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[[Category:India |R ]]
[[Category:Defence |R ]]
[[Category:Politics |R ]]

=History=
==Sequence of events==
[[File: Rafale fighter jet and India- Chronology of events.jpg|Rafale fighter jet and India- Chronology of events <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F12%2F15&entity=Ar01800&sk=17C09C17&mode=text  December 15, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

'''See graphic''':

''Rafale fighter jet and India- Chronology of events''

== Pact for 126 jets was replaced by one for 36 ==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F12%2F15&entity=Ar01812&sk=BEC2C82E&mode=text  How pact for 36 fighters replaced one for 126 jets, December 15, 2018: ''The Times of India'']


The Supreme Court narrated how the UPA’s deal for 126 Rafale jets, of which 18 were to come in flyaway condition and Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) was to manufacture the rest under licence, got replaced in 2016 by the NDA government, which went for 36 fully-loaded jets with Reliance Aerostructure Ltd as Indian offset partner.

The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) on June 29, 2007, granted acceptance of necessity for procurement of 126 medium multirole combat aircraft (MMRCA), including 18 flyaway aircraft (equivalent to single squadron) to be procured from original equipment manufacturer with remaining 108 jets to be manufactured by HAL under licence, to be delivered over a period of 11 years from the date of signing the contract.

Six vendors submitted proposals in April 2008 and and these were subjected to technical and field evaluation. Commercial bids were opened in November 2011 and Dassault Aviation was declared the lowest bidder in January 2012. “Negotiations commenced thereafter and continued but without any final result. In the meantime, there was a change of political dispensation at the Centre sometime in the middle of 2014,” the SC said.

The Centre told the SC that HAL would require 2.7 times higher man-hours compared to the French side for the manufacture of Rafale aircraft and that issues over Dassault undertaking contractual obligations for 108 aircraft to be manufactured by HAL remained unresolved for three years.

“Such delay is said to have impacted the cost of acquisition, as the offer was with ‘in-built escalation’ and was influenced by eurorupee exchange rate variations. The stalemate resulted in the process of RFP (request for procurement) withdrawal being initiated in March 2015,” the SC said.

On April 10, 2015, an Indo-French joint statement for acquisition of 36 Rafale jets in flyaway condition through an inter-governmental agreement was issued and the same was approved by the DAC. The RFP for 126 Rafale jets was finally withdrawn in June 2015.

Negotiations were carried out and the process was completed after inter-ministerial consultations with the approval of the Cabinet Committee on Security. The contract, along with aircraft package supply protocol, weapons package supply protocol, technical agreements and offset contracts was signed with respect to 36 Rafale jets on September 23, 2016. These aircraft were scheduled to be delivered in a phased manner from Oct 2019.

==Price in 2011, 2016==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F01%2F19&entity=Ar01809&sk=57E68EFB&mode=text  Move to buy only 36 Rafales raised price by 14%: Report, January 19, 2019: ''The Times of India'']

[[File: Rafale’s price for India in 2011, 2016.jpg|Rafale’s price for India in 2011, 2016 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F01%2F19&entity=Ar01809&sk=57E68EFB&mode=text  Move to buy only 36 Rafales raised price by 14%: Report, January 19, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

[[File: Rafale- Price per flyaway aircraft; Design and development cost per aircraft; Total number of aircraft- 2007- 16.jpg|Rafale: <br/> Price per flyaway aircraft; <br/> Design and development cost per aircraft; <br/> Total number of aircraft- 2007- 16 <br/> From: [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modis-decision-to-buy-36-rafales-shot-the-price-of-each-jet-up-by-41/article26019165.ece   N. Ram, PM Modi’s decision to buy 36 Rafales shot the price of each jet up by 41%, January 18, 2019: ''The Hindu'']|frame|500px]]

''Order Scaled Down From 126, Fixed €1.3Bn Fee For India-Specific Fitments Led To Higher Cost Per Aircraft, Says Newspaper''

The decision to scale down the deal for Rafale fighter jets from France to 36 aircraft instead of the originally proposed 126 effectively pushed up the total cost of the acquisition per craft, making it about 14% more costly, a report in The Hindu said.

The report by N Ram — a former editor-in-chief of the paper, and now chairman of the company that owns The Hindu — pointed out that Dassault was charging a one-time ‘design and development’ fee of 1.4 billion euros for 13 “India-specific enhancements” to the jet in the original deal. This was negotiated down to 1.3 billion in the new deal. However, since the fee was to be spread over a much smaller number of planes, that still meant the per-fighter cost of this fee went up from 11.11 million euros to 36.11 million euros. As a result, the total cost per plane was 14.2% higher in the deal signed by NDA than in the one under discussion under UPA.

Citing official documents, the report noted that three members of the seven-member Indian negotiating team under the Modi government had objected to the fee being charged for the India specific enhancements as “too high”. They were the joint secretary & acquisition manager (air) Rajeev Verma, financial manager (air) Ajit Sule and adviser (cost) MP Singh. However, they were overruled by the remaining four members of the team headed by the deputy chief of air staff of the IAF. The team resolved by a 4-3 majority that since the fee had been brought down from 1.4 billion euros to 1.3 billion euros and was a onetime cost, it should be accepted. It placed these facts before the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) headed by the defence minister, which agreed with the majority view and this was later ratified by the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS).

The Hindu reported that various aspects of the deal were referred back to the DAC on five separate occasions and that each of the 10 contentious issues within the negotiating team was settled by a 4-3 split within the team.

Citing the government’s notes on the decision-making process in the Rafale deal that were submitted to Supreme Court, Ram noted that while DAC was authorised to take a decision, it had chosen to “pass the buck” on to the CCS headed by the PM, which quickly ratified the majority decisions.

The report also said that the three dissenting members of the negotiating team had suggested using a fresh offer for Eurofighter Typhoons (Rafale’s competitor) as bargaining leverage in the negotiations, but the majority overruled this on the grounds that this offer was “unsolicited”, against the provisions of the defence procurement procedure and a violation of CVC guidelines since it was given after the bidding closed.

Eurofighter had offered a 20% discount on its earlier price as well as improved aircraft capabilities, “favourable payment terms”, setting up a production line and a Eurofighter Typhoon Industrial Park in India and “a comprehensive training and support programme”. Further, it proposed faster delivery of Eurofighter jets by diverting deliveries meant for Germany, the UK, Italy, and Spain.

The Eurofighter had been found technically fully compliant with the IAF’s requirement and had lost out on the deal in 2011 only because of the price factor. He raised doubts about whether the offer was truly unsolicited and argued that the NDA deal was in fact a new deal and hence the Eurofighter offer could well have been used as a leverage.

The Hindu reported that the quid pro quo for a 9% lower price of the bare-bones jet was that there would be no “followon” clause. This, the report said, is standard practice in defence contracts and allows the buyer the option of a later contract for up to 50% of the original quantity under the same terms.

In the UPA deal, there was thus the option to buy 189 (126 plus 63) jets with the same fixed cost of design and development for the India- specific upgrades. This clause was dropped in the 2016 deal.

=Rafale twin-engine multi-role fighter jet =
==The first squadron==
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Dragons-lair-on-Rafale-flight-path-07012017008029  Rajat Pandit, Dragon's lair on Rafale flight path, Jan 7, 2017: The Times of India]
[[File: China vs India, defence.jpg|China vs India, defence; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Dragons-lair-on-Rafale-flight-path-07012017008029  Rajat Pandit, Dragon's lair on Rafale flight path, Jan 7, 2017: The Times of India]|frame|500px]]


'''First Squadron Will Be Based In Bengal To Boost Firepower In Eastern Sector'''

India will base its first squadron of Rafale fighter jets, which are also capable of delivering nuclear weapons, in the eastern sector as part of the overall policy to gradually build nuclear as well as conventional deterrence against China.

With Sukhoi-30MKI fighters already operating from Tezpur and Chabua in Assam, the IAF has now finalised plans for the first 18 Rafales to be stationed at the Hasimara airbase in Bengal from late-2019.This comes at a time when India is also conducting final trials of the nuclear-capable Agni-IV and Agni-V ballistic missiles after the Strategic Forces Command inducted the AgniIII a couple of years ago.

Under the Rs 59,000 crore (7.87 billion euro) deal inked with France in September last year, the IAF will get 36 Rafales in batches by mid-2022 or so. With 14 India-specific requirements, including the capability for “cold start“ from high-altitude regions, the Rafale packs quite a punch with its ability to carry 9.3-tonne of weapons and simultaneously perform both air defence and ground attack missions.

