{| class="wikitable"

[[File: Cellphone call rates per minute, 1995 to 2008.jpg| Cellphone call rates per minute, 1995 to 2008; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=02_09_2016_024_059_011&type=P&artUrl=Dont-misuse-market-power-Mukesh-tells-competitors-02092016024059&eid=31808 ''The Times of India''], September 2, 2016|frame|500px]]

[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CAG-6-telcos-understated-revenue-by-Rs-46000-crore-govt-lost-Rs-12490-crore/articleshow/51365866.cms ''The Times of India''], Mar 12, 2016

'''CAG: 6 telcos understated revenue by Rs 46,000 crore, govt lost Rs 12,490 crore'''

A Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) report on the accounts of six private telecom operators, tabled in Parliament, blamed the department of telecom for the lack of monitoring that resulted in companies adopting "ingenious methods" to understate revenue by over Rs 46,000 crore, which resulted in a loss of around Rs 12,490 crore to the government.

The auditor — as reported by TOI on March 9 — examined the accounts of six operators — Airtel, Tata, Reliance, Idea, Vodafone and Aircel — between 2006-07 and 2009-10, and found that Tata group and Reliance Communications were among the top defaulters, followed by Bharti Airtel.

The CAG had been prevented from auditing these private service providers since 2009 after they moved different courts challenging its mandate. However, after the Supreme Court settled the issue in favour of CAG by an order of April 2014, these companies were compelled to share their accounts for inspection.

During the period from when the accounts were examined, the private operators were in a revenue sharing arrangement with the government.

According to the CAG, Reliance Communications Ltd (RCL) understated revenue by over Rs 4,400 crore by entering into a separate arrangement with subsidiary Reliance Communications Infrastructure Ltd, and shifting all revenue on account of value added services into the accounts of RCIL instead of RCL, thus denying the government its share of Rs 520 crore during the period.

"The government was deprived of a total revenue of Rs 12,488.93 crore on account of non-payment of licence fee of Rs 3,752 crore, spectrum usage charges of Rs 1,460 crore and interest of Rs 7,276 crore due from the six companies," CAG said.

The auditor said proper monitoring of Controller of Communication Accounts was required and the "DoT also needs to strengthen its internal audit mechanism to ensure that verification of deductions is checked regularly". The telecom firms had also not taken into account their income from interest, foreign exchange etc. "The companies were also reducing their revenues by adjusting bad debts," the CAG said, adding that infrastructure sharing revenue was an example of concealing revenue by recording it as reduction of expenditure.

"Another area for suppressing the revenues was transfer of assets by telecom companies to their subsidiaries at a value lower than market value or at nil value," a senior CAG official said. Companies were also found indulging in providing interest free loans to their subsidiaries.

[[File: How calls are made and how do they get dropped.jpg|How calls are made and how do they get dropped? <br/> From: [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20150727-call-drops-airtel-vodafone-idea-trai-820109-2015-07-16  Shweta Punj, MG Arun, July 27, 2015: ''India Today''] |frame|500px]]

'''See graphic''':

''How calls are made and how do they get dropped?''

[[File: Call drop rates by different telecom networks across India, state-wise; Traffic channel (TCH) congestion, Immobile service and all routes busy- statistics, state wise- Based on Index for Congestion Density- 2015.jpg|Call drop rates by different telecom networks across India, state-wise; <br/> Traffic channel (TCH) congestion, Immobile service and all routes busy- statistics, state wise- <br/> Based on Index for Congestion Density- 2015 <br/> From: [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20150727-call-drops-airtel-vodafone-idea-trai-820109-2015-07-16  Shweta Punj, MG Arun, July 27, 2015: ''India Today'']|frame|500px]]

'''See graphic''':

[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=No-cellular-operator-in-city-meets-call-drop-02062016001071 ''The Times of India''], June 2, 2016

A survey conducted by telecom regulator Trai between May 3 and May 6 has pointed out that nearly all operators in the national capital have call drops beyond the stipulated benchmark of 2% of all calls. This finding of a 12city survey (results for the other cities will be released soon) comes amid protests by telcos against imposition of any penalty for call drops.They have even earned a reprieve from the apex court in this regard.

Bharti Airtel, the leading company , saw a deterioration in services when its performance was compared to a similar survey conducted in January . The call drop rate rose to 3.3% on the 2G network (1.4% in January) and 2.2% on 3G (1.6%). Airtel claims it is working towards a voluntary benchmark of 1.5% to impro ve its services beyond Trai's mandate.

Close-rival Vodafone had a 2.8% call drop rate on its 2G network, though this came down from the 3.9% in the previous round. However, Vodafone's 3G was found to be well within the prescribed limits.

Idea Cellular, the third-largest company operating in the city, fared miserably on its 3G network with a rate of 6.2%.Calls on the 2G network were under the set limit.

