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''' Yoga Vasishta Sara '''  <br/>
(THE ESSENCE OF YOGA VASISHTA)<br/>

Translated from the Sanskrit into English by<br/>
Swami Sureshananda<br/>

And first published serially in <br/>
'''The Mountain Path ''' <br/>
c. 1969-71.<br/>

It was published online by [http://www.sageramana.org/files/Yoga%20Vasishtha%20Sara.pdf Sage Ramana.org].<br/>
Y S. RAMANAN <br/>
President, Board of Trustees, <br/>
Sri Ramanasramam, <br/>
Tiruvannamalai-606 603. <br/>
1999 <br/> 

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Mizoram, 1872:

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'''THE LUSHAI EXPEDITION '''  <br/>
1871-1872<br/>

BY<br/>
R.G. WOODTHORPE.<br/>
LIEUT. ROYAL ENGINEERS.<br/>

LONDON:<br/>
HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS, <br/>
13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.<br/>

1873.<br/>
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Manipur, 1873

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This article is an extract<br/>

FROM THE <br/>
Records of the Government of India,<br/>
FOREIGN DEPARTMENT.<br/>

No. CIX.<br/>

'''ANNUAL '''<br/>
'''ADMINISTRATION REPORT '''<br/>
'''OF THE '''<br/>
'''MUNNIPOOR AGENCY, '''<br/>
For the year ending 30th June <br/>
1873.<br/>

Published by Authority.<br/>

CALCUTTA : <br/>
PRINTED AT THE FOREIGN DEPARTMENT PRESS. <br/>
1874.<br/>
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This article is an extract from <br/>

''' THE MEITHEIS ''' <br/>

By 

T. C. HODSON <br/>
Late Assistant Political Agent in Manipur and <br/>
Superintendent of the State <br/>
Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute <br/>

With An Introduction <br/>
By<br/>
SIR CHARLES J. LYALL <br/>
K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D., M.A. <br/>

Published under the orders of the Government of <br/>
Eastern Bengal and Assam<br/>

LONDON <br/>
DAVID NUTT <br/>
57, 59, Long Acre <br/>
1908 <br/>

Printed By William Clowes and Sons, Limited <br/>
London and Beccles<br/>
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''' A SHORT ACCOUNT '''<br/> 

'''OF THE '''<br/>

'''KUKI-LUSHAI TRIBES '''<br/>

'''ON THE '''<br/>

'''NORTH-EAST FRONTIER '''<br/>

''' (In the districts of Cachar, Sylhet, Naga Hills, etc., and the '''<br/> 

'''North Cachar Hills), '''<br/>

BY <br/> 

C. A. SOPPITT, 

ASSISTANT-COMMISSIONER, BURMA, LATE SUB-DIVISIONAL OFFICER, NORTH CACHAR <br/>

HILLS, ASSAM. <br/>

SHILLONG: <br/>

PRINTED AT THE ASSAM SECRETARIAT PRESS. <br/>

1887. <br/>
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'''AN OUTLINE GRAMMAR '''<br/> 

'''OF THE '''<br/>

'''RANGKHOL- LUSHAI LANGUAGE'''<br/>

'''AND '''<br/>

'''A Comparison of Lushai with other Dialects. '''<br/>

BY <br/> 

C. A. SOPPITT, <br/> 

ASSISTANT-COMMISSIONER, BURMA, LATE SUB-DIVISIONAL OFFICER, NORTH CACHAR <br/>

HILLS, ASSAM. <br/>

SHILLONG: <br/>

PRINTED AT THE ASSAM SECRETARIAT PRESS. <br/>

1887. <br/>
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''' THE ANGAMI NAGAS ''' <br/>

''' With Some Notes on Neighbouring Tribes ''' <br/>

J F U. HUTTON, C.I.E., M.A. (Indian Civil Service) <br/>

WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS <br/>

Published by direction of the Assam Administration <br/>

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED <br/>

ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON <br/>

1921 <br/>
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This article is an extract from <br/>

'''THE MEITHEIS'''<br/>

T. C. HODSON <br/>

Late Assistant Political Agent In Manipur <br/>

And Superintendent Of The State <br/>

Fellow Of The Royal Anthropological Institute <br/>

With An Introduction <br/>

By SIR CHARLES J. LYALL <br/>

K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D., M.A. <br/>

Published under the orders of the Government of Gastern Bengal and Assam<br/>

Illustrated <br/>

LONDON <br/>

David Nutt <br/>

57, 59, Long Acre <br/>

1908 <br/>

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This article is an extract from <br/>

'''THE MEITHEIS'''<br/>

T. C. HODSON <br/>

Late Assistant Political Agent In Manipur <br/>

And Superintendent Of The State <br/>

Fellow Of The Royal Anthropological Institute <br/>

With An Introduction <br/>

BY SIR CHARLES J.LYALL <br/>

K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D., M.A. <br/>

Published under the orders of the Government of Gastern Bengal and Assam<br/>

Illustrated <br/>

LONDON <br/>

David Nutt <br/>

57, 59, Long Acre <br/>

1908 <br/>

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This article is an extract from <br/>

THE MEITHEIS<br/>

T. C. HODSON <br/>

LATE ASSISTANT POLITICAL AGENT IN MANIPUR <br/>

AND SUPERINTENDENT OF THE STATE <br/>

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE <br/>

WITH AN INTRODUCTION <br/>

BY SIR CHARLES J.LYALL <br/>

K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D., M.A. <br/>

Published under the orders of the Government of Gastern Bengal and Assam<br/>

ILLUSTRATED <br/>


LONDON <br/>

DAVID NUTT <br/>

57, 59, LONG ACRE <br/>

1908 <br/>

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This article is an extract from <br/>

CENSUS OF INDIA, 1931<br/>

Report by<br/>

J. H. HUTTON, C.I.E., D.Sc., F.A.S.B., <br/>

Corresponding Member of the Anthropologische Gesselschaft of Vienna. <br/>

Delhi: Manager of Publications<br/>

1933<br/>

''(Hutton was the Census Commissioner for India) '' <br/>

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This article is an extract from <br/>

ETHNOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT INDIA <br/>

BY <br/>

ROBERT SHAFER <br/>

With 2 maps <br/>

1954 <br/>

OTTO HARRAS SOWITZ . WIESBADEN <br/>
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This article is an extract from <br/>

THE CASTES AND TRIBES <br/>

OF <br/>

H. E. H. THE NIZAM'S DOMINIONS <br/>

BY <br/>

SYED SIRAJ UL HASSAN <br/>

Of Merton College, Oxford, Trinity College, Dublin, and <br/>

Middle Temple, London. <br/>

One of the Judges of H. E. H. the Nizam's High Court <br/>

of Judicature : Lately Director of Public Instruction. <br/>

BOMBAY <br/>

THE TlMES PRESS <br/>

1920<br/>
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This article is an extract from <br/>

PANJAB CASTES <br/>

SIR DENZIL CHARLES JELF IBBETSON, K.C. S.I. <br/>

Being a reprint of the chapter on <br/>
The Races, Castes and Tribes of <br/>
the People in the Report on the <br/>
Census of the Panjab published <br/>
in '''1883''' by the late Sir Denzil <br/>
Ibbetson, KCSI <br/>

Lahore: <br/>

Printed  by the Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, <br/>

1916. <br/>
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==Jats: Western Plains==

First of all then let us purge our 
tables of that nondescript class known as Jats on the Indus,and, to a less 
extent, in the lower valleys of the Satluj, C'hanab, and Jahlam, and in 
the Salt-range Tract. Mr. 0',Brien writes as follows of the Jats of Muzaffar
garh : — 

In the alI district the word Jat lncludes that congeries of Muhanimadan tribes which are 
not Saiyads, Bilochcs,Pathans or Quroshis. According to this definition .Jats would include 
Rajput. This 1 beheve is correct. The .Jats; have always been rocnutcd from theRajputs. 
There is not a Jat in the district who has any knowledge, real or fancied, of his ancestors that 
would uot say that he was; once a Rajput. Certain Jat tribes have nances and traditions which 
seem to connect thorn more closely with Hindustan. Some bear the Rajput title of llai, and 
others, though Muhammadans, associate a Brahmin with the Mulla at marriage ceremonies, while 
Punwars, Parihars, Bhattis, .Toyas, and others bear the names of well-known tribes of Rajutana. 
The fact is that it is impossible to define between Jats and Musalman Rajputs. And the 
diffculty is rendered greater by the word .Jat also meaning an agriculturist irrespective of his 
race, and Jataki agriculture. In conversation about agriculture I have been referredto a Saiyad 
Zaildar with the remark— Ask Anwar Shah ; he is a better Jat than we are. 

The Jat tribes are exceedingly numerous. There are 165 in the Sananwan tahsil alone. 
They have no large divisions embracing several small divisions. Nor do they trace their 
origin to common stock. No tribe is pre-eminent in birth or caste. Geucrally .Jats marry into 
their own tribe, but they have no hesitation in marrying into other tribes. They give their 
daughters freely to Bilochcs in marriage. But the Biloches say that they do not give their 
daughters to Jats. This is, howcver, a Biloch story ; many instances of Jats married to Bilochcs 
could be named.