“The Hasimara airbase currently has MiG-27s that will be retired over the next two-three years. They will be replaced by Rafales. A team from Dassault Aviation has already visited Hasimara to review the maintenance and other infrastructure required there,“ said an official.

“The Sarsawa base (UP), among other places, is being considered for the second Ra fale squadron. Under the contract, Dassault has to ensure minimum 75% availability for the jets at all times under the performance-based logistics support for the first seven years, which can be extended by another five,“ he added.

The IAF also activated the advance landing ground (ALG) at Tuting, in Arunachal's Upper Siang district, just 10 days ago. It is the sixth such ALG to be made operational in Arunachal apart from the ones in eastern Ladakh, all with an eye firmly on China.

Moreover, the Panagarh base in Bengal is also set to get its six C-130J Super Her cules aircraft. Panagarh, of course, is also going to be the headquarter of the Army's new 17 Mountain Strike Corps being raised with two high-altitude infantry divisions, apart from other armoured, artillery , air defence and engineer brigades spread from Ladakh to Arunachal.


==UPA precedents (vis-à-vis Rafale)==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F07%2F24&entity=Ar01411&sk=612A68C7&mode=text  NDA’s Rafale deal 9% cheaper than UPA’s, asserts Prasad, July 24, 2018: ''The Times of India'']

[[File: When UPA minister refused to divulge details of defence deals in Parliament, 2005-12.jpg|When UPA minister refused to divulge details of defence deals in Parliament, 2005-12 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F07%2F24&entity=Ar01411&sk=612A68C7&mode=text  NDA’s Rafale deal 9% cheaper than UPA’s, asserts Prasad, July 24, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

BJP said the Rafale price negotiated by the Modi government for each French fighter jet was 9% less than what was negotiated by UPA.

With Congress persisting with its charge of bribery and the claim that the government wrongly invoked the “secrecy” clause to keep a lid on details of the deal, BJP fielded law minister Ravi Shankar Prasad to issue a rebuttal. “UPA invited quotes for 126 aircraft in 2007. The price quoted for each was 79.3 million euros which also had in-built escalation formula. When the bid was opened in 2011, the proposed cost in the bid document was 100.85 million euros per aircraft. However, this could not be finalised. After NDA came to power, under the inter-government agreement in 2016, the cost per aircraft finalised was 91.75 million euros. Therefore, the price determined during NDA government is 9% lower than what was negotiated during UPA. The corresponding cost in Rs 670.32 crore per aircraft has been conveyed to Parliament,” he said.

Prasad said the allegation of corruption was “manufactured” to establish an equivalence between the UPA and the Modi government on the issue of corruption, and insisted that specific details of the deal could not be disclosed not just because doing so would violate the secrecy clause signed with the French, first under the UPA, but also because it would be detrimental to national security.

“The cost gives an indication of the additional weaponry and capacity to the aircraft. This was UPA’s own stand on several occasions. To ask for disclosure of the same implicitly means that the enemy has to be informed of the capacity and weaponry of our combat aircraft.”

==The allegations and the defence==
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/decoding-rafale-deal-from-allegations-to-counter-allegations/articleshow/65595370.cms  Decoding Rafale deal: From allegations to counter-allegations, August 29, 2018: ''The Times of India'']


As the controversy surrounding Rafale deal escalates, here is an explainer and a timeline relating to India's purchase of 36 combat jets from France for an estimated Rs 58,000 crore: 


''' What is Rafale? ''' 

Rafale is a French twin-engine multi-role fighter jet designed and built by Dassault Aviation. The Rafale jets are considered one of the most potent combat jets globally. 


''' What was the UPA deal? ''' 

India began the process to buy a fleet of 126 Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) in 2007 after the defence ministry, headed then by Congress leader A K Antony, cleared the proposal from the Indian Air Force. 

The contenders for the mega deal were Lockheed Martin's F-16s, Eurofighter Typhoon, Russia's MiG-35, Sweden's Gripen, Boeing's F/A-18s and Dassault Aviation's Rafale. 

After a long-drawn process, bids were opened in December 2012 and Dassault Aviation emerged as L-1 (lowest bidder). In the original proposal, 18 planes were to be manufactured in France and 108 in India in collaboration with the Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. 

There were lengthy negotiations between the then UPA government and Dassault on prices and transfer of technology. The final negotiations continued till early 2014 but the deal could not go through. 

Details of the negotiated price per Rafale were not officially announced, but it was suggested by the then UPA government that the size of the deal would be $10.2 billion. The Congress claimed per aircraft rate including avionics and weapons was zeroed in at Rs 526 crore (As per Euro exchange rates prevailing then). 


''' What was the deal finalised by Modi government? ''' 

During his visit to France, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on April 10, 2015, announced India will purchase 36 Rafale jets in a government-to-government agreement. After the announcement, questions were raised by the Opposition on how the PM finalised the deal without approval of the Cabinet Committee on Security. 

A joint statement issued on April 10, 2015, after talks between Modi and then French President François Hollande, said they agreed to conclude an Inter-Governmental Agreement for supply of 36 Rafale jets on terms that would be better than conveyed by Dassault Aviation as part of a separate process underway. 

The statement said the "aircraft and associated systems and weapons would be delivered on the same configuration as had been tested and approved by Indian Air Force, in clear reference to negotiations and testing process for the Rafale jets under the UPA government. 


''' The Final deal? ''' 

India and France signed an Euro 7.87-billion (Rs 59,000 crore approximately) deal on September 23, 2016 for 36 Rafale jets. The delivery of the aircraft will start from September 2019. 

The deal was finalised on the basis of the procurement procedure followed under the UPA government. 


''' The allegations? ''' 

The Congress has been accusing massive irregularities in the deal, alleging that the government was procuring each aircraft at a cost of over Rs 1,670 crore as against Rs 526 crore finalised by the UPA government. The party has also demanded answers from the government on why state-run aerospace major HAL was not involved in the deal. 

The Congress has also sought to know price details of the aircraft and how the rate per aircraft has gone up from Rs 526 crore to Rs 1,670 crore. The government has refused to share the details, citing a secrecy clause of a 2008 pact between India and France. 

Congress' A K Antony, who was defence minister in 2008 when India and France inked an inter-governmental agreement on defence procurement, said the government's claim that the secrecy clause was forcing it to not reveal price details of the deal was "totally wrong". 

The party claimed that Qatar had purchased 12 Rafale fighter jets in November 2017 for $108.33 million per aircraft (Rs 694.80 crore). 

The Congress has also alleged the government was benefitting the Reliance Defence Ltd (RDL) through the deal as the company has set up a joint venture with Dassault Aviation to execute the offset obligation for the Rs 59,000 crore deal. 

The has party alleged Reliance Defence was formed just 12 days before the announcement of the Rafale deal by the prime minister on April 10, 2015. The RDL has rejected all the charges. 

Under India's offset policy, foreign defence entities are mandated to spend at least 30 per cent of the total contract value in India through procurement of components or setting up of research and development facilities. 

On October 3, 2016, RDL and Dassault Aviation announced a joint venture (JV) in the aerospace sector and a year later, foundation stone of a manufacturing facility was laid in Mihan, Nagpur. 


''' The government's response? '''

Around two years back, Minister of State for Defence, while replying to a question in Parliament, had said the cost of each Rafale aircraft is approximately Rs 670 crore but did not give details of prices of associated equipment, weapons and services. 

Later, the government refused to talk about the prices. It has been maintaining that the cost of 36 Rafale jets cannot be "directly compared" with the original proposal to buy 126 combat aircraft as "deliverables" were significantly different. 

Finance Minister Arun Jaitley wrote a Facebook post today, accusing Congress and its leader Rahul Gandhi of "peddling untruth" and carrying out a "false campaign" on the deal. He said the deal signed by the NDA government was on better terms than the one agreed to in 2007 under the UPA regime.

=The issues, 2007- 2021 July=
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explained-9-controversies-surrounding-the-rafale-deal/articleshow/84177591.cms   Sushmita Choudhury and Rajesh Sharma, July 7, 2021: ''The Times of India'']

[[File: Why India wants Rafale Fighter jets.jpg|Why India wants Rafale Fighter jets <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explained-9-controversies-surrounding-the-rafale-deal/articleshow/84177591.cms   Sushmita Choudhury and Rajesh Sharma, July 7, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]


Chowkidar chor hai (the watchman is a thief). Remember that slogan popularised by Congress MP Rahul Gandhi? It was the Congress' 2019 election plank, if you will — accusing prime minister Narendra Modi of corruption and favouritism in the € 7.8 billion Rafale fighter jet deal. It was a catchy slogan, sure, but had little impact on the electorate, which voted the BJP-led NDA back to power. The Supreme Court, the same year, dismissed all petitions against the Rafale deal. Now, however, the entire controversy has come back to life with France ordering a judicial inquiry into the deal. Given the twists and turns of this long-standing controversy, here’s a refresher on the Rafale deal that was nine years in the making, and all the controversies it threw up. 

