ||
| + | with seasonal vegetables cooked with smoked, dried | ||
| + | or fermented fish. The | ||
| + | meitei | ||
| + | loves it mixed | ||
| + | with vegetable chutney ( | ||
| + | Iromba | ||
| + | )/boiled delicacy | ||
| + | ( | ||
| + | Champhut and Kangshoi | ||
| + | ). This is a mixture of | ||
| + | various boiled vegetable mashed with fermented | ||
| + | fish and chillies. Others like | ||
| + | Parkia | ||
| + | roxburghii | ||
| + | ( | ||
| + | Yongchak | ||
| + | ), lotus rhizome ( | ||
| + | Thambou | ||
| + | ), green | ||
| + | Makhana ( | ||
| + | Thangjing | ||
| + | ), etc are | ||
| + | Manipuries | ||
| + | exclusives. | ||
| + | The | ||
| + | Meities | ||
| + | eats more than hundred varieties of leafy | ||
| + | vegetables. They learnt a very special art of | ||
| + | fermenting soyabean, bamboo shoots and fishes from | ||
| + | time immemorial. They make | ||
| + | Hawaichar | ||
| + | from | ||
| + | soyabean, | ||
| + | Soibum | ||
| + | , | ||
| + | Shoidon | ||
| + | and | ||
| + | Soijin | ||
| + | from the | ||
| + | bamboo shoots. | ||
| + | Ngaree | ||
| + | and | ||
| + | Hentak | ||
| + | are made from | ||
| + | the small fishes. Carefully done fermentation is very | ||
| + | important for the safety reasons. Otherwise occasional | ||
| + | food poisoning is heard from | ||
| + | hawaichar | ||
| + | and mixed | ||
| + | vegetable salad/chutney | ||
| + | 7 | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Iromba | ||
| + | an eclectic combination of fresh vegetables, | ||
| + | bamboo shoots, fermented fish and chillies. | ||
| + | Heithongba | ||
| + | is a pungent dish of lemon, sugar, salt, | ||
| + | aonla | ||
| + | and tamarind. | ||
| + | Maroi morok thongba | ||
| + | , is another | ||
| + | INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE VOL 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2012 | ||
| + | 72 | ||
| + | type of speciality. | ||
| + | M | ||
| + | orok | ||
| + | stands for green chilli, as a | ||
| + | result, this dish is bit hot in taste. | ||
| + | Madhurjan | ||
| + | is a | ||
| + | sweet made of milk, sugar and gramflour. A black | ||
| + | lentil called | ||
| + | Ooty | ||
| + | is compulsory at all feasts. | ||
| + | Vegetables consist of cauliflower/ | ||
| + | lai patha | ||
| + | called | ||
| + | Sak | ||
| + | with pumpkin made into a hot and spicy curry along | ||
| + | with spinach and banana inflorescence. A wonderful | ||
| + | salad called | ||
| + | Sinju | ||
| + | made of finely shredded vegetables | ||
| + | and raw papaya, tossed in herbs. A dessert made of | ||
| + | rice called | ||
| + | chak-hao | ||
| + | is deep violet in colour and is | ||
| + | combined with milk, sugar, coconut and dry fruits. | ||
| + | Suktani | ||
| + | is a combination of neem leaves, | ||
| + | basak | ||
| + | leaves | ||
| + | and sugar. | ||
| + | Sweet Kabok | ||
| + | is made up of molasses and | ||
| + | rice is a famous snack among the | ||
| + | Manipuries | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Preparation of some Traditional foods | ||
| + | Soyabean products | ||
| + | Hawaichar | ||
| + | Hawaijar | ||
| + | is an indigenous traditional fermented | ||
| + | soyabean with characteristic flavour and stickiness. It | ||
| + | is consumed commonly in the local diet as a low cost | ||
| + | source of high protein food and plays an economical, | ||
| + | social and cultural role in Manipur. There is intent to | ||
| + | upgrade the status of | ||
| + | Hawaijar | ||
| + | in order to increase its | ||
| + | marketability and profitability. In the traditional | ||
| + | method of | ||
| + | Hawaijar | ||
| + | preparation, medium and small | ||
| + | sized soyabean ( | ||
| + | Glycine max | ||
| + | L.) seeds are cleaned | ||
| + | and sorted. The graded soyabean seeds are dipped in | ||
| + | water where the water level should be twice than that | ||
| + | of the seeds and leave it overnight. The seeds are | ||
| + | washed properly for two to three times with running | ||
| + | water which is followed by cooking either by using | ||
| + | pressure cooker or by conventional methods. The | ||
| + | solid portion, i.e. the cooked soybean was placed in a | ||
| + | bamboo basket after draining off the water portion. The | ||
| + | greasy portion is washed with lukewarm water till it | ||
| + | becomes non-greasy, and the remaining water was | ||
| + | drained off completely and the content is turned upside | ||
| + | down once or twice. The water portion is said to be | ||
| + | useful in washing cloths in olden times. The drained | ||
| + | water is believed to help in curing TB and also good | ||
| + | for women. Thrice folded cloth is placed in a coarse | ||
| + | bamboo basket. A thick layer of | ||
| + | Ficus hispida | ||
| + | leaves, | ||
| + | locally known as | ||
| + | Asse heibong | ||
| + | or banana ( | ||
| + | Musa | ||
| + | spp.) | ||
| + | leaves are placed upon it. The cooked soyabeans are | ||
| + | placed in alternate layers above that. At the end, | ||
| + | another cloth which is folded 2 to 3 times is placed and | ||
| + | then the whole content is tied tightly with another cloth | ||
| + | to make air tight. This should be placed under the sun | ||
| + | during day times and near the fireplace at night in order | ||
| + | to let the fermentation process complete properly and | ||
| + | also to avoid maggots damage. The fermented | ||
| + | soyabean, i.e. | ||
| + | hawaichar | ||
| + | is ready in 3 days during | ||
| + | summer and during winter it takes 5 days. In order to | ||
| + | add more flavour it was kept near the fireplace as long | ||
| + | as possible. Ancient time’s rice husks were used | ||
| + | instead of cloth. | ||
| + | Hawaichar | ||
| + | can be eaten raw with salt | ||
| + | and chilli or cooked, etc. The preparation of | ||
| + | hawaichar | ||
| + | by natural fermentation leads to variation in quality due | ||
| + | to varying methodologies, fermentation time and | ||
| + | temperature of incubation. The fermentation takes | ||
| + | place under uncontrolled environmental conditions that | ||
| + | often leads to unsuccessful fermentation and poor | ||
| + | quality products which might be due to native | ||
| + | fermenting microflora | ||
| + | 8 | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | The traditional | ||
| + | hawaichar | ||
| + | is characterised by its | ||
| + | alkalinity ( | ||
| + | p | ||
| + | H 8.0-8.2), stickiness, and pungent | ||
| + | odour. The preparation of | ||
| + | hawaichar | ||
| + | is very simple, | ||
| + | similar to that of Japanese | ||
| + | Itohiki-Natto | ||
| + | (the whole | ||
| + | soyabean seed is used for fermentation) | ||
| + | 9 | ||
| + | . But in | ||
| + | Kinema | ||
| + | (another Indian fermented soyabean), it is | ||
| + | dehulled and cracked into pieces before fermentation | ||
| + | 10 | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Unlike | ||
| + | Kinema | ||
| + | there is no addition of firewood ash | ||
| + | during | ||
| + | hawaichar | ||
| + | production. Microorganisms were | ||
| + | isolated and identified in | ||
| + | hawaichar | ||
| + | by molecular | ||
| + | techniques and resulted that three major phylogenic | ||
| + | group, i.e. | ||
| + | Bacillus | ||
| + | group comprising | ||
| + | Bacillus subtilis | ||
| + | and | ||
| + | Bacillus | ||
| + | licheniformis, | ||
| + | and | ||
| + | Staphylococcus spp. | ||
| + | comprising | ||
| + | Staphylococcus aureus | ||
| + | and | ||
| + | Staphylococcus | ||
| + | sciuri | ||
| + | are involved | ||
| + | 11 | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Dried Hawaichar | ||
| + | There are two types of dried | ||
| + | hawaichar | ||
| + | commonly | ||
| + | prepared by the people of Manipur. The first method | ||
| + | involves the common technique of making | ||
| + | hawaijar | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | After one week of preparation, salt is mixed along | ||
| + | with the | ||
| + | hawaijar | ||
| + | . The whole content is poured in a | ||
| + | bamboo (any bamboo with a longer internodes, bigger | ||
| + | hole and thinner outer part) where it is sealed with the | ||