Besides this, the word Jat, spelt Avith a soft instead of a hard t, denotes 
a eamel grazier or camel driver. The camel cannot lift its load ; the camel
man (Jat) bites its tail.''The fact seems to be that the Bilochcs who came 
into the districts of the lower frontier as a dominant race, contemptuoulsy 
included all cultivating tribes who were not Biloch, or of some race such as 
Saiyad or Pathan Whom they had been accustomed to look upon as their 
equals, under the generic name of Jat, until the people themselves have lost 
the very memory of their origim It is possible that our own officers may 
have emphasized the confusion by adopting too readily the simple classification 
of the population as the Biloch or peculiar people on the one hand and the 
Jat or Gentile on the other, and that the so-called Jat is not so ignorant of 
his real origin as is commonly suppOsed. But the fact that in this part of the 
Pan jab tribe quite over-shadows and indeed almost supersedes caste, greatly 
increases the difficulty. As Mr. Roe remarks — If you ask a Jat his caste 
he will generally name some sub-division or clan quite unknown to fame.''
However caused, the result is that in the Derajat, Muzaffargarh, and much of 
Multan, if not indeed still further east and north, the word Jat means little 
more than the heading others or unspecified under which Census officers 
are so sorely tempted to class those about whom they know little or nothing. 

A curious instance of the manner in which the word is used in these joarts is 
afforded by the result of some inquiri as I made about the Machhi or fisherman 
caste of Derail Ghazi Khan. The reply sent me was that there were two 
castes, Machhis or fishermen, and Jat Machhis who had taken to agriculture. 
It is probable that not long hence these latter will drop the Machhi, perhaps 
forget their Machhi origin, and become Jats pure and simple ; though they 
may not improbably retain as their elan name the old Machhi clan to which 
are 106-they belonged, or even the word Machhi itself. I give on the next page 
list of castes which, on a rough examination of the clan tables of the Jats 
of the Multan and Derajat divisions and Bahawalpur, I detected among the 
organised Biloch tribes of the frontier, however, Biloch girls are not given to 
Jats.sub-divisions of theJatsof those parts. Jat being essentially a word used 
for agnculturists only, it is more probable that a man who returns himself as 
Jat by caste and Bhatyara by tribe or clan should be a Bhatyara who has 
taken to agriculture, than that he should be a Jat who has taken to keeping 
a cook-shop ; and the men shown below would probably have been more pro
perly returned under the rcspective castes opposite which their numbers are 
given, than as Jats. A more careful examination of the figures would probably 
have increased the numbers ; and the detailed clan tables will give us much 
information on the subject. 

Futher to the north and east, away from the Biloch territory, the 
difficulty is of a somewhat different nature. There, as already explained, the 
tribes are commonly known by their tribal names rather than by the name 
of the caste to which they belong or belonged ; and the result is that claims to 
Rajput, or now-a-days not unseldom to Arab or Mughal origin, are generally 
set up. The tribes who claim to be Arab or Mughal will be discussed either 
under their proper head or under Shekhs and Mughals. But the line between 
Jats and Rajputs is a difficult one to draw, and I have been obliged to decide 
the question in a rough and arbitrary manner. Thus the Sial are admittedly 
of pure Rajput origin, and I have classed them as Rajputs as they are conr 
monly recognized as such by their neighbours. The Sumra are probably of 
no less pure Rajput extraction, but they are commonly known as Jats, and 
I have discussed them under that head. But in either case I shall show the 
Sial or Sumra who have returned themselves as Jats side by side with those 
who have returned themselves as Rajputs, so that the figures may be as com
plete as possible. As a fact these people are generally known as Sial and 
Sumra rather than as Jats or Rajputs ; and the inclusion of them under either 
of the latter headings is a classification based upon generally reputed origin or 
standing, rather than upon any current and usual designation. Mr. Purser 
thus expresses the matter as he found it in Montgomery : — 

There is a wonderful uniformity about the traditions of the different tribes. The ancestor of 
each tribe was, as a rule, a Rajput of the Solar or Lunar race, and resided at Hastinapur or Dara
nagar. He scornfully rejected t,hc proposals of the Dehli Emperor for a matrimonial alliance 
between the two famihes, and had then to fly to Sirsa or Bhather, or some other plate in that 
neighbourhood. Next he came to the Ravi and was converted to Islam by Makhddm Baha-ul
Haqq, or Baba Farid. Then, being a stout-hearted man, he joined the Kharrals in their maraud
ing expeditions, and so his descendants became Jats. In Kamar Singh's time they took to agricul
ture and abandoned robbery a little; and now under the English Government they have quite given 
up their evil ways, and are honest and well disposed.

Mr. Steed man writing from J hang says : — 
There are in this district a lot of tribes engaged in agriculture or cattle-grazing who have 
no very clear idea of their origin but are certainly converted Hindus. Many are recognized 
Jats, and more belong to an enormous variety of tribes, but are called by the one comprehensive 
term Jat. Ethnologically I am not sure of my ground ; but for practical convenience in this 
part of the world, 1 would class as Jats all Muhammadans whose ancestors were converted from 
Hiudusim and who are now engaged in, or derive their maiTitenuuce from, the cultivation of land 
or the pasturing of cattle.

The last words of this sentence convey an important distinction. The 
Jat of the Indus and Lower Chauab is essentially a husbandman. But in the 
great central grazing grounds of the Western Plains he is often pastoral rather 
than agricultural, looking upon cultivation as an inferior occupation which 
ne leaves to Arains, Mahtams, and such like people. 

On the Upper Indus the word Jat, or Hindki which is perhaps more 
often used, is apphed in scareely a less iudefinite sense than in the Desajat ; 

while in the Salt-range Tract the meaning is but little more precise. Beyond 
the Indus, Jat or Hindki includes both Rajputs and Awans, and indeed all 
who talk Panjabi rather than Pashto. In the Salt-range Tract, however, the 
higher Rajput tripes, such as Janjua, are carefully excluded ; and Jat means 
any Mahoniedan cultivator of Hindu origin who is not an Awan, Gakkhar, 
Pathan, Saiyad, Qureshi, or Rajput. Even there, however, most of the Jat 
clans are returned as Rajputs also, and the figures for them will be found 
further on when I discuss the Jats of the sub-montane tracts. Major Wace 
writes : — 

The real Jat clans of the Rawalpindi division have a prejudice against the name Jat, 
because it is usually apphed to camel-drivers, and to the graziers of the bar whom they look 
down upon as low fellows. Rut there is, I think, no douht that the principal agricultural 
tribes whom we cannot class as Rajputs are really of the same race as the Jats of the Lower 
Panjab.

The Jat in these parts of the country is naturally looked upon as of 
inferior race, and the position he occupies is very different from that which 
he holds in the centre and east of the Panjab. Mr. O'Brien gives at page 
78 of his Multani Glossary a collection of the most pungent proverbs on the 
subject, of which I can only quote one or two : — Though the Jat grows 
refined, he will still use a mat for a pocket-handkerchief.An ordinary 
man's ribs would break at the laugh of a Jat.' When the Jat is pros
perous he shuts up the path (by ploughing it up) : when the Kirar (money
lender) is prosperous he shuts up the Jat.'A Jat like a wound is better 
when bound.Though a Jat be made of gold, still his hinder parts are of 
brass.The Jat is such a fool that only God can take care of him.

The Pathan proverbs are even less complimentary. If a Hindki 
cannot do you any harm, he will leave a bad smell as he passes you.
Get round a Pathan by coaxing ; but heave a clod at a Hindki.Though 
a Hindki be your right arm, cut it off.Kill a black Jat rather than 
a black snake.The Jat of Derah Ghazi is described as lazy, dirty, and 
ignorant.

==Jat tribes of the Western Plains==

Abstract No. 73 on the next page* give.-, the principal 
 
Jat tribes of the Western Plains ; that is to say west of Lahore, excluding the trans-Salt-range 

and the sub-montane tracts. The tribes may be divided into three groups; the Tahrm Bhutta, 
Langah, Chhina, and Siimrahe chiefly westwards of the valley of the Jahlam-Chanab ; the 
Chhadhar and Sipra he to the east of that line ; while the Bhatti, Sial, Punwar, Joya, Dhiidhi, 
Khichi, and Wuttu are Rajputs rather than Jats, and will be discussed when I come to the 
Rajputs of the Western Plains. It must be remembered that these figures are very imperfect, as 
they merely give the numbers who have returned their tribe as one of those shown in the abstract, 
and do not include those who have returned only sub-sections of those tribes. The complete 
figures cannot be obtained till the detailed clan tables are ready. The double columns under 
Bhutta, Langah, Sumra, Chhadhar and Dhudhi show the numbers who have returned themselves 
as belonging to these tribes, but as being by caste Jat and Rajput respectively. 

