View source for Mewar 19: Battle of Khamnor

 [[Category:India |M ]]
[[Category:History |M ]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%">
This page is an extract from <br/>
ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES <br/>
OF <br/>
'''RAJASTHAN '''<br/>

OR THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN <br/>
RAJPUT STATES OF INDIA <br/>

By <br/>
LIEUT.-COL. JAMES TOD <br/>
Late Political Agent to the Western Rajput States <br/>

Edited with an Introduction and Notes by <br/>
WILLIAM CROOKE, CIE. <br/>
Hon. D.Sc. Oxon., B.A., F.R.A.l. <br/>
Late of the Indian Civil Service <br/>

In Three Volumes <br/>
VOL. IV: ANNALS OF MEWAR<br/>
[The Annals were completed in 1829]<br/>

HUMPHREY MILFORD <br/>
Oxford University Press <br/>
London Edinburgh Glasgow New York <br/>
Toronto Melbourne Bombay <br/>
1920 [The edition scanned] <br/>
</div>
|}
Note: This article is likely to contain several spelling mistakes that occurred during scanning. If these errors are reported as messages to the Facebook page, [http://www.facebook.com/Indpaedia Indpaedia.com] your help will be gratefully acknowledged.

=Mewar 19: Battle of Khamnor=
==Renewed Attack by Jahangir. Battle of Khamnor==
To 
return. These defeats alarmed Jahangir, who determined to 
equip an overwhelming force to crush the Rana. To this end he 
raised the imperial standard at Ajmer, and assembled the expedi
tion under his immediate inspection, of which he appointed his 
son Parvez commander, with instructions on departure " that if 
the Rana or his elder son Karan should repair to him, to receive 
them with becoming attention, and to offer no molestation to 
the country." ^ But the Sesodia prince little thought of sub
mission : on the contrary, flushed with success, he gave the 
royal army the meeting at a spot oft moistened with blood, the 
pass of Khamnor,2  leading into the heart of the hills. The 
imperial army was disgracefully beaten, and fled, pursued with 
great havoc, towards Ajmer. The Mogul historian admits it 
to have been a glorious day for Mewar. He describes Parvez 
entangled in the passes, dissensions in his camp, his supplies cut 
off, and under all [360] these disadvantages attacked ; his pre
cipitate flight and pursuit, in which the royal army lost vast 
numbers of men.3  But Jahangir in his diary slurs it over, and 
1  A.D. 1611. 
2  Translated ' Brampoor ' in Dow's Ferishta, and transferred to the 
Deccan ; and the pass {bdla-ghat) rendered the Balaghat mountains of the 
south. There are numerous similar errors. [The Author seems to be mis
taken. Dow (iii. 39) speaks of " Brampour, the capital of the Rana's 
dominions." Khamnor is in W. Mewar, a little distance south of Nath
dwara.] 
3 The details of battles, unless accompanied by exploits of individuals, 
are very uninteresting. Under this impression, I have suppressed whatever 
could impair the current of action by amphfication, otherwise not only the 
Rajput bard, but the contemporary Mogul historian, would have afforded 
abundant matter ; but I have deemed both worthy of neglect in such cases. 
Ferishta's history is throughout most faulty in its geographical details, 
rendered still more obscure from the erroneous orthography, often arising 
from mistaken punctuation of the only translation of this valuable work yet 
before the public. There is one gentleman (Lieut. -Col. Briggs) well quali
fied to remedy these defects, and who, with a laudable industry, has made 
simply remarks : " Fearing that Khusrau's affair might be pro
longed, I ordered my son Parwiz to leave some of the Sardars 
to look after the Rana, and to come to Agra with Asaf Khan and 
a body of those nearly connected with him in the service." 1 


This son, tutored by the great Mahabat Khan, fared no better 
than Parvez ; he was routed and slain. But the Hydra was 
indestructible ; for every victory, while it cost the best blood of 
Mewar, only multiplied the number of her foes. Seventeen 
pitched battles had the illustrious Rajput fought since the death 
of his father : but the loss of his experienced veterans withered 
the laurels of victory, nor had he sufficient repose either to 
husband his resources or to rear his young heroes to replace 
them. Another and yet more mighty army was assembled 
under Prince Kliurram, the ablest of the sons of Jahangir, and 
better known in history as Shah Jahan, when emperor of the 
Moguls. 

