View source for Water Resources: India (ministry/ CWC data)

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=I=
= Water laws=
==A state subject==
[[File: The availability of water and the existing laws.jpg| The availability of water and the existing laws |frame|500px]] 
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Centre-states-not-on-same-page-when-it-16062017013010   Vishwa Mohan | Centre, states not on same page when it comes to water rule book | Jun 16 2017 : The Times of India (Delhi)]


Israel, one of the world's most water-starved nations, has a national water law, like South Africa and Australia, that has helped it manage its scant resources. “The country's water resources are public property , controlled by the state and designated for residents' needs and the country's development,“ says Tami Shor, senior deputy director (regulation) of the Israeli Water Authority .

In India, water resource management has been the states' prerogative. Rivers drying up, polluted rivers, depleting groundwater, shrinking lakes, zero access to potable water on the one hand, and unseasonal floods, contaminated groundwater and inter-state river disputes on the other, have made India's water woes a hydra-headed monster. In this, states' divergent laws often clash with neighbours' requirements -a factor driving the long-standing demand for a national water law.

Several water experts, however, insist that an ample bundle of laws exists to govern water resources efficiently with no need for an over-arching central law. The Water Pollution Act 1974, Interstate Water Disputes Act 1960, Riverboard Act 1956, Environment Protection Act 2006, Easement Act 1987 for Groundwater (although insufficient), the Wildlife Protection Act and draft Groundwater Model Act, to name a few, can be employed better to improve water governance. Himanshu Thakkar of the South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers & People, says, “The Centre has enough power under different existing laws to manage and conserve water across the country . Instead of going for a national law, it should focus on governance and go for more and more decentralisation“.

But government argues that the absence of a central regulatory regime has led to over-exploitation and misuse of resources at all levels -domestic, industry and agriculture in the surplus regions. Most states' laws are not comprehensive and few regulate for efficient use of treated water.

“We need a national law. Water must be managed as common property, recognising public rights. Equitable distribution of water is possible only through a central law,“ says for mer Union water resources secretary Shashi Shekhar who, along with water policy expert Mihir Shah, was instrumental in compiling the Centre's draft national policy framework bill in 2016. Shekhar told TOI that India, on the threshold of a major water crisis, cannot afford to manage its resources the way it's been done for years.

The framework lays down guide lines for states to manage and conserve water and talks about how to adopt a water security plan via legislation. “We expect states to adopt it through legislation or as a policy document. But there's no substitute to a national law,“ says Shekhar.
=II: Ministry data=
==The source of this article==
''' INDIA 2012 ''' 

A REFERENCE ANNUAL

'' Compiled by ''

RESEARCH, REFERENCE AND TRAINING DIVISION

PUBLICATIONS DIVISION

MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

[[Category:Development|WWATER RESOURCES: INDIA (MINISTRY/ CWC DATA)
WATER RESOURCES: INDIA (MINISTRY/ CWC DATA)]]
[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|WWATER RESOURCES: INDIA (MINISTRY/ CWC DATA)
WATER RESOURCES: INDIA (MINISTRY/ CWC DATA)]]
[[Category:India|WWATER RESOURCES: INDIA (MINISTRY/ CWC DATA)
WATER RESOURCES: INDIA (MINISTRY/ CWC DATA)]]
[[Category:Name|ALPHABETWATER RESOURCES: INDIA (MINISTRY/ CWC DATA)
WATER RESOURCES: INDIA (MINISTRY/ CWC DATA)]]

=Water Resources: India=


[[File: The amount of water used in growing and, or making commonly used commodities.jpg|The amount of water used in growing and/or making commonly used commodities; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=29_06_2017_018_029_013&type=P&artUrl=Firms-pledge-to-cut-back-on-guzzling-29062017018029&eid=31808 The Times of India], June 29, 2017|frame|500px]]

THE Ministry of Water Resources lays down policies and programmes for
development and regulation of the country’s water resources. It covers sectoral
planning, coordination, policy guidelines, technical examination and technoeconomic
appraisal of the projects, providing central assistance to specific projects,
facilitation of external assistance and assistance in the resolution of interstate water
disputes, policy formulation, planning and guidance in respect of major, medium
& minor irrigation, command area development, flood management and
development of ground water resources etc.

The National Water Policy, 2002 lays emphasis on integrated water resources
development and management for optimal and sustainable utilisation of the
available surface and ground water; creation of well-developed information system;
water conservation and demand management; quantity and quality aspects as well
as environmental considerations; involvement of beneficiaries and stakeholders in
the project planning and participatory approach in water resources management,
training and research, resettlement and rehabilitation aspects of projected affected
persons. The Policy also encourages Private Sector participation in planning,
development and management of water resources projects for diverse uses, wherever
feasible with a view to introducing innovative ideas, generating financial resources
and introducing corporate management and improving service efficiency and
accountability to users.


==WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL==
The average annual water availability of the country is assessed as 1869 billion
cubic meters (BCM). Of this, total utilizable water resource is assessed as 1123 BCM,
out of which 690 BCM is surface water and 433 BCM replenishable ground water
resources.

==IRRIGATION POTENTIAL==

As per the information received from the State Governments in respect of creation
of irrigation potential during the year 2009-10, irrigation potential of 1.85 million
hectare has already been created. So far, limited information has been received in
respect of creation of irrigation potential during 2010-11. Creation of 0.56 mha of
irrigation potential has been reported so far by the States during 2010-11.
BHARAT NIRMAN-IRRIGATION SECTOR
Irrigation is one of the six components for development of rural infrastructure under
Bharat Nirman. The irrigation component of Bharat Nirman aims at creation of
irrigation potential of 10 million hectare (Mha) during four years i.e., from 2005-06
to 2008-09.

==TARGETS UNDER BHARAT NIRMAN==

Creation of irrigation potential of 10 million hectares was targeted under Bharat
Nirman during the four years i.e., during the period from 2005-06 to 2008-09. The
target for creation of irrigation potential under 'Bharat Nirman' was proposed to be
met through completion of on-going major and medium irrigation projects,
 
extension, renovation and modernization (ERM) of major and medium irrigation
projects, surface water minor irrigation projects and ground water minor irrigation
projects. Emphasis was also laid on repair, renovation and restoration (RRR) of water
bodies. The targets of various activities under irrigation component of Bharat Nirman
are given in Table-1.

TABLE-1: PHYSICAL TARGETS FOR VARIOUS ACTIVITIES

IDENTIFIED UNDER BHARAT NIRAM
(in million hectare)

Components 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Total

===Table begins===*
 
I. Majar and Medium irrigation

Completion of on-going projects 0.90 1.10 1.10 1.10 4.20

Extension, renovation and

modernization of projects 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.00

Total for major and medium 1.15 1.35 1.35 1.35 5.20

irrigation projects

II. Minor Irrigation

Surface water 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.00

Ground water 0.45 0.75 0.80 0.80 2.80

Repair, renovation and

restoration of water bodies 0.05 0.05 0.45 0.45 1.00

Total for minor irrigation projects 0.75 1.05 1.50 1.50 4.80

Total 1.90 2.40 2.85 2.85 10.00

===Table ends===*

=ACHIEVEMENTS=

As per information provided by State Governments, the total irrigation potential
created during the four years i.e., during the period 2005-06 to 2008-09 is 7.31 million
hectare against the target of 10 million hectare. Year wise achievement is given below.
(in million hectare)

===Table begins===* 

Year Target Achievement

2005-06 1.90 1.69

2006-07 2.40 1.96

2007-08 2.85 1.93

2008-09 2.85 1.93

Total 10.00 7.31

===Table ends===* 

Target for 2009-10 and 2010-11

Creation of 3.5 million hectare of irrigation potential has been targeted in the next
two years i.e., 1.75 million hectare each during 2009-10 and 2010-11.
 
=ACCELERATED IRRIGATION BENEFITS PROGRAMME (AIBP)=

The Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) was launched during 1996-
97 to give loan assistance to the States to help them complete some of the incomplete
major/medium irrigation projects which were at an advanced stage of completion
and to create additional irrigation potential in the country. The Surface Minor
Irrigation Schemes of North-Eastern States, Hilly States of Sikkim, Uttarakhand,
Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Koraput, Bolangir and Kalahandi
Districts of Orissa have also been provided Central Loan Assistance (CLA) under
this programme since 1999-2000. Grant component has been introduced in the
programme from April 2004 like in other Central Sector Schemes. 

As per the existing
AIBP criteria effective from December 2006, grant amounting to 25% of the project
cost for major/medium irrigation projects in non-special category States and 90%
grant of the project cost for major/medium/minor irrigation projects in special
category States (including Koraput, Bolangir and Kalahandi Districts of Orissa) are
provided to the selected projects. 

The minor irrigation schemes in non-special
category States falling in drought prone/tribal areas are treated at par with special
category States and are released 90% grant of the project cost. Major and medium
projects providing irrigation benefits to drought prone/tribal areas and flood prone
areas are also eligible for 90% grant of the project cost. The State Governments have
been provided an amount of about Rs.48,565.476 crores as CLA/Grant under AIBP
since inception of this programme till date for 287 major/medium irrigation projects
and 12622 Surface minor irrigation schemes. 


After commencement of this
programme, 132 major/medium projects and 8140 Surface MI Schemes have so far
been completed. An additional irrigation potential of 5,486 million hectare has been
created through major/medium irrigation projects and an irrigation potential of
0.454 million hectare has been created through Surface MI Schemes up to March
2009. Irrigation potential of 9.82 lakh hectares has been created during 2009-10 up
to March 2010.

As per the prevailing AIBP guidelines, projects benefiting drought prone/
tribal areas, projects included in the Prime Minister’s relief package for agrarian
distress districts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, and
projects in the States having Irrigation development below the national average
could be included in AIBP in relaxation to one to one criteria of inclusion of new
project under AIBP. Of the 65 major/medium projects initially included in the Prime
Minister’s relief package for agrarian distressed districts of Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra, so far 40 projects have been funded under
AIBP. The grant released so far for these projects is Rs.5241.6 crore.
A Budget allocation of Rs.9750 crore has been made by the Ministry of Finance
for AIBP for 2010-11 which includes Rs.1450 crore for National Projects.

The Union Cabinet in its meeting held on 7th February 2008 has given its consent to
the proposal of the Ministry of Water Resources on Implementation of National
Projects with central assistance of 90% of the cost of the project as grant falling in
the following selection criteria:

(i) International projects where usage of water in India is required by a treaty
or where planning and early completion of the project is necessary in the
interest of the country.
 