The Cellular Operators Association of India has in the past raised questions on the results of the surveys conducted by Trai. The operators, who blame the poor service to lack of permission to install additional cellular towers, have also questioned the manner in which the tests have been conducted by Trai. Officials of the telecom regulator now say they are looking at ways to fix accountability on the operators as their move to impose a penalty was not allowed by the apex court.

“We will come out with some remedial measures very soon,“ said Anil Kaushal, a member of Trai. The regulator will also write to the telecom ministry regarding some proposals that will give it teeth to impose financial penalties, Trai secretary Sudhir Gupta said. Telecom minister Ravi Shankar Prasad, who has been vocal about the need for improved telecom services, has already said the government will consider amendments to the Act governing Trai in order to give it penal powers.

The survey showed that state-run MTNL's network is in very poor condition. Call drops on MTNL's 2G network were at an extreme 10.4% while it was 8.2% on 3G. Anil Ambani's RCom had a poor 5.2% call drop rate on its 3G network, though it was at 1.4% on the 2G network.

Many independent analysts have said telcos are not ready to make requisite investments in upgrading their alreadychoked infrastructure, and this is one of the main reasons behind the poor services. Most of the telcos have, however, disagreed with the comments.

''Indian states with 1,000 villages or more that are not on a cellphone/ mobile network: 2014 ''

==2018: Poorer circles have more active users==

[[File: The telecom ‘circles’ with the most active and least active users, presumably as in 2018. .jpg|The telecom ‘circles’ with the most active and least active users, presumably as in 2018. <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/poorer-telecom-circles-have-more-active-users/articleshow/70392661.cms July 26, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

'' The telecom ‘circles’ with the most active and least active users, presumably as in 2018. ''

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=Inter-connect usage charges=

[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Mobile-bills-to-drop-as-interconnect-rates-slashed-20092017001013  Pankaj Doval, Mobile bills to drop as interconnect rates slashed 57%, Sep 20, 2017: The Times of India]

[[File: Inter-connect usage charges paise per minute, February 2004-January 2020.jpg|Inter-connect usage charges paise per minute, February 2004-January 2020; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Mobile-bills-to-drop-as-interconnect-rates-slashed-20092017001013  Pankaj Doval, Mobile bills to drop as interconnect rates slashed 57%, Sep 20, 2017: The Times of India]|frame|500px]]

Mobile phone bills are set to come down further with the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India announcing a steep cut in charges that phone companies pay each other for connecting calls.

Trai on Tuesday cut the inter-connect usage charges (IUC) to 6 paise per minute from 14 paise. While the new charges come into effect from October, the regulator has laid the roadmap to do away with the IUC altogether from January 1, 2020. TOI was the first to report on the impending IUC cut in its edition dated August 13.

“It has been observed that reducing termination rates (IUC) has benefited consumers and enhanced competition... The reduction in the mobile termination charge is likely to yield consumer benefits,“ Trai said. Older telecom operators such as Bharti Airtel, Vodafone and Idea Cellular have opposed cutting IUC and instead asked for it to be raised.

[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/PrintArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F03%2F31&entity=ar01908&ts=20180331012958&uq=20180326022508&mode=text  Rachel Chitra and Ranjani Ayyar, March 31, 2018: ''The Times of India'']

[[File: Mobile-cellphone- traffic in India and the other regions of the world, in EB- m (exabytes per month), in 2017.jpg|Mobile-/ cellphone- traffic in India and the other regions of the world, in EB/ m (exabytes per month), in 2017 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/PrintArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F03%2F31&entity=ar01908&ts=20180331012958&uq=20180326022508&mode=text  Rachel Chitra and Ranjani Ayyar, March 31, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

When it comes to global internet traffic, India sees the heaviest data carried on its network after the country’s data usage grew five times in the last one year. The country’s network carries 2.1 exabytes of data per month (1 exabyte = 1 million terabytes) — way ahead of North America, European Union, Latin America (Latam), China, Eastern Europe and Middle East & Africa.

The entry of Jio has proved to be a game changer of sorts with average data consumption sky-rocketing and prices falling by more than half. “The key tussle between the top-three telecom operators has been for high ARPU (average revenue per user) data-using subscribers. This has resulted in data cost falling from Rs 12/GB to Rs 5/GB currently,” said Piyush Nahar, equity analyst, Jefferies. The price cuts are more visible in prepaid than in post-paid packs.

“This 60% cut in data prices has driven a sharp increase in volumes. Total data carried per month by the top four operators has increased five times over the past 12 months.We believe that this fight for data subscribers will continue and data prices may actually bottom out at a lower pricing,” Nahar added.

Airtel attributed this boom to digital consumption of social media, music, videos and more on smartphones. Data also showed this boom has led to the average Indian consuming four times more data in the last one year.

“Increasing penetration of high-speed 4G networks along with affordable smartphones and budgetfriendly data packs with large bundles of GBs is leading to a massive boom in data consumption in India. In fact, video is now touted as the new language of internet and is seeing the highest growth,” said a spokesperson from Airtel, which saw total data traffic on its mobile network grow by more than 550% to over 1 million TB during quarter ended Dec 2017.