Again did the Rana with his son Karan collect the might of 
their hills ; but a handful of warriors was all their muster to meet 
the host of Delhi, and the ' crimson banner,' which for more than 
eight hundred years had waved in proud independence over the 
heads of the Guhilots, was now to be abased to the son of Jahangir. 
The Emperor's own pen shall narrate the termination of this 
strife. 
" My chief object, after my visit to the Khwaja [the tomb of 
Mu'inu-d-dln Chishti, the saint of Ajmer] was to put a stop to 
the affair of the rebel Rana. On this account I determined to 
remain myself at Ajmlr and send on Baba Khurram, my fortunate 
son. This idea was a very good one, and on this account, on 
the 6th of Day [tenth month of the solar year] at the hour fixed 
on, I dispatched him in happiness and triumph. I presented 
him with a qaba (outer coat) of gold brocade with jewelled flowers 
and pearls round the flowers, a brocaded turban with strings of 
pearls, a gold woven sash with chains of pearls, one of my private 
elephants called Fath Gaj, with trappings, a splendid horse, a 
an entire translation of the works of Ferishta, besides collating the best MSS. 
of the original text. It is to be hoped he will present his performance to the 
public. [This appeared in four volumes, 1829; reprinted, Calcutta, 1908.] 
^ [Memoirs of Jalmnglr, trans. Rogers-Beveridge, p. 70. The incorrect 
versions of this and other passages in the text have been replaced from the 
recent translation and that in Elliot-Dowson.] 
jewelled sword, with a phul katdra (dagger). In addition to the 
men first appomted to this duty under the leadership of Khan 
A'zam, I sent 12,000 more horse with my son, and honoured their 
khil'at (wearing robes of honour) leaders." 1  

On 14th Isfandarmuz [twelfth month of the solar year] " a 
representation came from my son Baba Khurram that the elephant 
'Alam Guman [' arrogant of the earth '], of which the Rana was 
very fond, together with seventeen 'Alamguman other elephants, 
had fallen into the hands of the victorious army." 2  Jahangir 
rode this elephant on the second day of the New Year, which began 
on 21st March 1614.3 

" In the month of Bahman [eleventh solar month] there came 
pieces of good news, one after the other. The first was that the 
Rana Amar Singh had elected for obedience and service to the 
Court. The circumstances of this affair are these. Sultan 
KhuiTam, by dint of placing a great inany posts, especially in 
some places where most people said it was impossible to place 
them on account of the badness of the air and water and the wild 
nature of the localities, and by dmt of moving the royal forces 
one after another in pursuit, without regard to the heat or ex
cessive rain, and making prisoners of the inhabitants of that 
region, brought matters with the Rana to such a pass that it 
became clear to him that if this should happen to him again he 
must either fly the country or be made prisoner. Being without 
remedy, he chose obedience and loyalty, and sent to my fortunate 
son his maternal uncle Subhkaran, with Haridas Jhala, who was 
one of the two men in his confidence, and petitioned that if that 
fortunate son would ask forgiveness for his offences and tran
quillize his mind, and obtain for him the auspicious sign-manual 
(panja,4  the mark of the Emperor's five fingers), he would himself 
1 [Memoirs, 256.]  2 [Ibid. 259.]    3 [Ibid. 2G0.] 
4  The giving the hand amongst all nations has been considered as a pledge 
for the iDerformance or ratification of some act of importance, and the 
custom amongst the Scythic or Tatar nations, of transmitting its impress as 
a substitute, is here practically described. I have seen the identical Farman 
in the Rana's archives. The hand being immersed in a compost of sandal
wood, is appUed to the paper, and the palm and five fingers (panja) are yet 
distinct. In a masterly dehneation of Oriental manners {Camels Letters 
from the East) is given an anecdote of Muhammad, who, unable to sign his 
name to a convention, dipped his hand in ink, and made an impression 
therewitli. It is evident the Prophet of Islam only followed an ancient 
solemnity, of the same import as that practised by Jahangir. 
wait on my son, and would send his son and successor, Karan 
Singh, or he, after the manner of other Rajas, would be enrolled 
among the servants of the Court and do service. He also begged 
that he himself might be excused from coming to Court on account 
of his old age. Accordingly, my son sent them in company with 
his own Dlwan, Mulla Shukru-llah, whom after the conchision of 
this business I dignified with the title of Afzal Khan, and Sundar 
Das, his major-domo, who, after the matter was settled, was 
honoured with the title of Ray Rayan, to the exalted Court, and 
represented the circumstances. My lofty mind was always 
desirous, as far as possible, not to destroy the old families. The 
real point was that as Rana Amar Singh and his fathers, proud 
in the strength of the hilly country and their abodes, had never 
seen or obeyed any of the kings of Hindustan, this should be 
brought about in my reign. At the request of my son, I forgave 
the Rana's offences, and gave a gracious farman that should 
satisfy him, and impressed on it the mark of my auspicious palm. 
I also wrote a farman of kindness to my son that if he could 
arrange to settle the matter I should be much pleased. My son 
also sent them [perhaps the uncle and Haridas, or the farmans] 
with Mulla Shukru-llah and Sundar Das to the Rana to console 
him and make him hopeful of the royal favour. They gave him 
the gracious farman with the sign-manual of the auspicioiis hand, 
and it was settled that on Sunday, the 26th of the month Bahman, 
he and his sons should come and pay their respects to my 
son." 1 