(ii) Inter-State projects which are dragging on due to non-resolution of inter-
State issues relating to sharing of costs, rehabilitation, aspects of power
production etc. including river interlinking projects.
(iii) Intra-state projects with additional potential of more than 2,00,000 ha. and
with no dispute regarding sharing of water and where hydrology is
established.

Ministry of Water Resources has finalized the modalities of funding and
guidelines for implementation of scheme of National Projects in consultation with
Planning Commission and Ministry of Finance and has sent the same to all the
states and Union Territories. So far, three projects, namely Gosikhurd Project of
Maharashtra, Shahpur Kandi Project of Punjab and Teesta Barrage Project of West
Bengal have been funded under the scheme of National Projects. Gosikhurd Project
has been provided grant amounting to R 2582.94 crore during 2008-09 to 2010-11 till
date. Shahpur Kandi Project has been provided grant amounting to R 26.036 crore
during 2009-10 and 2010-11. Teesta Barrage Project started receiving funding under
the scheme of national project during 2010-11 and grant amounting to r 81.00 crore
has been provided for the project.

=HYDRO PROJECT-II=

Hydrology Project Phase-II (HP-II) is being implemented with the World Bank
assistance in 13 States viz. Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Goa, Himachal
Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu,
Pondicherry and Punjab, and 8 Central Agencies viz. Central Water Commission
(CWC), Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), National Institute of Hydrology
(NIH), Central Water & Power Research Station (CWPRS), Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB), Bhakra Beas management Board (BBMB), India Meteorological
Development (IMD) and Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR). The cost of the
project is R 631.83 crores. The World Bank Assistance is in the form of a loan of US
$104.98 million from International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
The project became effective from 5th April, 2006 and is scheduled to be completed
 
There are three components in the project. Component-I is Institutional
Strengthening which includes: Consolidation of Hydrology Project Phase-I (HP-I)
activities, Awareness Raising. Dissemination and Knowledge Sharing for HIS Use,
and Implementation Support. Component-II is Vertical Extension of activities of
data use by HP-I states (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu). It includes: Hydrological
Design Aids (Surface Water), Decision Support system (Planning and Real Time)
and Purpose Driven Studies. Component-III is Horizontal Expansion which is being
implemented in 4 new States viz. Himachal Pradesh, Puducherry, Punjab and Goa,
and 3 Central Agencies viz. BBMB, CPCB and CGWB. This component includes:
Upgrading/Establishment of Data Collection networks, Establishment of Data
Processing and Management System, Purpose Driven Studies, and Trainings.

''' OBJECTIVE ''' 

The objective of the project is to extend and promote the sustained and effective
use of Hydrological Information System (HIS) by all potential users concerned with
Water Resources Planning and Management, both in public and private, thereby
 
contributing to improved productivity and cost effectiveness of water related
investments.

=PROJECT STATUS=

Implementation Agencies (IAs) are progressing towards activities of Institutional
Strengthening by way of procurement of Hardware, Software and Upgradation of
Infrastructure. Good progress has been made by IAs in the area of awareness raising
also through Hydrological Data Users Groups, Workshops, Public Programmes and
Website Development.

Decision Support System - Planning (DSS-P) is being implemented through
consultancy (procured by NIH) in HP-I States for which study basin in each State
has been indentified and most of the data required for implementation have been
provided to the consultants. The training on the selected model has been imparted
to the officers of each implementing agency. 

The Upper Bhima Basin in Maharashtra
has been selected as pilot basin for implementation of the Generic Model of DSS
(Planning). The Generic Model is in very advanced stage of development.
The Decision Support System-Real Time (DSS-RT) is being implemented under
BBMB through consultancy. The development of RT-DSS model is in progress. The
procurement of Real Time Data Acquisition System equipments through
International Competitive Bidding (ICB) is under the process.
The Hydrological Design Aid-Surface Water (HDA-SW) Consultancy has been
procured by Central Water Commission. The development of model for HDA-SW
is in progress.

The Real Time Stream - Flow Forecasting & Reservoir Operation System is
being implemented in the State of Maharashtra through consultancy, Procurement
of Consultants and Real Time Data Acquisition system equipments are in very
advanced stage.

41 Nos of Purpose Driven Studies (PDS) (21 related to Surface Water and 20
related to Ground Water) of various implementing agencies have been approved.
The procurement of Consultancies, equipments and civil works, and analysis of
data for these PDS is in progress.
New States are progressing well in establishemt of observation stations for
Surface Water, Ground Water, Water Quality, Meteorology networks; construction
of Data Centres (State Data Centre, Divisional Data Centres, Sub-Divisional Data
Centres and Sectional Offices); procurement of hardware and software and
procurement of equipments. Construction of State Data Centre Building in Himachal
Pradesh and Goa has been completed and is in progress in Puducherry.

=WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY=

Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA) has been constituted under
Environment Protection Act. 1986, vide Gazettee Notification S.O. 583(E) dated 29th
May. 2001 by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, New
Delhi under Chairmanship of Secretary. Ministry of Environment and Forests. The
Joint Secretary (Admn.), Ministry of Water Resources is the Member Secretary of
the Authority.
 
''' Activities during the year 2010-11 ''' 

Some of the major activities by the Authority during the year 2010-11 are as follows:
l A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed on 17th March,
2011 between WQAA, Govt. of India & WHO in the area of water Quality
Monitoring and Assessment activities.

l 8th meeting of Water Quality Assessment Authority was held on 11.10.2010
and follow-up action was taken up.

l State Level Water Quality Review Committees (WQRC) have been
reconstituted so far in 9 States as per information received in the Secretariat,
WQAA. The remaining States are being persuaded to reconstitute WQRC.

l Following Training programmes were conducted by National River Water

Quality Laboratory, New Delhi during 2010.

1. National Level Training on Chemical Analysis of Drinking Water during

26th-29th July, 2010.

2. Training on water Quality Management during December 2010.

3. Water Quality Data Entry in SWDES in Sep./Oct.2010.

4. Training of Level-1 Water Quality parameters, November 2010.

l The Amendments in the Gazettee Notification of WQAA for inclusion of new

Members has been published and the Amendment extending the term of the

Authority up to 31.03.2017 has been sent for publication in the Gazette of

India.

l CGWB has organized two workshops on Water Quality assessment at

Lucknow on 16th-20th August, 2010 and 20th-24th September, 2010.

l Financial assistance has been given to University of Delhi for organizing
"International Workshop on Sustainability and Water Quality" on 17-20th
January, 2011. This workshop was hosted by the Global Innovation
Imperatives (GII), a collaborative venture between the American Chemical
Society (ACS) and the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)

l A project on preparation of status report on base line ground water quality of
NCT, Delhi is being conducted in collaboration with NEERI with full financial
support from WQAA. This is one of the important projects to establish the
status of ground water quality and is useful for establishment of future
monitoring network in NCI, Delhi.

l Financial support had been given to Greentech Foundation, 811 Vishwadeep
Tower, District Centre. Janakpuri, New Delhi for organizing 11th Global
Environment Conference & Awards programme on 11, 12 & 13th December,
2010.

l Financial support has been given to Janhit Foundation's Project Proposal
entitled 'Study of Water Quality of the Existing Water Bodies of Meerut District
on GIS Platform'.

l Financial support has been given to Indian Institute of Pulses Research,
Kanpur towards their Research project Proposal on "Impact of continuous
use of effluent containing heavy metal load on water-soil-plant system".
 
l National Informatics Centre Service Inc. (NICSI), New Delhi has been given
the work of "Redesigning and development of the Website for the Water
Quality Assessment Authority".

l Financial assistance was given to Green Institute of Research & Development
towards organising a National seminor on Sustainable and Innovative
solutions for Water Woes on 28.03.2011.

l An independent web portal of the Authority having web address http://
wqaa.gov.in/has been created and the following reports/publications have
been uploaded on the web portal.

l Uniform Protocol on Water Quality Monitoring

l Mitigation and Remedy of Ground Water Arsenic Menace in India

l River Water Quality Status

l Ground Water Quality in Bathinda, Mansa & Patiala Districts of Punjab

l Water Quality Standards for various uses of Water

l Ground Water Quality in unconfined aquifers (Shallow aquifers) of India

l Surface Water Quality status and remedial measures taken to improve

the quality of Surface Water

l MoU signed between WQAA and World Health Organization (WHO)

l Approach paper on Ground Water Quality issues in Andaman & Nicobar

and Lakshdweep Islands

l Report of Working Group to Advise WQAA on the Minimum flows in

the Rivers

l Mitigation and Remedy of Ground Water Arsenic Menace in India

l Recommendation of 11th Annual Greentech Environment Global

Conference 2010.

=COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT & WATER MANAGEMENT=

The Command Area Development (CAD) Programme was started as a Centrally
Sponsored Scheme in the year 1974-75 with the objective to bridge the gap between
irrigation potential created and that utilized through micro level infrastructure
development for efficient water management and enhancement of agricultural
production and productivity so as to improve socio-economic conditions of the
farmers. The programme was restructured and renamed as Command Area
Development & Water Management (CAD & WM) with effect from 01.04.2004.
During mid-term appraisal, the Planning Commission has emphasized the need to
implement CADWM programme pari passu with creation of infrastructure. Under
the CAD&WM Programme, financial assistance is being provided to the State
governments on 50:50 basis for construction activities and 75:25 basis to carry out
training programmes for field functionaries/farmers, monitoring, evaluation,
adaptive trials and demonstrations.
Initially, 60 major and medium irrigation projects were taken up under the
CAD Programme, covering a Culturable Command Area (CCA) of about 15.00
million hectare. There are now 145 ongoing projects with CCA of 16.02 Mha. The
 
Scheme is being implemented as a State Sector Scheme during the XI Five Year Plan
(2008-09 to 2011-12).

An Area of about 18.06 Mha has been covered under the programme since
inception up to end of March, 2007 out of which an area of 1.8 Mha has been covered
during the IX Plan and an area of 2.31 Mha has been covered during the X plan.
During XI plan. 1.62 Mha has been covered in four years till March, 2011.
The National Water Policy, 2002 stresses on participatory approach in water
resources management. It has been recognized that participation of beneficiaries
will greatly help in the optimal upkeep of irrigation system and utilization of
irrigation water. 

The participation of farmers in the management of irrigation would
give responsibility for operation and maintenance, collection of water charges from
the areas under the jurisdiction of Water Users’ Association (WUAs), and redressal
of petty grievances. A provision of one time functional grant of r1000/- per hectare
is also provided for the registered WUAs under the programme. Minimum
contribution of 10 per cent for beneficiaries has been made mandatory in the cost of
construction of field channels, reclamation of water logged areas and one time
functional grant to WUAs. 56,934 Water Users' Associations (WUAs) have been
formed in various States covering an area of 13,538 Mha, under different commands
of irrigation projects.