''' What was the original Rafale deal? '''

In August 2007, the Ministry of Defence issued a tender for the procurement of 126 medium multi-role combat aircrafts (MMRCA), in line with the procedure set out in the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP). According to experts, the original plan was a repeat procurement of 126 Mirage 2000s after the Kargil conflict. By 2004, this plan changed into acquiring Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA), and changed again into procuring MMCRA. 

Assessing the deal at $10 billion (then Rs 42,000 crore), the UPA government then in power envisaged purchasing 18 fighter planes in 'fly-away' condition. Another 108 jets would be manufactured indigenously by Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL) via a 'transfer of technology' from the foreign company that won the bid. 

After an extensive selection process, the Indian Air Force (IAF) shortlisted Dassault Aviation’s Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon in May 2011, and less than a year later, Dassault Aviation emerged the lowest bidder.

''' If it was a UPA deal, why is the NDA being accused now? '''

Despite long negotiations, a final deal could not be signed by the Manmohan Singh government for reasons ranging from cost to the terms for the transfer of technology. Author Sumit Walia pointed out in his eBook Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security that the cost of the Rafale aircraft shot up to $1.15 billion by 2013 and was touching an astonishing $30 billion by 2014. "It had to because the initial quoted figure of $10 billion had no basis, and MMRCA was the first procurement program that included the entire life cycle cost of the aircraft (from procurement to decommissioning roughly 40 years later)," he wrote. Negotiations dragged on till 2014, when the UPA lost power and the NDA formed the new government. 

''' What was the NDA government’s new Rafale deal? '''

In April 2015, during his official visit to France, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a new deal for Rafale fighter jets; three months later, the NDA government withdrew the existing MMRCA tender. In January 2016, during French President Francois Hollande’s visit to India, the two countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding for purchase of 36 Rafale fighter jets. Due to price negotiations, the final inter-governmental agreement was only signed in September that year.

Under the new €7.87 billion deal, India would get the latest weapons like the Meteor and Scalp missiles along with the 36 jets — with deliveries scheduled to start in three years — as well as a five-year support package with deliveries. In addition, the deal included a 50% offset clause, which required Dassault (and the other foreign companies involved, such as Thales and Safran) to invest 50% of the contract value back into the country through the purchase of Indian goods and services. 

''' So, what’s the controversy? '''

Here’s a list of the major controversies around the new Rafale deal. 

''' Controversy 1, April 2015: Choice of aircraft '''

Soon after Modi’s announcement of a new Rafale deal, BJP leader Subramanian Swamy called the deal "corrupt". At a press conference, he said: "No one is buying the planes in the country. Dassault says if India does not buy these planes then they will wind up. Many countries like Switzerland signed an MoU, but later cancelled it", and added that "if the government does not agree to this, then I have to go to court. It is a corrupt deal and can spoil the name of the party". 

''' Controversy 2, November 2017: Cost of the deal '''

The question of whether the UPA’s deal would have been cheaper or whether the NDA government struck a better bargain has dogged the Rafale purchase right from the start. In November 2016, the Centre informed Parliament that the cost of each Rafale aircraft worked out to approximately Rs 670 crore, or Rs 24,120 crore in total. But the following month, Dassault Aviation's Annual Report revealed the actual price paid for the 36 aircraft was about Rs 60,000 crore. 

The real political war of words kicked off in November 2017, when the Congress accused the Modi government of buying 36 Rafale aircraft at a "highly inflated price" from what was negotiated by the UPA, thereby causing an "insurmountable loss" of taxpayers' money. It also alleged that the Centre was benefiting "crony capitalist friends" at the cost of a reputed public sector undertaking, HAL. The party was pointing fingers at Anil Ambani's Reliance Defence, which had been chosen as the Indian partner under the offset clause. In October 2016, Reliance Defence and Dassault had created a joint venture — Dassault Reliance Aerospace (DRAL) — to this end. 

According to AICC spokesman Randeep Surjewala, the per aircraft pricing of Rafale under the UPA negotiations came to Rs 526 crore as against Rs 1,570 crore under the new deal at the exchange rate then prevailing. He added that the joint venture for "the biggest ever Indian defence deal between Dassault Aviation and Reliance Defence Ltd" had not gone through the procedure of approval by the Union cabinet, Cabinet Committee on Security and Foreign Investment Promotion Board either. 
French diplomatic sources were quick to respond by claiming that the Rafale aircraft was selected for its "outstanding performance" and "competitive price", while refusing to directly counter the Congress' allegation, terming it a "domestic political issue". 

''' Controversy 3, August 2017: Allegations of quid pro quo '''

Congress president Rahul Gandhi stepped up his attack on the Rafale deal, alleging that it smacked of "global corruption" amid reports that Ambani's Reliance Entertainment had produced a film for Hollande's partner.

Dassault issued a statement refuting these allegations. "It is deeply shocking that, to serve narrow political interests, baseless allegations have been made by deliberately distorting facts and falsely attempting to co-relate a normal business course payment of a relatively small amount of €1.48 million to the supply of 36 fighter jets from France to India valued at nearly €8 billion," read the statement. 

''' Controversy 4, February-July 2018: Secrecy clause '''

The Congress and the BJP were at loggerheads over another supposed clause in the Rafale deal in this period. The Opposition wanted the government to be transparent and disclose the item-wise cost breakdown and other financial details of the deal, but the government cited a secrecy clause in the agreement to reject these demands. 
"As per ‘Article-10’ of the Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) between Government of India and Government of France on the purchase of Rafale aircraft, the protection of the classified information and material exchanged under IGA is governed by the provisions of the Security Agreement signed between the two nations in 2008," then defence minister Nirmala Sitharaman had said in reply to a question raised in Rajya Sabha. 

The ministry of defence had also lashed out at the "unfounded" allegations made by the Congress in a statement, and asserted that the demand to disclose details was "unrealistic" as doing so might compromise India's national security.

Gandhi, in his speech during the no confidence motion against the NDA government in July 2018, had claimed that French President Emmanuel Macron had told him there was no secrecy clause binding on the Rafale deal, and that it could be communicated to the public in India. However, just hours later, the French government denied this in a statement. It noted that France and India concluded a security agreement in 2008 that legally binds the two nations to protect information provided by the other that can impact security and operational capabilities of the defence equipment of the two countries. 

(For the record, in February 2019, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) had concluded that the deal negotiated by the BJP-led NDA government in 2016 was 2.86% cheaper than the UPA government’s deal.) 

''' Controversy 5, September 2018: Favouritism and the offset clause '''

Introducing another twist in the unravelling saga, Hollande, the former French president who had signed the Rafale deal with Modi, claimed the Indian government had proposed that Reliance Defence should be the "service provider" to Dassault Aviation in the multi-billion dollar deal. In an interview to Paris-based investigative news portal Mediapart, Hollande had added that his government "did not have a say" in choosing Ambani's company. 

Hollande's comments not only contradicted the NDA government’s stand that it had nothing to do with the selection of offsets partners for Dassault after the deal was inked, but also triggered a storm at home and abroad. 

"PM personally negotiated and changed the Rafale deal behind closed doors. Thanks to Francois Hollande, we now know he personally delivered a deal worth billions of dollars to a bankrupt Anil Ambani," the Congress President had tweeted post this revelation. "The PM has betrayed India. He has dishonoured the blood of our soldiers.”
The brouhaha intensified with Mediapart subsequently claiming access to an "internal Dassault document" dated May 11, 2017, where a senior company executive had allegedly told staff representatives that the joint venture with Ambani’s Reliance Defence was "imperative and mandatory" to clinch the deal. 

However, Dassault strongly refuted these allegations, and Hollande was quick to retract his statement. "Hollande offered a clarification that the two firms chose each other mutually and nobody was coerced into signing the deal," said Dassault Aviation CEO Eric Trappier in October. He also denied the Congress claim that Ambani had bagged Rs 30,000 crore of offsets in the Rafale deal, explaining that the contract with Ambani amounted to just 10% of its obligations. On pricing, Trappier said it was in the hands of the French government, but the deal was "clean" and they were open to any kind of investigation as long as it fell within the ambit of French laws. 