" In the end of this month, when I was employed in hunting 
in the environs of Ajmlr, Muhammad Beg, an attendant on my 
fortunate son Sultan Khurram, came and brought a report from 
that son, and stated that the Rana had come with his sons and 
paid his respects to the prince : the details would be made known 
by the report. I immediately turned the face of supplication 
to the Divine Court, and prostrated myself in thanksgiving. I 
presented a horse, an elephant, and a jewelled dagger to the 
aforesaid Muhammad Khan, and honoured him with the title of 
Zu-1-faqar Khan [' Lord of the sword ']."2 

" From the report it appeared that on Sunday the 26th  Bah
man, the Rana paid his respects to my fortunate son with the 
politeness and ritual that servants pay their respects, and pro
1 [3Iemoirs, 272 £f.]   2 [Ibid . 275.] 
duced as offerings a famous large ruby that was in his house, 
with some decorated articles and seven elephants, some of them 
fit for the private stud, and which had not fallen into our hands, 
and were the only ones left him, and nine horses. My son also 
behaved to him with perfect kindness. When the Rana clasped 
his feet and asked forgiveness for his faults, he took his hand 
and placed it on his breast, and consoled him in such a manner 
as to comfort him. He presented him with a superb dress of 
honour, a jewelled sword, a horse with a jewelled saddle, and a 
private elephant with silver housings, and as there were not more 
than 100 men with him who were worthy of complete robes of 
honour, he gave 100 sarupd [dresses] and 50 horses and 12 jewelled 
khapivd [daggers]. As it is the custom of the Zamlndars 1 that 
the son who is the heir-apparent should not go with his father 
to pay his respects to a king or prince,- the Rana observed this 
custom, and did not bring with him Karan, the son who had 
received the tlkd [forehead mark of inauguration]. As the hour 
(fixed by astrology) of his departure of that son of lofty fortune 
from that place was the end of that same day, he gave him leave, 
so that, having himself gone, he might send Karan to pay his 
respects. To hun also he gave a superb dress of honour, a jewelled 
sword and dagger, a horse with a gold saddle, and a special ele
phant, and on the same day, taking Karan in attendance, he 
proceeded towards the illustrious Court." 3  

" In my mterview with Sultan Khurram on his arrival at Ajmer,* 
he represented that if it was my pleasure he would present the 
prince Karan, whom I accordingly desired him to bring. He 
arrived, paid his respects, and his rank was commanded to be, at 
the request of my son, immediately on my right hand, and I rewarded 
him with suitable khilats. As Karan, owing to the rude life he 
had led in his native hills, was extremely shy, and unused to the 
pageantry and experience of a court, in order to reconcile and 
give him confidence I daily gave him some testimonies of my 

1  [The Rana is purposely treated as a mere landowner under the State.] 
2  This was to avoid treachery. I have often had the honour to receive 
the descendant princes, father and son, ' of these illustrious ones ' together 
(note by the Author). 
3 [Memoirs, 275 f.] 
4  [The remaining part of the narrative is fairly correct, and has been 
allowed to stand, with necessary corrections in transliteration of proper 
names.] 
regard and protection, and in the second day of his service I gave 
him a jewelled dagger, and on the third a choice steed of Irak 
with rich caparisons ; and on the same day, I took him with me 
to the queen's court, when the queen, Nur Jahan, made him 
si^lendid khilats, elephant and horse caparisoned, sword, etc. 
The same day I gave him a rich necklace of pearls, another day 
an elephant, and it was my wish to give him rarities and choice 
things of every kind. I gave him three royal hawks and three 
gentle falcons trained to the hand,1  a coat of mail, chain and plate 
armour, and two rings of value ; and, on the last day of the 
month, carpets, state cushions, perfumes, vessels of gold, and a 
pair of the bullocks of Gujarat.2  