The evaluation made in the past has revealed that the CAD Programme made
positive impact on various important indicators, like increase in the irrigated area,
productivity and production, irrigation efficiency etc. Despite best efforts being made
for efficient irrigation water management, the problem of water logging has surfaced
in many irrigated commands. Hence, under the component on reclamation of water
logged areas, 579 schemes of 9 States, namely, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh have
been approved for reclamation of 78.81 th. ha. of water logged area. Out of this, an
area of about 52.11 th. ha. has been reclaimed by these States.

=FLOOD MANAGEMENT=

Out of the country’s total geographical area of 329 million hectares, about 45 million
hectare is flood prone. Till March 2007, an area of 18.22 mha has been provided
with reasonable protection against floods by way of construction of embankments,
drainage channels, town protection works and providing raised platforms.
The Union Government is providing Central assistance to the flood prone
States to take up some of the critical works. The Central Government is also providing
100% Central assistance to West Bengal, Tripura and North-Eastern States for taking
up certain priority works along the border.

The Government of India has launched a “Flood Management Programme”
as a State sector scheme, to provide Central assistance to the States during XI plan
for taking up flood control, river management, drainage development, flood proofing
and anti-sea erosion works. Under the Programme, a total of 353 Flood Management
Works of critical nature with a total cost of `6796.9 crore (with central assistance of
Rs.5351.13 crore)are included from 22 States and a total amount of central assistance
of Rs.2667.65 crore has been released to States (including Rs.89.79 crore for spilled
over works of X plan) as on 31.03.2011. A total of 218 schemes have been completed
by the State Governments as on 31st March 2011.
 
A network of Flood Forecasting and Warning System has been established by
the Central Water Commission in major river basins, and flood forecasts are being
issued through 175 stations, out of which 147 are river level forecasting stations
and 28 are inflow forecasting stations spread over nine major river basins. During
the flood season 2010-11, 7508 flood forecasts (with 98.86% accuracy) were issued
to the State Government/local administration in order to take timely action to save
live- stocks and public properties. Advance forecasts about (i) water levels likely to
be attained in rivers as a result of floods and (ii) volume of inflow into reservoirs
are formulated and disseminated to various administrative authorities of Central
Government, State Government and District Administration, media and other users
on the basis of time data.

=GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE COUNTRY=
The ground water development has galloped fast in the last few decades in
India. Groundwater has emerged as the prime source of drinking and irrigation. 92
percent of present groundwater withdrawal is being used for irrigation purpose
thus contributing largely in food security of the country. Groundwater contributes
as the principal source of drinking water especially in rural areas and significantly
in urban areas. However, the development of ground water in different parts of the
country has not been uniform. Highly intensive development of ground water in
certain areas has resulted in over exploitation leading to decline in the levels of
ground water and sea water intrusion in coastal areas.

There is a continuous increase in groundwater over-exploited areas in the
country. As per the 2004 assessment of ground water resources carried out jointly
by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and the States, the assessment units
are categorized as 'over exploited, 'critical' and 'semi-critical' based on the stage of
ground water development and the long-term water level declining trend during
the past decade (1995-2004).

Categorization of Blocks/Mandals/Talukas in India
(As per March 2004 Estimates)
Sl. Total No. of assessed Safe Semi- Critical Over exploited
No. units in India critical
No % No % No % No %
1 5723 4078 71 550 10 226 4 839 15
Out of 5,723 assessment units (Blocks/Mandals/Talukas) in the country, 839
units in various States have been categorized as over exploited, i.e., the annual
ground water extraction exceeds the annual replenishable resource. In addition,
226 units are 'critical', i.e., the stage of ground water development is above 90% and
less than 100 percent of annual replenishable resource with significant decline in
long term water level trend in both pre-monsoon and postmonsoon period. There
are 550 semi-critical units, where the stage of ground water development is more
than 70 per cent. List of these areas has been circulated to the State Pollution Control
Boards and the Ministry of Environment and Forests which refers the new
industries/projects falling in these areas to the Central Ground water authority
CGWA for obtaining clearance for ground water withdrawal.
 
=ADVISORY COUNCIL ON ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER=

Artificial Recharge to Ground Water Advisory Council has been constituted by the
Government in the year, 2006 under the Chairmanship of Hon'ble Minister of Water
Resources. The main objective of the Advisory Council is to popularise the concept
of artificial recharge of ground water among various stakeholders. The Advisory
Council comprises of Members from the concerned Central Ministries/Departments,
representatives of State Governments, Public Undertakings, financial Institutions,
representatives of industries and renowned subject experts/farmers/NGOs.
As per the recommendation of the Council, various actions have been initiated
which include:-

l Implementation of 5,000 Farmers Participatory Action Research Programme
(FPARP) in 25 States/UTs of the Country.

l Organization of National Ground Water Congres.

l Institution of Ground Water Augmentation Awards & National Water Awardto
encourage the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)/Gram
Panchayats/Urban Local Bodies/Institutions/Corporate Sector and
individuals.

l Preparation of a policy on use of water for industries.

FARMERS PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH PROGRAMME (FPARP)
l During the inaugural address at the first meeting of the Artificial Recharge
of Ground Water Advisory Council held on 22nd July 2006 at New Delhi,
The Hon'ble Prime Minister emphasized that "we have to minimize our
water use, invest in science and technology to ensure that we can grow
crops which use less water. In other words, find ways of valuing the crop
per drop".

l To implement the suggestion of the Hon'ble Prime Minister, the Council
approved the "More Crop and income per Drop of Water" report for
implementation through Farmers Participatory Action Research Programme
(FPARP) in the country.

l The Ministry of Water Resources has sanctioned 5,000 demonstrations under
FPARPs in two to three crop seasons through 60 identified institutes which
include agricultural universities, ICAR research institutes, ICRISAT and
WALMIS etc. in 25 States/UTs in the country, at a cost of about r 24 crore
with the objective of demonstrating the technologies available to the farmers
for increasing productivity and profitability of agriculture through
generating synergy among water, crops and their varieties, agronomic
practices, soil nutrients and implements.
l Each progamme covers a minimum of one hectare and is being implemented
in a participatory mode, with the farm family having a sense of ownership
of the programme.

l The performance of the programme is being monitored by the field
formations of CWC & CGWB.
l In the first phase (2007-2011), a total of 4912 demos have been completed
under Farmers Participatory Action Research Programmes (FPARPs).
 
Technologies, namely, Micro irrigation system (drip & sprinkler irrigation).
Water conservation (Jalkund, Storage tanks, percolation tanks, Check darms,
recharging wells etc.), Crop Diversification and multiple use of water,
System of Rice Intensification (SRI), in-situ soil moisture conservation, micronutrient
management etc. envisaged for demonstration to the farmers.

Ministry of water Resources released r 21.586 Crore in phase I.
l As per reports, the impact of technologies demonistrated have shown a
substantial water saving as well as increase in yield varying from wheat (5
to 66.67%), vegetables (20.94 to 50%) and paddy (8.1 to 65%). The yield
improvement of the crops ranges between 4.3 to 43% for wheat, 5 to 55%
for vegetables and 8 to 62% for paddy. The water saving through micro
irrigation is reported from 10% to 80%. System of Rice intensification (SRI)
- 14.24% to 54, Land leveling / configuration - 0.4% to 42.2%, Pit method/
paired row planting of Sugarcane -5.41% to 46.7% etc. Farmers also have
shown their interest to support the programme in view of the benefits
accruing to them.
l Considering the overall benefit of the programme in terms of water saving,
increase in yield leading to more crop per drop of water etc., the Ministry
of Water Resources has considered for expansion of FPARP during the last
period of XIth Five Year Plan, i.e. year 2011-12. Independent evaluation is
in progress for the completed demos by MoWR. Funds have been released
as R 14.31 Crore for phase 2 for conducting 2921 demonstrations by 31
institutes.

=GROUND WATER AUGMENTATION AWARDS & NATIONAL WATER=

l The Ministry of Water Resources instituted Bhoomijal Samvardhan Puraskars
(Ground Water Augmentation Awards) including one National Water Award
in the year 2007.

l The awards aim to encourage the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)/
Gram Panchayats/Urban Local Bodies(for population up to 1 lakh)/
Institutions/corporate sector and individuals for adopting innovative practices
of ground water augmentation by rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge,
promoting water use efficiency, recycling and re-use of water and creating
awareness through people's participation in the targeted areas for sustainability
of ground water resources.

l There are 21 Ground Water Augmentation Awards (Bhoomijal Samvardhan
Puraskars) for all categories taken together. Each award consists of a cash
award of Rs.1 lakh and a plaque with citation.

l There is one National Water Award amongst 21 Award winners for best
innovative practices of water conservation etc. consisting of a cash award of
Rs.10 lakh and a plaque with citation.

l The detailed guidelines of the awards are available on the website of the
Ministry of Water Resources at http://mowr.gov.in/ under Guidelines–
National Water Award.

l The nominations for Awards/Puraskars as forwarded/recommended by the
Nodal Departments of the States/UTs are shortlisted by a Selection Committee
(Jury) which comprises of a Chairperson and four expert Members.
 
l So far the awards were given in 2007, 2010 and 2011 during the National
Groundwater Congres at New Delhi.
l For the year 2007, Her Excellency, the President of India gave away the
National Water Award to Hiware Bazar Gram Panchayat, Ahmednagar
district, Maharashtra, and
l For 2008, the National water award were given away by Hon'ble Union
Minister of Water Resources, Govt. of India to the Vruksha Prem Seva
Trust, Junagarh, Gujarat
l For 2009, the National water award were given away by Hon'ble Union
Minister of Water Resources, Govt. of India to the Jagabalia watershed
Association, Bolangir district, Orissa.
l Bhoomijal Samvardhan Puraskars were given away to the Gram Panchayats/
NGOs/Local Bodies categories.

=SCHEME ON ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER THROUGH DUG WELLS=

Pursuant to the announcement made by Hon'ble Minister of Finance in his Budget
Speech, 2007, a state sector scheme on "Artificial Recharge to Ground Water through
dugwells" during XI Plan is under implementation in 1180 over-exploited, critical
and semi-critical blocks in the seven States, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
Salient features of the Scheme
l Total number of irrigation dug wells proposed for recharge is 4.45 million,
and of which 2.72 million were owned by small and marginal farmers and
1.73 million owned by other farmers. Average cost of recharges structure per
well is r 4000.

l The beneficiaries would be farmers having own well in their agricultural land.
l Provision has been made for 100% subsidy to small and marginal farmers and
50% subsidy to other farmers.