== The Tallim (No. 1) == The Tahim claim Arab origin, and to be descended from an Ansari 
Qui-esh called Tamim. They formerly held much property in the Chiniot tahsil of Jhang, and 
there were Talu'm Govrrnors of those parts under the Dehli Emperors. It is said that the Awaus 
have a Tahrm clan. The Tahim are not wholly agriculturists, and are Faid not unfrequently to 
work as butchers and cotton scutchers ; or it may be merely that the butchers and cotton 
scutchers have a Tahrm clan called after the tribe. They are, as far as our figures go, almost 
confined to Bahawalpur and the lower Indus and Chencab in Multan, Muzaffargarh, and Derah 
Ghazi Khan. The Multan Tahrm say that their more immediate ancestor Sambhal Shah came to 
that place some 700 years ago on a marauding expedition, and ruled at Multan for 40 years, after 
which he was killed and his followers scattered. In his invasion of India during the latter part 
of the 14th century, Taimur encountered his old foes the Geta; (Jats), who inhabited the plains 
« of Tahim,and pursued them into the desert ; and Tod mentions an extinct Rajput tribe which 
be calls Dahima, 


== The Bhatta (No. 2)== The Bhutta are said by Mr: O'Brien to have traditions connecting them 
with Hindustan. and they chaim to le descended from Solar Rajputs. But since the rise to 
opulence and importance of Pirzadah Murad Bakhsh Bhutta, of Multan, many of them have 
taken to calling themselves pirzadahs. One account is that they are emigrants  from Bhutan— 
a story I fear too ohvionsly suggested hy the name. They also often Practise other crafts, such 
as making pottery or weaving, instead of or in addition to agriculture. They are said to have held 
Uchh (in Bahawalpur) before the Saiyads came there. They are, according to our figures, 
chiefly found on the lower Indus, Chenah and Jahlam, in Shahpur, Jhang, MIultan, Muzaffargarh, 
and Derah Ghazi Khan. In Jhang most of them have returned themselves as Rajputs. The 
Bhutta shown scattered over the Eastern Plains are perhaps mcmhcrs of the small Bhutna or 
Bhutra clan of Malwa Jats. (See also Buttar, section 436, and Biita, section 438). 

== The Langah (No. 3)==  Mr. O'Brien thus describes the Langah : — A tribe of agriculturists 
in the Multan and :Muzaffargarh districts. They were originally an Afghan tribe who came to 
Multan from Sivi and Dhadhar for purposes of trade, and eventually settled at Rapri and the 
neighbourhood. In the confusion that followed the invasion of Tamerlane Multan became 
independent of the throne of Dehli, and the inhabitants chose Sheikh Yusaf, Kureshi, head of 
the shrine of Sheikh Bahauddin, as Governor. In 1445 A.D., Rai Sahra, Chief of the Langahs, 
whose daughter had been married to Sheikh Yusaf, iutrrduced an armed band of his tribesmen 
into the city by night, seized Sheikh Yusaf and sent him to Delhi, and proclaimed himself  king 

with the title Sultan Kutabuddin. The kings 
of Multan belonging to the Langah tribe are 
shown in the margin. 



 [[File:  502.png   | |frame|500px]]   
 
The dynasty terminated with the capture 
of Multan, after a siege of more than a year 
by Shah Hasan Arghnn, Governor of Sindh, in 
1526. For ten days the city was given up to 
''plunder and mas acre, and most of the Langahs were slain. Sultan Husain was made prisoner 
''and died shortly after. The Langah dynasty ruled Multan for eighty years, during which time 
Biloches succeeded in establishing themselves along the Indus from Sitpur to Kot Karor. The 
•' Laugahi of Multan and Muzaffargarh are now very insignificant cultivators.

Farishtah is apparently the authority for their Afghan origin, which is doubtful to say the 
least. Pirzadah Murad Bakhsh Bhutta of Multan says that the Bhutta, Langah, Khnrral, Harral, 
and Lak are all Punwar Rajputs by origin. But the Lansah are described by Tod as a clan of the 
Chaluk or Solani tribe of Agnikula Rajputs, who inhabited Multan and Jaisalmer and were 
driven out of the latter by the Bhatti at least 700 years ago. According to our figures the Panjab 
Langah are almost confined to the lower Indus and Chanab. Unfoitunately we dasstd 2,550 
Langah who had returned their caste as Langah, under Patlans. I have added the figures in 
Abstract No. 73. 

== The Chhina (No. 4)== These I take to be distinct from the Chima Jats of Sialkot and Guj
ranwala, though the two have certainly been confused in our tables. That there are Chhna in 
Sialkot appears from the fact that the town of Jamki in that district was founded by a Chhina 
Jat who came from Sindh and retained the title of Jam, the Sindhi equivalent for Chaudhri. Yet 
if the Chhina spread up the Chanab into Sialkot and the neighbouring districts in such large 
numbers as are shown for Chima in those districts, it is curious that they should not be fouAd in the 
intermediate districts through which they must have passed. It is probable that the Chhina here 
shown for Gurdaspur, and perhaps those for Firozpur also, should go with the Chima who are 
described in section 432 among the .Jat tribes of the sub-montane tract. These latter seem to trace 
their origin from Dehli. The Chhina of Derail Ismail Khan are chiefly found in the cis-Iudus 
portion of the district. 

==Jat tribes of the Western Plains continued==
==  The Sumra(No. 5)== — Mr. O'Brien 
describes the Siimra as originally Rajputs : — In A. D. 750 they expelled the first Arab invaders 
from Sindh and Multan, and furnished the country with a dynasty wliich ruled in Mult.-in from 
1445 to 1526 A.D., when it was expelled by the Sanima, anoHier Rajput tribe;and Tod 
describes them as ene of the two great clans Umra and Sumira of the Soda tribe of Punwar Rajputs, 
who in remote limes held all the Rajputana deserts, and gave their names to Umrkot and Umra
sumra or the Bhakkar country on the Indus. He identifies the Soda with Alexander's Sogdi, the 
princes of Dhat. Here again the Sumra seem to have spread, according to our figurs, far up the 
Satluj and Chanab into the central districts of the Province. Tl e figures for Derah Ismal Khan 
are probably understated, as there They hold a great portion of the Leiahah that between the Jhang  
border and the Indus. Some 2,000 of the Sumra have retm-ued themselves as Rajputs, chiefly in 
Patiala 

== The Chhadhar (No. 6)==  — The Chhadhar are found along the whole length of the Chanab and 
Ravi valleys, but are far most numerous in Jhang, where they have for the most part returned 
themselves as Rajputs. They claim to be descended from RajaTur, Tunwar. They say that they left their home in Rajputana in the time of Muhammad Ghori and settled in Baliawalpur, whero 
tbey were converted by Sher Sliali or Uchh. Thence they came to Jhang, where they founded an 
important colony and spread in smaller nnmbers up the Chanab and Ravi. Mr. Steedman doscrihcs 
them as good agriculturists, and less given to cattle-theft than their neighbours. 

== The Sipra (No. 7)== appear to be a sub-division of the Gil tribe of jats, which gives its name 
to the famous battle-field of Sabraon. They too are found chiefly on the Jahlam and lower Chanab 
and are most numnerous in Jhang . They are not an important tribe. 

== The Bhatti, Sial, Punwar, Joya, Dhudhl, Khichi, and Wattu  ==  will be described under Rajputs. 

== The Langrial ==  are not separately shown ;)! the abstract. They are however curious as being a 
nomad pastoral tribe who form almost the sole inhabitants of the Multan steppes. They appear to 
be found also in Rawalpindi and Sialkot, and there to claim Solar Rajput origin. But in Multan 
the Langriul say that their ancestor was a Hraliman Charan from Rikaner who was converted by 
Sultan Samran. They originally settled in Rawalpindi ; thence they moved to Jhang, took some 
country from the Sial, and settled at Kot Kamalia in Montgomery, whence they spread over the 
Multan lar. They derive their name from lanr/nr a kitchen,because their ancestor used to 
keep open house to all the beggars and faqirs of the neighbourhood. 

== The Nol and Bhangu ==  These appear to be among the earhest inhabitants of the Jhang 
district, and to be perhaps aboriginal. The Bhangu do not even claim Rajput origin ! The Nol 
held the country about Jhang and the Bhangu that about Shorkot when the Sial came to the 
district, but they eventually fell before the rising power of the new comers. The Sialkot Bhangu 
say they came from Nepal. 

== The Kharral, Harral, and Marral == The Kharral will be discussed separately with the smaller 
agricultural tribes. The Harral claim to be descended from the same ancestor, Rai Bhupa, as the 
Kharral, But by another son ; and to be Punwar Rajputs who came from Jaisalmer to Uchh, and 
thence to Kamalia in the Montgomery district. Mr. Steedman says that in Jhang, where onlv thev 
are found on the left bank of the Upper Chanab, tradition makes them a branch of the Ahirs, and 
that they are almost the worst thieves in the district, owning large flocks and herds which they 
pasture in the central steppes, and being bad cultivators. The Marral seem to have been once of 
far greater importance than now in the Jhang district, which is their home. They claim to be 
Chauhan Rajputs by origin, and to have come to the Upper Chanab in the time of Akbar. They 
are a fine bold-looking set of men, but with a bad reputation for cattle-lifting, and are poor 
cultivators. 

== The Hans, Khagga, Jhandir, &C == These tribes will be found described under Sheks, as they 
claim Qureshi origit, though often classed as Jats.