" 10th year.3  At this time I gave prince Karan leave to return 
to his jagir ; 4  when I bestowed on him an elephant, horse, and 
a pearl necklace valued at 50,000 rupees (£5000) ; and from the 
day of his repairing to my court to that of his departure, the 
value of the various gifts I presented him exceeded ten laklis of 
rupees (£125,000), exclusive of one hundred and ten horses, five 
elephants, or what my son lOiurram gave him. I sent Mubarik 
Khan along with [364] him, by whom I sent an elephant, horse, 
etc., and various confidential messages to the Rana. 
" On the 8th Safar  of the 10th year of the h. 1024 Karan 
was elevated to the dignity of a Mansabdar * of five thousand, 
when I presented him with a bracelet of pearls, in which was a 
ruby of great price. 
" 24th Muharram,' 10th year (a.d. 1615), Jagat Sing, son of 
Karan, aged twelve years, arrived at court and paid his respects, 
and presented the arzis of his father and grandfather, Rana 
Amra Singh. His countenance carried the impression of his 
1 Baz and Tura. 
2 [On the famous oxen of Gujarat see Forbes, Rasmala, 540; Watt, 
Comm. Prod. 733 ff.] 
3 Of his reign. 
4  Such was now the degraded title of the ancient, independent sovereign 
Mewar. Happy Partap, whose ashes being mingled with his parent earth, 
was spared his country's humiliation ! 
5  [The second mouth of the Musalman calendar.] 
6  With this the annals state the restoration of many districts : the 
Kherar, Phulia, Badnor, Mandalgarh, Jiran, Nimach, and Bhainsror, with 
supremacy over DeoMa, and Dungarpur. 
7  [The first month of the Muhammadan year.] 
illustrious extraction,1  and I delighted his heart with presents and 
kindness. 

1  It must have been this grandson of Amra of whom Six Thomas Roe 
thus writes : " The right issue of Porus is here a king m the midst of the 
Mogul's dominions, never subdued till last year ; and, to say the truth, 
he is rather bought than conquered : won to own a superior by gifts and laot 
by arms. The pillar erected by Alexander is yet standing at Delhi, the 
ancient seat of Rama, the successor of Porus " {Extract of a letter to the 
Archbishop of Canterbury, dated at Ajmere, January 29, 1615). 

Copy of a letter written by the great Mogul unto King James, in the 
Persian tongue, here faithfully translated, which was as follows : 
" Unto a king rightly descended from his ancestors, bred in mihtary 
affairs, clothed with honour and justice, a commander worthy of all com
mand, strong and constant in the rehgion which the great prophet Christ 
did teach. King James, whose love hath bred such an impression in my 
thoughts as shall never be forgotten ; but as the smell of amber, or as a 
garden of fragrant flowers, whose beauty and odour is still increasing, so, 
be assured, my love shall still grow and increase with yours. 

" The letters which you sent me in the behalf of your merchants I have 
received, whereby I rest satisfied of your tender love towards me, desiring 
you not to take it ill, that I have not wrote to you heretofore : this present 
letter I send to you to renew our loves, and herewith do certifie you, that I 
have sent forth my firmaunes throughout all my countries to this effect, 
that if any English ships or merchants shall arrive in any of my ports, my 
people shall permit and suffer them to do what they please, freely in their 
merchandising causes, aiding and assisting them in all occasion of injuries 
that shall be offered them, that the least cause of discourtesie be not done 
unto them ; that they may be as free, or freer than my own people. 

" And as now, and formerly, I have received from you divers tokens of 
your love ; so I shall still desire your mmdfulness of me by some novelties 
from your countries, as an argument of friendship betwixt us, for such is the 
custom of princes here. 

" And for your merchants, I have given express order through all my 
dominions, to suffer them to buy, sell, transport, and carry away at their 
pleasure, without the lett or hinderance of any person whatsoever, all such 
goods and merchandises as they shall desire to buy ; and let this my letter as 
fully satisfie you in desired peace and love, as if my own son had been 
messenger to ratifie the same. 