''' Controversy 6, January 2019: Goa audio tapes '''

The Congress started 2019 with a bang, alleging that Goa’s then chief minister Manohar Parrikar was in possession of "explosive secrets" that gave him power over the prime minister. This attack came days after the Congress cited an audio tape in which Goa minister Vishwajit Rane was purportedly heard telling an unidentified person that files pertaining to the Rafale deal were in Parrikar's bedroom, which is why he had managed to retain his chair. Shortly afterwards, Rane claimed that the audio was doctored while Parrikar issued a statement saying that the Congress was desperate to "fabricate facts". In a tweet, he wrote, "The audio clip released by the Congress party is a desperate attempt to fabricate facts after their lies were exposed by the recent Supreme Court verdict on Rafale. No such discussion ever came up during Cabinet or any other meeting". 

''' Controversy 7, 2018-19: Supreme Court battle '''

In 2018, four petitions were filed before the Supreme Court by multiple litigants, including AAP MP Sanjay Singh and former BJP leader Yashwant Sinha, claiming serious procedural irregularities in the Rafale deal. On December 14, the apex court dismissed the plea for a court-monitored investigation saying that it found no irregularity in the decision-making process, pricing or selection of an offset partner.

However, a review petition challenging the judgment was soon filed by Sinha, Arun Shourie and activist lawyer Prashant Bhushan. They alleged that the judgment rested on incorrect factual claims made by the government. The court agreed to hear the review petition on February 21, 2019. 

The next legal drama involved "stolen" Rafale documents. The government in its argument during the review case had insisted that the documents on which the case rested had been "stolen or purloined by former or current officers in the ministry of defence" and hence could not be used in a court of law. However, although the top court struck down the government's claim of privilege on the widely published "leaked" Rafale papers, it dismissed the review petitions, emphasising that it had limited scrutiny of defence contracts under its Article 32 jurisdiction. The bench also decided against directing a court-monitored investigation of the deal. 

''' Controversy 8, September 2020: CAG report ‘''

Dassault Aviation and MBDA, the main companies in the Rafale contract, were slammed by the national audit watchdog, the Comptroller and Auditor General, for their failure to fulfil their offsets obligation under the 2016 deal. Tabled in Parliament in September 2020, the CAG report on "management of defence offsets" said the two French firms had hitherto failed to deliver on their initial promise to discharge 30% of their offset obligation by offering "high technology" to DRDO. The report, however, admitted that the discharge of offsets spread over seven years from date of signing the contract, with no such obligation in the first three years. 

''' Controversy 9, July 2021: French judicial investigation  '''

Recently, there have been reports that the French national financial prosecutor’s office (PNF) has ordered a judicial investigation into the deal based on allegations made by Sherpa, a Paris-based NGO specialising in financial crime. Based on these reports, the Congress has demanded a Joint Parliamentary Committee probe at home, too; the CPM has joined this call. "The scandalous expose of 'Rafale Scam' involving 'massive corruption', 'treason', 'loss to public exchequer' has finally been uncovered and laid bare," the Congress said in a statement, adding that, the "Party and Shri Rahul Gandhi stand vindicated today". Rahul Gandhi also took to Twitter to fan the controversy. "Truth can’t be silenced. Unlike 'Modia'," he tweeted.

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=2015: PMO’s “parallel discussions” with France=
==MoD’s reservations in a 2015 note ==
'''Sources''':

1. [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F09&entity=Ar00703&sk=5118AF0F&mode=text  Fresh Rafale dogfight erupts over ‘incomplete’ MoD note, February 9, 2019: ''The Times of India'']

2. [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F09&entity=Ar01711&sk=DF277694&mode=text  ‘Overreaction’: Parrikar reply to govt dissent note on Rafale, February 9, 2019: ''The Times of India'']

3. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manohar-parrikar-asked-defence-secretary-to-sort-out-issues-with-pmo-complete-note-on-rafale/articleshow/67898491.cms  Manohar Parrikar asked defence secretary to sort out issues with PMO: Complete note on Rafale, February 8, 2019: ''The Times of India'']


[[File: Manohar Parrikar asked defence secretary to sort out issues with PMO- Complete note on Rafale.jpg|Manohar Parrikar asked defence secretary to sort out issues with PMO: Complete note on Rafale dated November 24, 2015 <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manohar-parrikar-asked-defence-secretary-to-sort-out-issues-with-pmo-complete-note-on-rafale/articleshow/67898491.cms  Manohar Parrikar asked defence secretary to sort out issues with PMO: Complete note on Rafale, February 8, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

[[File: Defence Ministry note on Rafale fighter jet deal and after report on MoD note appeared.jpg|Defence Ministry note on Rafale fighter jet deal <br/> After report on MoD note appeared: <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F09&entity=Ar00703&sk=5118AF0F&mode=text  Fresh Rafale dogfight erupts over ‘incomplete’ MoD note, February 9, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]


''Crucial Details Omitted In News Report, Says BJP''

The political dogfight over purchase of Rafale fighters erupted again with Congress seeking to use objections raised by defence ministry officials to repeat its charge that PM Modi had personally pushed the deal.

Congress chief Rahul Gandhi cited a newspaper report about then defence secretary G Mohan Kumar’s reservations in a 2015 note about the PMO conducting “parallel discussions” with France to say his “chowkidar chor hai” battle cry had been validated. BJP responded that the report omitted the important point, about the then defence minister Manohar Parrikar overruling the views of ministry officials as “overreaction”.


''Suggestions Of PMO Interference Exaggerated: Ex-Defence Secy''

Defence ministry officials had strongly objected to “parallel negotiations” being conducted by the PMO with France in the run-up to the Rafale deal being inked in September 2016, but then defence minister Manohar Parrikar had disagreed, overruling the view as an “overreaction”.

Internal ministry documents show MoD officials, including the then defence secretary G Mohan Kumar, raised concerns about the “weakening of the negotiating position” of the Indian Negotiating Team (INT) headed by the then IAF deputy chief Air Marshal S B P Sinha due to “parallel discussions” being conducted by the PMO with the French side over sovereign guarantee and other issues.

“We may advise PMO that officers who are not part of the INT (which had two IAF officers and five joint secretary-level MoD officials) may refrain from having parallel parleys with French government officers. In case the PMO is not confident about the outcome of negotiations being carried out by MoD, a revised modality of negotiations to be led by PMO at appropriate level may be adopted in the case,” said the note, initiated by then deputy secretary (Air-II) S K Sharma on November 25, 2015.

However, after a news report appeared on Friday, Mohan Kumar told TOI that suggestions of the PMO’s interference were an “exaggerated, manufactured story based on half-truths”. He added, “It is just part of usual procedure and had nothing to do with pricing negotiations.” Air Marshal Sinha (retd) said the note was not initiated by the INT and denied any interference from the PMO.

The note was endorsed by the then joint secretary (air acquisitions) and director general (acquisitions). Kumar, too, wrote on the note, “Raksha Mantri may please see. It is desirable that such discussions be avoided by the PMO as it undermines our negotiating position seriously.”

Parrikar, after over 40 days on January 11, 2016, noted, “It appears the PMO and French President’s office are monitoring the progress of issues which was an outcome of the summit meeting (Modi-Hollande in April 2015). Para 5 (the note) appears to be an overreaction. Defence secretary may resolve issue/matter in consultation with the principal secretary to PM.” Parrikar’s noting, incidentally, was not included in a news report that triggered a fresh political storm over the Rafale deal.

Kumar said the “parallel discussions” between a joint secretary in PMO, Jawed Ashraf, and diplomatic advisor to French defence minister Luis Vassy, focused on sovereign guarantee and other general terms and conditions. “The entire price negotiations were carried out by MoD and IAF officials in the INT, without any outside interference,” he said.

Air Marshal Sinha said the internal MoD note was “raised and closed” within the ministry itself. “The note was initiated by S K Sharma, who was not part of the INT. So, in what capacity and at whose behest he initiated this note is very intriguing. There was never any interference from anybody in the price negotiations, including the PMO,” he added.

=2018, Anil Ambani group chosen as partner in Rafale=
==Hollande: India proposed Reliance Def.; we didn’t have a say== 
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/had-no-role-in-selection-of-reliance-defence-for-rafale-deal-says-govt/articleshow/65912664.cms  Had no role in selection of Reliance for Rafale deal: Govt, September 22, 2018: ''The Times of India'']


The government said that it had no role in the selection of Reliance Defence as the Indian partner in the Rafale jet deal and that the joint venture between Anil Ambani's firm and France's Dassault Aviation is a commercial arrangement between the two companies. 

The response comes after ex-French President Francois Hollande was quoted as saying + that the Indian government proposed Reliance Defence as the partner for France's Dassault Aviation in the Rs 58,000 crore Rafale deal and France did not have a choice. 