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<div class="Section1">
<h1><span lang="EN-US">=<span class="SpellE">Baheri</span>=</span></h1>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Northern <span class="SpellE">tahsil</span> of Bareilly District, United
Provinces, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">comprising</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the <span class="SpellE">fiarganas</span>
of <span class="SpellE">Sirsawan</span>, <span class="SpellE">Kabar</span>, <span class="SpellE">Chaumahla</span>, and <span class="SpellE">Richha</span>, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> lying between 28 35&#39; and 28 54&#39; N. and 79 16&#39; and
79 41/ E., &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">with</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> an area of 345 square
miles. Population fell from 207,063 in &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">1 89 1 to 193,412 in 1 90 1.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> There are 410
villages and two small towns, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">neither</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> of which has a population
of 5,000. The demand for land &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">revenue</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in 1903-4 was Rs.
3,64,000, and for <span class="SpellE">cesses</span> Rs. 61,000. The &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">BAHRAICH DISTRICT 205 &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">density</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> of population, 561
persons per square mile, is considerably &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">below</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the District average.
This <span class="SpellE">tahsil</span> was the only one which &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">decreased</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in population between
1891 and 1901. It is a level plain, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">intersected</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> by numerous small rivers
which have nearly all been &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">dammed</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to supply an extensive
system of canals. It is damp and &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">malarious</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">, especially
towards the north, and population is liable to &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">fluctuate</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> considerably with the
variations in rainfall. This is the chief &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">rice</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> tract in the District,
and sugar-cane is less grown than in the areas &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">farther</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> south. The latter crop is
also inferior, and its place is taken by &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">maize</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in the higher lands. In
1903-4 the area under cultivation was &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">258 square miles, of which 44 were irrigated, almost entirely from &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">canals</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
<h1><span lang="EN-US">=<span class="SpellE">Bahlolpur</span>=</span></h1>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>=<span class="SpellE">Bkilolfiitr</span>=
&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Village in the <span class="SpellE">Samrala</span> <span class="SpellE">tahsil</span>,
Ludhiana &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">District, Punjab, situated in 30 55&#39; N. and 76 22&#39; E. Population &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">(1901), 2,194.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> It was founded in the
reign of the emperor Akbar by &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">two</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Afghans, <span class="SpellE">Bahlol</span> Khan and
<span class="SpellE">Bahadur</span> Khan, whose descendants still &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">live</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> here. It is now of no
importance. Three tombs, said to date &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">from</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the time of Akbar, stand
on the west side of the village. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">=<span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span> District=&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">=Physical aspects=&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>North-western District of the <span class="SpellE">Fyzabad</span> <span class="SpellE">Divi</span>- &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sion</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">, United
Provinces, lying between 27 4&#39; and 2 8° 24&#39; N. and 8i° 3&#39; &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> 82 13<i> E., with an area of 2,647 square miles.</i>
The shape of the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">District is that of an isosceles triangle, with its apex pointing
north-west, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> its base running from south-west to north-east. It
is bounded on &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> west by the <span class="SpellE">Kauriala</span> or
Gogra, which separates it from the Districts &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">Kherl</span>, <span class="SpellE">Sltapur</span>, and Bara Bank! ; <span class="GramE">on</span> the
north-east by Nepal territory ; &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> on the south-east by <span class="SpellE">Gonda</span>.
The physical features are well &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">marked</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> by the courses of the
Gogra and <span class="SpellE">Raptl</span>. A belt of <span class="SpellE">compara</span>-
&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">tively</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> high land of a
uniform breadth of 12 or 13 &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">miles</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, and a total area of
about 670 square miles, Physical &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">runs</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> through the District in a
south-easterly direction, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">dividing</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the basins of the two
rivers. The great plain of the Gogra &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">stretches</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> away from the western
edge of this strip of upland to the river &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">itself</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. Tradition asserts, and
the appearance of the country supports &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> theory, that in past ages the Gogra flowed
immediately under this &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">high</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> bank. The plain is scored
with numerous channels having &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> course generally parallel to that of the great
river. The Gogra, or &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Kauriala</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> as it is called in its
upper reaches, enters <span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span> from Nepal &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">on</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> its extreme north-west corner. After a course of a
few miles it is &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">joined</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> by the <span class="SpellE">Girwa</span>, which itself is merely a branch of the <span class="SpellE">Kauriala</span>, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">leaving</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the parent stream in
Nepal. The only other tributary of &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">importance</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is the <span class="SpellE">Sarju</span>, a river also rising in Nepal, which joins the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Kauriala</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US"> at <span class="SpellE">Katai</span> <span class="SpellE">Ghat</span>.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> An old
channel, likewise called the <span class="SpellE">Sarju</span> or &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Suhell</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, passes below the edge of
the upland into <span class="SpellE">Gonda</span>. It is said &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">that</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> this formerly carried the
main stream, but a European timber &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">merchant</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> diverted it to secure a
more expeditious route for floating &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">timber</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. The Rapt! <span class="GramE">crosses</span> the north-east corner of the District, its &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">principal</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> tributary being known at
first as the <span class="SpellE">Bhakla</span>, and later as the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Singhia</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> A small stream, named the <span class="SpellE">Tirhl</span>, rises a short
distance from &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Bahraich</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> town and flows into <span class="SpellE">Gonda</span>. There are numerous lakes and &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">jhl</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">/s</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, the largest being the <span class="SpellE">Baghel</span> Tal near <span class="SpellE">Payagpur</span>. Many of them &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">have</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> been formed by the old
beds of rivers. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The whole District is composed of alluvium, and even <span class="SpellE">kankar</span>
or &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">calcareous</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> limestone is rare. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The flora is that of the sub-Himalayan area. At annexation most of &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> District, excluding the river valleys, was jungle,
and considerable &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">areas</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> are still occupied by low
forest growths. Along the Nepal border &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">lie</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> large stretches of &#39; reserved &#39; forests, which
will be described later. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The rest of the District is also well wooded, groves of mangoes and &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">mahua</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> (<span class="SpellE">Bassia</span> <span class="SpellE">latifolid</span>) having been
planted largely, and <span class="SpellE">shasham</span> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Dalbergia</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">Sissoo</span>) to a smaller extent.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Owing to the large area of forests and jungle, the District presents &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> varied fauna. Tigers, leopards, bears, wolves,
hyenas, wild hog, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sambar</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">, spotted deer,
swamp deer, hog deer, barking-deer, antelope, and &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">nilgai</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> are all found.
In some places cattle have run wild and do much &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">damage</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to the crops. Game-birds
of the usual kinds are common, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> fish abound in the rivers and tanks. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The climate is <span class="GramE">moist,</span> and cooler than that of the
Districts south of &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Gogra ; the cold season lasts long and the
prevailing winds are &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">easterly</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. The District is,
however, <span class="SpellE">malarious</span>, especially after the close &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the rains. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-US">==History==&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></h2>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The annual rainfall averages 45 inches, the north receiving a &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">slightly</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> larger amount than the
south. Variations are large: in 1870 &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> fall was 79 inches, and in 1864 only 24 inches. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Legend connects the name of the District with Brahma, who is said &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">to</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> have chosen this area as his own special kingdom.
Other traditions &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">include</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> it in the realm of Raja
Kama, who is referred &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">to</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in the Mahabharata. At the dawn of history the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">tract</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> formed part of the
kingdom of Northern <span class="SpellE">KoSALA</span>, with its capital &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">at</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">Sravastl</span>. The
identification of the site of this great city, at which &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Gautama Buddha spent several years of his life, is still a disputed &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">question</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. Some writers place it at
Set <span class="SpellE">Mahet</span> on the borders of &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Bahraich</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> and <span class="SpellE">Gonda</span>,
while others believe that it lies on the <span class="SpellE">RaptI</span> in &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Nepal. In the fifth and seventh centuries the country round <span class="SpellE">Sravastl</span> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">was</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> found by the Chinese pilgrims to be waste and
desolate. Later &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">traditions</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> state that <span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span> was held by the <span class="SpellE">Bhars</span>,
whose name it &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">bears</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. The half-mythical raid
of <span class="SpellE">Salar</span> <span class="SpellE">Masud</span>, the <span class="SpellE">Muhammadan</span> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">warrior</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> saint, ended in battle
with the chiefs of the <span class="SpellE">neighbourhood</span> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">near</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span>
town in 1033. It was not, however, till the thirteenth &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">century</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> that a regular <span class="SpellE">Muhammadan</span> government was established in &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> trans-Gogra region. One of the earliest governors
was <span class="SpellE">Nasir-ud-dln</span> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Mahmud, son of <span class="SpellE">Altanish</span>, who ruled here
rigorously until he succeeded &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">to</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the throne of Delhi in 1246. For the best part of
a century the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">records</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> of <span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span>
contain nothing of note. The <span class="SpellE">Ansaris</span>, the <span class="SpellE">descen</span>- &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">dants</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> of the early <span class="SpellE">Musalrnan</span> settlers and invaders, gradually extended &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">their</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> hold over the south of
the District; but the <span class="SpellE">Bhars</span> were not &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">crushed</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> till later. In 1340
Muhammad bin <span class="SpellE">Tughlak</span> visited the tomb &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">Saiyid</span> <span class="SpellE">Salar</span>, and made the first of a series of grants, from which
&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sprang</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> several of the great <span class="SpellE">talukddri</span> estates. This grant was in <span class="SpellE">favour</span>