The funding of the scheme will be done by Ministry of Finance through NABARD.
1. In order to implement the scheme, state nodal department was identified
in each participating state having role of identification of beneficiaries,
preparation of list of beneficiaries with information of their agricultural
land dug well and bank accounts and capacity building & awareness of
beneficiaries for construction of dug well recharge facility. Further District
level implementation & monitoring Committee (DLMIC) were responsible
for implementation of dugwell recharge scheme in each district.
2. An amount of Rs.1499.27 crore has been released by the Ministry of Finance
(MoF) to NABARD (programme partner) for releasing subsidy to
beneficiary farmers and funds to state for awareness activities. The
Ministry of Water Resosurces (MoWR) is the nodal ministry for the
purpose of monitoring the progress of the scheme at national level and to
take measures for experience sharing among all stakeholders, knowledge
transfer and awareness.
 
3. As on 31st May 2011, Rs.280.815 Cr has been utilized as subsidy to the
beneficiaries (Rs.260.937 Cr), and information, Education and
communication (IEC)/capacity building activities (`17 Cr), awareness
by Ministry (Rs.0.2417 Cr) and operating cost by NABARD (Rs.2.6358 Cr).
State-wise details of funds released in the scheme are indicated below:
Sl. State fund Released Fund released Total Fund No. of dug well
No. as subsidy to to states/Min. for released recharge structures
beneficiaries IEC activities. As on 31.3.10 completed
(Rs.in Cr) (Rs.in Cr)

===Table begins===* 

1 Andhra Pradesh 0 0.00 0.00 0

2 Gujarat 47.713 3.25 50.963 8040

3 Karnataka 26.252 2.00 28,252 11007	

4 Madhya Pradesh 39.604 2.00 41.604 22832

5 Maharashtra 14.031 2.00 16.031 38023

6 Rajasthan 29.743 2.00 31.743 4398

7 Tamil Nadu 103.594 5.75 109.344 21212

Ministry 0.242 0.242

NABARD 2,6358 2,6358

Total 260.937 17.242 280.8148 105512

===Table ends===*

=NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL=

National Water Resources Council was set up by the Government of India in March
1983. The Prime Minister is the Chairman, Union Minister of Water Resources is the
Vice-Chairman, and Minister of State Chief Ministers of all States and Lieutenant
Governors/Administrators of the Union Territories are the Members. Secretary,
Ministry of Water Resources is the Secretary of the Council.

=NATIONAL WATER BOARD=

The Government of India constituted a National Water Board in September 1990
under the Chairmanship of Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources to review the
progress achieved in implementation of the National Water Policy and to report the
progress to the National Water Resources Council from time to time. The Secretaries
of Union Ministries of Agriculture, Rural Development, Urban Development, Surface
Transport, Environment & Forests, Planning and Science & Technology, Chairman,
Central Water Commission, Chief Secretaries of all States/Union Territories are its
Members and Member (Water Planning & Projects), Central Water Commission is
the Member Secretary. The 13th meeting of National Water Board was held on 18
September 2009.

=INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION=

India-Nepal Cooperation

The Union Government is having continuous dialogue with the Government of
Nepal at various levels for bilateral cooperation in the field of water resources
development.
 
A treaty on Integrated Development of Mahakali River was signed between
the Government of India and the Government of Nepal in February 1996, which
came into force in June 1997. Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project on river Mahakali
(known as river Sarda in India), is the centerpiece of Mahakali Treaty. India-Nepal
Joint Group of Experts (JGE) has been overseeing the physical and financial progress
with respect to finalization of Joint Detailed Project Report of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project. All related field investigations have been completed and
Detailed Project Report is to be finalized after resolving the pending issues, which
are under discussion with Nepal. The project will have power and irrigation benefits
besides incidental benefits of flood moderation.

During the 3rd meeting of India-Nepal Joint Committee on Water Resources
(JCWR) headed by Secretaries of Water Resources held from 29.09.08 to 01.10.08 at
Kathmandu (Nepal), it was decided to set up Pancheshwar Development Authority
(PDA) at the earliest for the development, execution and operation of Pancheshwar
Multipurpose Project. During the 4th meeting of JCWR held on 12-13 March 2009 at
New Delhi, draft Terms of Reference (TOR) of PDA were also discussed. During the
5th meeting of JCWR held on 20-22 November, 2010 at Pakhara (Nepal), the Terms
of Reference (TOR) of PDA were jointly finalized.

Agreement has also been reached with Nepal to take up joint field
investigations, studies and preparation of Detailed Project of Sapta Kosi High Dam
Multipurpose Project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme. A Joint Project
Office was opened in August 2004 in Nepal for undertaking the above work. It was
to complete the investigation works by February, 2007. However, because of the
prevailing situation in Nepal, the field investigations have been delayed. The field
works of Kosi High Dam site in Nepal, are suspended since May 2007 due to security
reasons. On the repeated request of the Government of India to provide security at
Sapta Kosi High Dam sites, the Government of Nepal has established a police post
of Barahkshetra. However, the suspended works have not yet been resumed.
In order to rationalize the number of technical committees and to put in place
an effective joint mechanism, a three tier mechanism comprising of (i) Joint
Ministerial Level Commission on Water Resources (JMCWR) at the level of Ministers
of Water Resources of India and Nepal (ii) existing JCWR at the level of Secretaries
(WR) of India and Nepal, and (iii) Joint Standing Technical Committee (JSTC) of the
level of Chairman, Ganga Flood Control Commission, Patna was agreed to, in the
3rd meeting of JCWR, held from 29th September 2008 to 1st October 2008 at
Kathmandu (Nepal). During the 4th meeting of JCWR, Terms of Reference of JMCWR
were finalized.
=INDIA-BHUTAN COOPERATION=

A scheme titled “Comprehensive Scheme for Establishment of Hydro-meteorological
and Flood Forecasting Network on rivers Common to India and Bhutan” is in
operation. The network consists of 35 hydro-meteorological/meteorological stations
located in Bhutan and is being maintained by the Royal Government of Bhutan
with funding from India. The data received from these stations are utilized in India
by the Central Water Commission for formulating flood forecasts. A Joint Expert
Team (JET) consisting of officials from the Government of India and Royal
Government of Bhutan continuously reviews the progress and other requirements
of the scheme.
 
The matter relating to problem of floods created by the rivers originating from
Bhutan and coming to India was taken up with the Royal Government of Bhutan. A
Joint Group of Expert (JGE) on Flood Management has been constituted between
India and Bhutan to discuss and assess the probable causes and effects of the
recurring floods and erosion in the southern foothills of Bhutan and adjoining plains
in India and recommend to both Governments appropriate and mutually acceptable
remedial measures. Three meetings of JGE have been held so far. The first meeting
of JGE was held in Bhutan from 1st to 5th November, 2004, the second meeting was
held on February, 26-27, 2008 at New Delhi and the third meeting was held on
February, 6-10, 2011 at Thimphu, Bhutan.

In accordance with the decision taken during the first meeting of JGE, a joint
Technical Team (JTT) on Flood Management between the two countries was
constituted. JTT was considered in the 2nd meeting of JGE. JGE reconstituted JTT
with Chief Engineer, CWC, Shillong as its team leader (Indian Side). The 1st meeting
of reconstituted JTT was held in Bhutan on 13-16 September, 2010.
The recommendation made by JTT for the issues addressed were considered
in the 3rd meeting of JGE held on 6th - 10th Feburary, 2011 at Thimpu, Bhutan. JGE
inter-alia directed the JTT to make field visits to the mines area which could not be
visited by JTT due to time constraint and weather conditions during the 1st meeting
of the reconstituted JTT to assess the causes of landslides and flooding and suggest
remedial measures.

=INDIA-BANGLADESH COOPERATION=
An Indo-Bangladesh Joint Rivers Commission (JRC) headed by Water Resources
Ministers of both the countries is functioning since 1972 with a view to maintaining
liaison in order to ensure the most effective joint effort in maximizing the benefits
from common river systems. A Treaty was signed by the Prime Ministers of India
and Bangladesh on 12 December 1996 for the sharing of Ganga/Ganges waters.
The Treaty shall remain in force for a period of thirty years to be renewable by
mutual consent. A Joint Committee has been set up for implementing, joint
inspections and monitoring of the sharing arrangements at Farakka in India and at
Hardinge Bridge in Bangladesh for the dry season (January to May) every year.
The 37th meeting of Indo-Bangladesh JRC was held of New Delhi from 17th-
20th March 2010 wherein various matters pertaining to cooperation in Water
Resources sector with Bangladesh were discussed.

The meeting was held in a very friendly and cordial atmosphere. The important
outcome of the meeting was that it has strengthened the mutual trust and created
goodwill between the two sides. Indian side agreed to provide additional
information of Sahebganj site for flood forecasting on river Ganga. Regarding
apprehensions of Bangladesh on Tipaimukh dam project and river inter-linking
project, Indian side reiterated that it would not take steps that may adversely affect
Bangladesh.
The JRC reviewed the agreements made between the two sides during the
Secretary level meeting held in January, 2010 and 2011 and other technical level
meetings. The JRC noted with satisfaction that both sides have been able to resolve
their difference on implementing of long pending river bank protection works and
construction of embankments along the common/border rivers. It was also noted
 
that during the Secretary level meeting in January, 2010. It was agreed that 1.82
cusecs of water may be withdrawn by India from Feni river for drinking water
supply scheme for Sabroom town of South Tripura. During the Secretary level
meeting in January, 2011, two draft agreements for interim sharing of waters of
river Teesta and Feni have been finalized. As per the directives of the Hon'ble Prime
Ministers of Bangladesh and India reflected in the Joint Communique on the occasion
of the visit of Prime Minister of Bangladesh to India in January, 2010, the Commission
had threadbare discussions on sharing of waters of Teesta and other common rivers.
Both sides have exchanged their views in this regard and the differences were
narrowed down. The meeting has been able to establish a good rapport between
both the countries. The Commission directed the Secretaries of Water Resources of
both sides to meet and examine the remaining issues so that an expeditious solution
may be arrived at. The next meeting of JRC is due to be held at Dhaka.
A new chapter in the Indo-Bangladesh relations opened up wth signing of a
Treaty by the Prime Minister of India and Bangladesh on 12th December 1996, on
the sharing of Ganga/Ganges waters at Farakka during the lean season. As per the
Treaty, the Ganges water is distributed at Farakka (which is the last control point on
river Ganga in India) during lean period, from 1st January to 31st May every year
on 10 daily basis as per the formula provided in the Treaty. The validity of treaty is
30 years. Though there is provision of review of Treaty after 5 years, no party has
asked for its review so far. The sharing of water as per the Treaty is monitored by a
Joint Committee comprising the members of Joint River Commission from
Bangladesh and India. Three meetings of the Joint Committee are held every year.
The Treaty is being implemented to the satisfaction of both the countries since 1997.
India is providing the flood data of Farakka and Sahebganj for Ganga (from
15th June to 15th October) and the flood data of Pandu, Goal Para and Dhubri for
Brahmaputra and of Silchar for Barak during monsoon period (From 15th May to
15th October) on continuous basis to Bangladesh for use of their flood forecasting
and warning arrangements. Besides the data of river Teesta, Manu, Gumti, Jaladhaka
and Torsa etc. is also provided. The transmission of flood forecasting information
from India during the monsoon, which is being supplied free of cost, has enabled
the civil and military authorities in Bangladesh to shift the population affected by
flood to safer places.

