View source for Joshimath/ Jyotirmath

=Joshimath=
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This section has been extracted from <br/>

THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908.<br/>

OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.
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''Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts. Some units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value. ''
Village in Garhwal District, United Provinces, situated 
in 30 degree  33' N. and 79 degree  35' E., at an elevation of 6,107 feet above sea- 
level and about 1,500 feet above the confluence of the Dhauli and 
Bishanganga, the combined stream being known as the Alaknanda. 
Population (1900), 468 in summer and a little larger in winter. It is 
chiefly remarkable as the winter head-quarters of the rawal or chief 
priest of the temple of Badrinath, who retires here after the snows 
have rendered the higher shrine inaccessible. The village contains 
several ancient temples, some of which have been much damaged by 
earthquakes. A police station is opened here during the pilgrim 
season.

=Badrinath=
==Pancient prophecy==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=15_01_2023_020_005_cap_TOI  Shivani Azad, January 15, 2023: ''The Times of India'']


Joshimath : Locals believe that the shrine of Badrinath — presently accessed via Joshimath — will become inaccessible in the future, and the worship of Lord Badrinarayan will happen at the Bhavishya Badri temple, situated about 22km away from Joshimath at an altitude of 8,530 feet in Suvai village ahead of Tapovan. 
 The prophecy is mentioned in the ‘Sanath Samhita’, an ancient text, which says that when the arm of the Narasingha idol at Joshimath will fall off and the mountains of Jay and Vijay near Vishnuprayag collapse, making the present shrine of Badrinath inaccessible, the worship of Lord Vishnu as Badrinarayan will begin at Bhavishya Badri. 

 Incidentally, the arm of the idol of Narasingha, one of the avatars of Vishnu — depicted in a meditative state unlike his usual self — is now ‘as thin as hair’, although it hasn’t fallen off. The area near Vishnuprayag, where the NTPC hydropower project is situated, and the town of Joshimath are in aprecarious state, leading many to wonder whether there may be some truth in the prophecy.  TOImet with the head priest of Lord Narasingha temple in Joshimath, Sanjay Prasad Dimri. “Locals feel, maybe, the deity is upset and hence distressing events have started unravelling in the holy town,” he said. 

 Speaking about the ancient lore, Dimri said, “Narasingha temple was established by Adi Shankaracharya. In this temple, Lord Vishnu is in his calm avatar. The idol is on ‘shaligram’. The idol of Lord Narasingha here has its arm thinning with each passing day; we see itevery day during the lord’s ‘jalabhishek’ in the morning. ”
 He added: “At Bhavishya Badri, there is another idol of Lord Badrinath, which originated on its own and is growing bigger each passing day. Our mythological books mention that when the left arm of Lord Narasingha thins out, Lord Badrinath would quit his present place and move to Bhavishya Badri as the two mountains — Jay and Vijay — would come together closing the gateway to present-day Badrinath, some 45km from here. Devotees would then start paying their obeisance at Bhavishya Badri. ” Two noted scientists of Uttarakhand — former glaciologist of Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, DP Dobhal, and director of Uttarakhand space application centre, MPS Bisht -visited the Bhavishya Badri temple earlier this week. 

 Taking to a social media platform, Bisht wrote: “The fact on the idol's elevation is actually related to soil creep which is a normal phenomenon in a periglacial zone. This temple is situated in a similar landscape. . . ”

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=Warning signals: Geology=
==2006 report had highlighted the sinking==
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/parts-of-joshimath-may-have-sunk-over-2ft-ground-survey/articleshow/96995491.cms  Gaurav Talwar, January 15, 2023: ''The Times of India'']


DEHRADUN: Parts of Joshimath may have sunk by nearly 2.2 feet (70cm), sources told TOI on the basis of ground investigation of affected areas carried out recently in the picturesque town, which is facing aggravated land subsidence since the beginning of January.

The startling figure is way above Indian Space Research Organisation's (Isro) satellite data survey on surface deformation which found 5.4cm subsidence in the past 12 days. The Isro report has been taken down now.

A senior official privy to observations of the field investigation by experts, said, "The ground investigation clearly shows 70cm subsidence in and around the badminton court inside Jaypee Colony where an aquifer burst on January 2. In pockets of Manohar Bagh, 7-10cm subsidence has been observed."

The official further said remote sensing technology deployed by Isro can tell horizontal displacement, which occurs during earthquakes, more accurately than vertical subsidence, as in Joshimath. The official added: "Changes in ground surface can be gauged through remote sensing but what is happening below the ground needs a detailed field investigation." Geologist SP Sati said something had triggered the subsidence and it would continue if unchecked.