&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the <span class="SpellE">Saiyids</span>, who
expelled the <span class="SpellE">Bhars</span> and acquired a large estate. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Firoz</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Shah <span class="SpellE">Tughlak</span>
passed through the District and left a young &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Janwar</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Rajput</span></span><span class="GramE">,</span> named <span class="SpellE">Bariar</span> <span class="SpellE">Sah</span>, to clear the country
of banditti. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Bariar</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">Sah</span>
resided at <span class="SpellE">Ikauna</span>, and his clan has provided owners
for &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">several</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> estates in both <span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span> and <span class="SpellE">Gonda</span>. About forty
years later &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">Raikwars</span> established
themselves in the west. Under Akbar the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">District, together with parts of <span class="SpellE">Gonda</span> and <span class="SpellE">Kheri</span>, formed the <span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sarkar</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">. The <span class="SpellE">Muhammadan</span> rule was, however, never thoroughly <span class="SpellE">effec</span>- &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">tive</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> till the
appointment of <span class="SpellE">Saadat</span> Khan to the governorship of
Oudh. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The great Rajas fought with each other or with the governor of Bah- &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">raich</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">, and paid as
little revenue as they could. All, however, had to &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">yield</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to the new power, and for
many years they were kept in check. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Saadat</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> All Khan, the sixth <span class="SpellE">Nawab</span>, first introduced a system of farming &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> revenue, under which the local governors paid a
fixed amount, and &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">appropriated</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> surplus collections. The
system worked well as long as it &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">was</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> adequately supervised, and the <span class="SpellE">nazims</span>
or governors of <span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">were</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> at first able and
considerate. Deterioration then set in, and &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">oppression</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> rose to its height under <span class="SpellE">Raghubar</span> <span class="SpellE">Dayal</span>, who held the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">contract</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> for 1846-7. The state of
desolation to which the country was &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">reduced</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is graphically described
by Sir W. <span class="SpellE">Sleeman</span>, who passed through &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> District in 1849. The annexation of Oudh in 1856
put an end to &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">this</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> misrule and misery,
though the work of organization was delayed &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">by</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the Mutiny. The troops at <span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span>
<span class="GramE">rebelled ;</span> and the officers, after &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">an</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> attempt to reach the hills, made for <span class="SpellE">Lucknow</span>, but were murdered &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">on</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the Gogra. The <span class="SpellE">talukdars</span>
had lost little by the land policy adopted &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">at</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> annexation, compared with those of other Districts
</span></p>
<dl>
<dt>but on the out- &#60;o</dt>
<dd>p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</dd></dl>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">break</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> of the Mutiny, the
majority joined the mutineers. Troops &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">were</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> not sent into the
District till December, 1858, when the rebels &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">fled</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to Nepal after a short
campaign. Large estates were confiscated, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> part of the District was restored to Nepal, from
which it had been &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">taken</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in 18 16. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">A number of ancient sites still await <span class="GramE">exploration ;</span>
relics of the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Buddhist period have been discovered in places. The celebrated &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">shrine</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> of <span class="SpellE">Saiyid</span>
<span class="SpellE">Salar</span> is situated about two miles north of <span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Town.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> An old town, called <span class="SpellE">Dogaon</span>, was an important centre of trade &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">in</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the <span class="SpellE">Mughal</span> period <span> </span>.&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-US">==Population==&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></h2>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The District contains 3 towns and 1,881 villages. Population is in- &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">creasing</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. The numbers at the last
four enumerations were as <span class="GramE">follows :</span> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(1869) 775,915, (1881) 878,048, (1891) 1,000,432, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> (1901) 1,051,347. There are three <span class="SpellE">tahsils</span> — &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Bahraich</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, <span class="SpellE">Kaisarganj</span>,
and <span class="SpellE">Nanpara</span> — each named from its head- &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">quarters</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. The principal towns are
the municipalities of <span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span>, the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">District capital, and <span class="SpellE">Nanpara</span>,
and the &#39;notified area&#39; of <span class="SpellE">Bhinga</span>.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The following table gives the chief statistics of population in 1901: — &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span><span>[[File:<span>  </span>gazters1.png||frame|500px]] &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Hindus form more than 81 per cent, of the total, and <span class="SpellE">Musalmans</span>
&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">more</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> than 1 8 per cent. The
density of population is much below the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">average</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> for Oudh, but the
increase during the last decade was con- &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">siderable</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">. Almost the
whole population speaks the Awadhi dialect of &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Eastern Hindi.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The most numerous Hindu <span class="GramE">caste</span> is that of <span class="SpellE">Ahlrs</span> (<span class="SpellE">graziers</span> and <span class="SpellE">culti</span>- &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">vators</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">), who number
125,000. Other castes largely represented are &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Kurmls</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> (agriculturists), 95,000;
Brahmans, 92,000; <span class="SpellE">Chamars</span> (tanners &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> cultivators), 76,000; <span class="SpellE">Koris</span>
(weavers), 51,000 ; <span class="SpellE">Pasls</span> (toddy-drawers &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> cultivators), 48,000 ; <span class="SpellE">Lodhas</span>
(cultivators), 43,000 ; <span class="SpellE">Muraos</span> (market- &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">gardeners</span></span><span lang="EN-US">), 26,000 ; and <span class="SpellE">Rajputs</span>, 25,000. <span class="SpellE">Tharus</span>, a tribe
confined to &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">submontane</span> swamps, are
found in small numbers in the north of &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> District. The <span class="SpellE">Muhammadans</span>
are chiefly <span class="SpellE">Pathans</span>, <span class="GramE">33,000 ;</span>
<span class="SpellE">Julahas</span> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(<span class="GramE">weavers</span>), 21,000; <span class="SpellE">Behnas</span>
(cotton-carders), 14,000; and <span class="SpellE">Nais</span> (barbers), &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">11,000. Agriculture supports 70 per cent, of the total population, and &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">general</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">labour</span>
5 per cent. <span class="SpellE">Kurmls</span> occupy more than one-sixth of the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">area</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> held by tenants, and
Brahmans, <span class="SpellE">Rajputs</span>, and <span class="SpellE">Ahlrs</span>
also cultivate &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">large</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> areas. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Of the 173 native Christians enumerated in 1901, 148 were <span class="SpellE">Metho</span>- &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">dists</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">. The American
Methodist Mission began work here in 1865, and &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">has</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> several branches in the District. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-US">==Agriculture==&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></h2>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The soil of <span class="SpellE">Bahraich</span> is chiefly loam and clay.
North of the <span class="SpellE">RaptI</span>, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> at one or two other places near the Nepal
frontier, a moist <span class="SpellE">tarai</span> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">1 W. <span class="SpellE">Vost</span>, Journal,
Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. <span class="SpellE">lxiv</span>, p. 69.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">tract</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> occurs, which is
especially <span class="SpellE">favourable</span> for the valuable late rice, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">but</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> produces little else. The central plateau yields
excellent wheat. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The inferior early rice, followed by wheat or other &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">spring</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> crops, is grown in this
tract, while late rice is A £ <span class="SpellE">ncu</span> <span class="SpellE">ture</span>.
&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">grown</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in small depressions. The
basins of the <span class="SpellE">Rapti</span> and Gogra are &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">more</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> distinctly alluvial, and
are very fertile except where the layer of &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">rich</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> silt above the sandy
subsoil is thin. The larger rivers constantly &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">flood</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> their banks, but the <span class="SpellE">Sarju</span> and <span class="SpellE">Rapti</span> generally deposit
good silt, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">while</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the Gogra causes damage
by bringing down sand. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The tenures are those usually found in Oudh. About 78 per cent, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the total area, excluding the forests, is held by <span class="SpellE">talukdars</span>, and more &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">than</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> half is included in four
large estates. A very small proportion &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">is</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> occupied by sub-settlement holders and
under-proprietors. The &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">main</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> agricultural statistics
for 1903-4 are given below, in square &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">miles :</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> — &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span>[[File:<span>  </span>gazters2.png||frame|500px]] &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Wheat, maize, and rice are the crops most largely grown, and in &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1903-4 covered 459, 447, and 422 square miles respectively, or from 29 &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">to</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> 27 per cent, of the net area cultivated. Gram (273
square miles), &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">barley</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> (156), and peas and <span class="SpellE">masur</span> (59) are the remaining food-crops of &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">importance</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. Poppy covered 15 square
miles and oilseeds 189. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">There has been a very large increase in the cultivated area since the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">first</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> regular settlement, amounting
to 25 per cent. This is due both to &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> recovery of the District from the effects of
misgovernment, and also &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">to</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the clearing of jungle. No conspicuous changes in
methods have &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">taken</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> place ; but double
cropping is more extensively <span class="SpellE">practised</span>, and &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> area under rice, wheat, and poppy is increasing
rapidly. Population &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">is</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> still comparatively thin, and a large area is held
by Brahmans and &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Rajputs</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">, who are inferior cultivators.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Very few advances are
taken &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">under</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the Land Improvement and
Agriculturists&#39; Loans Acts. Out of &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> total of Rs. 11,600 lent during the ten years
ending 1900, the single &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">year</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> 1896-7 accounted for Rs.
9,000. In four years since 1900 the &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">loans</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> averaged less than Rs.
2,000. &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In the south of the District the cattle are of the ordinary inferior type, &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">but</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> towards the north they improve, and two good
breeds are locally &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">recognized</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, known as the <span class="SpellE">Nanpara</span> and the <span class="SpellE">Risia</span>. Though
small, these &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">cattle</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> are active and hardy, and
well fitted for agricultural work. The &#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">VOL. VI.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="GramE">p</span>
&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</p>
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<div class="Section1">