During the Secretary level meeting held in January, 2010 at Dhaka, details of
bank protection works for 38 Indian sites and 28 Bangladesh sites were exchanged.
Further, during the Technical level meeting held at Kolkata on 1.2.2010, details of
12 new Indian sites and 22 new Bangladesh sites were exchanged. At present, both
sides have agreed to undertake the works on 50 sites each on common/border rivers.
Out of 50 sites on Indian side, the works on 21 sites would be implemented by the
Government of Tripura and for 29 sites by the Government of West Bengal. These
works are being implemented with 100% grant-in-aid to the state governments under
the scheme "River Management Activities & Works Related to Border Areas". It has
already been agreed that the aforesaid works will be executed simultaneously from
1st February, 2010 and would be completed in the next three years. The dredging
work of Ichhamati river from village Barnberia to Kalanchi bridge was also agreed.
This work is required to ease out the flood congestion in the adjacent area in West
Bengal. The work has been started by the Government of West Bengal from 15th
 
March, 2010 and scheduled to be completed by June, 2011. The dredging work is
being monitored by Indo-Bangladesh Joint Monitoring Team.
Further, the Secretary (WR) level meeting was also held in January, 2011 at
Dhaka for discussion on sharing of waters of common/border rivers and substantial
progress has been made on this issue.

=INDIA-CHINA COOPERATION=

In the year 2002, the Government of India had entered into an MoU with China for
provision of hydrological information on Yaluzangbu/Brahmaputra river in flood
season by China to India. In accordance with the provisions contained in the MoU,
the Chinese side is providing hydrological information (Water level, Discharge and
Rainfall) in respect of three stations, namely, Nugesha, Yangcun and Nuxia located
on river Yaluzangbu/ Brahmaputra from 1st June to 15th October every year, which
is utilized in the formulation of flood forecasts by the Central Water Commission.
This MoU expired in 2007.

The Hon'ble President of the People's Republic of China paid a state visit to
the Republic of India from 20 to 23 November, 2006. During the visit, it was agreed
to set up an Expert Level Mechanism (ELM) to discuss interaction and co-operation
on provision of flood season hydrological data, emergency management and other
issues regarding trans-border rivers as agreed between them. Accordingly, the two
sides have set up the Joint Expert Level Mechanism. The Expert Group from Indian
side is led by Joint Secretary level officers. Five meetings of ELM have been held so
far.

The first meeting of the Joint Expert Level Mechanism was held on 19-21
September 2007 at Beijing, wherein the issues related to bilateral cooperation on
exchange of hydrological information between the two countries were discussed.
The 2nd meeting of Expert Level Mechanism (ELM) on Trans-Border rivers was
held at New Delhi from 10-12 April 2008. During the meeting, work regulations of
the Expert Level Mechanism were agreed and signed by the two sides. It has been
agreed that the Expert Level Mechanism shall meet once every year, alternatively
in China and India. The 3rd meeting of the Expert Level Mechanism (ELM) was
held at Beijing from 21st to 25th April 2009 which helped in understanding of each
other's position for smooth transmission of flood season hydrological data. The 4th
meeting of ELM was held from 26-29 April, 2010 at New Delhi. The 5th meeting of
ELM was held from 19-22 April, 2011 wherein the implementation plan in respect
of MoU on Sutlej was signed between the two countries.

=MOU ON RIVER BRAHMAPUTRA=

A new Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on hydrological information of the
Brahmaputra/Yaluzangbu River in flood season by China to India with a validity
of five years has been signed with China on 05 June 2008 during the visit of the
External Affairs Minister of India to Beijing from 4-7 June 2008. The Implementation
Plan between the Bureau of Hydrology & Water Resources, Tibet Autonomous
Region, the People's Republic of China and the Central Water commission, Ministry
of water Resources, the Republic of India upon provision of Hydrological
Information of the Yaluzangbu/Brahmaputra River in Flood Season by China to
India was signed during the 4th meeting of Expert Level Mechanism on TransWater
 
Border Rivers held from 26th to 29th April, 2010 in New Delhi. The hydrological
information during the flood season every year is received in terms of the signed
implementation plan.

=MOU ON RIVER SUTLEJ=

Another Memorandum of Understanding has been signed during the visit of the
Chinese Premier to India in April 2005 for supply of hydrological information in
respect of Sutlej (Langqen Zangbu), in flood season. Chinese side is providing
hydrological information in respect of their Tsada station on river Sutlej (Langqen
Zangbu) from the monsoon of 2007. Implementation Plan was signed in this regard
during April, 2008. The MoU in respect of Sutlej river expired in April, 2010. A new
MoU upon provision of hydrological information of Sutlej/Langqen Zangbo river
in flood season by China to India with a validity of five years has been signed with
China on 16.12.2010 during the visit of Hon'ble Prime Minister of China to India
during December, 2010. The Implementation Plan containing technical details of
provision of hydrological information, data transmission method and cost settlement
etc. in respect of the MoU on Sultej was signed between the two countries during
the 5th ELM held in April, 2011 at Beijing, China. The hydrological information
during the flood season, 2011 is being received in terms of the signed implementation
plan.

=INDUS WATER TREATY, 1960=

Under the Indus Water Treaty, 1960, India and Pakistan have created two permanent
posts of Commissioners for Indus Waters, one each in India and Pakistan. who are
representative of the respective Governments for all matters arising out of the treaty
and serve as the regular channel of communication with regard to implementation
of the Treaty. The two Commissioners together form the Permanent Indus
Commission (PIC). The PIC holds periodical meetings and also undertakes tours of
inspection to projects/works in India and Pakistan. By way of implementation of
the Treaty, the PIC held its 105th meeting at New Delhi and its 106th meeting at
Lahore to discuss the issues raised by Pakistan. India also arranged the 111th tour
of inspection of PIC in Feb. 2011 and undertook the 112th tour of PIC in Pakistan in
 
The Disputes related to Kishenganga HE Project are being examined by a Court
of Arbitration constituted under the provisions of Indus Waters Treaty 1960 on
Pakistan's request. The Court held its first meeting at the Hague in January 2011
and had a site visit on both Indian and POK sides in June 2011. Secretary level talks
as part of Composite Dialogue to discuss Tulbul Navigation Project were held in
May 2011 in Islamabad.
As a gesture of goodwill, flood data of the rivers Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and
Tawi is being communicated to Pakistan with effect from 01.07.2010 for undertaking
advance flood warning measures.

=CENTRAL ORGANISATIONS=
 
The Central Water Commission (CWC) is a premier technical organisation in the
country in the field of water resources since 1945. The Commission is entrusted
with the responsibilities of initiating, co-ordinating and furthering schemes for
 
control, conservation and utilisation of water resources throughout the country in
consultation with the State governments concerned for purposes of flood control,
irrigation, drinking water supply and hydro power development. CWC also
undertakes investigation, construction and execution of any such schemes as
required.

The CWC is headed by a Chairman, who also holds the status of Ex-officio
Secretary to the Government of India. It has three technical wings, namely, (i) Design
and Research, (ii) Water Planning and Projects, and (iii) River Management. Each of
the wings is headed by an engineering officer designated as Member, with the Exofficio
status of an Additional Secretary to the Government of India. The wings
consist of organisations headed by Chief Engineers, with Directorates under them,
each headed by a Director/S.E. There are 32 organisations and 147 Directorates/
Circles under the CWC.

There are thirteen regional organisations of CWC which are functioning from
Bengaluru, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Coimbatore, Delhi, Hyderabad,
Lucknow, Nagpur, Patna, Shillong, Siliguri and Gandhi Nagar, each headed by a
Chief Engineer. These organisations closely interact with the States and are entrusted
with the monitoring of medium and major projects, command area development,
rehabilitation and renovation of water bodies, minor irrigation and other water
management activities, appraisal of medium projects, flood forecasting and
hydrological observations.

=BROAD FUNCTIONS OF CWC=

l To carry out techno-economic appraisal of irrigation, flood control and
multipurpose projects proposed by the State Governments.
l To collect, compile, publish and analyse the hydrological data relating to major
rivers in the country, consisting of rainfall, runoff and temperature, etc. and to
act as the central bureau of information in respect of these matters.
l To collect, maintain and publish statistical data relating to water resources
and its utilization including quality of water throughout India and to act as
the central bureau of information relating to water resources.
l To provide flood forecasting services to all major flood prone inter-state river
basins of India through a network of 175 flood forecasting stations.
l Monitoring of selected major and medium irrigation projects, to ensure the
achievement of physical and financial targets. Monitoring of projects under
Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP), and Command Area
Development (CAD) programme has also been included in its field of activities.
l To advise the Government of India and the concerned State Governments on
the basin-wise development of water resources.

l To undertake necessary surveys and investigations as and when so required,
to prepare designs and schemes for the development of river valleys in respect
of power generation, irrigation by gravity flow or lift, flood management,
environmental management, resettlement and rehabilitation, soil conservation,
anti-water logging measures, reclamation of alkaline and saline soils, drainage
and drinking water supply.

l To undertake construction work of any river valley development scheme on
behalf of the Government of India or State Government concerned.
 
l To advise and assist, when so required, the State Governemts (Commissions,
Corporations or Boards that are set up) in the investigation, surveys and
preparation of river valley and power development schemes for particular
areas and regions.

l To advise the Government of India in respect of Water Resources Development,
regarding rights and disputes between different States which affect any scheme
for the conservation and utilization and any matter that may be referred to
the Commission in connection with river valley development.
l To impart training to in-service engineers from Central and State Organisations
in various aspects of water resource development.
l To initiate studies on socio-agro-economic and ecological aspects of irrigation
projects for the sustained development of irrigation.
l To conduct and coordinate research on the various aspects of river valley
development schemes such as flood management, Irrigation, navigation, water
power development. etc. and the connected structural and design features.
l To promote modern data collection techniques such as remote sensing
technology for water resources development, flood forecasting and
development of related computer software.
l To conduct studies on dam safety aspects for the existing and future dams
and standardize the instruments for dam safety measures.
l To carry out morphological studies to assess river behaviour, bank erosion/
coastal erosion problems and advise the Central and State Governments on
all such matters.
l To promote and create mass awareness regarding the progress and
achievements made by the country in the water resources development, use
and conservation.
Central Soil and Material Research Station
The Central Soil and Materials Research Station (CSMRS), New Delhi is a premier
organization in the field of soil-mechanics, rock mechanics, construction materials
and allied fields specially in respect of water resources projects.
The mandate of CSMRS is basic and applied research followed by consultancy
and dissemination of knowledge. Further, this research station provides technical
assistance to the Departments of Central and State Governments, Public Sector
Undertakings and other agencies in India and abroad, covering areas such as soil
mechanic and foundation engineer including soil dynamics, geotextiles, soil
chemistry and rockfill technology, concrete technology, drilling technology for sub
surface characterization and construction materials rock mechanics including
laboratory testing, in-situ testing, instrumentation, engineering geophysics and
numerical modeling, concrete chemistry, electronic and information technology.
CSMRS has recently established instrumentation Demonstration Centre and
Numerical Modelling Unit with state-of-art equipments and softwares. It has
successfully undertaken investigations on more than 2000 projects in the last two
and half decades and disseminated knowledge of several engineers and scientists
working in both governmental and non-governmental organizations.
 