"Unnecessary controversies are being sought to be created following media reports regarding a statement purportedly made by the former French President, Francois Hollande, concerning the selection of Reliance Defence as the offset partner by Dassault, the manufacturers of Rafale aircraft," the defence ministry said in a statement. 

"The reported statement perhaps needs to be seen in its full context – where the French media has raised issues of conflict of interest involving persons close to the former President. His subsequent statements are also relevant in this regard," the ministry said, seen as a reference to a recent media report linking the Rafale deal with a film by Hollande's partner Julie Gayet + . 

The report had said Ambani's Reliance Entertainment had signed an agreement with Gayet to produce a film before the Rafale deal was sealed. Hollande, who was France's president when procurement of 36 Rafale jets was announced in April 2015, rejected the report. 

"It is once again reiterated that the government of India has no role in the selection of Indian offset partner which is a commercial decision of the Original Equipment Manufacturer," the statement said. 

"It has been reported that a JV between Reliance Defence and Dassault Aviation came into being in February, 2017. This is a purely commercial arrangement between two private companies," the MoD said. 

Citing media reports of February 2012, the ministry said that within two weeks of being declared as the lowest bidder for the procurement of 126 aircraft during the then UPA government, Dassault had entered into a pact for partnership with Reliance Industries in defence sector. 

The previous UPA government was negotiating with Dassault Aviation for procurement of 126 Rafale jets under which 18 jets were to supplied in a fly-away condition and 108 were to be manufactured in India by the French company along with HAL. However, the UPA could not seal the deal. 

"Dassault Aviation has issued a Press Release stating that it has signed partnership agreement with several companies and is negotiating with hundred odd other companies. As per the guidelines, the vendor is to provide the details of the offset partners either at the time of seeking offset credit or one year prior to discharge of offset obligation, which in this case will be due from 2020," the statement said. 

It said the offset can be discharged by many means such as direct purchase of eligible products and services, FDI in joint ventures and investment towards equipment and transfer of technology. "As per Defence Offset Guidelines, the foreign Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) is free to select any Indian company as its offset partner." 

Under India's offset policy, foreign defence entities are mandated to spend at least 30 per cent of the total contract value in India through procurement of components or setting up of research and development facilities. 

Earlier, French aerospace major Dassault Aviation clarified it was the firm's personal decision to partner with Reliance for the Rafale deal. 

"This offsets contract is delivered in compliance with the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) 2016 regulations. In this framework, and in accordance with the policy of Make in India, Dassault Aviation has decided to make a partnership with India's Reliance Group. This is Dassault Aviation's choice," the company said. 

The French government, too, had said that it was in no manner involved in the choice of Indian industrial partners for the deal. 

"In accordance with India's acquisition procedure, French companies have the full freedom to choose the Indian partner companies that they consider to be the most relevant, then present for the Indian government's approval the offsets projects that they wish to execute in India with these local partners so as to fulfil their obligations in this regard," the French government had said in its statement. 

The defence ministry's response follows Congress president Rahul Gandhi's allegations + that there was "clear-cut" corruption in the Rafale deal. 

The Prime Minister must clear his stand on the Rafale deal after Hollande's remarks, Rahul said during a press conference today.

==Dassault had no option but to tie up with Ambani: Website==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F10%2F11&entity=Ar01805&sk=50DE79E0&mode=text  October 11, 2018: ''The Times of India'']


'' ‘Jet Maker’s Docus Said Reliance Pact Was A Trade-Off To Get Contract’ ''

A French media website late on Wednesday claimed an internal document of Dassault Aviation showed the fighter manufacturer was presented with no option but to tie up with Anil Ambani-led Reliance Defence as the main offsets partner in the Rs 59,000-crore contract for 36 jets.

French investigative website Mediapart, which last month quoted former French President François Hollande as claiming the Indian government had virtually thrust Reliance Defence as offsets partner on France, on Wednesday said it had a Dassault document proving the same. The report came even as defence minister Nirmala Sitharaman left for a three-day visit to France on Wednesday night.

Mediapart claimed the document showed the alliance with Reliance Defence was indeed presented as “a trade-off” to obtain the contract, quoting a presentation made by Dassault’s deputy chief executive officer Loik Segalen to the company’s staff representatives in Nagpur. The partnership with Reliance Defence was described as “imperative and mandatory”, as per the report.

Previously, Hollande had seemed to distance himself from the quotes attributed to him by the website. An AFP report said when asked about India pitching for the Reliance Group, Hollande said he was unaware of this and that the French firm would be able to address the issue.

The French government and Dassault promptly rebutted Hollande’s claim last month. The Indian defence ministry, too, dismissed the controversy as “unnecessary”, maintaining it had never suggested any company’s name as the offsets partner in the deal. Under the contract, the French companies involved must plough back 50% of the contract value to India as offsets or re-investments.

The MoD says, “As per offsets guidelines, the vendor (Dassault) is to provide the details of the offset partners either at the time of seeking offset credits or one year prior to discharge of offset obligations, which in this case will be due from 2020.”

The French government said it was “in no manner involved” in the choice of Indian industrial partners which have been, or are being, selected by the French companies involved in the deal. “French companies have the full freedom to choose the Indian partner companies that they consider to be the most relevant, and then present for the Indian government’s approval the offsets projects that they wish to execute with their local partners,” it said.

French investigative website Mediapart had earlier quoted ex-French President Hollande as claiming that the Indian government had virtually thrust Reliance Defence as offsets partner on France

=CAG report, 2019=
==CAG’s assessment of the merits of the purchase==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F14&entity=Ar00505&sk=79C12FF2&mode=text  Pradeep Thakur, Rafale deal cheaper by 2.86%, not 9% as govt claimed: CAG, February 14, 2019: ''The Times of India'']

[[File: CAG’s 2019 assessment of the merits of the Rafale purchase.jpg|CAG’s 2019 assessment of the merits of the Rafale purchase <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F14&entity=Ar00505&sk=79C12FF2&mode=text  Pradeep Thakur, Rafale deal cheaper by 2.86%, not 9% as govt claimed: CAG, February 14, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]


''New Pact Saved One Month In Delivery Of Jets''

The much-awaited report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) on the Rafale deal has said the contract to acquire 36 fighter jets was 2.86% cheaper than the price being negotiated by the UPA government in 2007, but not 9% as claimed by the NDA government.

The CAG report on ‘capital acquisition in IAF’, containing an evaluation of the 2016 Rafale deal, was tabled in Parliament on Wednesday. Though the auditor said the deal was better on price, it argued the NDA government could have driven a better deal if it had not offered certain concessions. It also rejected the defence ministry’s argument that the 2016 contracted price for 36 basic flyaway aircraft was 9% lower than the price offered in 2007 by Dassault. It said the contract for Rafale consisted of six different packages with a total of 14 items. The contracted price of seven items was higher than the aligned price, the price at which the contract should have been signed.

“Three items, including the basic aircraft, were procured at the same price. Four were purchased at lower than the aligned price,” CAG said. The six different packages included flyaway aircraft package, maintenance package, Indiaspecific enhancements, weapons package, associated services and simulator package.

The period fixed for delivery of the aircraft was almost similar in both the offers. In the 2007 offer, 18 aircraft were to be delivered by the 50th month of signing the contract and the next 18 were to be licensed produced by HAL and delivered from 49 to 72 months of the contract signing.

However, in the 2016 contract, the first 18 aircraft would be delivered in 36-53 months after signing of the IGA and the remaining 18 by 67 months. The India-specific enhancements, which were to be integrated on the delivered aircraft, could have taken 72 months for these jets to be delivered as per the 2007 offer. In the 2016 contract, this would have come down to 71 months. So, the time saved was one month.

On the offer of a 20% discount on the 2007 price by Rafale’s competitor Eurofighter consortium, CAG said the government rejected the overture as “unsolicited” and pointed to factual inaccuracies.

==CAG Frowns On Absence Of Bank Guarantee==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F14&entity=Ar01800&sk=8B31A60A&mode=text  CAG Frowns On Absence Of Bank Guarantee, February 14, 2019: ''The Times of India'']


''Dassault’s 2007 offer came with financial safeguards''

The government may have got the Rafale jets cheaper but the Comptroller and Auditor General has raised concerns about not embedding bank guarantees in the final contract, particularly when the French government refused to stand sovereign guarantee for the deal.

In its performance audit of the Rafale deal, the federal auditor pointed out that Dassault Aviation had provided financial and performance guarantees which was about 25% of the total contract value in the offer it had made in 2007, and this was factored in the price bid. However, no such guarantee was offered in the 2016 contract which financially benefited the vendor and should have been passed on to India.