" And if any in my countries, not fearing God, nor obeying their king, 
or any other void of rehgion, should endeavour to be an instrument to break 
this league of friendship, I would send my son Sultan Caroom, a souldier 
approved in the wars, to cut him off, that no obstacle may hinder the con
tinuance and increase of our affections. 

" When your majesty shall open this letter, let your royal heart be as 
fresh as a small garden, let all people make reverence at your gate. Let 
your throne be advanced higher. Amongst the greatness of the kings of 
the prophet Jesus, let your majesty be the greatest ; and all monarchs 
derive their wisdom and counsel from your breast, as from a fountain, that 
" On the 10th Shaban,^ Jagat Singh had permission to return 
to his house. At his departure I presented him with 20,000 
rupees, a horse, elephant, and khilats [365] ; and to Haridas 
Jhala, preceptor of Prince Karan, 5000 rupees, a horse, and 
khilat ; and I sent by him six golden images 2  to the Rana. 

" 28th Rabiu-1-Akhir, 3  11th year. The statues of the Rana and 
Karan, sculptured in zvhite marble, I desired should have inscribed 
the date in which they were jjrejyared and presented, and commanded 
they should be placed in the gardens at Agra.'4  

" In the 11th year of my reign an arzi from Itimad Khan 
acquainted me that Sultan Khurram had entered the Rana's 
country, and that prince and his son had both exchanged visits 
with my son ; and that from the tribute, consisting of seven 
elephants, twenty-seven saddle horses, trays of jewels, and 
ornaments of gold, my son took three horses and returned all the 
rest, and engaged that Prince Karan and fifteen hundred Rajput 
horse should remain with him in the wars. 

" In the 13th year Prince Karan repaired to my court, then at 
Sindla, to congratulate me on my victories and conquest of the 
Deccan, and presented 100 mohars,^ 1000 rupees, nazarana, and 
effects in gold and jewels to the amount of 21,000 rupees, hardy 
the law of the majesty of Jesus may receive, and flourish under your pro
tection. 
" The letters of love and friendship which you sent me, the present 
tokens of your good affection towards me, I have received by the hands of 
your ambassadour, Sir Thomas Row, who weU deserveth to be j^our trusty 
servant, dehvered to me in an acceptable and happy hour ; upon which 
mine eyes were so fixed, that I could not easily remove them unto any other 
objects, and have accepted them with great joy and dehght, etc." 

The last letter had this beginning : " How gracious is your majesty, 
whose greatness God preserve. As upon a rose in a garden, so are mine 
eyes fixed upon you. God maintain your estate, that your monarchy may 
prosper and be augmented ; and that you may obtain all your desires 
worthy the greatness of your renown ; and as the heart is noble and upright, 
so let God give you a glorious reign, because you strongly defend the law of 
the majesty of Jesus, which God made yet more flourishing, for that it was 
confirmed by miracles, etc." {Delia Valle, p. 473). 
1  [Sha'ban, the eighth month.] 
2  There are frequent mention of such images (puilis), but I know not 
which they are. [The word in the original is SJioshpari, ' golden maces.'] 
3 [The fourth month.] 
4  [On these statues see Smith, HFA, 42G ff.] 
5  Golden suns, value £1 : 12s. 

elephants and horses ; the last I returned, but kept the rest, and 
next daj' presented him a dress of honour ; and from Fatehpur 
gave him his leave, with elephant, horse, sword, and dagger, and 
a horse for his father. 
" 14th year of my reign. On the 17th Rabiu-1-awwal, 1  1029 h., 
I received intelligence of the death of Rana Amra Singh.2  To 
Jagat Singh, his grandson, and Bhim Singh, his son, in attendance, 
I gave khilats, and dispatched Raja Kishordas 3  with the farman 
conferring benefits and with the dignity of Rana, the khilat of 
investiture, choice horses, and a letter of condolence suitable 
to the occasion to Prince Karan. 7th Shawwal.4  Biharidas 
Brahman I dispatched with a [366] farman to Rana Karan, 
desiring that his son with his contingent should attend me." 