| + | bamboo leaves and tied very tightly with a plastic | ||
| + | sheet. This is then placed in top of the fire place in the | ||
| + | kitchen for one week. The | ||
| + | hawaijar | ||
| + | obtained from | ||
| + | this has lesser smell and taste better. This can be kept | ||
| + | for a longer period of time. The second method is to | ||
| + | dry the fermented soyabean i.e. | ||
| + | hawaijar | ||
| + | in direct | ||
| + | sunlight and make it moisture free. | ||
| + | Pickled hawaijar | ||
| + | This method is practiced recently by the people of | ||
| + | Manipur. The fermented soyabean i.e. the | ||
| + | hawaijar | ||
| + | is | ||
| + | DEVI & SURESH KUMAR: TRADITIONAL FOODS OF MANIPUR | ||
| + | 73 | ||
| + | fried in oil along with some | ||
| + | m | ||
| + | asala | ||
| + | and add a pinch | ||
| + | of salt to taste. This is then filled in a bottle along | ||
| + | with the excess oil and sealed. This can be stored for a | ||
| + | longer period of time. | ||
| + | Paknam | ||
| + | Onion leaves, chilli, salt, half tablespoon of sodium | ||
| + | bicarbonate, turmeric, spices, | ||
| + | garam masala | ||
| + | and | ||
| + | ngari | ||
| + | are required for the preparation of | ||
| + | paknam | ||
| + | . All | ||
| + | the contents are smashed properly then gram flour is | ||
| + | added into it, which should be mixed thoroughly and | ||
| + | placed in one or two layers of turmeric leaves. The | ||
| + | whole content is baked on a hot pan and a heavy | ||
| + | weight is placed upon. After 30 to 45 minutes it | ||
| + | imparts a typical flavour which indicates the product | ||
| + | is cooked. | ||
| + | Paknam | ||
| + | can be stored for a day or two at | ||
| + | the maximum. | ||
| + | Tree mushroom | ||
| + | paknam | ||
| + | can also be prepared | ||
| + | where all the ingredients are the same except that no | ||
| + | besan | ||
| + | and sodium bicarbonate is added and tree | ||
| + | mushroom is added along with the other ingredients. | ||
| + | Nganam paknam | ||
| + | is another kind of | ||
| + | paknam | ||
| + | where | ||
| + | small fishes are used while preparing the | ||
| + | paknam | ||
| + | . In | ||
| + | this case also, no | ||
| + | besan | ||
| + | (gram flour) and sodium | ||
| + | bicarbonate is added while small amount of asafoetida | ||
| + | and cut green chillies are added. | ||
| + | Chagem Pomba | ||
| + | Cucumber, carrot leaf, squash and its leaves, etc | ||
| + | are taken and then broken rice is added to it of about | ||
| + | 50 gm Some other vegetables which are cut into small | ||
| + | pieces can also be added. The contents are fried in | ||
| + | mustard oil, but stirring with spoon is restricted. All | ||
| + | the spices are added and a small amount of asafoetida | ||
| + | to it and kept it for at least 2 whistles in pressure | ||
| + | cooker. Fennel ( | ||
| + | Foeniculum vulgare | ||
| + | ) was added when | ||
| + | almost cooked, instead of coriander in it. | ||
| + | Sea food based products | ||
| + | Ngari | ||
| + | For the preparation of | ||
| + | ngari | ||
| + | (fermented fish), a | ||
| + | typical small type of fish locally called as | ||
| + | phabou nga | ||
| + | is used. Daily meal of | ||
| + | Manipuries | ||
| + | is never completed | ||
| + | without | ||
| + | ngari | ||
| + | , which is eaten either in the form of | ||
| + | chutney ( | ||
| + | iromba or morok metpa | ||
| + | ) or as an ingredient | ||
| + | in other curries. The | ||
| + | phabou nga | ||
| + | is washed | ||
| + | thoroughly with water and sundried properly till it | ||
| + | becomes crispy. Crushing of the fish head should be | ||
| + | done properly with the help of a hammer. A special | ||
| + | vessel is used for the preparation of | ||
| + | ngari | ||
| + | , where | ||
| + | mustard oil is plastered, the dried fish is then stacked | ||
| + | in proper order. The container is closed air tight after | ||
| + | filling. In order to make it air tight, sand is placed on | ||
| + | the top and fermentation is allow to occur naturally. It | ||
| + | takes about 3 to 6 months to mature and ready to eat. | ||
| + | It imparts a typical odour which indicates that the fish | ||
| + | is well fermented and ready for eating. | ||
| + | Kangshu | ||
| + | Kangshu | ||
| + | is another typical traditional food which | ||
| + | is eaten by the | ||
| + | Manipuries | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Centella asiatica | ||
| + | (Indian | ||
| + | pennyworth) is cooked in a pressure cooker up to two | ||
| + | whistles after washing with water for the preparation | ||
| + | of | ||
| + | kangshu | ||
| + | . Product is cut into small pieces after | ||
| + | draining the excess water. | ||
| + | Morok metpa | ||
| + | (mixture of | ||
| + | ngari | ||
| + | , chilli and salt) is added in it and is mixed | ||
| + | thoroughly. To add flavour roasted prawn or fish is | ||
| + | added and finally coriander is added. | ||
| + | Kangshu | ||
| + | can | ||
| + | also be prepared by using bamboo shoots instead of | ||
| + | Centella asiatica | ||
| + | . In this case, the bamboo shoots are | ||
| + | cut into pieces after washing with running water and | ||
| + | kept it overnight, and then the next day it is again | ||
| + | washed and cooked in a pressure cooker. Thereafter | ||
| + | the same procedure is followed as in case of the | ||
| + | above. | ||
| + | Hentak | ||
| + | Hentak | ||
| + | was used by the | ||
| + | Manipuries | ||
| + | before | ||
| + | ngari | ||
| + | came into existence. | ||
| + | Phabou nga | ||
| + | or | ||
| + | ngakha | ||
| + | is used | ||
| + | for | ||
| + | hentak | ||
| + | preparation,. This fish are sun dried after | ||
| + | thorough washing till the moisture content in the fish | ||
| + | is the lowest. It is then crushed into powder form. | ||
| + | Wild | ||
| + | colocasia | ||
| + | stem is crushed after washing and | ||
| + | cutting into pieces. The powdered fish and the | ||
| + | crushed wild | ||
| + | colocasia | ||
| + | stem are mixed properly and | ||
| + | are rolled in round form and stored in a container, | ||
| + | then after 3 days it is again crushed with the help of a | ||
| + | pestle and mortar. This crushing is done at a regular | ||
| + | interval if to be stored for a longer period of time. | ||
| + | Instead of | ||
| + | colocasia | ||
| + | stem, onion can also be used but | ||
| + | hentak | ||
| + | made out of it can not be stored for long. | ||
| + | Khazing | ||
| + | It is the small sized prawn which is available in the | ||
| + | Loktak lake | ||
| + | of Manipur. | ||
| + | Khazing | ||
| + | is available in the | ||
| + | market as dried form or is consumed in fresh form. | ||
| + | When it is thoroughly dried, it is used in making | ||
| + | curries. Dried | ||
| + | Khazing | ||
| + | has a very long shelf life. In | ||
| + | other way, the freshly catch | ||
| + | Khazing | ||
| + | is fried along | ||
| + | with mint leaves ( | ||
| + | Mentha arvensis | ||
| + | ). | ||
| + | Heikak | ||
| + | Heikak | ||
| + | is a hydrophilic plant and the fruit is black | ||
| + | in colour and irregular in shape is consumed by | ||
| + | INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE VOL 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2012 | ||
| + | 74 | ||
| + | almost all the people of Manipur. It is consumed by | ||
| + | e | ||
| + | ither boiling it in water or by converting it into flour | ||
| + | and used for preparing | ||
| + | chapatti | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Sticky rice chapatti/bread | ||
| + | This kind of | ||
| + | chapatti | ||
| + | or bread is prepared during | ||
| + | the festivals like | ||
| + | Gan-ngai or Lui-ngai ni | ||
| + | or | ||
| + | Christmas by the youths. The required amount of | ||
| + | sticky rice is soaked for 3-4 hrs in plain water then | ||
| + | sun drying is carried out on a bamboo tray known as | ||
| + | yankok | ||
| + | locally. When it is dried completely with the | ||
| + | least moisture in it, grinding is done in a mortar till it | ||
| + | becomes powder. The coarser part is removed with | ||
| + | the help of a sieve and ground again. In another | ||
| + | container sugar solution is prepared, the amount of | ||