“The vendor was to provide bank guarantee against the 15% advance payment made by defence ministry which would be outstanding for three years till the deliveries of equivalent amount are made by the vendor,” the CAG said.

In addition, the 2007 offer included performance guarantee and warranty of 10% of the total value of the contract which was to be held till completion of deliveries. “The bank charges for this works out to “AAB1” million euros,” the CAG said, without mentioning the actual cost at the request of the defence ministry.

“Therefore, the total saving of “AAB3” million euros accruing to the vendor by not having to pay these bank charges should have been passed on to ministry,” the auditor said. The defence ministry, however, argued that this was a saving to the ministry because the bank guarantee charges were not to be paid. But CAG rejected the government’s contention and observed that this was actually a saving for Dassault Aviation when compared to its 2007 offer.

The audit further pointed out that the law ministry had asked MoD to obtain a sovereign guarantee from the French government in absence of a bank guarantee and since about 60% of advance payments were to be made to the French vendor.

However, the French government and the vendor neither agreed to furnish the bank guarantees nor provide sovereign guarantee. Instead, it provided a ‘letter of comfort’ signed by the French PM in lieu of the bank guarantee.

The issue on sovereign guarantee and letter of comfort was finally submitted to the Cabinet Committee on Security in September 2016 for consideration which approved the acceptance of letter of comfort from the French PM, subject to payments to be made through an escrow account.

The French government again did not agree to an escrow account as it felt that “the guarantees already provided by France were far reaching and unprecedented”.

==A Comparison Of UPA And NDA Deals==
[[File: A Comparison of UPA And NDA Deals.jpg|A Comparison of UPA And NDA Deals <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F14&entity=Ar01816&sk=1697CEE1&mode=image  February 14, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]

'''See graphic''':

''A Comparison of UPA And NDA Deals''

== ‘Picking Rafale was wrong in the first place’==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F14&entity=Ar01801&sk=12D11328&mode=text  Rajat Pandit, ‘Picking Rafale was wrong in the first place’, February 14, 2019: ''The Times of India'']


The CAG indicted the very selection of Rafale in the original but never-finalised medium multi-role combat aircraft (MMRCA) project for 126 fighters under UPA, which in turn raises questions about why the NDA government went ahead with the Rs 59,000 crore direct acquisition of 36 of the French fighters.

The government contends the induction of at least 36 Rafale fighters was “a critical operational necessity” for the IAF and a lot of time would have been wasted if a new selection process had been launched afresh. Moreover, according to Central Vigilance Commission guidelines, negotiations could not be held with the competitor who came second in the bid, the Eurofighter Typhoon.

The deadlocked MMRCA project, under which the first 18 fighters were to come in a “flyaway condition” with the rest being licensed produced by defence PSU Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL), was formally scrapped by the NDA government in June 2015. The intergovernmental agreement with France for 36 Rafales was inked in September 2016.

In the MMRCA competition that began in 2007, the CAG report noted the higher manpower costs envisaged by HAL for production of the 108 Rafales, in fact, meant that Dassault Aviation’s bid was no longer the lowest.

While the Swedish Gripen-E, Russian MiG-35 and American F-16 and F/A-18 fighters were rejected after field trials, the Rafale emerged the winner as the L-1 (lowest bidder) over Eurofighter after commercial evaluation in January 2012.

But the CAG criticised the selection of Rafale on several counts. One, Dassault was provided the opportunity to “significantly modify its technical and price bids (submitted earlier) in clear violation” of the Defence Procurement Procedure. Two, Dassault’s bid was “non-compliant” on warranty and option clauses, while Rafale also failed to meet 14 ASQRs (air staff qualitative requirements) during the field trials. Three, Dassault did not submit its price bid in the prescribed format, which required cost break-up under seven heads that was crucial for price evaluation. Four, parity was not maintained on the “direct cost of acquisition” by the Contract Negotiations Committee (CNC) in evaluation of bids by Dassault and Eurofighter-manufacturer EADS, with the latter’s price being “over-stated” in comparison to the former.

Dassault during the final negotiations said it would only stand performance guarantee for the first 18 flyaway jets. HAL, in turn, would be responsible for the quality of the 108 jets to be manufactured by it after transfer of technology. With the CNC insisting Dassault take full responsibility for the quality and performance of all the 126 jets, the negotiations became deadlocked.

===UPA should’ve rejected Rafale at tech stage===
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F15&entity=Ar02315&sk=3046CE22&mode=text  CAG points to several irregularities in Dassault’s Rafale bid during UPA, February 15, 2019: ''The Times of India'']


'' ‘Should’ve Been Rejected At Tech Evaluation Stage’ ''

The process of acquiring a medium-range fighter under the UPA tenure was marred by serious irregularities with an internal inquiry set up by former defence minister A K Antony in 2012 — which submitted its report in 2015 — stating that both Rafale and competitor Eurofighter were non-compliant with tender norms.

The report concluded that Rafale’s makers Dassault Aviation did not fulfil request from proposal (RFP) requirements at the stage of the technical evaluation committee with respect to air staff qualitative requirements, warranty clause and an option clause. “The proposal of the vendor should have been rejected at the TEC stage itself,” the CAG said.

Despite the acquisition process proceeding despite several flaws, it still hit a roadblock when public sector HAL’s calculations of man hours needed for production of Rafale under licence escalated the cost of the fighter to the extent that it was no longer the lowest bidder. Contrary to claims that HAL had been discriminated against and the deal made costlier, the PSU’s quotation of man hours at the a factor of 2.7 to Dassault Aviation significantly increased the cost of the Rafale jets.

The inquiry also found that the proposal of European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company, the makers of Eurofighter, was also non-compliant with the RFP, the document that invites proposals through a bidding process. In the case of Rafale, the report said acceptance of additional commercial proposal after bid submission was “unprecedented and against the canons of financial propriety”.

Dassault Aviation’s price bid, the report said, was noncompliant as it was incomplete and not in the prescribed format. The L-1 sub-committee filled up incomplete entries by “culling out figures given elsewhere under different headings of the price bid”. The calculations were based on incorrect assumptions and the determination was faulty.

The negotiations in the context of HAL, which was to manufacture 108 jets under licence, were doomed to run into difficulty as Dassault Aviation’s bid stated that the man hours quoted were as per French industry standards and this was contrary to the RFP norms. HAL had in 2011stated that these had to be converted to Indian standards but this was inexplicably ignored by the contract negotiation committee (CNC) while determining the price. “This created difficulties later during negotiations with Dassault when the CNC realised that after applying the factor of 2.7 to the manpower costs (of the French firm), it was no longer the L-1 vendor,” the CAG said.

===‘NDA-1 delayed deal, but rightly moved against IAF pitch’===
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F15&entity=Ar02319&sk=365D68FE&mode=text  February 15, 2019: ''The Times of India'']


The Vajpayee government took the right decision in asking the Indian Air Force to agree to a multi-vendor bidding process to acquire a new fleet of medium-range fighters but the process consumed four long years during which the IAF kept pressing for the specific choice of Mirage 2000 II planes.

The Comptroller and Auditor General’s report on the Rafale acquisition traces the initiation of the proposal for the medium multi-role combat aircraft (MMRCA) with the IAF in 2000 seeking to acquire 126 Mirage jets for induction from 2004-05. Two squadrons were to be directly procured from Dassault and the rest produced in India by HAL under licence.

The IAF’s pitch for a single-source procurement was based on the Mirage’s successful role in the 1999 Kargil war where the planes were used to target entrenched Pakistani positions high in the mountains. The proposal was not approved by the defence ministry on the grounds that this violated norms and called for a competitive tendering process.

The IAF did not give up its bid to acquire the advanced version of Mirage jets and resubmitted its proposal, stating that other options like Rafale, Eurofighter and F-35 planes were technologically superior but costlier. The force claimed that the “excess combat capacity” of the aircraft would remain underutilised. Despite another cold shoulder, the IAF resubmitted its proposal in December 2001.

With IAF now arguing that the procurement be treated as a “repeat purchase”, discussions were held between Dassault Aviation, HAL, DRDO and finance ministry from April to September 2002. In its report tabled in Parliament on Wednesday, the CAG expressed strong disapproval of this delay which dragged on till January 2004, before finally being junked and the IAF being directed to begin competitive tendering.

Though the CAG report did not go into possible reasons why the then government indulged the IAF, it seems possible that the victory of the armed forces in the Kargil war — and the stellar role of the air force — may have made the Vajpayee government more receptive to the arguments for the Mirage 2000 II acquisition.