==Treatment of the Rana by Jahangir==

To have generalized this 
detail of the royal historian would have been to lessen the interest 
of this important period in the annals of Mewar. Jahangir 
merits to have his exultation, his noble and unostentatious 
conduct, described by his own pen, the extreme minuteness of 
which description but increases the interest. With his self
gratulation, he bears full testimony to the gallant and long
protracted resistance of the Rajputs ; and while he impartially, 
though rather erroneously, estimates their motives and means 
of opposition, he does Amra ample justice in the declaration, that 
he did not yield until he had but the alternative of captivity or 
exile ; and with a magnanimity above all praise, he records the 
Rajput prince's salvo for his dignity, " that he would hold himself 
excused from attending in person." The simple and naive 
declaration of his joy, " his going abroad on Alam Guman," 
the favourite elephant of the Rana which had been captured, on 
learning his submission, is far stronger than the most pompous 
testimony of public rejoicing. But there is a heart-stirring 
philanthropy in the conduct of the Mogul which does him im
mortal honour ; and in commanding his son " to treat the 
illustrious one according to his heart's wishes," though he so 
long and so signally had foiled the roj'al armies, he proved himself 
worthy of the good fortune he acknowledges, and well shows his 

1 [The third month.]    2  |-He died in 1620.] 
3  Increasing the respect to the Ranas by making a prince the bearer of 
the farman. 
4  [The tenth month.] 
sense of the superiority of the chief of all the Rajputs, by placing 
the heir of Mewar, even above all the princes of his own house, 
' immediately on his right hand.' Whether he attempts to relieve 
the shyness of Karan, or sets forth the princely appearance of 
Jagat Singh, we see the same amiable feeling operating to lighten 
the chains of the conquered. But the shyness of Karan deserved 
a worthier term : he felt the degradation which neither the 
statues raised to them, the right hand of the monarch, the dignity 
of a ' commander of five thousand,' or even the restoration of the 
long-alienated territory could neutralize, when the kingdom to 
which he was heir was called a fief (jagir), and himself, ' the 
descendant of a hundred kings,' a vassal (jagirdar) of the empire, 
under whose banner, which his ancestors had so signally opposed, 
he was now to follow with a contingent of fifteen hundred Rajput 
horse. 

Seldom has subjugated royalty met with such consideration ; 
yet, to a lofty mind like Amra's, this courteous condescension 
but increased the severity of endurance [367]. In the bitterness 
of his heart he cursed the magnanimity of lOiurram, himself of 
Rajput blood ^ and an admirer of Rajput valour, which circum
stance more than the force of his arms had induced him to sur
render ; for Khurram demanded but the friendship of the Rajput 
as the price of peace, and to withdraw every Muhammadan from 
Mewar if the Rana would but receive the emperor's farman 
outside of his capital. This his proud soul rejected ; and though 
he visited Prince Khurram as a friend, he spurned the proposition 
of acknowledging a superior, or receiving the rank and titles 

Rather than be less. 
==Cared not to be at all==
took the resolution to abdicate 2  the throne he could no longer 
hold but at the will of another. Assembling his chiefs, and 

1  Khurram was son of a Rajput princess of Amber [whose name, accord
ing to Beale, was Balmati] of the Kachhwaha tribe, and hence his name was 
probably Kurm, synonymous to kachhwa, a tortoise. The bards are always 
punning upon it. [The Persian word khurram, ' glad, joyful,' has, of 
course, no connexion with Hindi kurm, ' a tortoise.'] 
2  Surrendered S. 1672, a.d. 1G16 (according to Dow, S. 1669, a.d. 1613) ; 
died 1621 [1620. There seems to bo no corroboration of his abdication.] 
disclosing his determination, he made the tika on his son's fore
head ; and observing that the honour of Mewar was now in his 
hands, forthwith left the capital and secluded himself in the 
Nauchauki : ^ nor did he from that hour cross its threshold, but 
to have his ashes deposited with those of his fathers. 

==Character of Rana Amar Singh==

All comment is superfluous 
on such a character as Rana Amra. He was worthy of Partap 
and his race. He possessed all the physical as well as mental 
qualities of a hero, and was the tallest and strongest of all the 
princes of Mewar. He was not so fair as they usually are, and 
he had a reserve bordering upon gloominess, doubtless occasioned 
by his reverses, for it was not natural to him ; he was beloved 
by his chiefs for the qualities they most esteem, generosity and 
valour, and by his subjects for his justice and kindness, of which 
we can judge from his edicts, many of which yet live on the 
column or the rock [368].