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee015643mbp" rel="nofollow"><b><span lang="EN-US">The Imperial Gazetteer <span class="GramE">Of</span>
India <span class="SpellE">Vol</span> XXI</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US">&#34; </span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">THE </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">IMPERIAL GAZETTEER </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">OF INDIA </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VOL. XXI </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUSHKAR TO SALWEEN </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NEW EDITION </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY&#39;S </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">_S*RE.TARY OP STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">OXFORD </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">AT THE CLARENDON PRESS </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1908 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">HENRY FROWDE, M.A. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OP OXFORD </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">LONDON, EDINBURGH </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NEW YORK AND TORONTO </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">INTRODUCTORY NOTES </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Vowel-Sounds </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of a in &#39; woman/ </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of a in &#39; father &#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">e</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the vowel-sound in c grey.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of <span class="SpellE">i</span> m &#39; pin &#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I <span class="GramE">has</span> the sound of / in &#39; police.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">o</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of o in &#39; bone,&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">u</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of n in * bull.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">u</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of u in &#39; flute,&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">ai</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the vowel-sound in &#39; mine.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">au</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the vowel-sound m &#39; house/ </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It should be stated that no attempt has been made to distinguish </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">between</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the long and short sounds of e and o in the
Dravidian </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">languages</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, which possess the vowel-sounds in &#39; bet &#39; and &#39;
hot &#39; in </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">addition</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to those <span class="SpellE">giveti^bove</span>
<i>Nor has it been thought necessary </i></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">to</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> mark vowels as long m cases where mistakes in pronunciation </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">were</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> not likely to be made, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Consonants </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Most Indian languages have different Forms <span class="GramE">for a number
of con-</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sonants</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">, such as d) t, r&#62;&#38;c., marked m scientific works by the use </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> dots or italics. As the European ear distinguishes these with </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">difficulty</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in <span class="SpellE">oidinary</span>
pronunciation, it has been considered <span class="SpellE">undesir</span>- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">able</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to embarrass the reader with them ; and only two
notes are </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">required</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. In the first place, the Arabic k, a strong
guttural, has </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">been</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> represented by k instead of ^, which is often
used. Secondly, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">it</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> should be remarked that aspirated consonants are common ; and, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">m</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> particular, dh and <span class="SpellE">th</span> (except in Burma) never
have the sound of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">th</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in &#39;this&#39; or &#39;thin,&#39; but should be pronounced as <span class="SpellE">ia</span>
&#39; woodhouse&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> &#39;boathook 5 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">A 2 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">iv</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> INTRODUCTORY NOTES </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Burmese Words </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Burmese and some of the languages on the frontier of China have </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> following special sounds : </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">aw</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the vowel-sound in &#39; law.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">o</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> and u are pronounced as in German. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">gy</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is pronounced almost like/ in * jewel &#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">ky</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is pronounced almost like <span class="SpellE">ch</span> in &#39; church. 7 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">th</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is pronounced in some cases as in l this,&#39; in some cases as in </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> thin.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> after a consonant has the force of <span class="SpellE">uw</span>. Thus, <span class="SpellE">ywa</span> and <span class="SpellE">pwe</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">are</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> disyllables, pronounced as if written <span class="SpellE">yitwa</span> and </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It should also be noted that, whereas in Indian words the accent </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">or</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> stress is distributed almost equally on each syllable, in Burmese </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">there</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is a tendency to throw special stress on the last
syllable </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">General </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The names of some places e.g. Calcutta, Bombay, <span class="SpellE">Lucknow</span>,
</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Cawnpore have obtained a popular fixity of spelling, while special </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">forms</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> have been officially prescribed for others Names
of persons </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">are</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> often spelt and pronounced differently in different parts of India ; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">but</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the variations have been made as few as possible by assimilating </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">forms</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> almost alike, especially where a particular
spelling has been </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">generally</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> adopted in English books </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NOTES ON MONEY, PRICES, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">As the currency of India is based upon the rupee, all statements </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">with</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> regard to money throughout the Gazetteer have
necessarily been </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">expressed</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in rupees, nor has it been found possible to add
generally </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> conversion into sterling. Down to about 1873 the gold value of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> rupee (containing 165 grains of pure silver) was approximately </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">equal</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to <span class="SpellE">zs</span>., or one-tenth of
a , and for that period it is easy to </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">convert</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> rupees into sterling by striking off the final cipher
(Rs. 1,000 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">= 100). But after 1873, owing to the depreciation of silver as </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">compared</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> with gold throughout the world, there came a
serious and </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">progressive</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> fall in the exchange, until at
one time the gold value of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> rupee dropped as low as is In order to provide a remedy for </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> heavy loss caused to the Government of India in respect of its </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">gold</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> payments to be made in England, and also to
relieve foreign </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">trade</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> and finance from the inconvenience due to constant
and </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">unforeseen</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> fluctuations in exchange, it was
resolved in 1893 to close </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> mints to the free coinage of silver, and thus force up the value of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> rupee by restricting the circulation. The intention was to <span class="SpellE">laise</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES v </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> exchange value of the rupee to is 4^, and then introduce a gold </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">standard</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> (though not <span class="SpellE">necessanly</span> a
gold <span class="SpellE">cuirency</span>) at the rate of Rs. 15 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">= <span class="SpellE">i</span>. This policy has been completely successful.
From 1899 on- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">wards</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the value of the rupee has been maintained, with
insignificant </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">fluctuations</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, at the proposed late of <span class="SpellE">i</span>,?. <span class="GramE">4^.</span> ; <span class="GramE">and</span>
consequently since </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">that</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> date three rupees have been equivalent to two <span class="SpellE">lupees</span> <span class="SpellE">befoie</span> 1873 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">For the intermediate period, between 1873 and 1899, it is manifestly </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">impossible</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to adopt any fixed sterling
value for a constantly changing </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">rupee</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. But since 1899, if it is desired to convert
rupees into sterling, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">not</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> only must the final cipher be <span class="SpellE">stiuck</span> off (as <span class="SpellE">befoie</span> 1873), DI U </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">also</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> one-third must be subtracted from the result. Thus
Rs. 1,000 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">= 100 -J = (about) 67. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Another matter in <span class="SpellE">connexion</span> with the expression
of money state- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">ments</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in terms of rupees requires to be explained. The method of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">numerical</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> notation in India differs from that which <span class="SpellE">pievails</span> through- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">out</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Europe. Large numbers are not punctuated in <span class="SpellE">hundieds</span>
of thou- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sands</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> and millions, but in <span class="SpellE">lakhs</span>
and <span class="SpellE">crores</span>. A <span class="SpellE">lakh</span> is one <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">thousand</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> (written out as 1,00,000), and a <span class="SpellE">crore</span> is one <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> <span class="SpellE">lakhs</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">or</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> ten millions (written out as 1,00,00,000), Consequently, accord- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">ing</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to the exchange value of the rupee, a <span class="SpellE">lakh</span> of rupees
(Rs 1,00,000) </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">may</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> be read as the equivalent of 10,000 before 1873, and as the </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">equivalent</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> of (about) 6,667 after 1899 ;
while a <span class="SpellE">crore</span> of rupees </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(Rs. 1<span class="GramE">,00,00,000</span>) may similarly be read as the
equivalent of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1,000,000 before 1873, and as the equivalent of (about) 666,667 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">after</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> 1899. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Finally, it should be mentioned that the rupee is divided into </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1 6 <span class="SpellE">annas</span>, a fraction commonly used for many
purposes by both </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">natives</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> and Europeans. The <span class="SpellE">anna</span>
was formerly reckoned as <span class="SpellE">i^d</span><span class="GramE">. ;</span>
</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">it</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> may now be considered as exactly corresponding to id The </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">anna</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is again subdivided into 12 pies. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The various systems of weights used in India combine uniformity </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> scale with immense <span class="SpellE">vanations</span> in the weight of
units. The scale </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">used</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> generally throughout Northern India, and less
commonly in </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Madras and Bombay, may be thus <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">expiessed</span></span><span class="GramE"> :</span> one <span class="SpellE">maund</span> = 40 seers ; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">one</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> seer = 16 <span class="SpellE">chittaks</span> or 80 <span class="SpellE">tolas</span>.
The actual weight of a seer </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">varies</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">gieatly</span> from District to
District, and even from village to </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">village.,</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> but in the standard system the <span class="SpellE">tola</span>
is 180 grains Troy </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(<span class="GramE">the</span> exact weight of the rupee), and the <span class="SpellE">seei</span> thus weighs 2-057 lb., </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the <span class="SpellE">maund</span> 82-28 lb. This <span class="SpellE">standaid</span>
is used in official <span class="SpellE">leports</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> throughout the Gazetteer. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">For calculating retail prices, the universal custom in India is to </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">express</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> them in <span class="SpellE">tenns</span> of seers
to the rupee. Thus, when prices </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">change</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, what varies is not the amount of money to be paid
for the </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VI </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">vi</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">same</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> quantity, but the quantity to be obtained for the
same amount </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> money. In other words, prices in India are quantity prices, not </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">money</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> prices, When the figure of quantity goes up, this
of course </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">means</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> that the price has gone down, which is at first
sight perplexing </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">to</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> an English reader. It may, however, be mentioned that quantity </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">prices</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> are not altogether unknown in England, especially
at small </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">shops</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, where pennyworths of many groceries can be
bought. Eggs, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">likewise</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, are commonly sold at a varying number for the
shilling </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">If <span class="SpellE">it&#39;be</span> desired to convert quantity prices from
Indian into English </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">denominations</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> without having recourse to money
<span class="SpellE">piices</span> (which would </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">often</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> be misleading), the following scale may be adopted
based </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">upon</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the assumptions that a seer is exactly 2 <span class="SpellE">Ib</span> , and that the value </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the rupee remains constant at <span class="SpellE">i</span> s. 4^. . <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">i</span></span> seer per rupee = (about) </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">3 Ib. for 2s.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> ; 2 seers per rupee = (about) 6
Ib. for <span class="GramE">2S ;</span> and so on. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The name of the unit for square measurement in India <span class="SpellE">generall</span>}
</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">is</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the <span class="SpellE">bigha</span>, which varies greatly m different
parts of the country </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">But areas ha\e always been expressed throughout the Gazetteer either </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">in</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> square miles or m acres. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">MAP </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">RAJPUIANA to face p. 154 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">vi</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">IMPERIAL GAZETTEER </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">OF INDIA </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VOLUME XXI </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pushkar</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Town, lake, and place of pilgrimage in Ajmer District, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Rajputana</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, situated in 26 29&#39; N and 74 33&#39; <span class="GramE">E ;</span> 2,389 feet above </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sea-level</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. Population (1901), 3,831, <span class="SpellE">neaily</span>
all Hindus, <span class="SpellE">Pushkar</span> is </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">said</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> commonly (but erroneously) to be the only town in
India that </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">contains</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> a temple dedicated to Brahma, who here performed
the <span class="SpellE">sacri</span>- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">fice</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> known as <span class="SpellE">yaj</span> net, \\hereby the lake of <span class="SpellE">Pushkar</span> became so holy that </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> greatest sinner, by bathing in it, earns the delights of Paradise. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The town contains five principal temples, dedicated to Brahma, <span class="SpellE">Savitri</span>, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Badn</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">Narayan</span>, <span class="SpellE">Varha</span>, and Siva <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Atmateswara</span></span><span class="GramE"> ;</span> but they are of modern </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">construction</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, as the earlier buildings
suffered severely under Aurangzeb, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Bathing <span class="SpellE">ghats</span> line the lake, and many of the
princely families of Raj- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">putana</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> have houses round the margin, No living thing may be put to </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">death</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> within the limits of the town, A great fair is
held in October </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> November, attended by about 100,000 pilgrims, who bathe in the </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sacred</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> lake. At this time there is a large <span class="SpellE">tiade</span> in horses, camels, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">bullocks</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, and miscellaneous merchandise. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pushpagiri</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="GramE">Village and hill on the Madras-Mysore <span class="SpellE">boidei</span>.</span> See </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" width="433">