| + | sugar depends upon the desired taste of the person. | ||
| + | Now, the rice flour is mixed with the sugar syrup and | ||
| + | chapatti | ||
| + | is prepared. | ||
| + | Bread can be prepared in two | ||
| + | different methods, i.e. | ||
| + | 1 | ||
| + | Boiled method: | ||
| + | In this method, the mixture of | ||
| + | rice flour with the sugar syrup is made very hard | ||
| + | and round in shape which is then wrapped with | ||
| + | cardamom leaves and tied properly. In another | ||
| + | container water is boiled and the above content is | ||
| + | poured and cooking is carried out for an hour. | ||
| + | This kind of bread can be kept for one week but | ||
| + | gets hard if kept for long so, the cardamom leaves | ||
| + | are removed and the content is fried in oil. | ||
| + | 2 | ||
| + | Fried method: | ||
| + | The mixture of rice flour with the | ||
| + | sugar syrup is made softer by adding more water | ||
| + | and made to round shape. A small amount of | ||
| + | edible oil is also added in it. Then in the fire place | ||
| + | some charcoal is removed just near by and the | ||
| + | content is put on top of it. When this becomes | ||
| + | black in colour, it is turned upside down so that | ||
| + | the other part also becomes black. The upper | ||
| + | black portion is scraped out and the remaining is | ||
| + | used for consumption. This method is the oldest | ||
| + | form of making bread by the hill people of | ||
| + | Manipur. | ||
| + | The | ||
| + | Tangkhul | ||
| + | people of Manipur prepare another | ||
| + | special kind of | ||
| + | chapatti | ||
| + | from | ||
| + | sesame. In this method, | ||
| + | the mixture of rice flour with water is made very hard | ||
| + | and even coarser part of the rice flour can also be | ||
| + | used. No additional items are added with it, not even | ||
| + | salt. Then similar to the fry method, some charcoal is | ||
| + | removed just near by and the content is put on top of | ||
| + | it near the fire. In a mortar, raw sesame is ground | ||
| + | where a small amount of water is sprinkled in it and | ||
| + | salt is added to taste. When oil started coming out | ||
| + | from the sesame the above content is added and | ||
| + | ground along with it. But if excess amount of oil | ||
| + | comes out then it is removed manually. The mixture | ||
| + | can be used in preparation of | ||
| + | chapatti | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Bamboo based products | ||
| + | In Manipur bamboo forest covers an area of around | ||
| + | 3218 sq Km. The most commonly available bamboo | ||
| + | species are | ||
| + | Bambusa aurndinaca (saneibi), | ||
| + | Bambusa pallida (Kal-sundi), Bambusa nana (Khok), | ||
| + | Dendrocalamus giganteus (meiribob), Dendrocalamus | ||
| + | flagellifer (Longa wa), Dendrocalamus hamiltonii | ||
| + | (Wanap/unap/pecha), Dendrocalamus sericeus(Ooii) | ||
| + | and | ||
| + | Melocana bambusoides (Moubi/muli), Teinostachyum | ||
| + | dulooa (Dulu), Teinostachyum wightii(Nath), | ||
| + | Bambusa tulda (Utang). | ||
| + | About 20-30 MT bamboo | ||
| + | shoots are consumed annually for the production of | ||
| + | canned bamboo-shoots. Canning is done either in | ||
| + | brine or in syrup. Export of these canned bamboo | ||
| + | shoots are done in Japan, Singapore, China, Thailand, | ||
| + | Hong kong and UK The chemical constitution of a | ||
| + | raw bamboo shoot in percentage are; moisture, 88.8; | ||
| + | protein, 3.90; fat, 0.5; minerals, 1.10; carbohydrate, | ||
| + | 5.70 and calorific value, 43 Kcal. Some important | ||
| + | products made from bamboo are: | ||
| + | Soibum. | ||
| + | Tender bamboo shoots are collected and | ||
| + | cleaned, outer sheaths should be removed. Only inner | ||
| + | white portion is used for fermentation. There are | ||
| + | many ways for the preparation of fermented bamboo | ||
| + | shoot, i.e. | ||
| + | 1 | ||
| + | Inside a pit: | ||
| + | In this method, a pit is dug and a | ||
| + | basket made by using bamboo of the shape of the | ||
| + | pit is placed into it. Care should be taken to | ||
| + | slightly inclined the bamboo basket while placing | ||
| + | so as to allow the flow of the water produced by | ||
| + | the bamboo shoots during fermentation. Wild | ||
| + | colocasia | ||
| + | leaves is put in and around the pit in a | ||
| + | thick layer of about 2-3 inch, then the bamboo | ||
| + | shoots are made into longitudinal shreds and kept | ||
| + | in air tight condition. The fermented bamboo | ||
| + | shoot is ready for sale or for making curry within | ||
| + | 3 to 5 days. These fermented bamboo shoots are | ||
| + | locally known as | ||
| + | soibum | ||
| + | (Fig. 1). The water | ||
| + | collected from this can also be preserved and is | ||
| + | used again in new fermentation of bamboo shoots. | ||
| + | Now a day, instead of wild | ||
| + | colocasia | ||
| + | leaves, | ||
| + | plastic sheets are used, provided holes are made | ||
| + | in the bottom to allow drainage of water. This | ||
| + | kind of fermented bamboo shoots can be kept for | ||
| + | a longer period of time i.e. for one month or more | ||
| + | DEVI & SURESH KUMAR: TRADITIONAL FOODS OF MANIPUR | ||
| + | 75 | ||
| + | if kept air tight. The degree of sourness shows a | ||
| + | r | ||
| + | apid increase in the initial stage of fermentation | ||
| + | but as it reaches a peak point at about 7-10 days, | ||
| + | it started decreasing. These methods of preparing | ||
| + | fermented bamboo shoots are followed in almost | ||
| + | all the hill districts of Manipur. Bamboo varieties | ||
| + | such as | ||
| + | Sanaibi, Nath, Unal, Longa wa, Meiribob, | ||
| + | Ooii, | ||
| + | etc are used for this purpose. Care should be | ||
| + | taken to avoid varieties such as | ||
| + | Utang | ||
| + | and | ||
| + | Knok | ||
| + | as they are not edible | ||
| + | 12 | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Sanaibi | ||
| + | is the best | ||
| + | bamboo shoot variety for preparation of | ||
| + | fermented bamboo shoots, which is followed by | ||
| + | nath | ||
| + | variety. But | ||
| + | Unal | ||
| + | variety gives better texture | ||
| + | and appearance. | ||
| + | 2 | ||
| + | In an earthen pot | ||
| + | : | ||
| + | This method of the | ||
| + | fermentation of bamboo shoot is the same as | ||
| + | said above, the only difference is that instead of | ||
| + | fermenting the bamboo shoots inside a pit, | ||
| + | an earthen pot is used where a hole is made at | ||
| + | the bottom for the drainage of excess water | ||
| + | during fermentation. During fermentation in an | ||
| + | earthen pot some people prefer to add | ||
| + | Heibung | ||
| + | for enhancing the fermentation and also for a | ||
| + | sourer taste. | ||
| + | 3 | ||
| + | In open condition: | ||
| + | In open condition, wild | ||
| + | colocasia | ||
| + | leaves are used in thick layers. The | ||
| + | sliced bamboo shoots are placed on top of it and | ||
| + | are again covered with these leaves. Fermentation | ||
| + | is allowed to take place in this way. No other | ||
| + | addition is done in this method. | ||
| + | 4 | ||
| + | Dipping in water: | ||
| + | For this method a special | ||
| + | bamboo variety is used i.e. | ||
| + | nath | ||
| + | variety. Locally it | ||
| + | is called | ||
| + | nath ki soibum. | ||
| + | This method is | ||
| + | commonly used by the people of Bishempur | ||
| + | district of Manipur. As the | ||
| + | nath | ||
| + | bamboo is very | ||
| + | small and long, it is sliced longitudinally as whole | ||
| + | for about 2-3 cm and it is placed in a container | ||
| + | (plastic buckets are generally employed these | ||
| + | days) where water is poured just to dipped the | ||
| + | contains. It is covered and kept till sale. The | ||
| + | fermented bamboo shoots are ready to sale after | ||
| + | 3 days. | ||
| + | Nath | ||
| + | variety gives very tasty fermented | ||
| + | bamboo shoots but it can’t be stored for a longer | ||
| + | duration of time. | ||
| + | 5 | ||
| + | Dried | ||
| + | Usoi | ||
| + | (bamboo shoot): | ||
| + | For this purpose | ||
| + | any bamboo shoot variety which is edible is used. | ||