“Thus, four years were spent on deciding whether to procure the aircraft on single source basis or through competitive tendering,” the CAG said.

===2007 deal vs 2016===
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F02%2F15&entity=Ar02310&sk=C3A6C3A3&mode=text  2007 vs 2016: Why CAG compared two deals, February 15, 2019: ''The Times of India'']


The Rafale deal was clinched with Dassault Aviation in 2016 on three grounds — better price, delivery and maintenance compared to offers made by the French company in 2007. The success of the inter-governmental agreement to acquire 36 fighters depended on these three factors, and had become sacrosanct after a joint statement by PM Narendra Modi and then French President Francois Hollande in April 2015. The CAG, in its report tabled in Parliament on Wednesday, referred to this fact while considering to take up the IGA for audit.

“Usually, in IGAs for defence acquisition of capital assets, there are no comparable costs. However, keeping in view the Indo-French joint statement, which stated that IGA would be signed for supply of the aircraft on terms that would be better (price, delivery and maintenance) than the ones offered by DA (Dassault Aviation) in 2007 (a price comparison was done),” CAG noted.

This IGA became a reference point for the CAG to begin its audit and take the previous offer of 2007 for the supply of 18 Rafale jets in flyaway condition and remaining 108 to be licensed produced by HAL, a deal which never materialised, as benchmark.

Comparing the two deals was a complicated affair considering that the first offer was for supply of 126 aircraft with 18 in flyaway condition as against 36 to be supplied as per the IGA of 2016.

Comparing it with the 2007 offer was also not a simple task since the deal was called off at the point when HAL wanted Indian man-hours to be applied to the cost of production of 108 aircraft. This would have made the price substantially higher, the audit noted. The issue of warranty for the aircraft produced by HAL was also not settled. In 2014, Eurofighter Typhoon gave an unsolicited offer of 20% discount on its previous offer, further complicating the matter.

The CAG finally decided to go by the decision of the government to conclude the agreement with Dassault as it was the L-1 bidder in the MMRCA tender in consonance with the process reiterated in the Defence Procurement Procedure.

=2019, Apr: '' Le Monde’s'' revelations=
==''India Today'' summarises the revelations==
[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rafale-deal-french-authorities-anil-ambani-162-6-million-dollar-debt-narendra-modi-1501000-2019-04-13    India Today Web Desk, Geeta Mohan | Le Monde drops Rafale bombshell: French authorities cleared Anil Ambani's $162 million tax after NDA deal| April 13, 2019 | ''India Today''] 


By the time [India] announced India's deal to buy 36 Rafale combat aircraft, the total amount owed by Reliance to the French state in taxes was at least 151 million euros, the report said. However, just six months after [India’s] Rafale announcement, the French tax authorities reportedly waived off Anil Ambani's 143.7 million euros tax.
 

Ambani's tax dispute was settled by October 2015 when India and France-based Dassault Aviation were negotiating the Rafale deal, according to French paper Le Monde

Reliance Atlantic Flag France had offered to pay 7.6 million euros as taxes but French authorities refused, according to report

Le Monde said that after deal French authorities accepted 7.3 million euros from Reliance as a settlement for tax dispute

French national newspaper Le Monde has reported that the French authorities waived off taxes worth 143.7 million euros or 162.6 million dollars in favour of Indian businessman Anil Ambani's France-based telecom company called "Reliance Atlantic Flag France". Anil Ambani's tax, the result of disputed tax litigation, was cleared a few months after [India] announced the Rafale deal with France.

The Reliance Communication has, however, said that the tax demands of the French tax authorities were "unsustainable and illegal". It also said that a settlement with the French authorities was reached as per the country's laws.

The tax dispute, according to the local media outlet Le Monde, was settled by October 2015 when India and France-based Dassault Aviation were negotiating the Rafale deal.

A few months earlier, [India], in April 2015, had announced that India would acquire 36 fully built Rafale fighter jets from the French company Dassault.

French ambassador to India, Alexandre Ziegler has issued a statement saying, "A global settlement was reached between the French tax authorities and Reliance Flag, a telecom company, in a tax dispute pertaining to the period 2008-2012.


"This settlement was conducted in full adherence with the legislative and regulatory framework governing this common practice of the tax administration. It was not subject to any political interference whatsoever."

(From Twitter)

Alexandre Ziegler

@FranceinIndia

This settlement was conducted in full adherence with the legislative and regulatory framework governing this common practice of the tax administration. It was not subject to any political interference whatsoever(2/2).

7:57 PM - Apr 13, 2019


Anil Ambani's company was reportedly investigated by the French tax authorities and found liable to pay 60 million euros in taxes for the period 2007 to 2010. Reliance Atlantic Flag France had offered to pay 7.6 million euros as taxes but the French authorities refused and conducted another investigation, the report said.


julien bouissou @jubouissou

Reliance offered to pay 7.6 million euros as a settlement. The French tax authorities refused. They conducted another investigation for the period 2010 to 2012 and asked for an additional 91 million euros in taxes.

10:35 AM - Apr 13, 2019


Another investigation for the period 2010 to 2012 was conducted by the French authorities and Anil Ambani's company was asked for an additional 91 million euros in taxes.

In April 2015, PM Narendra Modi announced the Rafale deal with France-based Dassault. By the time the prime minister announced India's deal to buy 36 Rafale combat aircraft, the total amount owed by Reliance to the French state in taxes was at least 151 million euros, the report said.

However, just six months after [India]'s Rafale announcement, the French tax authorities reportedly settled Anil Ambani's 143.7 million euros tax dispute litigation and accepted 7.3 million euros from Reliance as a settlement, instead of the original tax of 151 million euros.


julien bouissou @jubouissou Apr 13, 2019

Six months after [India]'s Rafale announcement, the French tax authorities accepted 7.3 million euros from Reliance as a settlement, instead of the much bigger sum of 151 million euros.


So between February and October 2015, while the French were negotiating the Rafale contract with India, Anil Ambani enjoyed a tax waiver of 143,7 million euros from the French state. Quite a cozy deal, right?


TAX DEMANDS WERE ILLEGAL: RELIANCE

Reliance Communications has issued a clarification on the French media report. In a statement, Reliance Communications said that the Reliance Atlantic Flag France's tax dispute pertains to 2008.

Terming the tax demands as "completely unsustainable and illegal", Reliance Flag denied "any favouritism or gain from the settlement". It also said that the tax disputes were settled "as per legal framework in France available to all companies operating in France".

It said, "During the period under consideration by the French tax authorities - 2008 to 2012 i.e. nearly 10 years ago, Reliance Atlantic Flag France had an operating loss of Rs 20 crore [i.e. 2.7 million euros]. The French tax authorities had raised a tax demand of over Rs 1,100 crore for the same period. As per the French tax settlement process and law, a mutual settlement agreement was signed to pay Rs 56 crore as a final settlement," it said.

(With inputs from Geeta Mohan)

==EXCERPTS FROM '' Le Monde ''==
== '' Le Monde '' on the history of the deal==
[https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2019/04/13/affaire-rafale-un-long-et-tumultueux-feuilleton-en-inde_5449746_3234.ht ml    Dominique Gallois | « Affaire Rafale » : un long et tumultueux feuilleton en Inde|13 April 2019 | Le Monde] Translated from the French, using Google Translate.


"Rafale Case": a long and tumultuous soap opera in India

The initial order of 126 aircraft in 2012 was, three years later, reduced to 36 aircraft.


On September 23, 2016, Jean-Yves Le Drian, then French Minister of Defense, and his Indian counterpart, Manohar Parrikar, signed the contract of sale, in New Delhi, of 36 Rafale.


"We have a long partnership with France, it has so far been at the pace of a man, he will now go to the speed of the Rafale. "These words … at the signing of the contract to purchase the 36 fighter aircraft of Dassault, almost three years ago, recall the long and winding road travelled before reaching an agreement.

It all started in 2001, two years after the Kargil conflict, in the Himalayas, where Dassault's Mirage 2000 helped drive India's victory over Pakistan. The Indian Air Force is a historical customer of the French aircraft manufacturer, having successively endowed Toofani, Mystery IV, Alizé and Jaguar, before acquiring, in the mid-1980s, a Fifty of Mirage 2000. But his squadrons are composed mainly of Russian planes, several hundred MIG and Sukhoi. An aging fleet that New Delhi intends to modernize, announcing its intention to acquire 126 fighter jets.