=SUBORDINATE ORGANIZATIONS=

Central Water and Power Research Station
The Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS), Khadakwasla, Pune, is
the centre of excellence in hydraulic research at the national level. From its inception
in 1916 as an agency dealing with the twin problems of irrigation and drainage,
CWPRS is an institution of international standing in hydraulic research.
The mandate of the institution encompasses undertaking specific research
studies supported by necessary basic research. Comprehensive R&D support is
offered to a variety of projects dealing with water resources, power and waterborne
transport. Consultancy and advisory services are rendered to a variety of
clients of the institution within the sphere of its activities. Disseminating expertise
and research findings amongst hydraulic fraternity and promoting hydraulic
research activities at other institutions by imparting training to their research
manpower are also undertaken. As the regional laboratory of the Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) since 1971, CWPRS has
contributed in many projects in the neighbourhood as well as countries in the Middle
East and Africa.

The major disciplines/laboratories of CWPRS are: River Engineering, Reservoir
and Appurtenant Structures, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Ship
Hydrodynamics, Hydraulic Machinery, Earth Sciences, Mathematical Modelling,
Foundation & Structures and Instrumentation & Control Engineering. About
50 Divisions - well equipped with state-of-the-art equipment, software and other
high quality infrastructure – are engaged in hydraulic research at the institution
within the ambit of the disciplines/laboratories mentioned above. The institution,
with an interdisciplinary approach in all its activities, represents unique services
available to the country and the ESCAP region.
The major client of CWPRS include: Central / State Government Agencies /
Departments, research institutes, Port Trusts, Public private sector undertakings
and Municipal Corporations.

=CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD=

Ground Water Management and Regulation Scheme
Ministry of Water Resources through Central Ground water Board, which is a
multidisciplinary Scientific Organization with the mandate to "Develop and
disseminate technologies for scientific and sustainable development and
management of India's Ground Water Resources including monitoring, exploration,
assessment and augmentation". Activities of ground water studies, exploration,
monitoring, assessment etc., which are of continuing nature, were earlier covered
under the scheme of "Ground Water Survey, Exploration and Investigation". In
view of the emergent ground water situation in various parts of the country, the
need has been felt for proper management of ground water resources including
their augmentation and regulated development etc.
The following activities are conducted annually to achieve the objective of the
GWM&R scheme by CGWB :
 
Ground water l Evaluate the changes in For 1.5 lakh km
Management quantity and quality of the area of the country every
Studies ground water regime year in 1:50000 scale
l Prepare ground water
management plans
Special studies in problem As per the requirement
Areas viz. ground water
depletion, seawater ingress
and geogenic contamination
etc.
Ground water Exploratory drilling aided by The Board has drilled 15803
Exploration geophysical and remote exploratory well till 31st
sensing studies to decipher March 2011. In addition, it has
the GW potential of various constructed 6242 observation
geological formations wells, 3915 piezometers, 361
slim holes and 3635 deposit
well to collect scientific datas.
l During 2010-11. 50 wells with discharge ranging from 1000
litre per hour to 115000 litre per hour have been constructed
in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka,
Kerala, J&K Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu
and West Bengal. The study will help in identifying ground
water sources and in guiding the states to adopt follow up
action with regard to ground water development for
drinking water supply and other demands.
l During 2010-11, 1862 Vertical Electrical Soundings, 6.23
line kilometer resistively profiling and geophysical logging
of 90 bore holes have been conducted in various parts of
the country to support and supplement ground water
management studies, ground water exploration and shortterm
water supply investigations to demarcate bedrock
configuration and thickness of overburden, saline-fresh
water interface etc.
Ground Water l Through a network of Monitoring of National
Monitoring 15,600 shallow and deep Hydrograph Stations (NHS)
observation wells (NHS) are conducted for
to assess the ground water groundwater levels four
regime changes in time times in a year and for
and space for the country quality once in a year. The
l Urban Groundwater water level data are made
monitoring in few cities available in public domain
for reference.
 
l 18213 water samples have been analyzed during the year
2010-11, out of which 14455 samples were analysed for
basic constituents, 3192 samples for heavy metals such as
Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, CO, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb etc. 566 samples for
organic and specific constituents.
Artificial Through Central Sector The Board has undertaken
Recharge Scheme, the Board is actively 165 pilot artificial recharge
involved in implementing projects in which more than
construction of artificial 750 artificial recharge
recharge structures and structures were completed
impact assessment along during IX plan in 27 states
with State govt. agencies wherein feasibility, design,
so that successful technique funds and complete
of recharging can be technical guidance were
replicated. given to State govt. agencies.
l Impact assessment studies conducted at the construction
of the artificial recharge structures have shown locally rise
in groundwater level/arrest in declining groundwater
level, sustainability of shallow tube wells, reviving of dry
dug wells & shallow tube wells, improvement in quality
of water and overall greenery in the area due to increase
in soil moisture.
Central Ground Groundwater Regulation in The CGWA has so far
Water Authority over exploited area in the notified 43 over-exploited
(CGWA) country areas in the country for
regulation of ground water
development and
management.
l For enforcement of the regulatory directions issued under
Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, concerned
Deputy Commissioners/District Magistrates have been
authorized to take necessary action in case of violation of
directives of CGWA in the notified areas. For more effective
regulation of ground water development and
management, Advisory Committees under the
Chairmanship of District Collector/Deputy
Commissioners with members drawn from various
organizations have been constituted which will render
advice in matters pertaining to regulation of ground water
development and management.

=RGI SCHEME=

RGI plan scheme was first adopted during IXth five year plan and is running
continuously since 1997 under Central Ground Water Board, MoWR. The scheme
started looking into the emerging problems of ground water management being
 
faced in the country. For proper planning, development and management of ground
water resources, its extent and disposition need to be fully delineated. It is therefore
essential that the professionals handling this resource are adequately and
appropriately equipped with practical training including knowledge of new and
innovative technologies. Training facilities in the ground water sector in the country
are meager. The CGWB has expertise and knowhow for capacity building in ground
water sector. For providing the proper infrastructure and manpower for research
and training, the RGNGWTRI was launched at Raipur. The institute had the mandate
to meet the training and research requirement of professionals and sub professionals
working in ground water sector.

=THE OBJECTIVES OF THE SCHEME=

1. To provide training to ground water professionals and sub-professionals in
ground water investigations, development and management techniques.
2. Setting up well equipped laboratories, a library, a computer center, and a
documentation center.
3. To take up R&D studies in Ground Water Sector.
ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER THE SCHEME
l RGI since its inception has conducted 185 training courses and imparted
training to more than 3900 personnel in various fields (till March, 2011). This
includes two international courses.
l During XIth Plan (2007-2012), a total of 96 courses are proposed to be organised
up to March 2011. 92 courses were organized during XIth plan and 32 courses
are scheduled in 2011-12.

=NATIONAL LEVEL PAINTING COMPETITION ON WATER CONSERVATION=

Central Ground Water Board organized First National Level Painting Competition
on Water Conservation on 21st January 2011 at CSMRS, New Delhi under the
auspices of Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. A total of 63 winner
students of IV to VI standards from all over the country (three from each Regional
office) participated in National Level Painting Competition. Painting experts' Juries
have selected 23 students for 1st, 2nd, 3rd and consolation awards. The 1st prize
winner was from the Andhra Pradesh State.

=FARAKKA BARRAGE PROJECT=

The Farakka Barrage Project was constructed for preservation and maintenance of
Kolkata Port by improving the regime and navigability of the Bhagirathi-Hoogly
river system. The river Bhagirathi, the feeder canal and navigation lock at Farakka
form part of the Haldia-Allahabad Inland Waterway. The principal components of
the project are: (a) 2,245 metre long barrage across the Ganga with a rail-cum-road
bridge, river training works, a head regulator on the right side, (b) 213 metre long
barrage across the river Bhagirathi at Jangipur, (c) Feeder canal of 1113 cubic metres
per second (40,000 cubic feet per second) carrying capacity and 38.38 km long, taking
off from the head regulator on the right of the Farakka Barrage, and (d) navigation
works such as locks, lock channels, navigation lights and other infrastructure.
Farakka Barrage Project authority also undertakes emergent/regular anti
erosion works since 2005 along the bank of the river Ganga in the critical reaches
between Rajmahal and Jalangi.
 
=BANSAGAR CONTROL BOARD=

The Bansagar Control Board was constituted by the Central Government in
consultation with the Governments of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh
with a view to ensure efficient, economical and early execution of the Bansagar
Dam on Sone river, including all connected works in Madhya Pradesh but excluding
the canal systems. The headquarters of the Board is at Rewa (M.P.). The day-to-day
activities of the Board are managed by an Executive Committee of the Board under
the Chairmanship of Chairman, Central Water Commission. Funds for the project
are borne by the beneficiary States of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in
the ratio of 2:1:1.

The revised cost of the Dam Project is Rs. 1,582.94 crore (at 2009 price level).
The total expenditure for an amount of Rs.1508.29 crore upto October, 2010 has been
incurred on the project. The work on the DAM including Crest Gates have been
completed in June 2006 and the reservoirs has been filled to EL 334.06 m against
FRL 341.65 m in September, 2010. Power generation is 425 MW up to September
2010 in the financial year 2010-11.