| + | All the bamboo shoots are sliced to small pieces | ||
| + | and is boiled with water then drying in a bamboo | ||
| + | tray under the sun is carried out after draining off | ||
| + | the excess water. This dried bamboo shoots are | ||
| + | packed in plastic sheets and used in off season or | ||
| + | is send for sale | ||
| + | 4 | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | 6 | ||
| + | Dried | ||
| + | soibum | ||
| + | (fermented bamboo shoots): | ||
| + | In | ||
| + | this method, after the completion of normal | ||
| + | fermentation of the bamboo shoots, they are dried | ||
| + | either under the sun or in top of the fire. For this | ||
| + | method the Tankhul people of Manipur uses a | ||
| + | special type of bamboo shoots variety which is | ||
| + | very small and long, locally known as | ||
| + | ngathan | ||
| + | . It | ||
| + | gives a twisted appearance after drying just like | ||
| + | noodles. | ||
| + | 7 | ||
| + | Fermented bamboo shoot Pickle: | ||
| + | The | ||
| + | soibum | ||
| + | in | ||
| + | general (fermented or dried) are consumed by all | ||
| + | the people of Manipur devoid of any caste or | ||
| + | tribe. It is eaten as raw with fermented fish or | ||
| + | boiled and cooked form with any meat or fish or | ||
| + | vegetables. It forms an important food part in all | ||
| + | the festivals observed by the | ||
| + | Manipuries | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Nowadays, in some small scale industries the | ||
| + | bamboo shoots are blanched after slicing into | ||
| + | small pieces in hot water to reduce its enzyme | ||
| + | activity and are treated with KMS (1%) for | ||
| + | 10 min. After which it is sun dried and packed in | ||
| + | an air tight container and is send for sale. | ||
| + | Alcoholic beverages | ||
| + | The commonly consumed alcoholic beverage in | ||
| + | Manipur is prepared from rice. It is commonly known | ||
| + | as | ||
| + | Yu | ||
| + | . In this case, any kind of rice is used for the | ||
| + | preparation of alcoholic beverage but the | ||
| + | Tankhul | ||
| + | tribe used only sticky rice. In some of the alcoholic | ||
| + | beverages yeast is required for conducting the | ||
| + | fermentation. This is prepared as described below. | ||
| + | Preparation of yeast ( | ||
| + | Hamei | ||
| + | ) | ||
| + | The quality of rice beer is partially depending upon | ||
| + | the quality of yeast used. It is otherwise called as | ||
| + | Hamei | ||
| + | by | ||
| + | Kabui | ||
| + | tribes and | ||
| + | Chamri | ||
| + | by the | ||
| + | Tankhul | ||
| + | tribes. For preparation of | ||
| + | Hamei | ||
| + | , finely grinded rice | ||
| + | powder, where the rice was previously soaked in | ||
| + | water for 2-3 hrs is thoroughly mixed with the bark | ||
| + | powders of | ||
| + | Yanglei | ||
| + | (Fig. 2). | ||
| + | The mixture is kept in large vessel and water is | ||
| + | added slowly till the mixture made into paste with the | ||
| + | required consistency. The paste is then spread on the | ||
| + | bamboo mat/banana leaves and made into small cubes | ||
| + | or tablet form. The prepared tablets are sun dried till | ||
| + | the material is completely dried. | ||
| + | Hamei | ||
| + | can be stored | ||
| + | in cool, dry place for over a year. For 1 kg rice, | ||
| + | around 8-10 gm | ||
| + | Yanglei | ||
| + | is added. Three different | ||
| + | kinds of alcoholic beverages are consumed. They are: | ||
| + | INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE VOL 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2012 | ||
| + | 76 | ||
| + | a) | ||
| + | Y | ||
| + | u angouba: | ||
| + | For the preparation of | ||
| + | yu angouba | ||
| + | the rice is soaked in water for around 2-3 hrs | ||
| + | along with some germinated paddy. For 1 Kg rice | ||
| + | around 100gm germinated paddy is added. After | ||
| + | this, the water is drained out and the soaked rice | ||
| + | is crushed with the help of a mortar till powder | ||
| + | form. In another vessel water is boiled and in this | ||
| + | boiled water the crushed rice is added with | ||
| + | continuous stirring till it gets cooled then it is | ||
| + | covered by a muslin cloth and kept for 2-3 days | ||
| + | without any disturbance. Within these days form | ||
| + | started coming out and a typical flavour and | ||
| + | odour is released. This indicates that | ||
| + | yu angouba | ||
| + | is now ready to consume. The | ||
| + | Tankhul | ||
| + | tribe of | ||
| + | Manipur uses a typical pot which is of the shape | ||
| + | of a conical flask, so after pouring the content it is | ||
| + | sealed with cow dung and ashes mixture. This | ||
| + | tribe uses only paddy and not rice for the | ||
| + | preparation of | ||
| + | yu angouba | ||
| + | , and it is known as | ||
| + | Khor | ||
| + | in their local dialect | ||
| + | 12 | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | Yu angouba | ||
| + | can’t be | ||
| + | stored for a longer period of time. It can be stored | ||
| + | for a maximum of 7 days. This kind of alcoholic | ||
| + | beverage if consumed within 2-3 days then is said | ||
| + | to be beneficial for our body, it is compared to | ||
| + | drinking of milk but in a limited quantity i.e. 500 | ||
| + | ml at the maximum. | ||
| + | b) | ||
| + | Atingba: | ||
| + | In this type of alcoholic beverage rice is | ||
| + | cooked and spread in a container or in a tray made | ||
| + | of bamboo. | ||
| + | Hamei | ||
| + | is mixed properly along with | ||
| + | the cooked rice. The whole content is transferred | ||
| + | in a vessel then a little amount of water is poured | ||
| + | just to dip it. Then cover with a muslin cloth. Heat | ||
| + | is released for 2-3 days | ||
| + | 13 | ||
| + | . After which water is | ||
| + | again poured to ease the heat. | ||
| + | Atingba | ||
| + | is ready to | ||
| + | drink after 6-8 hrs of pouring the water but this | ||
| + | will give a very light drink. A proper | ||
| + | Atingba | ||
| + | is | ||
| + | formed after 4-5 days of fermentation during | ||
| + | summer and after 7-8 days in winter. This kind | ||
| + | of alcoholic beverage can be consumed for only | ||
| + | 1-2 days after fermentation but can be kept for | ||
| + | around 1-2 months which is used for preparing | ||
| + | Yu | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | The | ||
| + | tankhul | ||
| + | tribe calls this type of wine as | ||
| + | Patso | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | c | ||
| + | ) | ||
| + | Y | ||
| + | u: | ||
| + | Yu | ||
| + | in kabui or | ||
| + | Acham | ||
| + | in tankhul is prepared | ||
| + | from | ||
| + | Atingba | ||
| + | . This | ||
| + | Atingba | ||
| + | is poured in an | ||
| + | aluminum pot and is cooked in low flame. Above | ||
| + | to this pot an aluminum funnel is placed and from | ||
| + | this a pipe is connected to the otter part of the pot. | ||
| + | This pipe is used for collecting | ||
| + | yu | ||
| + | . The pot is | ||
| + | covered tightly with an aluminum plate. On top of | ||
| + | this another aluminum pot is placed containing | ||
| + | cold water. All the connecting points are sealed | ||
| + | properly with cow dung paste. Distillation | ||
| + | continuous until all the alcohol present in the | ||
| + | content is out. This can be checked by dipping a | ||
| + | small stick into the boiling | ||
| + | Atingba | ||
| + | and lit it, if | ||
| + | produce green flame than it indicates that the | ||
| + | alcohol content is more | ||
| + | 14 ,15 | ||
| + | . So, based on this | ||
| + | technique the distillation process is continued. | ||
| + | The remaining content after the extraction of | ||
| + | yu | ||
| + | is used as pig feed. This type of alcoholic | ||
| + | beverage is very hard as compared to the others | ||
| + | stated above (Fig. 3). | ||
| + | Figs.1—3: (1)Street vendor selling | ||
| + | S | ||
| + | oibum | ||
| + | in local market, (2) Yeast tablets and (3) Traditional preparation of | ||
| + | Yu | ||
| + | DEVI & SURESH KUMAR: TRADITIONAL FOODS OF MANIPUR | ||
| + | 77 | ||
| + | Another kind of alcoholic beverage prepared from | ||
| + | ba | ||
| + | nana is commonly consumed by the | ||
| + | naga | ||
