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'' Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay: A Fair Testimony Of Women Empowerment '''

Hayyalappa Surpurkar  

Assistant Professor in History, 

Government First Grade College, Shahapur ,  

Dist Gulbarga, Karnataka, India.   
[http://www.oiirj.org/oiirj/mar2012/23.pdf] 

Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi - Monthly http://www.oiirj.org/oiirj/mar2012/23.pdf }, 

ISSN2249 - 9598, Volume - II, Issue - II, Mar - Apr 2012  

=Introduction=

Kamaladevi, one of the most precious among such glittering gems in the country in  boggler [?] aspects and in Karnataka in particular.  

===Her contributions===
''' Kamaladevi was a born rebel. '''  She would have preferred a warrior’s life. Her infant ‘Kicks’ were more vigorous and violent, move powerful and persistent .  Kamaladevi was an Indian social reformer, freedom fighter and most remembered for her  contribution to Indian independence movement, for being the driving force behind the renaissance of Indian handicrafts, handlooms and theatre in post independence India, and for upliftment of the socio-economic standard of Indian women by pioneering the  cooperative movement in India. 

==== Early Life ====
Kamaladevi was born on 3 rd April, 1903. She was the fourth and youngest  daughter of a Saraswat Brahmin couple, Anantaiah Dhareshwar and Girijabai in  Mangalore of Karnataka State. Anantaiah  the  then district collector of Mangalore. 

Kamaladevi got a f irm grounding and provided bench marks to respect for her intellect as  well as her voice. Something , that she  came to know for in the coming years, when she  stood as the voice of the downtrodden as well as the unheard. Her  parents befriended many prominen t freedom fighters and intellectuals and this made Kamaladevi  an early  enthusiast of the Swadeshi nationalist movement.  

She studied  about ancient Sanskrit drama tradition from its  greatest Guru  Natyacharya, Padma Shri Mani Madhava Chakyar by staying at Gu ru’s  home in Kerala.  In her age of seven years, she lost her elder sister Suguna and his father also. Girijabai  with her small kids decided to raise on her dowry property. The young Kamaladevi  questioned the aristocratic division of her mother’s household  and preferred to mingle her  servants and their children wanting to understand their life as them.  

====Marriage – W idowhood – R emrriage ====  

In 1917, when was only fourteen years of age, married  to Krishna Rao and within  two  years she was widowed,  while she  was still at school. According to orthodox Hindu  rules of the times being a widow she was not allowed to continue her education, yet she  defiantly moved to Chennai and continued her education from St. Mary’s School and  finally completed her high school in 1918.  

''' Marriage to Harin ''' 

Meanwhile studying at Queen Mary’s College in Chennai, she came to know with  Suhasini, a fellow student and younger sister of Sarojini Naidu, who later introduced her  talented brother, Harin to Kamaladevi, by then a well know n poet  – play right – actor. It  was their mutual interest in the arts, which brought them together. Finally when she was  twenty, married Harindranath Chattopadhyay much to the opposition of the orthodox  society of the times, which was still heavily against widow marriage.  

====Move to London====
Shortly after the marriage Chattopadhyay couple left for London, where  Kamaladevi joined Bedford College, University of London, and she received a diploma  in Sociology, while still in London, Kamaladevi came to know o f Mahatma Gandhi’s  non - cooperation movement in 1920  – 23 and she promptly returned to India.  
====Sevadal Leader ====
Soon after returned  to India from London, she joined sevadal a Ghadhian  organization set up to promote upliftment. Soon she was placed in ch arge of the women’s  section of Dal where she got involved in  recreating , training and organizing girls and  women of all ages across India, to become voluntary workers, called as ‘Sevikas’. In  1816, she met Margaret cousins, the founder of All India Women’ s  Conference (AIWC)  and was inspired her to run for the Madras provincial legislative assembly. Thus, she  became the first women to run for a  legislative seat in India.  

''' The All  – India Women’s Conference ''' 

Kamaladevi, herself founded the All India Wom en’s Conference (AIWC) and  became its first organizing secretary. In the  following years AIWC, grew upto become a  national  organization of repute with branches and voluntary programs run  through out the    nation, and work stead fastly for legislative reforms . 

During her tenure, she traveled  extensively to many European nations and was inspired to  initiative several social  reform  and community welfare programme, and set up  educational institutions run for the  women, and by women.  Another shining example in thi s series was the formation of  Lady Irwin College for Home Sciences a one of its kind college for women of its times in  New Delhi.  

====First Indian Women to be arrested====
Kamaladevi was a  part of the seven member lead team, announced by Mahatma  Gandhi in t h e famous Salt Satyagraha of 1930. In the same year she was arrested for  entering the Bombay Stock Exchange to sell packets of contraband Salt and spent almost  a year in prison. 

In 1936, she became President of the Congres Socialist Party. Working  along  side Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia and Minor Masani for her  feminism was  inseparable from socialism, and where necessary she opposed her own  colleagues when they ignored or infringed women’s right.

====The doyenne of arts and crafts in post independence era====
Independence of India, brought partition in its wake, and she plunged into  rehabilitation  of the refugees. Her first task was to set up the Indian cooperative union to  help with rehabilitation, and through the union she made plans for a townshi p on  cooperative lines. 