The project will provide annual irrigation to 2049 lakh hectare in Madhya
Pradesh, 1.5 hectare in Uttar Pradesh and 0.94 lakh hectare in Bihar towards
stabilizing its existing Sone Canal System. All 18 nos. spillway blocks have been
completed upto crest level (RL 326.4 m). Non overflow blocks on either side upto
top elevation of RL 347 M has been completed. All irrigation sluices, spillway bridges,
6 saddle dams, rock fill dam upto RL 347 M have been completed. So far, 72 meetings
of Executive Committee have taken place.
Ganga Flood Control Commission
Ganga Flood Control Commission (GFCC), with its headquarters at Patna, was
established in 1972. It serves as the Secretariat and executive limb of Ganga Flood
Control Board which is headed by Union Minister for Water Resources and its
members are the Union Minister for Finance, Railways, Surface Transport and
Agriculture or their representatives, Union Minister of State for Water Resources,
the Chief Ministers of the basin States or their representatives and Member, Planning
Commission. The Commission is headed by a Chairman who is assisted by two
full-time Members.

Main functions of the Commission include preparation and updating of a
comprehensive plan for flood management, techno-economic appraisal of flood
management schemes, assessment of adequacy of waterways under road and rail
bridges, monitoring and performance evaluation of flood management schemes,
and participation in international and national committees set up by the Government
of India on Ganga basin States pertaining to the subject of flood management.
Upper Yamuna River Board
A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by the Chief Ministers of
Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and National Capital
Territory of Delhi on 12th May 1994 regarding allocation of utilizable surface flow of
Yamuna up to Okhla among the co-basin States. The MoU provides for creation of
a board called Upper Yamuna River Board.

The Board shall consist of Member, Central Water Commission as part time
Chairman and one nominee each from the States of Uttar Pradesh. Uttarakhand,
 
Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh and National Capital Territory of Delhi not
below the rank of Chief Engineer and Chief Engineer of Central Electricity Authority
and representatives of Central Ground Water Board and Central Pollution Control
Board as part time members. The Board shall have a full time Member-Secretary.
The States have agreed that a minimum flow in proportion of completion of upstream
storages going upto 10 cumec shall be maintained downstream of Tajewala/
Hathnikund and downstream of Okhla Headwork throughout the year from
ecological considerations as upstream storages are built up progressively in a phased
manner.

The main function of Upper Yamuna River Board is to regulate the allocation
of available flows amongst the beneficiary States and also maintaining the return
flows; monitoring conserving and upgrading the quality of surface and ground
water; maintaining hydrometeorological data for the basin, overviewing plans for
watershed management; monitoring and reviewing the progress of all projects up
to and including Okhla barrage.

As per the Resolution of Ministry of Water Resources dated 11th March, 1995,
there shall be a Review Committee to be known as the Upper Yamuna Review
Committee comprising of the Chief Ministers (Governor in case of President's Rule)
of the States of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand
and National Capital Territory of Delhi under the Chairmanship of the Union
Minister/Minister of State for Water Resources which shall supervise the working
of the Upper Yamuna River Board and ensure implementation of MoU dated 12.5.94
regarding allocation of surface flow of Yamuna and issue directions as may be
necessary for the proper development and management of the upper reaches of the
Yamuna River Basin up to Okhla.
The Government of India has included the three storage projects in the upper
reaches of Yamuna or its tributories known as Renuka Dam, Kishau Dam, Lakhwar
Vyasi Project as National projects for which 90% of the cost of irrigation and drinking
water supply component of the project shall be provided by the Government of
India.
=PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS=

Water and Power Consultancy Services Limited
WAPCOS Limited is a "MINI RATNA" Public Sector Enterprise under the aegis of
the Union Ministry of Water Resources. Incorporated on 26 June 1969 under the
Companies Act, 1956, WAPCOS has been providing consultancy services in all facets
of water resources, power and infrastructure sectors in India and abroad.
The quality Management Systems of WAPCOS conform to ISO 9001 : 2008 for
consultancy services in Water Resources, Power and Infrastructure Development
Projects.

=Fields of Specialisation=

Main fields of specialisation of the company cover Irrigation and Drainage, Flood
Control and Land Reclamation, River Management, Dams, Reservoir Engineering
and Barrages, Integrated Agriculture Development, Watershed Management,
Hydropower and Thermal Power Generation, Power Transmission and Distribution,
Rural Electrification, Ground Water Exploration, Minor Irrigation, Water Supply
and Sanitation (Rural and Urban), Environmental Engineering including
 
Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Audit, Ports and Harbours
and Inland Waterways, Rain Water Harvesting; Survey & Investigations, Human
Resource Management, System Studies and Information Development, City
Development Plans, Financial Management System, Technical Education, Quality
Control and Construction Supervision, Roads & Bridges. The Company has amended
its Articles of Association to provide concept to commissioning services for
developmental projects in India and Abroad.

=Range of Consultancy Services=

WAPCOS' spectrum of services covers a wide range of activities, e.g., pre-feasibility
studies, feasibility studies, siltation studies, diagnostic studies, socio-economic
studies, master plans and regional development plans, field investigations, detailed
engineering including designs, detailed specifications, tendering process, contract
and construction management, commissioning and testing, operation &
maintenance, quality assurance & management, software development and human
resource development.

Registration with International Organisations and Operations Abroad
WAPCOS is registered with various international funding agencies for participating
in the funded projects like World Band/International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development, African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Food and
Agriculture Organisation, International Fund for Agricutlural Development, United
Nations Development Program, World Health Organisation, African Development
Bank, Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme, Overseas Economic
Cooperation Fund, Japan Bank for International Cooperation, United Nations Office
for Project Services etc.

Apart from India, WAPCOS has successfully completed/on-going consultancy
assignments abroad in 50 countries and is currently engaged in providing
consultancy services in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burundi, Cambodia,
Central African Republic, DR Congo, Kenya, Laos, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal,
Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Taiwan, Togo, Yemen and Zimbabwe.

=NARMADA CONTROL AUTHORITY=

The Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal (NWDT) was constituted by the then Ministry
of Irrigation and Power in October, 1969 to adjudicate upon the water dispute
pertaining to river Narmada. The tribunal has ordered setting up of machinery for
implementing its directions and decisions. Accordingly, the Central Government
framed the Narmada Water Scheme inter-alia constituting the Narmada Control
Authority (NCA) and the Review Committee for Narmada Control Authority
(RCNCA) to give effect to the decisions of the Tribunal and notified the same in the
then ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation Notification No. SO 770 (E) of the 10th
September 1980. The Authority started functioning from 20th December, 1980.
The Role of the Authority will mainly comprise coordination and direction.
Normally all bilateral matters would be dealt with mutually by the states concerned
and referred to the Authority only if there is a dispute. The Authority shall be charged
with the power and shall be under a duty to do any or all things necessary, sufficient
and expedient for the implementation of the order of the Tribunal with respect to :

i. The storage, apportionment, regulation and control of the Narmada
Waters.
Water Resources 1143
ii. Sharing of power benefits from Sardar Sarovar Project.
iii. Regulated releases by Madhya Pradesh.
iv. Acquisition by the concerned States for Sardar Sarovar Project of lands
and properties likely to be submerged under Sardar Sarovar.
v. Compensation and rehabilitation and settlement of oustess; and
vi. Sharing of costs.

=NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY=

The Institute was established in 1978 with the main objective of undertaking, aiding,
promoting and coordinating systematic and scientific work in all aspects of
hydrology. The institute has its headquarters at Roorkee (Uttarakhand), four regional
centres at Belgaum, Jammu, Kakinada and Sagar, and two centres for Flood
Management Studies at Guwahati and Patna. The Institute is well equipped to carry
out computer, laboratory & field oriented studies. In view of the importance of
reservoir operation problem in Indian context and the non availability of a
generalized software for reservoir analysis, the National Institute developed a
generalized software named "SRA-Software for Reservoir Analysis" for reservoir
analysis. This software linked a number of individual computer programs for
carrying out various kind of reservoir analysis such as capacity computation, storage
yield analysis. hydropower simulation, reservoir routing, EAC interpolation, inflow
estimation using rate of rise method, initial rule curve derivation, and operation of
a system of multiple reservoirs for conservation purposes. However, the preparation
of data filed for various modules and representation of results was a difficult task.
To address these limitations, a WINDOWS based software named "NIH_ReSyPReservoir
systems Package" has been developed in the present study. The software
has been developed in Visual BASIC platform and provides a user-friendly
environment for carrying out various hydrological analyses related to reservoirs.
A national programme on isotopic finger printing of source of water in India
is in progress where fourteen different organizations are involved. Water samples
of rivers, precipitation, ground water, air moisture, Indian ocean and Bay of Bengal
are being collected and analysed for their isotopic signatures for the better utilization
and management of water resources. Environmental hydrology division has carried
out Modelling of Pesticide Transport in Ground Water-a case study of Metropolitan
city-Vododara. In addition to this assessment of surface water quality is a regular
work for the Central/State Government departments and industries located in
Uttarakhand state. Surface water hydrology division has carried out the studies on
water availability analysis and design flood estimation for gauged and ungauged
catchments, flood forecasting, flood hazard modeling and flood risk assessment,
watershed management, hydrological modeling using conceptual and physical
based distributed models and soft computing techniques such as artificial neural
networks and fuzzy logic. A climate cell was set at the institute to take up the studies
related to impact of climate change on water resources. Three pilot sub-basins in
Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra basin were selected for the impact studies. Impact
of climate change on the flow characteristics of Beas River of Pandoh Dam site and
Bhagirathi River of Tehri Dam site have been studied. This is followed by
performance analysis of reservoirs under different climate change scenarios. The
Institute has established a meteorological observatory and a gauging site near the
snout of the Gangotri Glacier and is monitoring the different types of hydrological
 
and hydro-meteorological data during the ablation season since year 2000. Rainfall,
temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, sunshine hours and evaporation
data have been collected for three years during the ablation period (May-October).
Gauge observations are taken round the clock at the gauging site with the help of
automatic water level recorder. A simple conceptual hydrological model based on
temperature index approach has been developed for simulation and climate change
studies.

The Institute is presently focusing studies and R&D on the following thrust
areas; hydrology of extremes, impact of land use change on water resources, Ground
water modeling and management, sustainable water systems management, surface
water modeling, regional hydrology and environmental hydrology. The Institute is
involved in a number of nationally important water resources projects including
World Bank funded Hydrology Projects.

The Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR), Government of India (Gol) has
proposed Hydrology Project Phase II which is a follow-on to the recently concluded
Hydrology Project (HP-I). HP-I was an 8-year project with a credit of SDR 90.1
million implemented in collaboration with technical assistance from the Royal
Government of Netherlands with a co-financing of about Euro 14.9 million. It was
set up to improve Hydrogical information System (HIS) in India to arrive at
comprehensive, easily accessible, and user-friendly hydrologic database covering
all aspects of hydrologic cycle (meteorology, surface water, groundwater and water
quality). The HP-I objectives included improving institutional and organizational
arrangements, technical capabilities, and physical facilities for collection, collation,
processing and exchange of hydrological and hydrometorological data. The
participating state agencies were the Surface and Groundwater Departments of
Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu; and the Central agencies were the MoWR,
Central Water Commission, Central Groundwater Board. National Institute of
Hydrology, Central Water and Power Research Station and India Meteorological
Department.

=NATIONAL WATER DEVELOPMENT AGENCY=

The Ministry of Water Resources had formulated a National Perspective Plan(NPP)
in August 1980 for Water Resources Development by transferring water from water
surplus basins to water deficit basins/regions by interlinking of rivers. The NPP
has two main components, i.e., the Himalayan Rivers Development Component
and the Peninsular Rivers Development Component. The NPP envisages additional
irrigation benefits of 35 million hectare, i.e., 25 million hectare from surplus water
and 10 million hectare by increased use of ground water which will be over and
above the ultimate irrigation potential of about 140 million hectare from major,
medium and minor irrigation projects and 34 million KW of hydropower, apart
from the benefits of flood control, navigation, water supply, fisheries, salinity,
pollution control, etc. The Himalayan Component of inter-basin water transfer
proposals envisages benefits directly to the States of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana,
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Orissa and enrich
the Peninsular Component from the surplus waters of Brahmaputra. The Peninsular
Component envisages benefit to the States of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
 
The National Water Development Agency (NWDA) was set up as a Society in
1982 to carry out surveys and investigations and to prepare feasibility reports of the
links under the NPP. The NWDA carried out water balance studies of 137 basins/
sub-basins and at 71 identified diversion points and topo-sheet studies of 74
identified storages and 37 link alignments under NPP. NWDA has, after carrying
out aforesaid detailed studies, identified 30 links, comprising 16 links under
Peninsular Components and 14 links under Himalayan Components for preparation
of Feasibility Reports for effecting transfer of water. NWDA has completed feasibility
reports of 16 (14 under Peninsular and Indian portion and 2 under Himalayan
component) water transfer links. Five links under Himalayan Component involve
international dimensions; therefore, target for completion of feasibility report of
such links cannot be given. One link under peninsular component falls entirely in
Karnataka; as such concurrence of Karnataka is required. Feasibility Reports of
remaining links are under progress.

In December 2002, MoWR, with the approval of the Prime Minister of India,
has set up a Task Force on Interlinking of Rivers (TF-ILR) to suggest modalities for
arriving at speedy consensus amongst the States for sharing and transfer of surplus
water to deficit areas, providing guidance on norms of appraisal of individual
projects in respect of economic viability, socio-economic impacts, environmental
impacts and preparation of resettlement plans. The Task Force had submitted two
Action Plans outlining the time schedules for the completion of the feasibility studies,
detailed project report, estimated cost, implementation schedule, concrete benefits
and advantages of the project, etc. and possible approaches for funding, cost recovery
and execution of ILR programme.

The National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) of the UPA
Government envisaged that the Government would make a comprehensive
assessment of the feasibility of linking the rivers of the country starting with the
southern rivers in a fully consultative manner. After comprehensive assessment of
feasibility of Interlinking of Rivers in the country, the Government decided that the
Task Force on Interlinking of Rivers, which has submitted Action Plans I & II and
completed its mandated task may be wound up. Accordingly, the Task Force was
wound up in December 2004. A Special Cell working under Ministry of Water
Resources, will look after the residual routine work of the Task Force.
A group headed by Chairman, Central Water Commission (CWC) and
consisting of other officers of CWC and Secretaries of irrigation/Water Resources
Department from concerned States has been constituted in june, 2002 to discuss
with the States the issue of arriving at a consensus regarding sharing of surpulus
waters and preparation of detailed project report by NWDA. The Group has held
ten meetings so far, three for Ken-Betwa link, three for Parbati-Chambal link, one
for Godavari (Polavaram)-Krishna (Vijayawada) link, two for Par-Tapi-Narmada
& Damanganga-Pinjal links together and one on the proposal of Mahanadi-
Godavari-Krishna-Pennar-Cauvery-Vaigai-Gundar link system. Last meeting was
held on 23-07-2010 for Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Pennar-Cauvery-Vaigai-
Gundar link system.
Further, the Government of India has constituted a Committee of
Environmentalists, Social Scientists and other experts on ILR Project in
December 2004 to advise Government on Environmental, Social issues, etc., and to
1146 India 2012
involve them in the consultation process. The committee has held eight meetings
so far.
The implementation of the inter-basin water transfer link schemes can be taken
up in a phased manner depending on the priorities of the Government and
availability of funds. But before this, certain other steps, viz., negotiations and
agreements amongst the States involved in inter-basin transfer, preparation of
Detailed Project Reports (DPRs), Techno-economic appraisal of DPRs and investment
clearance of the schemes, funding arrangements and fixing of agencies for execution,
etc., would be necessary.
The links namely (i) Ken-Betwa link; (ii) Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal link;
(iii) Godavari(Polavaram) – Krishna (Vijayawada) link; (iv) Damanganga-Pinjal link;
and (v) Par-Tapi-Narmada Link have been identified as priority links for consensus
building amongst concerned States for taking up preparation of Detailed Project
Report (DPR).
The status of consensus among States on these links is given as under :-
''' KEN-BETWA LINK ''' 
A tripartite MoU was signed between the Union Minister of Water Resources, Chief
Ministers of Government of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh on 25th August
2005 in the presence of Dr. Manmohan Singh, Hon'ble Prime Minister of India for
preparation of DPR of Ken-Betwa link by Central Government. The DPR have been
completed by NWDA in December 2008. After discussions with Govt. of Madhya
Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, it was decided that the DPR of project will be prepared
in two phases. In Phase-I, Daudhan dam, two power houses, link canal and their
other components will be taken up. The project suggested by the Government of
Madhya Pradesh for Upper Betwa Basin will be taken up in Phase-II after completion
of their Survey & Investigation work and examining their techno-economic viability.
The DPR Phase-I of the project has been completed in April 2010 and sent to
Government of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in May 2010. The work on
Phase-II studies of the link has been taken up by NWDA.

=PARBATI-KALISINDH-CHAMBSAL LINK=

Efforts are being made to arrive at consensus on the other priority link, viz., Parbati-
Kalisindh-Chambal Link through deliberations with the concerned States of Madhya
Pradesh and Rajasthan for preparation of DPR. NWDA has revised the Hydrology
of the link as desired by the Government of Rajasthan.
PAR-TAPI-NARMADA LINK AND DAMANGANGA-PINJAL LINK
NWDA has taken up the DPRs of two more priority links namely Par-Tapi-Narmada
Link And Damangango-Pinjal Link after receiving the concurrence of the concerned
States of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The MOU for preparation of DPRs of both these
links has been signed by the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Maharashta and Union
Minister (WR) in the presence of Hon'ble Prime Minister on 03-05-2010.
GODAVARI (POLAVARAM)-KRISHNA (VIJAYWADA) LINK
Godavari (Polavaram)-Krishna (Vijayawada) Link is part of the Polavaram project
of the Andhra Pradesh. Planning Commission has given investment clearance to
the Polavarma project and the Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken up the
above project including link component as per their own proposal.
 
=MAHANADI-GODAVARI-KRISHNA-PENNAR-CAUVERY-VAIGAIGUNDAR LINK SYSTEM=

The consensus building for eight more links under Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-
Pennar-Cauvery-Vaigai-Gundar Linkage System for taking up their DPRs with
concerned states has been initiated. NWDA has received 36 proposals of Inter-State
links from 7 States out of which Pre-feasibility Reports (PFRs) of 15 Intra-state links
have been completed. The mandate of NWDA has been enhanced to prepare the
DPRs of intra-State links. NWDA has taken up the DPR of Burhi Gandak-None-
Ganga link. The DPR of Kosi-Mechi link will be taken up soon.
=I=
= Water laws=
==A state subject==
[[File: The availability of water and the existing laws.jpg| The availability of water and the existing laws |frame|500px]] 
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Centre-states-not-on-same-page-when-it-16062017013010   Vishwa Mohan | Centre, states not on same page when it comes to water rule book | Jun 16 2017 : The Times of India (Delhi)]


Israel, one of the world's most water-starved nations, has a national water law, like South Africa and Australia, that has helped it manage its scant resources. “The country's water resources are public property , controlled by the state and designated for residents' needs and the country's development,“ says Tami Shor, senior deputy director (regulation) of the Israeli Water Authority .

In India, water resource management has been the states' prerogative. Rivers drying up, polluted rivers, depleting groundwater, shrinking lakes, zero access to potable water on the one hand, and unseasonal floods, contaminated groundwater and inter-state river disputes on the other, have made India's water woes a hydra-headed monster. In this, states' divergent laws often clash with neighbours' requirements -a factor driving the long-standing demand for a national water law.

Several water experts, however, insist that an ample bundle of laws exists to govern water resources efficiently with no need for an over-arching central law. The Water Pollution Act 1974, Interstate Water Disputes Act 1960, Riverboard Act 1956, Environment Protection Act 2006, Easement Act 1987 for Groundwater (although insufficient), the Wildlife Protection Act and draft Groundwater Model Act, to name a few, can be employed better to improve water governance. Himanshu Thakkar of the South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers & People, says, “The Centre has enough power under different existing laws to manage and conserve water across the country . Instead of going for a national law, it should focus on governance and go for more and more decentralisation“.

But government argues that the absence of a central regulatory regime has led to over-exploitation and misuse of resources at all levels -domestic, industry and agriculture in the surplus regions. Most states' laws are not comprehensive and few regulate for efficient use of treated water.

“We need a national law. Water must be managed as common property, recognising public rights. Equitable distribution of water is possible only through a central law,“ says for mer Union water resources secretary Shashi Shekhar who, along with water policy expert Mihir Shah, was instrumental in compiling the Centre's draft national policy framework bill in 2016. Shekhar told TOI that India, on the threshold of a major water crisis, cannot afford to manage its resources the way it's been done for years.

The framework lays down guide lines for states to manage and conserve water and talks about how to adopt a water security plan via legislation. “We expect states to adopt it through legislation or as a policy document. But there's no substitute to a national law,“ says Shekhar.

=See also=
[[Groundwater: India]]/
[[Water Resources: India (ministry data)]]/ [[Water Economy: India]]

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