[[File: 2016-18- average voice usage and voice revenues- India.jpg|2016-18- average voice usage and voice revenues/ India <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F01%2F24&entity=Ar02707&sk=9954A648&mode=text  Sindhu Hariharan, Voice Calls Jump 70% In 2 Yrs Due To Cheaper Plans, January 24, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

''Poor Connectivity For VoIP An Issue''

At a time when users worldwide are getting on the data bandwagon and ditching voice calls for services such as WhatsApp, Indians continue their strong bond with phone calls.

Voice calls have seen a spike of almost 70% in the past two years, according to telecom regulator TRAI’s data. The average time spent on voice calls by a subscriber each month has increased steadily the quarter ended September 2016 to the September 2018 quarter (see graphic). Interestingly, consumers seem to be chatting away at the expense of the telecom operators. The average revenue each minute for telcos from voice calls has dipped in the same period.

Industry watchers TOI spoke to say a combination of cost-effectiveness and the Indian penchant for verbal communication has resulted in voice calls holding their ground in the country amid dwindling relevance globally. Further, with data itself not as strong and flawless as is needed for VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) calls, smartphone owners say they often rely on regular calls for a better experience.

The feature phone market is also growing. According to IDC, vendors in India shipped a total of 56 million feature phones in the fourth quarter of 2017, making it “the highest-ever shipments” in a single quarter, at a time when smartphone sales itself have been either flat or declining. Research firm Counterpoint notes that India accounted for almost 43% of the global feature phone shipments in the quarter on the back of devices by Reliance Industries’ Jio.

The socio-economic situation in India is also driving preference for voice calls. A recent survey by Pew Research Centre found that, despite the push for digital, only 25% of Indian adults use the internet or own a smartphone, compared with 96% in South Korea and 89% in the US.

Jigar Doshi, co-founder, Komparify.com, a comparison platform for mobile plans, says telcos making voice calls free has driven high adoption, making the operators re-look at the plans structure. “We have started seeing terms such as ‘not for commercial usage’ appearing prominently on plan descriptions in recent times,” Doshi says.

Despite increasing adoption, Hemant Joshi, partner for technology, media and telecommunications at Deloitte India, says it is “very unlikely that voice services could be monetised by the operators”, given the fierce competition in the sector. Kawoosa adds revenue from data, too, is still a distant dream for telcos. “The data growth is artificial in a way, as it is not priced at what it deserves due to hyper competition.”

[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indians-now-use-12-times-more-mobile-data-than-in-2015/articleshow/68195062.cms  February 28, 2019: ''The Times of India'']

[[File: Pan-India mobile data usage, in Petabytes (PB) per month, December- 2014- 2018.jpg|Pan-India mobile data usage, in Petabytes (PB) per month, December: 2014- 2018 <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indians-now-use-12-times-more-mobile-data-than-in-2015/articleshow/68195062.cms  February 28, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

[[File: Data traffic by content, presumably in 2018.jpg|Data traffic by content, presumably in 2018 <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indians-now-use-12-times-more-mobile-data-than-in-2015/articleshow/68195062.cms  February 28, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

[[File: Average mobile data usage per month (excluding Wi-Fi) vs broadband connection, presumably in 2018.jpg|Average mobile data usage per month (excluding Wi-Fi) vs broadband connection, presumably in 2018 <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indians-now-use-12-times-more-mobile-data-than-in-2015/articleshow/68195062.cms  February 28, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

'''See graphics''':

''Pan-India mobile data usage, in Petabytes (PB) per month, December: 2014- 2018''

''Average monthly 4G data consumption: 2015-18''

''Data traffic by content, presumably in 2018''

''Average mobile data usage per month (excluding Wi-Fi) vs broadband connection, presumably in 2018''

==Call registry/ do-not-call registry==

New Delhi: Those pesky calls may finally dry up. Reacting to a common complaint of millions, the Supreme Court on Thursday maintained that the year-old National Do-Not-Call Registry (NDNCR) has just not worked as telemarketers have continued to breach the citizen’s right to privacy, and suggested that NDNRC should be replaced by a “call registry” — that is, those wishing to receive telemarketers’ calls should register themselves for the purpose.

Remarkably, a little over eight months ago, this newspaper in its Times View had made precisely this suggestion. On the front page on November 18, 2007, we had said, ‘‘There’s a better way out of this mess than trying to make the do-not-call registry work — have a “call registry” instead. In other words, the default option should be that telemarketers cannot make unsolicited calls. Those who wish to receive calls can register themselves on the call register.’’

In response to the suggestion of a bench comprising Justices A K Mathur and Dalveer Bhandari, additional solicitor general Gopal Subramaniam said the Centre would consider it in all seriousness and get back to the court within six weeks. Subramaniam appeared to have been impressed by the suggestion, which he termed as ‘‘weighty’’.

On the issue of pesky calls, the SC has not just been concerned but proactive. Last year it had virtually forced the government to operationalize the “do-not-call registry” while dealing with a PIL filed by one Harsh Pathak accusing service providers of selling their data base to telemarketers who made unsolicited calls.