<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">State</span></b></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Total Seats</span></b></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/bharatiya-janata-party.html" rel="nofollow"><span>BJP</span></a></span></b></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/indian-national-Congresss.html" rel="nofollow"><span>INC</span></a></span></b></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/" rel="nofollow"><span>Jammu And Kashmir Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">6</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">3</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/" rel="nofollow"><span>Himachal Pradesh Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">4</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">4</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/punjab/" rel="nofollow"><span>Punjab Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">13</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">3</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/chandigarh/" rel="nofollow"><span>Chandigarh Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/" rel="nofollow"><span class="SpellE"><span>Uttarakhand</span></span><span> Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">5</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">5</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/haryana/" rel="nofollow"><span>Haryana Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">10</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">7</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/" rel="nofollow"><span>Uttar Pradesh Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">80</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">71</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/bihar/" rel="nofollow"><span>Bihar Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">40</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">22</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/jharkhand/" rel="nofollow"><span>Jharkhand Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">14</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">12</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/west-bengal/" rel="nofollow"><span>West Bengal Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">42</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">4</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/assam/" rel="nofollow"><span>Assam Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">14</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">7</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">3</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/" rel="nofollow"><span>Meghalaya Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/tripura/" rel="nofollow"><span>Tripura Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/mizoram/" rel="nofollow"><span>Mizoram Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/manipur/" rel="nofollow"><span>Manipur Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/nagaland/" rel="nofollow"><span>Nagaland Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/arunachal-pradesh/" rel="nofollow"><span>Arunachal Pradesh</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/orissa/" rel="nofollow"><span>Orissa Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">21</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/karnataka/" rel="nofollow"><span>Karnataka Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">28</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">17</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">9</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/kerala/" rel="nofollow"><span>Kerala Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">20</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">8</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/" rel="nofollow"><span>Madhya Pradesh Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">29</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">27</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/" rel="nofollow"><span>Maharashtra Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">48</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">23</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td />