| + | tribes of | ||
| + | Manipur known as Banana wine; this is prepared by | ||
| + | fermenting the ripe banana in a closed container with | ||
| + | a little amount of water | ||
| + | 16 | ||
| + | . No inoculum is added for | ||
| + | conducting the fermentation. The wine is ready to | ||
| + | drink after 3 days and is advisable to consume it | ||
| + | within 1 or 2 days after opening the cover. | ||
| + | Conclusion | ||
| + | The society, culture, traditions, ethics and food | ||
| + | habit of any community cannot be seen in the isolated | ||
| + | mode as they are all intermingled and much more | ||
| + | complex. The ecology provides a range of probability | ||
| + | to select the plant and animal sources, culture decides | ||
| + | the tradition and the ethics determines the habit of | ||
| + | eating the food. The traditions maintained by various | ||
| + | communities of | ||
| + | Manipuries | ||
| + | are having strong ethical | ||
| + | issues. The advent of modern civilization has | ||
| + | adversely affected the tradition and heritage of | ||
| + | community and thus the younger generations are | ||
| + | not exposed to traditional practices. There should | ||
| + | be focused efforts to promote traditional food | ||
| + | systems within rural communities. Rewarding and | ||
| + | acknowledging young people who demonstrate | ||
| + | interest and awareness in the health of environment | ||
| + | and in their traditional foods would also raise the | ||
| + | profile of these issues. Traditional foods, community | ||
| + | dinners can also provide opportunities to promote | ||
| + | food products and knowledge about ethnic foods. In | ||
| + | future, the nutritional and microbial aspects of various | ||
| + | traditional foods are needed to be analyzed. | ||
| + | Acknowledgement | ||
| + | We heartily thank to all the tribal people who | ||
| + | shared their traditional knowledge with the authors to | ||
| + | compile this manuscript. The financial help offered to | ||
| + | conduct this survey by GOI from CSS Horticulture | ||
| + | mission is also highly acknowledged. | ||
| + | References | ||
| + | 1 | ||
| + | Haokip & Ngamthang, Basic Delineation Map of Manipur, | ||
| + | Profile on state of environment report of Manipur, | ||
| + | (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Manipur), 2006-07, 4-9. | ||
| + | 2 | ||
| + | Census Population, | ||
| + | Census of India | ||
| + | , (Ministry of Finance | ||
| + | India), 2001, 12-18. | ||
| + | 3 | ||
| + | Bareh HM, | ||
| + | Encyclopaedia of NE India 1. Arunachal | ||
| + | Pradesh | ||
| + | , (Mittal Publication, New Delhi), 2001, 2-233. | ||
| + | 4 | ||
| + | Singh RK & Sureja AK, Centurion women and diverse | ||
| + | knowledge systems, | ||
| + | Indian J Tradit Knowle, | ||
| + | 5 (3) (2006) | ||
| + | 413-419. | ||
| + | 5 | ||
| + | Mao AA & Odyou M, Traditional fermented foods of the | ||
| + | Naga tribes of North-eastern India, | ||
| + | Indian J Tradit Knowle, | ||
| + | 6 | ||
| + | (1) (2007) 37-41. | ||
| + | 6 | ||
| + | http://www.manipur.webs/ | ||
| + | 7 | ||
| + | Singh NR, | ||
| + | Dietary pattern: Edible wild plants of Manipur, | ||
| + | (ADAM Publications), 2003, 7-9. | ||
| + | 8 | ||
| + | Tamang JP, Ethnic fermented foods of the eastern Himalayas, | ||
| + | In: | ||
| + | 2 | ||
| + | nd | ||
| + | International conference on fermented foods, health | ||
| + | status and social wellbeing | ||
| + | , SASNET, Dec 17-18, 2005, | ||
| + | (Anand Agricultural University, Anand), India, 235. | ||
| + | 9 | ||
| + | Ohta T, | ||
| + | Natto | ||
| + | , In: | ||
| + | Legume-based fermented foods | ||
| + | , edited by | ||
| + | NR Reddy, MD Pierson, & DK Salunkhe, (CRC Press, | ||
| + | Florida), 1986, 85-95. | ||
| + | 10 | ||
| + | Sarkar PK, Tamang JP, Cook PE & Owens JD, | ||
| + | Kinema | ||
| + | -a | ||
| + | traditional soybean fermented food: proximate composition | ||
| + | and microflora, | ||
| + | Food Microbiol | ||
| + | , 11(1994) 47-55. | ||
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| + | Jeyaram K, Singh WM, Premarani T, Devi AR & Chanu KS, | ||
| + | Talukdar NC & Singh MR, Molecular diversification of | ||
| + | dominant microflora associated with | ||
| + | Hawaijar | ||
| + | - a traditional | ||
| + | fermented soybean ( | ||
| + | Glycine max L. | ||
| + | ) food of Manipur, India, | ||
| + | Int J Food Microbiol | ||
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| + | 12 | ||
| + | Manihar Singh A, | ||
| + | History of Manipuri Literature | ||
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| + | Hijam Irabot, | ||
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Revision as of 16:15, 18 June 2015
Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge V ol. 11(1), January 2012, pp. 70-77 Traditional, ethnic and fermented foods of different tribes of Manipur Devi P & Suresh Kumar P
ICAR RC NEH Region, AP centre, Basar, Arunachal Pradesh- 791101 E-mail
psureshars@gmail.com
Received 03.12.09; revised 10.08.10 Traditional knowledge exists among different tribes on preparing boiled foods, fermented foods, beverages and nutritionally rich traditional foods from various indigenous crop plants, forest products and meat of wild and domesticated animals. Manipur has great ethno-cultural diversity, with two major tribes, the Nagas
and the
Kukis . The Naga
tribe
comprises the Maring , Mao, Maram, Kabui, Tangkhul, Tadubi, Kolya, Khoiras/Mayangkhong, Koirangs, Chirus and Maring where as the Kuki
tribe comprises the
Mizos, Paite, Thadou and Vaiphei. Meitei
and
Meitei Pangals
are two non
tribal communities of Manipur who has individual identity. The traditional foods of the Manipuries comprises Iromba, Champhu, Kangshoi, Hawaichar, Soibum, Ngaree, , Paknam, Chagem pomba, Kangshu, Hentak, Khazing, Heikak, sticky rice chapatti/bread, etc . Alcoholic beverages made up of rice are very common in almost all the festivals of the tribal peoples of Manipur locally called as Yu.
Among different produces, the people of Manipur have the habit of taking variety
of leafy vegetables which are available in plenty in the dense forests. Keywords: Manipur, Traditional foods, Fermented foods, Bamboo products, Ethnic foods IPC Int. Cl. 8
A47G, A47G 19/26, A47J 39/02, B01D 3/00, C12C 11/00, C12C 12/04, C12C 7/00, A01G 16/00 Manipur is one of the eight states of Northeast India, bounded by Nagaland in the North, Mizoram in the South, Assam in the West, and by the borders of the country Myanmar in the East as well as in the part of South. The state lies at latitude of 23°83’N - 25°68’N and longitude of 93°03’E - 94°78’E. The total area covered by the state is 22,327 km² with the population of 23, 88, 634. The major crops of this state are wheat, pulses, paddy, maize, sugarcane, potato and mustard. The major fruits are pineapple, banana, papaya, passion fruit, orange, lemon and mango. The major vegetables are cabbage, cauliflower, pea, french bean and tomato. The major forest products are oak, teak, pine, cane, bamboo, leihao and uningthou . The major export products are bamboo shoot products ginger, pineapple, mushroom, etc 1 . Glutinous rice is cultivated in the valley and inter-most river basins of the hills. Transplantation methods in the valley cultivations led to substantial growth of population with a distinct peasantry, associated with riverine and lacustrine village settlements. The Government of Manipur had recognized 32 different tribes. They are: Animol, Chothe, Kacha Naga, Kom, Maring, Paite, Sema, Tarao, Anal, Gante, Kharem, Lamgang, Mao, Poumi Naga, Simte, Thadou, Angami, Hmar, Koirao, Luisai, Mansang, Purum, Sahlte, Vaipei, Chiru, Kabui, Koirangm, Maram, Mayon, Ralte, Tangkhul and Jou. These tribes come into two major tribes, i.e. i) Naga
- The
Naga
tribe comprises the
Maring , Mao, Maram, Kabui, Tangkhul, Tadubi, Kolya, Khoiras/Mayangkhong, Koirangs, Chirus and Maring 2 . They occupy the Northern and North-western hills of Manipur. The staple food is rice which is cooked either in earthern pot/metal pot or in bamboo tube. Young bamboo shoots are collected during summer season and are peeled, dried and then added with rice for consumption. ii) Kuki
- They are also known
as Khongois.