“In the last one year, we have experienced such calls galore. At least we are victims of it. A year back, you (the Centre) were not willing to implement the regulations. They were implemented after we threatened to do it through our order. After one year, we feel something more needs to be done,” the court said.

===2008: SC asks govt to bar unregistered telemarketers from operating===

From the Archives of ‘‘The Times of India’’: 2008

A year after the “do-notcall registry” got under way, nearly 8.3m cellphone users have registered

Yet pesky calls continue. It’s time to launch a new registry of people who wish to receive commercial calls, says the Supreme Court

Govt says it is difficult to take action against telemarketers not registered with DoT

==Privacy: right is primary, SC==

From the Archives of ‘‘The Times of India’’: 2008

New Delhi: The SC on Thursday maintained that the yearold ‘National Do-Not-Call Registry’ (NDNCR) has just not worked as telemarketers have continued to breach the citizen’s right to privacy.

‘‘It is time to rechristen the ‘Do-Not-Call Registry’ as ‘Call Receivers Registry’,’’ said the court and explained that those who registered in the latter would only be entitled to receive calls from telemarketers. “Persons interested in commercial calls must volunteer and get registered. Those who do not wish to register should not be disturbed,” it said.

Additional solicitor-general Gopal Subramaniam said the government was finding it difficult to take action against many telemarketers, who were not registered with the telecom department and continued to escape the rigours of the rule banning unsolicited commercial calls. On this, the SC directed the government to stop the operations of unregistered telemarketers right away. When the government informed the court that till date, nearly 8.3 million mobile phone subscribers have registered in NDNCR, it wondered how could these pesky calls be still so rampant and bother so many people.

Subramaniam said the government has control over registered telemarketers, who come under the purview of penal regulations for making unsolicited calls. So it was imperative that no telemarketer be allowed to operate unless it is registered, he said. Considering the impact of the SC’s views on their marketing strategy, banks and service providers were adequately represented before the court. Their counsel, senior advocates T R Andhyarjuna and C S Vaidyanathan, informed the SC that the position was not as bad as was being projected. Till date, about 13,600 telemarketing operators have registered with the government, they said. They relied on figures to argue that through telemarketing, a lot of business has come to people.

The court disagreed and asked: “For your business, do we have to suffer?” Vaidyanathan joined issue and said imposing a total ban on telemarketing would be at cross with the constitutional provision. But the SC rejected the argument, saying right to privacy always gets primacy.

=Market share/ Subscriber growth=

[[File: cellular.jpg|2015: Tele-density in India; the best and worst connected states of India/ [Number of telephones per 100 of population]; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=08_01_2016_010_035_002&type=P&artUrl=STATOISTICS-NO-MOBILE-SERVICES-IN-OVER-55000-VILLAGES-08012016010035&eid=31808 ''The Times of India''] Jan 8 2016|frame|500px]]

Ishan Srivastava, TNN | Aug 27, 2013

[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-second-among-metros-in-mobile-subscriber-growth/articleshow/22084977.cms The Times of India]

Chennai's growth is second only to Delhi in that month, which added four lakh users on a subscriber base of 2.8 crore. Mumbai follows Chennai with 81,738 additions and Kolkata added 39,946 to its subscriber base.  

Teledensity -- the number of mobile connections relative to population --crossed the 100% mark for the metros in 2009, implying that there were more mobile connections in these cities than the number of residents. The current teledensity in Chennai is nearly 200% or two mobile connections for every person, but the growth shows no signs of slowing down with constant monthly additions. For example, Chennai added 83,290 users in June and 70,444 in May.  

Multi-SIM usage, increased migrant population and data consumption are seen as the main reasons driving growth. "A lot of these additions are 'passive' SIMs that people keep just to avail of offers or to enjoy better rates on particular routes and are not in regular use," said Sandip Biswas, director at Deloitte, a consultancy firm. "Operators don't mind it either and are happy with any increase in numbers in such a highly competitive market."

Also, a lot of usage of new SIMs is driven by data consumption where people buy SIMs to access internet on their media devices such as tablets in addition to the one they use for voice, said Milan Sheth, partner at consultancy firm EY.

However, some experts said that subscriber numbers have become less relevant now and what matters is how much data is being consumed by people and how much money is realised by telecom companies through it. "Inactive connections can be as high as 20%-30 % of total ," said Prashant Singhal, partner at EY and who tracks telecom sector.

[[File: 2012 14 market share in broadband and mobile cellular phones.jpg|2012-14: market share in broadband and mobile/cellular phones|frame|500px]]

[[File: mobile services in delhi performance of operators.jpg| Mobile services in Delhi: performance of operators ,[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Trai-survey-fails-to-notice-call-drops-poor-14022015024037 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]] 

''' BSNL's share in mobile biz dips to single digit '''

''' Edged out by Airtel in broadband market '''

Jayanta Kumar was a harried customer of BSNL. A resident of Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region, he had been running from pillar to post just to get a bill for his landline and broadband connection, which was not delivered for six months.“Finally , I had to use my contacts to prompt them in generating a bill. Is this how you do business?“ says Kumar, who discontinued his BSNL connection and hopped on to a private operator.