''' Report: Sinking will stop only if there is an obstacle '''

In the report prepared on the basis of a field survey conducted by an eight-member team led by disaster management secretary Ranjit Sinha on January 5-6, it was observed that the aquifer burst at Jaypee Colony on the night of January 2 had aggravated the cracks in that area. The report further pointed out that “the water flow probably created some underground void space, which is being manifested as sinking and subsidence in different spots above and below the colony.

This has caused several large cracks, some more than one metre deep”. Geologist SP Sati told TOI: “Some parts of Joshimath have witnessed subsidence up to a couple of feet, while in other areas it is a few inches. The most important thing is that something has triggered the land subsidence, which will only stop if there is an obstacle, or else it will continue.” 

Confirming the nature of subsidence, resident Durga Prashad Saklani said, “My room has sunk by over a foot and the verandah has subsided by nearly two feet, making the entire house uninhabitable.” Chirag Prajapati, caretaker of a hotel, added, “My hotel has sunk by nearly 6 inches in the past 15 days. The building behind our hotel has also leaned towards our hotel.”

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=2022 onwards, the forebodings come true=
==The town is sinking slowly==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=17_09_2022_101_002_cap_TOI  Sep 17, 2022: ''The Times of India'']


Dehradun : Large chunks of Joshimath, the quaint town located at a height of over 6,000 feet in Uttarakhand and considered to be of strategic importance because of its proximity to the Chinese border, are slowly sinking, reports Gaurav Talwar. 

 Ateam formed to undertake geological and geotechnical investigation around the town in Chamoli found it is built on an unstable foundation — a thick cover of landslide material — which can give way in case of heavy rain, tremors, unregulated construction or more footfall than the town’s carrying capacity. It blamed the “sinking” on the numerous homes, resorts and hotels that have mushroomed along the Joshimath-Auli road. Poor drainage, sewage and erosion by rivers have compounded the situation.


==Ntpc role denied==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=14_01_2023_026_020_cap_TOI  Sanjay Dutta, January 14, 2023: ''The Times of India'']

[[File: 2006- 23, the Joshimath issue.jpg| 2006- 23, the Joshimath issue <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=14_01_2023_026_020_cap_TOI  Sanjay Dutta, January 14, 2023: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

New Delhi : There is no ground evidence that drilling of tunnel for NTPC’s 520 MW Tapovan Vishnugad hydel project was inducing instability in the Joshimath area project, an expert committee set up by the government had said in August 2010 on continued land subsidence in the pilgrim town of Uttarakhand’s Chamoli district. 

 The committee under Chamoli DM, set up after people raised concerns over water level sinking in Selong area, had experts from IIT Roorkee, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology and National Environmental Engineering Institute as members. 

 The committee’s conclusion bears out even today, 12 years after the tunnel was completed in this stretch in August 2011. Till date, there is no sign of subsidence around the tunnel alignment at the overground surface. There is also no sign of any damage to surface flora or fauna at the site. 
 This underlines the fact company engineers have been stressing time and again that drilling/boring through rock formations more than 1km below the surface does not disturb the structure or surface flora and fauna. The engineers also pointed out that the tunnel is more than 1 km away from town’s outer perimeter. 

 The project, which also envisages a concrete barrage 15 km upstream of Joshimath, has been drawing flak from the public for the crisisfacing the town due to land subsidence. Two other panels — one set up in 1976 and the other in August 2022 — also blamed the geography and water seepage from various sources as the main reason for the subsidence and not the project. 

 Broadly, the findings by both the committees weresimilar as they identified geography and habitation as the reasons for the subsidence. Hill wash, natural slope (angle of repose), cultivation, seepage and soil erosion were listed among the probable causes of subsidence. The recommendation was to stop open drain, closing of soaking pits and construction of concrete sewage to stop seepage. 
 Sources said the findings in the reports have found an echo at recent review meetings at the Centre and its communications to provide perspective to the state. 

 The first committee to study the reasons of instability of Joshimath was set up under then Garhwal commissioner M C Mishra by the UP government after instance of subsidence came to light for the first time in 1976. Yet another panel under DM Chamoli was set up in August 2022 to look into continued subsistence. The Mishra committee described Joshimath as highly unstable because it lies on an ancient landslide and is “situated on weathered, landslide mass of big unsettled boulders in the loose matrix of fence micaceous sandy and clayey material”.

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=Man made mistakes=
==Tunnelling through a sinking town==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=07_01_2023_024_013_cap_TOI  Anjal Prakash, January 7, 2023: ''The Times of India'']


Residents of Joshimath are protesting because their homes, roads and agricultural fields developed enormous and sudden fractures over the past few days. Water is gushing out of fields while houses are developing cracks. This, prima facie, shows that the town is under tremendous stress, and a portion of it may sink. 