They occupy the South western
and South eastern hills and is wide spread in the district of Churachandpur, Tangnoupal and Sadar hills in the northern Manipur. This tribe comprises the Mizos, Paite, Thadou and Vaiphei 2 . Rice is the staple food and there is certain restriction in the consumption of animal flesh. Rice beer ( Yu ) is the most important alcoholic beverages in all the festivals of this tribe 3 . Dried fish is eaten by almost all the ethnic groups. All type of domestic animals is eaten except cat. They also eat locusts, dog, all kinds of birds and frogs. ——————
Corresponding author
DEVI & SURESH KUMAR: TRADITIONAL FOODS OF MANIPUR 71 Meitei
and
Meitei Pangals
are the communities of
Manipur which does not belong to tribes. The meiteis are distributed in the main valley and fish is the common article of diet. Rice is the staple food and wheat is not taken in the form of chappatti
or
roti . The majorities of Meitei Pangals occupies the Thoubal district and follow the Islamic way of life. The region as a whole provides an exotic mosaic, rich in the tapestry of colour, rhythm and movement 3 . All the ethnic groups living in the hills and the valley prefer wild plants/plant parts as foods to introduce cultivate plants. Though many of these plants are available, nowadays the number and quality of species are much less than past. Very few numbers of introduced plants are replacing this vast number of wild plants. Different tribes have their own traditional foods and beverages. The traditional food habits of tribal population of the state are very simple and have to do with the festival and rituals which forms a mosaic of ethnic cultural combinations 3 . Traditional knowledge exists among different tribes on preparing boiled foods, fermented foods, beverages and nutritionally rich traditional foods from various indigenous crop plants, forest products and meat of wild and domesticated animals. These foods are part and parcel of their social spectrum of life. Traditional foods are not only rich in nutrients but also have certain curative properties against many diseases and disorders 4 . Meitei
diet has been influenced by many
other cultures due to various socio political reasons. Sanskritisation is one of the biggest factors that influence the change of dietary habit. From the meat eater they became fish eater, and those who accepted the Hinduism to its extreme even gave up fish and became pure vegetarian. The Manipuris
are usually
two meals eater, one in the morning and the other in the evening /night. Occasionally, enjoy taking Sinju vegetable salad with fermented fish or roasted gram flour. Alcoholic beverages of different tribal communities have received attention of several ethnobotanists and anthropologists. Introduction of fast foods thorough globalization process, accompanied by decrease in the use of traditional foods of local tribe has resulted in many diseases notably diabetes, heart diseases, and anaemia particularly to pregnant and lactating women 5 . Though the new generation of tribes adopted to modern food habits, due to its importance, it is imperative to document the traditional food products and their importance among different tribal communities. Methodology The present study was conducted in Manipur state covering all the districts. Thirty different villages covering 200 different tribal people were conducted to make the final conclusion. The population is covered in such a way that it comprises of more than 50% elders as they practice those traditional practices still in household. The response of all sampled respondents was recorded. A questionnaire after pretesting and thereafter editing by amending, recording errors and deleting queries that were obviously erroneous was filled through structured participatory interviews at the site residence of rural people. Secondary information was collected from district agriculture information centre, books, reports, and electronic and non- electronic sources. The use of multiple sources of information was intended to increase `construct validity of the case study in terms of seeking convergent lines of inquiry. Results and discussion Dietary pattern Staple diet of the Manipuries
is rice mixed with
Bora/Bada
fried or roasted peas or gram or
Kangou, the fried vegetable and pulse. Rice is also eaten with seasonal vegetables cooked with smoked, dried or fermented fish. The meitei
loves it mixed
with vegetable chutney ( Iromba )/boiled delicacy ( Champhut and Kangshoi ). This is a mixture of various boiled vegetable mashed with fermented fish and chillies. Others like Parkia roxburghii ( Yongchak ), lotus rhizome ( Thambou ), green Makhana ( Thangjing ), etc are Manipuries exclusives. The Meities
eats more than hundred varieties of leafy
vegetables. They learnt a very special art of fermenting soyabean, bamboo shoots and fishes from time immemorial. They make Hawaichar from soyabean, Soibum , Shoidon
and
Soijin
from the
bamboo shoots. Ngaree
and
Hentak
are made from
the small fishes. Carefully done fermentation is very important for the safety reasons. Otherwise occasional food poisoning is heard from hawaichar
and mixed
vegetable salad/chutney 7 . Iromba an eclectic combination of fresh vegetables, bamboo shoots, fermented fish and chillies. Heithongba is a pungent dish of lemon, sugar, salt, aonla
and tamarind.
Maroi morok thongba , is another INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE VOL 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2012 72 type of speciality. M orok stands for green chilli, as a result, this dish is bit hot in taste. Madhurjan
is a
sweet made of milk, sugar and gramflour. A black lentil called Ooty
is compulsory at all feasts.
Vegetables consist of cauliflower/ lai patha called Sak with pumpkin made into a hot and spicy curry along with spinach and banana inflorescence. A wonderful salad called Sinju
made of finely shredded vegetables
and raw papaya, tossed in herbs. A dessert made of rice called chak-hao
is deep violet in colour and is
combined with milk, sugar, coconut and dry fruits. Suktani
is a combination of neem leaves,
basak leaves and sugar. Sweet Kabok
is made up of molasses and
rice is a famous snack among the Manipuries . Preparation of some Traditional foods Soyabean products Hawaichar Hawaijar
is an indigenous traditional fermented
soyabean with characteristic flavour and stickiness. It is consumed commonly in the local diet as a low cost source of high protein food and plays an economical, social and cultural role in Manipur. There is intent to upgrade the status of Hawaijar
in order to increase its
marketability and profitability. In the traditional method of Hawaijar
preparation, medium and small
sized soyabean ( Glycine max
L.) seeds are cleaned
and sorted. The graded soyabean seeds are dipped in water where the water level should be twice than that of the seeds and leave it overnight. The seeds are washed properly for two to three times with running water which is followed by cooking either by using pressure cooker or by conventional methods. The solid portion, i.e. the cooked soybean was placed in a bamboo basket after draining off the water portion. The greasy portion is washed with lukewarm water till it becomes non-greasy, and the remaining water was drained off completely and the content is turned upside down once or twice. The water portion is said to be useful in washing cloths in olden times. The drained water is believed to help in curing TB and also good for women. Thrice folded cloth is placed in a coarse bamboo basket. A thick layer of Ficus hispida
leaves,
locally known as Asse heibong
or banana (
Musa
spp.)