It's a sorry state of affairs at the telecom PSU that once was the backbone of the country's telecom infrastructure.The company has been in losses for the last many years. It appears to be stuck in a time warp as failure to keep pace with the highly competitive private operators and a general lackluster attitude of ground-level and managerial staff has seen its share in mobile subscribers narrow down to single digit, while Bharti Airtel has moved ahead and gained the top spot in broadband, according to numbers released by regulator Trai.

BSNL's share in the mobile phone market came down to 8.6% in 2014 against 11.6% in 2012. This happened even when the overall mobile subscriber base had grown from nearly 865 million in 2012 to 944 million at the end of last year.BSNL had losses of around Rs 7,000 crore in 2013-14.

R K Upadhyay , former CMD of BSNL, said he is surprised by the fall in the com pany's market share as most of the network expansion had been done. “We have network capacity and coverage to support growth. So, it is difficult to justify the fall in numbers,“ he told TOI.

Asked about the poor lastmile services, he did concede that the attitude of groundlevel and managerial staff needs to change. “There is a PSU hangover, and I cannot deny this. However, unlike the private operators, we cannot outsource our functions.With technology advancement, some of our existing staff may not be relevant today , but we cannot abandon them. They need to be paid till they serve.”

[[File: Bharti Airtel’s 2014-16 revenues, with the relative share of voice and data.jpg| Bharti Airtel’s 2014-16 revenues, with the relative share of voice and data; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=28_04_2016_019_043_008&type=P&artUrl=Bharti-Airtel-Jan-March-net-grows-3-to-28042016019043&eid=31808 ''The Times of India''], April 27, 2016|frame|500px]]

[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indians-are-shutting-up-but-not-talking-less/1/400676.html ''India Today'']

[[File: More use of data than voice.jpg|More use of data than voice, [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indians-are-shutting-up-but-not-talking-less/1/400676.html ''India Today'']|frame|500px]]

A Newsflicks study of the latest mobile phone user and revenue trends reveals we are talking more through data than voice.

[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=RCom-Aircel-dial-merger-create-fourth-largest-telco-15092016019024 Reeba Zachariah, RCom, Aircel dial merger, create fourth largest telco, Sep 15 2016 : The Times of India (Delhi)]

[[File: Reliance Jio targets it in shortest possible time.jpg|Reliance Jio targets it in shortest possible time; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=02_09_2016_023_005_008&type=P&artUrl=Telecom-dream-realised-after-13-yrs-02092016023005&eid=31808 ''The Times of India''], September 2, 2016|frame|500px]]  

New Entity Will Have Revenues Of $4Bn, 180M Subscribers

In the biggest telecom merger in India, Reliance Communications (RCom) and Aircel have agreed to combine their wireless operations, creating the country's fourth biggest player with revenues of $4 billion and a subscriber base of 180 million, after Bharti Airtel, Vodafone and Idea Cellular.In terms of subscribers, Bharti Airtel led the pack in sept 2016 with 250 million customers followed by Vodafone (200 million) and Idea Cellular (175 million).

The merger assumes significance in the telecom market where an intense competition following the entry of Reliance Jio is expected to trigger consolidation. RCom and Aircel will hold an equal stake of 50% in the combined entity , which plans to have a new brand name for its mobile phone services.

The Anil Ambani-led RCom and Aircel, in which Malaysia's Maxis is the largest shareholder, had been in negotiations since December 2016.

Maxis said that the merger and the further equity support reinforces its commitment to India. Maxis had invested Rs 35,000 crore ($5.2 billion) in Aircel, which was one of the largest foreign investments into India. The other shareholders of Aircel are United Telecom (including Saudi Telecom) and the Reddy family of Apollo Hospitals. RCom said that the partners are in talks with leading international investors to raise capital for the merged entity. RCom had recently acquired Russian conglomerate Sistema's local unit, which operated under the MTS brand, and as part of the latest deal Sistema holds 10% stake in the company .

[[File: Waiting list in acquiring a landline connection, rural and urban as on September 30, 2016.jpg|Waiting list in acquiring a landline connection, rural and urban as on September 30, 2016; graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=STATOISTICS-In-the-era-of-mobile-phone-12000-31122016008018 ''The Times of India''], December 31, 2016|frame|500px]]

==2017/ Vodafone- Idea merger: India’s no.1, world’s no.2==

[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Partial-retreat-for-Voda-from-losing-mkt-sweet-21032017021017  Partial retreat for Voda from losing mkt, sweet deal for Idea?, Mar 21 2017, The Times of India]

[[File: Birla-British deal, some facts.jpg|Birla-British deal, some facts; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Partial-retreat-for-Voda-from-losing-mkt-sweet-21032017021017  Partial retreat for Voda from losing mkt, sweet deal for Idea?, Mar 21 2017, The Times of India]|frame|500px]]