 Joshimath,or Jyotirmath, is a temple town and a municipality in Uttarakhand’s Chamoli district. The math or monastery is one of the four cardinal institutions founded by Adi Shankaracharya in the four corners of India. The cantonment at Joshimath is one of the closest to the China border; thus, the town has both religious and strategic significance.  

''' Early signs of risk ignored '''

 The entire region, from Chamoli to Joshimath, has been familiar with disasters for the past few decades. The glacial avalanche known as the Chamoli disaster led to flash floods in the Rishiganga and Dhaulganga rivers in February 2021. The two rivers are tributaries of the Ganga. The disaster killed around 200 people, including workers trapped in the Tapovan Vishnugad hydropower plant’s tunnel on the Dhaulganga river. Then, in July 2021, during heavy rainfall, a portion of the mountain sank in Dhandharia near Joshimath.  In a research article documenting 23 disastrous events in 2021 itself in Uttarakhand, Sushil Khanduri of Uttarakhand State Disaster Management Authority showed that heavy downpour, cloudburst, rock fall, debris flow, avalanche, flood/ flash floods occurred in many locations of the state. These disasters took 308 lives, while 61 people went missing and 105 were injured. Around 1,048 farm animals were lost, 5,729 houses were fully damaged, and 18. 5 hectares of agriculture fields were washed away. The research explains that these disasters mostly relate to meteorological regime changes, unusual rainfallpatterns, and indiscriminate human actions in high-risk areas. 

 In 1964, the government had appointed MC Mishra, then collector of Garhwal, to find out why Joshimath was sinking. His 18-member committee report explained that Joshimath is situated in an old landslide zone and could sink if rampant development is unchecked. It recommended that substantial construction should be prohibited in the vicinity of Joshimath.  

''' The Vishnugad hydel project '''

 Since then, numerous hydroelectric projects including the Vishnugad hydel project have been approved in areas such as Joshimath and Tapovan, despite the region’s geological and environmental sensitivity. The road and tunnel constructions in a fragile mountain ecosystem are creating havoc and leading to the present-day crisis in Joshimath. 

 Residents and activists working in the Himalayan region question how the Vishnugad project was sanctioned. The survey was done by a private agency that failed to take cognisance of prevailing fragile geological conditions where tunnellingcould disturb the local ecology leading to huge changes in the mountain system. 

 In May 2010, two researchers from Garhwal University and Disaster Mitigation Management Centre, MPS Bisht and Piyoosh Rautela, wrote a commentary in the journal Current Science highlighting these risks that the town is facing.  

● They reported that the government should not have overburdened the town through the tunnel alignment which was part of the hydropower project.  

● The tunnelling process punctures the water-bearing strata and causes harm in water gushing out and flooding the area. 

 ● Inability to understand the ecology and geology of the area before implementing large scale infrastructure projects such as hydropower projects and road constructions are acts of negligence by authorities.

And climate change makes it worse  The Himalayan mountains are one of the youngest mountains of the world and therefore they are fragile and unstable. Small changes in the weather and climate pattern affect the mountain system strongly. IPCC reports have been making these observations for the past couple of years, first in the special report on oceans and cryosphere published in 2019 and then in the 6th Assessment Report released in 2022. 

 ● Due to global warming, the region has been experiencing extreme weather events as recorded in 2021-22. The number of extreme rainfall events that have hit Uttarakhand was unprecedented.  

● Forest area is also decreasing due to rampant felling and increased infrastructure development.  

● Climate change has become a force multiplier, when things were already precarious. 

 Will Joshimath sink is a question whose answer may lie in the future but whatever happened till now is totally our creation. Due to this, a place which has cultural relevance for millions of Hindus and Buddhist in India may no longer be there, thanks to the mismanagement of environment and natural resources. 

 However, not everything is lost, and we must save whatever still exists. That will require a transformative change in both our thinking and the patterns of growth that we envisage without paying attention to the immediate environment. 

 The writer is Research Director at Bharti Institute of Public Policy at ISB. He contributes to IPCC reports and had led research on glaciated rivers in Hindu-Kush Himalayan region

=See also=
=See also=

[[Char Dham yatra ]] 

[[Dhari Devi (Char Dham) ]] 

[[ Joshimath]] 

[[Kedarnath  ]] 

[[ Uttarakhand: environment, ecology]] 

[[ Uttarakhand: Forest fires]] 

[[ Uttarakhand: Landslides, subsidence]] 

[[ Uttarakhand: Natural disasters]] 


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