leaves are placed upon it. The cooked soyabeans are placed in alternate layers above that. At the end, another cloth which is folded 2 to 3 times is placed and then the whole content is tied tightly with another cloth to make air tight. This should be placed under the sun during day times and near the fireplace at night in order to let the fermentation process complete properly and also to avoid maggots damage. The fermented soyabean, i.e. hawaichar
is ready in 3 days during
summer and during winter it takes 5 days. In order to add more flavour it was kept near the fireplace as long as possible. Ancient time’s rice husks were used instead of cloth. Hawaichar can be eaten raw with salt and chilli or cooked, etc. The preparation of hawaichar by natural fermentation leads to variation in quality due to varying methodologies, fermentation time and temperature of incubation. The fermentation takes place under uncontrolled environmental conditions that often leads to unsuccessful fermentation and poor quality products which might be due to native fermenting microflora 8 . The traditional hawaichar is characterised by its alkalinity ( p H 8.0-8.2), stickiness, and pungent odour. The preparation of hawaichar is very simple, similar to that of Japanese Itohiki-Natto
(the whole
soyabean seed is used for fermentation) 9 . But in Kinema
(another Indian fermented soyabean), it is
dehulled and cracked into pieces before fermentation 10 . Unlike Kinema
there is no addition of firewood ash
during hawaichar
production. Microorganisms were
isolated and identified in hawaichar
by molecular
techniques and resulted that three major phylogenic group, i.e. Bacillus group comprising Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis,
and
Staphylococcus spp. comprising Staphylococcus aureus
and
Staphylococcus sciuri are involved 11 . Dried Hawaichar There are two types of dried hawaichar
commonly
prepared by the people of Manipur. The first method involves the common technique of making hawaijar . After one week of preparation, salt is mixed along with the hawaijar . The whole content is poured in a bamboo (any bamboo with a longer internodes, bigger hole and thinner outer part) where it is sealed with the bamboo leaves and tied very tightly with a plastic sheet. This is then placed in top of the fire place in the kitchen for one week. The hawaijar
obtained from
this has lesser smell and taste better. This can be kept for a longer period of time. The second method is to dry the fermented soyabean i.e. hawaijar in direct sunlight and make it moisture free. Pickled hawaijar This method is practiced recently by the people of Manipur. The fermented soyabean i.e. the hawaijar
is
DEVI & SURESH KUMAR: TRADITIONAL FOODS OF MANIPUR 73 fried in oil along with some m asala
and add a pinch
of salt to taste. This is then filled in a bottle along with the excess oil and sealed. This can be stored for a longer period of time. Paknam Onion leaves, chilli, salt, half tablespoon of sodium bicarbonate, turmeric, spices, garam masala
and
ngari
are required for the preparation of
paknam . All the contents are smashed properly then gram flour is added into it, which should be mixed thoroughly and placed in one or two layers of turmeric leaves. The whole content is baked on a hot pan and a heavy weight is placed upon. After 30 to 45 minutes it imparts a typical flavour which indicates the product is cooked. Paknam can be stored for a day or two at the maximum. Tree mushroom
paknam can also be prepared
where all the ingredients are the same except that no besan and sodium bicarbonate is added and tree mushroom is added along with the other ingredients. Nganam paknam is another kind of paknam
where
small fishes are used while preparing the paknam . In this case also, no besan (gram flour) and sodium bicarbonate is added while small amount of asafoetida and cut green chillies are added. Chagem Pomba Cucumber, carrot leaf, squash and its leaves, etc are taken and then broken rice is added to it of about 50 gm Some other vegetables which are cut into small pieces can also be added. The contents are fried in mustard oil, but stirring with spoon is restricted. All the spices are added and a small amount of asafoetida to it and kept it for at least 2 whistles in pressure cooker. Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare ) was added when almost cooked, instead of coriander in it. Sea food based products Ngari For the preparation of ngari
(fermented fish), a
typical small type of fish locally called as phabou nga is used. Daily meal of Manipuries
is never completed
without ngari , which is eaten either in the form of chutney ( iromba or morok metpa ) or as an ingredient in other curries. The phabou nga
is washed
thoroughly with water and sundried properly till it becomes crispy. Crushing of the fish head should be done properly with the help of a hammer. A special vessel is used for the preparation of ngari , where mustard oil is plastered, the dried fish is then stacked in proper order. The container is closed air tight after filling. In order to make it air tight, sand is placed on the top and fermentation is allow to occur naturally. It takes about 3 to 6 months to mature and ready to eat. It imparts a typical odour which indicates that the fish is well fermented and ready for eating. Kangshu Kangshu
is another typical traditional food which
is eaten by the Manipuries . Centella asiatica
(Indian
pennyworth) is cooked in a pressure cooker up to two whistles after washing with water for the preparation of kangshu . Product is cut into small pieces after draining the excess water. Morok metpa
(mixture of
ngari , chilli and salt) is added in it and is mixed thoroughly. To add flavour roasted prawn or fish is added and finally coriander is added. Kangshu
can
also be prepared by using bamboo shoots instead of Centella asiatica . In this case, the bamboo shoots are cut into pieces after washing with running water and kept it overnight, and then the next day it is again washed and cooked in a pressure cooker. Thereafter the same procedure is followed as in case of the above. Hentak Hentak
was used by the
Manipuries before ngari came into existence. Phabou nga
or
ngakha is used for hentak preparation,. This fish are sun dried after thorough washing till the moisture content in the fish is the lowest. It is then crushed into powder form. Wild colocasia
stem is crushed after washing and
cutting into pieces. The powdered fish and the crushed wild colocasia
stem are mixed properly and
are rolled in round form and stored in a container, then after 3 days it is again crushed with the help of a pestle and mortar. This crushing is done at a regular interval if to be stored for a longer period of time. Instead of colocasia
stem, onion can also be used but
hentak
made out of it can not be stored for long.
Khazing It is the small sized prawn which is available in the Loktak lake
of Manipur.
Khazing
is available in the
market as dried form or is consumed in fresh form. When it is thoroughly dried, it is used in making curries. Dried Khazing
has a very long shelf life. In
other way, the freshly catch Khazing
is fried along
with mint leaves ( Mentha arvensis ). Heikak Heikak
is a hydrophilic plant and the fruit is black
in colour and irregular in shape is consumed by INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE VOL 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2012 74 almost all the people of Manipur. It is consumed by e ither boiling it in water or by converting it into flour and used for preparing chapatti . Sticky rice chapatti/bread This kind of chapatti
or bread is prepared during
the festivals like Gan-ngai or Lui-ngai ni
or
Christmas by the youths. The required amount of sticky rice is soaked for 3-4 hrs in plain water then sun drying is carried out on a bamboo tray known as yankok
locally. When it is dried completely with the
least moisture in it, grinding is done in a mortar till it becomes powder. The coarser part is removed with the help of a sieve and ground again. In another container sugar solution is prepared, the amount of sugar depends upon the desired taste of the person. Now, the rice flour is mixed with the sugar syrup and chapatti
is prepared.
Bread can be prepared in two different methods, i.e. 1 Boiled method: In this method, the mixture of rice flour with the sugar syrup is made very hard and round in shape which is then wrapped with cardamom leaves and tied properly. In another container water is boiled and the above content is poured and cooking is carried out for an hour. This kind of bread can be kept for one week but gets hard if kept for long so, the cardamom leaves are removed and the content is fried in oil. 2 Fried method: The mixture of rice flour with the sugar syrup is made softer by adding more water and made to round shape. A small amount of edible oil is also added in it. Then in the fire place some charcoal is removed just near by and the content is put on top of it. When this becomes black in colour, it is turned upside down so that the other part also becomes black. The upper black portion is scraped out and the remaining is used for consumption. This method is the oldest form of making bread by the hill people of Manipur. The Tangkhul people of Manipur prepare another special kind of chapatti
from
sesame. In this method, the mixture of rice flour with water is made very hard and even coarser part of the rice flour can also be used. No additional items are added with it, not even salt. Then similar to the fry method, some charcoal is removed just near by and the content is put on top of it near the fire. In a mortar, raw sesame is ground where a small amount of water is sprinkled in it and salt is added to taste. When oil started coming out from the sesame the above content is added and ground along with it. But if excess amount of oil comes out then it is removed manually. The mixture can be used in preparation of chapatti . Bamboo based products In Manipur bamboo forest covers an area of around 3218 sq Km. The most commonly available bamboo species are Bambusa aurndinaca (saneibi), Bambusa pallida (Kal-sundi), Bambusa nana (Khok), Dendrocalamus giganteus (meiribob), Dendrocalamus flagellifer (Longa wa), Dendrocalamus hamiltonii (Wanap/unap/pecha), Dendrocalamus sericeus(Ooii) and Melocana bambusoides (Moubi/muli), Teinostachyum dulooa (Dulu), Teinostachyum wightii(Nath), Bambusa tulda (Utang).
About 20-30 MT bamboo
shoots are consumed annually for the production of canned bamboo-shoots. Canning is done either in brine or in syrup. Export of these canned bamboo shoots are done in Japan, Singapore, China, Thailand, Hong kong and UK The chemical constitution of a raw bamboo shoot in percentage are; moisture, 88.8; protein, 3.90; fat, 0.5; minerals, 1.10; carbohydrate, 5.70 and calorific value, 43 Kcal. Some important products made from bamboo are: Soibum.
Tender bamboo shoots are collected and
cleaned, outer sheaths should be removed. Only inner white portion is used for fermentation. There are many ways for the preparation of fermented bamboo shoot, i.e. 1 Inside a pit: In this method, a pit is dug and a basket made by using bamboo of the shape of the pit is placed into it. Care should be taken to slightly inclined the bamboo basket while placing so as to allow the flow of the water produced by the bamboo shoots during fermentation. Wild colocasia
leaves is put in and around the pit in a
thick layer of about 2-3 inch, then the bamboo shoots are made into longitudinal shreds and kept in air tight condition. The fermented bamboo shoot is ready for sale or for making curry within 3 to 5 days. These fermented bamboo shoots are locally known as soibum
(Fig. 1). The water
collected from this can also be preserved and is used again in new fermentation of bamboo shoots. Now a day, instead of wild colocasia leaves, plastic sheets are used, provided holes are made in the bottom to allow drainage of water. This kind of fermented bamboo shoots can be kept for a longer period of time i.e. for one month or more DEVI & SURESH KUMAR: TRADITIONAL FOODS OF MANIPUR 75 if kept air tight. The degree of sourness shows a r apid increase in the initial stage of fermentation but as it reaches a peak point at about 7-10 days, it started decreasing. These methods of preparing fermented bamboo shoots are followed in almost all the hill districts of Manipur. Bamboo varieties such as Sanaibi, Nath, Unal, Longa wa, Meiribob, Ooii, etc are used for this purpose. Care should be taken to avoid varieties such as Utang and Knok as they are not edible 12 . Sanaibi
is the best
bamboo shoot variety for preparation of fermented bamboo shoots, which is followed by nath
variety. But
Unal
variety gives better texture
and appearance. 2 In an earthen pot
:
This method of the fermentation of bamboo shoot is the same as said above, the only difference is that instead of fermenting the bamboo shoots inside a pit, an earthen pot is used where a hole is made at the bottom for the drainage of excess water during fermentation. During fermentation in an earthen pot some people prefer to add Heibung for enhancing the fermentation and also for a sourer taste. 3 In open condition: In open condition, wild colocasia
leaves are used in thick layers. The
sliced bamboo shoots are placed on top of it and are again covered with these leaves. Fermentation is allowed to take place in this way. No other addition is done in this method. 4 Dipping in water: For this method a special bamboo variety is used i.e. nath
variety. Locally it
is called nath ki soibum.