[[File: How telecom sector has changed in India, 2005-16.jpg|How telecom sector has changed in India, 2005-16; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Partial-retreat-for-Voda-from-losing-mkt-sweet-21032017021017  Partial retreat for Voda from losing mkt, sweet deal for Idea?, Mar 21 2017, The Times of India]|frame|500px]]

[[File: Number of subscribers, June 2016.jpg|Number of subscribers, June 2016; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=21_03_2017_022_045_007&type=P&artUrl=Surplus-telco-talent-to-be-redeployed-21032017022045&eid=31808 The Times of India], March 21, 2017|frame|500px]]

''' Combined Co To Be Global No 2 In Subscribers '''  

London-headquartered Vodafone and Kumar Birla-controlled Idea Cellular on Monday announced India Inc's biggest-ever merger to create the country's undispu ted leader in the world's second largest telecom market after China. The combined 394 million subscriber base of India's second and third largest telcos will eclipse Bharti Airtel's 270 million -and catapult the merged company to No 2 spot globally. It could also alter the landscape of an in dustry that's facing cut-throat competition from Mukesh Ambani's recently-launched Reliance Jio.

The mega-merger will create a company that will be No. 1 or a strong No. 2 in all telecom circles except Jammu & Kashmir. Voda's 204 million subscribers and Idea's 190 million (at the end of 2016) will give them a combined market share of 35%. Aggregate revenues of over Rs 80,000 crore represent 42% of the national pie.

Vodafone's global CEO Vit torio Colao told TOI in a joint interview with Birla that the consolidation was driven primarily by the “arrival of data, which is very capital heavy and consumes a lot of spectrum“ ­ along with reasons like synergy and cost savings. Although Vodafone will hold 45% and Idea Cellu lar 26% stake in the postmerger company , which is being valued at $23 billion, they will have equal voting rights (again, TOI had reported on Jan 28 that Idea was pressing for it). The combine ­ the name and brand identity of which will be decided in due course ­ will be jointly managed with three representatives each on a 12-member board. Birla will take over as chairman of the new entity upon the completion of the deal in 2018. While the two sides will together decide on the CEO, Idea's Himanshu Kapania is expected to steer the combined operations; the choice of chief financial officer will be Vodafone’s.

The transaction gives Idea the option to buy 9.5% stake in the new company over the next four years at Rs 130 per share. If Birla chooses not to exercise the option, Vodafone will sell down shares to equalize its shareholding with Idea. On January 30, two days after the TOI report, Vodafone and Idea had confirmed they were in talks. On Monday , they maintained that the merger would not breach subscriber and spectrum threshold limits in a big way (only in five circles, according to telecom analysts) as reported by this newspaper on January 28.

In 2007, Vodafone stepped into Indian market when it paid Hutchison Whampoa $11 billion for controlling stake, and later coughed up another $5.5 billion to buy out the 33% held by the Ruias of Essar. Vodafone has since invested billions in multi ple rounds of spectrum auctions even as competition ate into pricing power in what was once hailed as one of the world's most promising telecom markets. Losses from the Indian business have weighed down Vodafone's global results in the recent past and prompted its CEO to consider `de-consolidation’.

The merger will also strengthen Birla's hand in a bruising war , providing him a leadership platform and a bigger balance sheet to take on rivals, including Jio. Idea shares have been beaten down ­ until the merger speculation gained credence ­ as it was considered to be the weakest among the top three to face the Jio onslaught. Idea shares gyrated wildly rising 15% in morning trade but subsequently declined10% indicating investor apathy with the deal construct. Both Vodafone and Idea played down the market volatility stating it would take markets “a while to digest details of a complex transaction“.

“For Idea shareholders and lenders who have supported us thus far, this transaction is highly accretive, and Idea and Vodafone will together create a very valuable company given our complementary strengths,“ Birla said. “The combined company will have the scale required to ensure sustainable consumer choice in a competitive market and to expand new technologies that have the potential to transform daily life,“ Colao added.

[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Indias-Big-Club-helms-telecom-story-21032017021011 India's Big Club helms telecom story , Mar 21, 2017: The Times of India]

India's telecom market is firmly in control of local heavyweights -Kumar Mangalam Birla, Sunil Mittal and Mukesh Ambani -after foreign players retreat from a sector with over a billion subscribers.

Though Vodafone CEO Vittorio Colao emphasised the company wasn't exiting India, it was clearly “deconsolidating“ the troubled Indian business from its global footprint. Recent M&A deals have seen Norwe gian giant Telenor selling out to Bharti Airtel and Malaysian telco Aircel and Russian operator Sistema folding into Anil Ambani's Reliance Communications.

Japan's NTT DoCoMo decided to exit an under-perfor ming joint venture with Tata Teleservices, while Bahrain Telecommunications (Batelco) snapped ties with C Sivasankaran's S Tel and UAE's Etisalat exited the country after the spectrum auction scandal, which erupted six years ago.