At length Mahatma Gandhi reluctantly gave her permission on the  condition that she did not ask for state assistance, and so after much struggle, the  township of Fairdabad was set up, on the outskirts of Delhi, rehabilitating over 50 ,000  refugees from the Northwest  Frontier . She worked tirelessly helped the refugees to  establish new homes, and new  professions , for this they were trained in new skills, she  also helped setting up health facilities in the new town.  

Thus, began the secon d phase of life’s work in rehabilitation of people as well  their lost crafts, she is considered single handedly responsible for the great revival of  Indian handicrafts and handloom, in the post independence ear, and is considered her  greatest legacy to mod ern India.  

====Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay as an  Actress====
She also acted in a few films. In an era when acting was considered unsuitable for  women from respectable families. In her first stint, she acted in two silent films,  including the first silent film of Kannada fi lm industry. ''Mricchakatika '' (Vasantasena,  1931), based on the famous play by Sadraka also starring Yenakshi Rama Rao and  directed by pioneering Kannada director, Mohan Dayaram Bhavanin. In her second stint  in films she acted in a 1943, in Hindi film, ''Tansen,'' also starring K. C. Saigal and  Khursheed, followed by ''Shankar Parvati '' (1943) and '' Dhanna Bhagat '' (1945).  

====Works of Kamaladev Chattopadhyay ====
•
The awakening of Indian women, Everyman’s Press, 1939. 
•
Japan –
its weakness and strength, Padma Publications, 1943. 
•
Uncle Sam’s empire, Padma Publications Ltd., 1944. 
•
In war –torn China, Padma Publications, 1944


Towards a National theatre, (All India Women’s Conference, Cultural Section. Cultural books), Aundh Pub. Trust, 1945. 
•
America: The land of superlatives, Phoenix Publications, 1946.
•
At the Cross Roads, National Information and Publications, 1947.
•
Socialism and Society, Chetana, 1950.
•
Tribalism in India, Brill Academic Pub., 1978, ISBN 0706906527. 
•
Handicrafts of India, Indian Council for Cultural Relations and New Age International Pub. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1995, ISBN 9993612782. 
•
Indian Women’s Battle for Freedom. South Asia Books, 1983, ISBN 0836409485. 
•
Indian Carpets and Floor Coverings, All India Handicrafts Board, 1974. 
•
Indian embroidery, Wiley Eastern, 1977. 
•
India’s Craft Tradition, Publications Division, Ministry of I & B. Govt. of India, 
2000. ISBN 8123007744. 
•
Indian Handicrafts. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Bombay India, 1963. 
•
Traditions of Indian Folk Dance. 
•
The Glory of Indian Handicrafts, New Delhi, India: Clarion Books, 1985. 
•
Inner Recesses, Outer Spaces: Memories, 1986. ISBN 8170130387.

====Awards and Recognition====
: 
Padma Bhushan (1955) and later the second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan in 1987

The Ramon Magsayasy Award (1966) for Community Leadership. 

The Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, Ratna Sadsya, the highest award of Sangeet Natak Akademi, 

India’s National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama, given for lifetime achievement in 
1974. 

UNESCO honoured her with an award in 1977 for her contribution towards the promotion of handicrafts. 

Shantiniketan honoured her with the Desikottama, its highest award. UNIMA (Union International de la Marlonette), International Puppetry organization, also made her their member of honour. 

====Kamala Devi a Legacy====
: 
In 2007, the outlook magazine chose Kamaladevi amongst its list of 60 Great Indians and she was India Today’s, 100 Millennium people. 

Today, the world crafts council gives two awards in her memory, the Kamaladevi Awards and the Kamala Sammaan, for exceptional craft persons or to individual for their outstanding 
contribution to the field of crafts. 

The crafts council of Karnataka, also gives the Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Vishwakarma Awards, each year to notworthy crafts persons.

For over three decades now, Bhartiya Natya Sangha has been awarding the ‘Kamaladevi 
Chattopadhyaya Award’ for the best play of the year. 

===Conclusion===
As a young lady from a saraswat Brahmin family
,
Kamaladevi got child marriage in earlier age.

She lost her husband and become widow. Here she crossed many hurdules of  hindu rites and get remarriage in the then days and gain her higher educationin London. 

She was a role model by participating in the non-cooperation to India got freedom actively. She also served in several organizations like Sevadal, cooperative movement,women empowerment programmes, Indian film land,literary fields and others in respectable concideration are thoroughly anlised.

==References: ==
Bakshi, S. R., Kamaladevi Chottopadhyaya. Role for Women’s Welfare, 2000.

Brijbhushan Jamila, Kamaladevi Chottopadhyay. Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 
1972. 

Dr. Sarojini Shintri and Dr. K. Raghavendra Rao. Women Freedom Fighters in Karnataka Prasaranga, KUD, 2004. 

Halappa, G. S. The History of Freedom Movement in Karnataka. Vol. II, The Govt. of Mysore, 1964. 

Indra Gupta, India’s 50 most Illustrious Women. 

Jakati, B. R. and Hiremath Gurupadswamy, Kittur Nadina Swatantrya Sangrama, Kittur. Jamila Brijbhushan, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya –Portrait of a Rebel –Abhinav, Pub.

Jasleen Dhanija, K. C., NBT, 2007. 

Malvika Singh, The iconic Women of Modern India, Freeing the Spirit, Penguin, 2005. 

Narayan Rao, M. V. K. Ch. A true Karmayogi, Bangalore, 2003. 

Reena Nanda, K. C., A Biography O. U. Press, USA, 2002.
 
Venkatachalam, G., My contemporaries