The competition will be launched six years later, in 2007. The specifications include the purchase of 18 aircraft, ready to fly, the time to transfer technologies to the public company Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the on-site assembly of the following 108 aircraft. This "contract of the century" attracts the main builders of the planet. The aircraft in competition range from Russian MIG-35 to American General Dynamics' F-16, Boeing F-18 and Swedish Saab Gripen. All are gradually removed, to keep only two Europeans: the Eurofighter Typhoon developed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Spain, and the French Rafale.
===’A political scandal in India:’ '' Le Monde '' ===
[https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2018/08/28/en-inde-le-contrat-rafale-tourne-au-scandale-politique_5347034_3234.html  Julien Bouissou | En Inde, le contrat Rafale tourne au scandale politique | August 28, 2018 | Le Monde] Translated from the French, using Google Translate.

In India, the Rafale contract turns into a political scandal



Two years after New Delhi bought thirty-six Rafale fighter jets, the contract signed with Dassault Aviation is at the heart of a political storm in India.
A controversy that could tarnish the image of Dassault Aviation while the tricolor group is competing to provide India with 110 additional combat aircraft. On 6 July, six aircraft manufacturers responded to New Delhi's "Request for Information" request for this new contract.

The "Rafale affair", as it is now nicknamed in the Indian media, was born of the surprise announcement made by [India] to buy thirty-six combat aircraft during his visit to Paris in April 2015.

First deliveries planned for 2019

The tender won in 2012 by Dassault included the delivery of 126 aircraft, including 108 assembled on Indian soil. But in this spring of 2015, negotiations have been stalling for three years. They stumble on the final price and the sharing of responsibilities for assembled aircraft in India.

But Indian Air Force squadrons are dangerously close to obsolescence, at the risk of jeopardizing the country's security. [The government of India], yet so attached to the "Make in India", buries the "contract of the century" which provided for the construction of a Rafale assembly line in India. The thirty-six aircraft, whose first deliveries are scheduled for 2019, will be produced in France.

The new contract, signed a few months later as part of an intergovernmental agreement, is accompanied by an "offset" clause, ie part of the amount of the acquisition must be reinvested. in the form of industrial offsets in India. For this contract, they will be unusually high: half of the amount, about 4 billion euros. However, the minimum threshold set by the Indian law is 30% for defense contracts worth more than 250 million euros.

The question of the choice of the partner

Another surprise: the choice of the Indian partner of Dassault, unveiled in October 2016. The Reliance group, owned by Anil Ambani, has no experience in the aeronautics sector, let alone in the military aviation, even if he says he is interested since 2015. French side, it emphasizes that "few Indian actors were the size sufficient to ally with Dassault".

== How France has cleared the tax debt of an Indian industrialist: '' Le Monde ''==

[https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2019/04/13/comment-la-france-a-efface-la-dette-fiscale-d-un-industriel-indien-associe-de-dassault_5449659_3234.html   Julien Bouissou, Anne Michel | Comment la France a effacé la dette fiscale d’un industriel indien associé de Dassault |13 April 2019 | Le Monde] Translated from the French, using Google Translate.

How France has cleared the tax debt of an Indian industrial associate of Dassault

Anil Ambani benefited from a cancellation of more than 140 million euros in 2015, when Dassault negotiated the sale of Rafale to India.


The man at the heart of the "Rafale affair", which has shaken India for months, is a powerful Indian industrialist whose fortune is estimated at $ 1.9 billion (€ 1.68 billion).

Anil Ambani is at the same time one of the main beneficiaries of this sale of thirty-six French combat aircraft of Dassault Aviation to India.

In France, the anti-corruption NGO Sherpa filed a complaint, on October 26, 2018, with the National Financial Office (PNF), to request the opening of an investigation into the suspicions of corruption and trading in influence surrounding this transaction. .
According to information from Le Monde, France has canceled a tax recovery of a total amount of 143.7 million euros, yet claimed for years, in favor of a French company belonging to the group Reliance Communications Anil Ambani. The dispute was settled between February and October 2015, at a time when India and France were negotiating the sale of thirty-six combat aircraft.

What happened that year? The French company Reliance Flag Atlantic France, owned by Anil Ambani, knows at this time of great financial worries. Its solvency is threatened by a large tax debt. The company provides telecommunications services, operating, inter alia, with other companies in the Reliance group, a transatlantic submarine telecommunication cable between Europe and the United States, and has a turnover of 60, € 6 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2014.

Two tax adjustments

As revealed by the report of 30 January 2015 by the auditor, whose role is to certify the accounts of the company, and to which Le Monde had access, Reliance Flag Atlantic France is subject to two tax adjustments.

In particular, the tax authorities dispute the way in which the company accounted for certain purchases from other companies in the Reliance group, due to a lack of "documentation", which is tantamount to challenging the methodology used by Reliance Flag Atlantic France for calculate his "transfer prices". This well known technique of regulators is used by companies to reduce their tax bill. It is used to send profits to tax havens, where they will not be taxed. The parent company of the French company Anil Ambani, Reliance Globalcom Limited, is domiciled in Bermuda ... A territory that has just been registered, in March, on the blacklist of tax havens in the European Union (EU).

=='' Le Monde:'' how Ambani became key interlocutor of French defence industry==
[https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2019/04/13/affaire-rafale-comment-anil-ambani-est-devenu-un-interlocuteur-cle-de-l-industrie-francaise-de-la-defense_5449737_3234.html    Julien Bouissou, Anne Michel  | « Affaire Rafale » : comment Anil Ambani est devenu un interlocuteur-clé de l’industrie française de la défense | 14 April 2019 | Le Monde] Translated from the French, using Google Translate.

"Rafale case": how Anil Ambani became a key interlocutor of the French defense industry

The Indian opposition accuses the businessman of having been favored in the sale of 36 fighter aircraft of Dassault Aviation in New Delhi.

Saturday 1 st  December 2018 [Government of India] does not hide his concern in an interview with President Emmanuel Macron, on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Buenos Aires. Officially, there is talk of "expanding" and "diversifying" the strategic partnership between the two countries. In fact, the Indian [official] spent much of the one-hour meeting briefing him, according to a diplomatic source, on his concerns about what is happening in India "the Rafale affair". 

Why did Dassault and the French State choose this heir of a great industrial empire that has experienced several resounding bankruptcies, and has no experience in the military industry, much less in the air sector? In addition, there are several cases of corruption where his name appeared.

Senior executives in his group were sued for bribing the issuance of second generation telephony licenses in the late 2000s, before being finally released in December 2017 for lack of evidence. At the time of his decision, the judge had made it clear that he deplored the poor work of the prosecution, which had put only scarce evidence on the record. At that time, the Central Bureau of Investigation, the equivalent of the US FBI, charged with this mission, is under close control of the government of India. Despite this sulphurous reputation, Anil Ambani became, after 2014, a key interlocutor of the French defense industry.

=SC verdict, 2019=
==Highlights==
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F11%2F15&entity=Ar00300&sk=846A41A5&mode=text  Dhananjay Mahapatra, Nov 15, 2019: ''The Times of India'']

[[File: The 2019 SC verdict on the Rafale case.jpg|The 2019 SC verdict on the Rafale case  <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F11%2F15&entity=Ar00300&sk=846A41A5&mode=text  Dhananjay Mahapatra, Nov 15, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]




The Supreme Court said no case was made out for a CBI inquiry into the Rafale deal and threw out petitions seeking review of its December 14, 2018 clean chit to the NDA government in procuring 36 fully loaded Rafale fighter jets through an inter-government deal with France.

Noting that the price of the basic Rafale jet negotiated by the NDA government was, contrary to allegations by the opposition and others, marginally cheaper than that considered by the UPA government, a bench of Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi and Justices Sanjay Kishan Kaul and K M Joseph unanimously dismissed the review petitions filed by three advocates — M L Sharma, Vineet Dhanda & Prashant Bhushan — and former BJP leaders Yashwant Sinha and Arun Shourie.

Justice Kaul, writing also on behalf of CJI Gogoi, dismissed the review petitions in an eight-page judgment and said, “We cannot lose sight of the fact that we are dealing with a contract for (fighter) aircraft, which was pending before different governments for quite some time and necessity for those aircraft has never been in dispute.”

The bench also dismissed the allegation — the mainstay of Congress’s “crony capitalism” charge — that the government was responsible for the inclusion of industrialist Anil Ambani’s Reliance Defence as an offset partner. The bench said the choice of offset partners was left to the manufacturer of Rafale.

[[Category:Defence|R 
RAFALE FIGHTER JET AND INDIA]]
[[Category:India|R 
RAFALE FIGHTER JET AND INDIA]]
[[Category:Politics|R 
RAFALE FIGHTER JET AND INDIA]]

=See also=
[[Government tenders: India]]

[[Rafale fighter jet and India]]