Singapore Telecommunications (SingTel), remains a large but passive shareholder in Bharti Airtel. Then there were others like Australia's Telstra and South African major MTN calling off India plans, following the spectrum controversy and intense market competition.

“Don't expect any reduction in the market competition in medium term, as large telcos would continue to keep the intensity high. However, in the long term this consolidation would restore some pricing power and give better bargaining terms with vendors and suppliers.The industry will be left with five major players namely -Vodafone-Idea, Bharti Airtel, Reliance Jio, RCom-Aircel-Sistema and BSNL plus MTNL,“ Harsh Jagnani, VP, sector head, Icra, said.

== 2017: profits, revenues plunge ==

[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20171023-mukesh-ambani-reliance-jio-tata-teleservices-sbi-arun-jaitley-1063309-2017-10-13 MG Arun , Race to the bottom “India Today” 23/10/2017]

The Rs 1.5 lakh crore Indian mobile telephony sector is going through one of its toughest phases since the 2G spectrum scam that rocked it at the start of the decade. At a time when a wave of consolidation has swept the industry following the launch of Reliance Jio, the industry's pricing power has been falling continuously, with prices of data crashing 67 per cent over the past six months. This is bad news for the sector, where companies have already been grappling with falling revenues ever since the Mukesh Ambani-led Jio unleashed a price war offering its services practically for free till April this year. The profits of market leader Airtel, with a 34 per cent revenue market share, plunged 72 per cent to Rs 373.4 crore in the last quarter of 2016-17 as it slashed tariffs to retain customers, while Vodafone India's operating profit for the financial year fell over 10 per cent. According to CLSA, a brokerage firm, India's mobile industry revenue fell for the first time in FY 2016-17 to Rs 1.88 lakh crore and will decline further to Rs 1.84 lakh crore this fiscal.

Besides the squeeze in revenue, telecom service providers have also had to cough up high fees for procuring licences, pay spectrum usage charges to the government every year and instalments towards auction payments to the government every year as a percentage of their adjusted gross revenue. While the adjusted gross revenue grew a mere 6.8 per cent in fiscal 2016, payout to the government rose by 24 per cent. Reports say the telecom industry has bought spectrum worth Rs 3.45 lakh crore since 2010, partly on upfront payment and the rest on deferred payment till 2028-29. With the Idea-Vodafone merger, Tata's reported plan to exit the telecom business and the now-aborted attempt by Reliance Communications, led by Mukesh's brother Anil Ambani, to merge its telecom business with Aircel to pare debt, the sector is in the midst of a major churn. While the industry is steeped in Rs 5 lakh crore debt, Tata Teleservices alone has a debt amounting to Rs 34,000 crore and Reliance Communications, Rs 25,000 crore. The shakeout in the sector is impacting jobs, worsening an already grim scenario. While winding up Tata Teleservices would result in 5,000 jobs being lost, RCom has laid off some 1,200 people. Both Idea and Vodafone are planning to lay off staff by the thousands by the time their merger comes through. Overall, the telecom industry is set to lose around 150,000 jobs as it struggles to contain costs in an increasingly challenging environment. "The price war for data subscribers has dented the bottomlines of wireless telecom service providers, yet none of them is likely to pull a punch," says a Crisil report.

If anything, competition will only heat up further given that market leadership is critical to the business. "It offers many advantages once the dust settles, as is borne out by profitability trends across the world. The leader typically commands a premium with higher average revenue per user (ARPU), a larger share of premium subscribers and relatively lower churn," adds the report. But till the entire process of consolidation plays out, telcos will continue to be in deep trouble.

==2017: Indians get most spam in the world==

Spam calls are on the ri se. A study of 20 count ries has revealed that Indians received the most number of spam calls in 2017.

Research by Truecaller, an app which has over 250 mil lion users globally , showed that an Indian smartphone user received over 22 spam calls a month, or almost a call a day. The US and Brazil came in second with over 20 calls per user each month.

The report says that over half of India's spam calls (54%) originate from telecom operators. “Many of these operators are seeking to provide special offers for free data, or unlimited calls. Which doesn't sound so bad, until you get bombarded by them.“

Nuisance calls -including unwanted, harassment and pranks -stake claim to 20% of the calls. Among the other spam calls Indians receive are 13% from telemarke ters, 9% from financial services while 3% are related to insurance and scams.

Chile, South Africa and Mexico are next among spam-plagued countries. The data for the report was aggregated anonymously from incoming calls that were either marked as spam by users or had automatically been flagged by Truecaller.

==Market share, subscribers, profit-loss-debt==

See graphic, 'The market share, no. of subscribers, and profit-loss-debt in the Indian telecommunication industry, May 2017'  

==SC: Link SIMs to users' Aadhaar IDs==

[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Link-SIMs-to-users-Aadhaar-IDs-Court-07022017011032 Dhananjay Mahapatra, Link SIMs to users' Aadhaar IDs: Court, Feb 7, 2017: The Times of India]

Attorney general Mukul Rohatgi said the Union government was agreeable to the idea. “But the task is gigantic as more than 90% of the 105 crore subscribers are using prepaid SIM cards. These SIM cards get recharged at roadside kiosks, making it difficult to register them,“ he added.