This method is
commonly used by the people of Bishempur district of Manipur. As the nath
bamboo is very
small and long, it is sliced longitudinally as whole for about 2-3 cm and it is placed in a container (plastic buckets are generally employed these days) where water is poured just to dipped the contains. It is covered and kept till sale. The fermented bamboo shoots are ready to sale after 3 days. Nath variety gives very tasty fermented bamboo shoots but it can’t be stored for a longer duration of time. 5 Dried Usoi (bamboo shoot): For this purpose any bamboo shoot variety which is edible is used. All the bamboo shoots are sliced to small pieces and is boiled with water then drying in a bamboo tray under the sun is carried out after draining off the excess water. This dried bamboo shoots are packed in plastic sheets and used in off season or is send for sale 4 . 6 Dried soibum (fermented bamboo shoots): In this method, after the completion of normal fermentation of the bamboo shoots, they are dried either under the sun or in top of the fire. For this method the Tankhul people of Manipur uses a special type of bamboo shoots variety which is very small and long, locally known as ngathan . It gives a twisted appearance after drying just like noodles. 7 Fermented bamboo shoot Pickle: The soibum
in
general (fermented or dried) are consumed by all the people of Manipur devoid of any caste or tribe. It is eaten as raw with fermented fish or boiled and cooked form with any meat or fish or vegetables. It forms an important food part in all the festivals observed by the Manipuries . Nowadays, in some small scale industries the bamboo shoots are blanched after slicing into small pieces in hot water to reduce its enzyme activity and are treated with KMS (1%) for 10 min. After which it is sun dried and packed in an air tight container and is send for sale. Alcoholic beverages The commonly consumed alcoholic beverage in Manipur is prepared from rice. It is commonly known as Yu . In this case, any kind of rice is used for the preparation of alcoholic beverage but the Tankhul tribe used only sticky rice. In some of the alcoholic beverages yeast is required for conducting the fermentation. This is prepared as described below. Preparation of yeast ( Hamei ) The quality of rice beer is partially depending upon the quality of yeast used. It is otherwise called as Hamei
by
Kabui tribes and Chamri by the Tankhul tribes. For preparation of Hamei , finely grinded rice powder, where the rice was previously soaked in water for 2-3 hrs is thoroughly mixed with the bark powders of Yanglei
(Fig. 2).
The mixture is kept in large vessel and water is added slowly till the mixture made into paste with the required consistency. The paste is then spread on the bamboo mat/banana leaves and made into small cubes or tablet form. The prepared tablets are sun dried till the material is completely dried. Hamei
can be stored
in cool, dry place for over a year. For 1 kg rice, around 8-10 gm Yanglei
is added. Three different
kinds of alcoholic beverages are consumed. They are: INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE VOL 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2012 76 a) Y
u angouba:
For the preparation of yu angouba the rice is soaked in water for around 2-3 hrs along with some germinated paddy. For 1 Kg rice around 100gm germinated paddy is added. After this, the water is drained out and the soaked rice is crushed with the help of a mortar till powder form. In another vessel water is boiled and in this boiled water the crushed rice is added with continuous stirring till it gets cooled then it is covered by a muslin cloth and kept for 2-3 days without any disturbance. Within these days form started coming out and a typical flavour and odour is released. This indicates that yu angouba is now ready to consume. The Tankhul
tribe of
Manipur uses a typical pot which is of the shape of a conical flask, so after pouring the content it is sealed with cow dung and ashes mixture. This tribe uses only paddy and not rice for the preparation of yu angouba , and it is known as Khor in their local dialect 12 . Yu angouba
can’t be
stored for a longer period of time. It can be stored for a maximum of 7 days. This kind of alcoholic beverage if consumed within 2-3 days then is said to be beneficial for our body, it is compared to drinking of milk but in a limited quantity i.e. 500 ml at the maximum. b) Atingba: In this type of alcoholic beverage rice is cooked and spread in a container or in a tray made of bamboo. Hamei
is mixed properly along with
the cooked rice. The whole content is transferred in a vessel then a little amount of water is poured just to dip it. Then cover with a muslin cloth. Heat is released for 2-3 days 13 . After which water is again poured to ease the heat. Atingba
is ready to
drink after 6-8 hrs of pouring the water but this will give a very light drink. A proper Atingba
is
formed after 4-5 days of fermentation during summer and after 7-8 days in winter. This kind of alcoholic beverage can be consumed for only 1-2 days after fermentation but can be kept for around 1-2 months which is used for preparing Yu . The tankhul
tribe calls this type of wine as
Patso . c ) Y u: Yu
in kabui or
Acham
in tankhul is prepared
from Atingba . This Atingba
is poured in an
aluminum pot and is cooked in low flame. Above to this pot an aluminum funnel is placed and from this a pipe is connected to the otter part of the pot. This pipe is used for collecting yu . The pot is covered tightly with an aluminum plate. On top of this another aluminum pot is placed containing cold water. All the connecting points are sealed properly with cow dung paste. Distillation continuous until all the alcohol present in the content is out. This can be checked by dipping a small stick into the boiling Atingba
and lit it, if
produce green flame than it indicates that the alcohol content is more 14 ,15 . So, based on this technique the distillation process is continued. The remaining content after the extraction of yu
is used as pig feed. This type of alcoholic
beverage is very hard as compared to the others stated above (Fig. 3). Figs.1—3: (1)Street vendor selling S oibum in local market, (2) Yeast tablets and (3) Traditional preparation of Yu DEVI & SURESH KUMAR: TRADITIONAL FOODS OF MANIPUR 77 Another kind of alcoholic beverage prepared from ba nana is commonly consumed by the naga tribes of Manipur known as Banana wine; this is prepared by fermenting the ripe banana in a closed container with a little amount of water 16 . No inoculum is added for conducting the fermentation. The wine is ready to drink after 3 days and is advisable to consume it within 1 or 2 days after opening the cover. Conclusion The society, culture, traditions, ethics and food habit of any community cannot be seen in the isolated mode as they are all intermingled and much more complex. The ecology provides a range of probability to select the plant and animal sources, culture decides the tradition and the ethics determines the habit of eating the food. The traditions maintained by various communities of Manipuries are having strong ethical issues. The advent of modern civilization has adversely affected the tradition and heritage of community and thus the younger generations are not exposed to traditional practices. There should be focused efforts to promote traditional food systems within rural communities. Rewarding and acknowledging young people who demonstrate interest and awareness in the health of environment and in their traditional foods would also raise the profile of these issues. Traditional foods, community dinners can also provide opportunities to promote food products and knowledge about ethnic foods. In future, the nutritional and microbial aspects of various traditional foods are needed to be analyzed. Acknowledgement We heartily thank to all the tribal people who shared their traditional knowledge with the authors to compile this manuscript. The financial help offered to conduct this survey by GOI from CSS Horticulture mission is also highly acknowledged. References 1 Haokip & Ngamthang, Basic Delineation Map of Manipur, Profile on state of environment report of Manipur, (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Manipur), 2006-07, 4-9. 2 Census Population, Census of India , (Ministry of Finance India), 2001, 12-18. 3 Bareh HM, Encyclopaedia of NE India 1. Arunachal Pradesh , (Mittal Publication, New Delhi), 2001, 2-233. 4 Singh RK & Sureja AK, Centurion women and diverse knowledge systems, Indian J Tradit Knowle, 5 (3) (2006) 413-419. 5 Mao AA & Odyou M, Traditional fermented foods of the Naga tribes of North-eastern India, Indian J Tradit Knowle, 6 (1) (2007) 37-41. 6 http://www.manipur.webs/ 7 Singh NR, Dietary pattern: Edible wild plants of Manipur, (ADAM Publications), 2003, 7-9. 8 Tamang JP, Ethnic fermented foods of the eastern Himalayas, In: 2 nd
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