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.elections.in/rajasthan/" rel="nofollow"><span>Rajasthan Results</span></a></span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">25</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">25</span></p>
 </td>
  
<td />

</tr>

</table>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
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<div class="Section1">

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee015643mbp" rel="nofollow"><b><span lang="EN-US">The Imperial Gazetteer <span class="GramE">Of</span>
India <span class="SpellE">Vol</span> XXI</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US">&#34; </span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">THE </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">IMPERIAL GAZETTEER </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">OF INDIA </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VOL. XXI </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUSHKAR TO SALWEEN </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NEW EDITION </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY&#39;S </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">_S*RE.TARY OP STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">OXFORD </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">AT THE CLARENDON PRESS </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1908 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">HENRY FROWDE, M.A. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OP OXFORD </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">LONDON, EDINBURGH </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NEW YORK AND TORONTO </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">INTRODUCTORY NOTES </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Vowel-Sounds </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of a in &#39; woman/ </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of a in &#39; father &#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">e</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the vowel-sound in c grey.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of <span class="SpellE">i</span> m &#39; pin &#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I <span class="GramE">has</span> the sound of / in &#39; police.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">o</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of o in &#39; bone,&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">u</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of n in * bull.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">u</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of u in &#39; flute,&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">ai</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the vowel-sound in &#39; mine.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">au</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the vowel-sound m &#39; house/ </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It should be stated that no attempt has been made to distinguish </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">between</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the long and short sounds of e and o in the
Dravidian </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">languages</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, which possess the vowel-sounds in &#39; bet &#39; and &#39;
hot &#39; in </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">addition</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to those <span class="SpellE">giveti^bove</span>
<i>Nor has it been thought necessary </i></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">to</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> mark vowels as long m cases where mistakes in pronunciation </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">were</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> not likely to be made, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Consonants </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Most Indian languages have different Forms <span class="GramE">for a number
of con-</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sonants</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">, such as d) t, r&#62;&#38;c., marked m scientific works by the use </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> dots or italics. As the European ear distinguishes these with </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">difficulty</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in <span class="SpellE">oidinary</span>
pronunciation, it has been considered <span class="SpellE">undesir</span>- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">able</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to embarrass the reader with them ; and only two
notes are </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">required</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. In the first place, the Arabic k, a strong
guttural, has </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">been</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> represented by k instead of ^, which is often
used. Secondly, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">it</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> should be remarked that aspirated consonants are common ; and, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">m</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> particular, dh and <span class="SpellE">th</span> (except in Burma) never
have the sound of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">th</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in &#39;this&#39; or &#39;thin,&#39; but should be pronounced as <span class="SpellE">ia</span>
&#39; woodhouse&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> &#39;boathook 5 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">A 2 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">iv</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> INTRODUCTORY NOTES </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Burmese Words </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Burmese and some of the languages on the frontier of China have </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> following special sounds : </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">aw</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the vowel-sound in &#39; law.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">o</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> and u are pronounced as in German. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">gy</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is pronounced almost like/ in * jewel &#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">ky</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is pronounced almost like <span class="SpellE">ch</span> in &#39; church. 7 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">th</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is pronounced in some cases as in l this,&#39; in some cases as in </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> thin.&#39; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> after a consonant has the force of <span class="SpellE">uw</span>. Thus, <span class="SpellE">ywa</span> and <span class="SpellE">pwe</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">are</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> disyllables, pronounced as if written <span class="SpellE">yitwa</span> and </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It should also be noted that, whereas in Indian words the accent </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">or</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> stress is distributed almost equally on each syllable, in Burmese </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">there</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is a tendency to throw special stress on the last
syllable </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">General </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The names of some places e.g. Calcutta, Bombay, <span class="SpellE">Lucknow</span>,
</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Cawnpore have obtained a popular fixity of spelling, while special </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">forms</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> have been officially prescribed for others Names
of persons </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">are</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> often spelt and pronounced differently in different parts of India ; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">but</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the variations have been made as few as possible by assimilating </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">forms</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> almost alike, especially where a particular
spelling has been </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">generally</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> adopted in English books </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NOTES ON MONEY, PRICES, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">As the currency of India is based upon the rupee, all statements </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">with</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> regard to money throughout the Gazetteer have
necessarily been </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">expressed</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in rupees, nor has it been found possible to add
generally </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> conversion into sterling. Down to about 1873 the gold value of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> rupee (containing 165 grains of pure silver) was approximately </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">equal</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to <span class="SpellE">zs</span>., or one-tenth of
a , and for that period it is easy to </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">convert</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> rupees into sterling by striking off the final cipher
(Rs. 1,000 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">= 100). But after 1873, owing to the depreciation of silver as </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">compared</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> with gold throughout the world, there came a
serious and </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">progressive</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> fall in the exchange, until at
one time the gold value of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> rupee dropped as low as is In order to provide a remedy for </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> heavy loss caused to the Government of India in respect of its </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">gold</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> payments to be made in England, and also to
relieve foreign </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">trade</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> and finance from the inconvenience due to constant
and </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">unforeseen</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> fluctuations in exchange, it was
resolved in 1893 to close </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> mints to the free coinage of silver, and thus force up the value of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> rupee by restricting the circulation. The intention was to <span class="SpellE">laise</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES v </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> exchange value of the rupee to is 4^, and then introduce a gold </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">standard</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> (though not <span class="SpellE">necessanly</span> a
gold <span class="SpellE">cuirency</span>) at the rate of Rs. 15 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">= <span class="SpellE">i</span>. This policy has been completely successful.
From 1899 on- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">wards</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the value of the rupee has been maintained, with
insignificant </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">fluctuations</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, at the proposed late of <span class="SpellE">i</span>,?. <span class="GramE">4^.</span> ; <span class="GramE">and</span>
consequently since </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">that</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> date three rupees have been equivalent to two <span class="SpellE">lupees</span> <span class="SpellE">befoie</span> 1873 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">For the intermediate period, between 1873 and 1899, it is manifestly </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">impossible</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to adopt any fixed sterling
value for a constantly changing </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">rupee</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. But since 1899, if it is desired to convert
rupees into sterling, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">not</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> only must the final cipher be <span class="SpellE">stiuck</span> off (as <span class="SpellE">befoie</span> 1873), DI U </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">also</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> one-third must be subtracted from the result. Thus
Rs. 1,000 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">= 100 -J = (about) 67. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Another matter in <span class="SpellE">connexion</span> with the expression
of money state- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">ments</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> in terms of rupees requires to be explained. The method of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">numerical</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> notation in India differs from that which <span class="SpellE">pievails</span> through- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">out</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Europe. Large numbers are not punctuated in <span class="SpellE">hundieds</span>
of thou- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sands</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> and millions, but in <span class="SpellE">lakhs</span>
and <span class="SpellE">crores</span>. A <span class="SpellE">lakh</span> is one <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">thousand</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> (written out as 1,00,000), and a <span class="SpellE">crore</span> is one <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> <span class="SpellE">lakhs</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">or</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> ten millions (written out as 1,00,00,000), Consequently, accord- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">ing</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> to the exchange value of the rupee, a <span class="SpellE">lakh</span> of rupees
(Rs 1,00,000) </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">may</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> be read as the equivalent of 10,000 before 1873, and as the </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">equivalent</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> of (about) 6,667 after 1899 ;
while a <span class="SpellE">crore</span> of rupees </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(Rs. 1<span class="GramE">,00,00,000</span>) may similarly be read as the
equivalent of </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1,000,000 before 1873, and as the equivalent of (about) 666,667 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">after</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> 1899. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Finally, it should be mentioned that the rupee is divided into </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1 6 <span class="SpellE">annas</span>, a fraction commonly used for many
purposes by both </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">natives</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> and Europeans. The <span class="SpellE">anna</span>
was formerly reckoned as <span class="SpellE">i^d</span><span class="GramE">. ;</span>
</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">it</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> may now be considered as exactly corresponding to id The </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">anna</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> is again subdivided into 12 pies. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The various systems of weights used in India combine uniformity </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> scale with immense <span class="SpellE">vanations</span> in the weight of
units. The scale </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">used</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> generally throughout Northern India, and less
commonly in </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Madras and Bombay, may be thus <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">expiessed</span></span><span class="GramE"> :</span> one <span class="SpellE">maund</span> = 40 seers ; </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">one</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> seer = 16 <span class="SpellE">chittaks</span> or 80 <span class="SpellE">tolas</span>.
The actual weight of a seer </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">varies</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">gieatly</span> from District to
District, and even from village to </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">village.,</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> but in the standard system the <span class="SpellE">tola</span>
is 180 grains Troy </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(<span class="GramE">the</span> exact weight of the rupee), and the <span class="SpellE">seei</span> thus weighs 2-057 lb., </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the <span class="SpellE">maund</span> 82-28 lb. This <span class="SpellE">standaid</span>
is used in official <span class="SpellE">leports</span> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> throughout the Gazetteer. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">For calculating retail prices, the universal custom in India is to </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">express</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> them in <span class="SpellE">tenns</span> of seers
to the rupee. Thus, when prices </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">change</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, what varies is not the amount of money to be paid
for the </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VI </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">vi</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">same</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> quantity, but the quantity to be obtained for the
same amount </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> money. In other words, prices in India are quantity prices, not </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">money</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> prices, When the figure of quantity goes up, this
of course </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">means</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> that the price has gone down, which is at first
sight perplexing </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">to</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> an English reader. It may, however, be mentioned that quantity </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">prices</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> are not altogether unknown in England, especially
at small </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">shops</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, where pennyworths of many groceries can be
bought. Eggs, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">likewise</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, are commonly sold at a varying number for the
shilling </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">If <span class="SpellE">it&#39;be</span> desired to convert quantity prices from
Indian into English </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">denominations</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> without having recourse to money
<span class="SpellE">piices</span> (which would </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">often</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> be misleading), the following scale may be adopted
based </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">upon</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the assumptions that a seer is exactly 2 <span class="SpellE">Ib</span> , and that the value </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the rupee remains constant at <span class="SpellE">i</span> s. 4^. . <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">i</span></span> seer per rupee = (about) </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">3 Ib. for 2s.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> ; 2 seers per rupee = (about) 6
Ib. for <span class="GramE">2S ;</span> and so on. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The name of the unit for square measurement in India <span class="SpellE">generall</span>}
</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">is</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> the <span class="SpellE">bigha</span>, which varies greatly m different
parts of the country </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">But areas ha\e always been expressed throughout the Gazetteer either </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">in</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> square miles or m acres. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">MAP </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">RAJPUIANA to face p. 154 </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">vi</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">IMPERIAL GAZETTEER </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">OF INDIA </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VOLUME XXI </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pushkar</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Town, lake, and place of pilgrimage in Ajmer District, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Rajputana</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, situated in 26 29&#39; N and 74 33&#39; <span class="GramE">E ;</span> 2,389 feet above </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sea-level</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. Population (1901), 3,831, <span class="SpellE">neaily</span>
all Hindus, <span class="SpellE">Pushkar</span> is </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">said</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> commonly (but erroneously) to be the only town in
India that </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">contains</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> a temple dedicated to Brahma, who here performed
the <span class="SpellE">sacri</span>- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">fice</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> known as <span class="SpellE">yaj</span> net, \\hereby the lake of <span class="SpellE">Pushkar</span> became so holy that </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">the</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> greatest sinner, by bathing in it, earns the delights of Paradise. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The town contains five principal temples, dedicated to Brahma, <span class="SpellE">Savitri</span>, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Badn</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">Narayan</span>, <span class="SpellE">Varha</span>, and Siva <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Atmateswara</span></span><span class="GramE"> ;</span> but they are of modern </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">construction</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, as the earlier buildings
suffered severely under Aurangzeb, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Bathing <span class="SpellE">ghats</span> line the lake, and many of the
princely families of Raj- </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">putana</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> have houses round the margin, No living thing may be put to </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">death</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> within the limits of the town, A great fair is
held in October </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">and</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> November, attended by about 100,000 pilgrims, who bathe in the </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">sacred</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> lake. At this time there is a large <span class="SpellE">tiade</span> in horses, camels, </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">bullocks</span></span><span lang="EN-US">, and miscellaneous merchandise. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pushpagiri</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="GramE">Village and hill on the Madras-Mysore <span class="SpellE">boidei</span>.</span> See </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" width="424">


<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">State</span></b></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Total Seats</span></b></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">BJP</span></b></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">INC</span></b></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Jammu And Kashmir Results</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">6</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">3</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Himachal Pradesh Results</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">4</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">4</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Punjab Results</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">13</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">3</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Chandigarh Results</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-GB">Uttarakhand</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> Results</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">5</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">5</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">0</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Haryana Results</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">10</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">7</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Uttar Pradesh Results</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">80</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">71</span></p>
 </td>
 
<td>
 
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></p>
 </td>

</tr>

</table>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
</div>

<p>&#60;/body&#62;</p>
<p>&#60;/html&#62;
</p>