The bench said, “The gov ernment has to devise a method. The person who comes for recharge of the phone should be given a form to give his details including Aadhaar number. He should submit the filled form the next time he goes for recharge. You can give him more time. May be three or four recharges before he furnishes the details. But make it mandatory that he must furnish details or else there would be no recharge of prepaid SIMs.“

The AG said, “Taking coercive measures immediately could be difficult. After demonetisation,cell phones are used for several activities. How long it would take to register each and every cell phone user is difficult to estimate.“ The bench would have none of it and told the AG that the government may take one year to complete the task but it has to do it.When the AG said the government would put in place an effective mechanism to register details of all subscribers, the bench disposed of the petition saying it would be done not later than one year.

=Spectrum access and investment: India and the world=

[[File: The quantum of spectrum available with Indian operators as compared to the rest of the world, 2015; Investment in infrastructure- 2011-15, year-wise.jpg|The quantum of spectrum available with Indian operators as compared to the rest of the world, 2015; Investment in infrastructure- 2011-15, year-wise <br/> From: [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20150727-call-drops-airtel-vodafone-idea-trai-820109-2015-07-16  Shweta Punj, MG Arun, July 27, 2015: ''India Today'']|frame|500px]]

''The quantum of spectrum available with Indian operators as compared to the rest of the world, 2015; Investment in infrastructure- 2011-15, year-wise''

[[File: Performance of mobile networks according to internet speed, India and the world.jpg|Performance of mobile networks according to internet speed, India and the world; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=STATOISTICS-INDIA-AMONG-BEST-IN-4G-AVAILABILITY-WORST-21062017011029 The Times of India], June 21, 2017|frame|500px]]

'''See graphic''':

''Performance of mobile networks according to internet speed, India and the world''

==2019: Indian operators’ speed, 4G, latency ==

[[File: 2019- The performance of Indian telecom operators on speed, 4G and latency..jpg|2019: The performance of Indian telecom operators on speed, 4G and latency. <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F04%2F17&entity=Ar02506&sk=0C9A1355&mode=image  April 17, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

''2019: The performance of Indian telecom operators on speed, 4G and latency.''

=Tariffs=

==2013-16: decline in data prices==

[[File: Decline in data prices, between 2013 and 2016.jpg| Decline in data prices, between 2013 and 2016; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=02_09_2016_024_059_009&type=P&artUrl=Dont-misuse-market-power-Mukesh-tells-competitors-02092016024059&eid=31808 ''The Times of India''], September 2, 2016|frame|500px]]  

''Decline in data prices, between 2013 and 2016''

''Mobile tariffs and monthly phone usage cost in 2014 in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, compared with other countries''

==2016, %age of revenue from service: Airtel, Vodafone and Idea==

[[File: Voice vs data, %age of revenue from service, for Airtel, Vodafone and Idea, August 2016.jpg| Voice vs data, %age of revenue from service, for Airtel, Vodafone and Idea, August 2016; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=02_09_2016_024_059_010&type=P&artUrl=Dont-misuse-market-power-Mukesh-tells-competitors-02092016024059&eid=31808 ''The Times of India''], September 2, 2016|frame|500px]]

''Voice vs data, %age of revenue from service, for Airtel, Vodafone and Idea, August 2016''

==2018: India has cheapest mobile data in world==

[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F03%2F07&entity=Ar03503&sk=8A73F6DC&mode=text Sindhu Hariharan, India’s mobile data is cheapest globally, March 7, 2019: ''The Times of India'']

[[File: Cost of 1GB data, in India and comparable countries..jpg|Cost of 1GB data, in India and comparable countries. <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F03%2F07&entity=Ar03503&sk=8A73F6DC&mode=text  Sindhu Hariharan, India’s mobile data is cheapest globally, March 7, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

'''1GB Costs $0.26'''

''Half Of Top 20 Plans In Asia''

A large data-hungry base of smartphone users and a fierce price war between the country’s telcos has made India home to the cheapest mobile data price in the world.

For instance, there is a 97% difference in the price of 1GB of data between India and the US, while the gap in the 2018 edition of the Big Mac index (a quirky measure of purchasing power parity between nations using the price of McDonald’s Big Mac burgers) between the two countries is far narrower at 54%.

Asia makes up half of the top 20 cheapest mobile data prices in the world, with the average price of 1GB less than a dollar in Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Myanmar and Bangladesh. On the other hand, Zimbabwe is the most expensive country for mobile data as 1GB there costs $75.2, the survey said.

“We can see a significant drop in the price of mobile internet after the entry of Jio as the telco aggressively priced its data on the back of a stronger 4G infrastructure,” Ankit Chhajer, co-founder of tariffs comparison startup Komparify.