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| − | THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908.<br/>
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| − | OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.
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| − | [[Category:India|A ]]
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| − | [[Category:Places|A ]]
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| − | ''Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value. ''
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| − | This article is an extract from <br/>
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| − | PANJAB CASTES <br/>
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| − | SIR DENZIL CHARLES JELF IBBETSON, K.C. S.I. <br/>
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| − | Being a reprint of the chapter on <br/>
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| − | The Races, Castes and Tribes of <br/>
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| − | the People in the Report on the <br/>
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| − | Census of the Panjab published <br/>
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| − | in '''1883''' by the late Sir Denzil <br/>
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| − | Ibbetson, KCSI <br/>
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| − | Lahore: <br/>
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| − | Printed by the Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, <br/>
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| − | 1916. <br/>
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| − | ***<br/>
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| − | ''Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor disagrees ''<br/>
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| − | ''with the contents of this article.''<br/>
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| − | ''Secondly, this has been scanned from a book. You can help by ''<br/>
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| − | ''sending the corrected version to the Facebook page,''<br/>
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| − | [http://www.facebook.com/Indpaedia Indpaedia.com]. <br/> ''All information used will be duly acknowledged.''
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| − | </div>
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| − | [[Category:India|India]]
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| − | [[Category:Communities|Communities]]
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| − | You can update or correct this article, and/ or send <br/> the names/ dignified photographs/ biographical details of <br/>any of the finalists, related to their lives before, during or <br/>after this contest, to the Facebook page, [http://www.facebook.com/Indpaedia Indpaedia.com]. <br/> All information used will be duly acknowledged. </div>
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| − | [[Category:India |G]]
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| − | This article is an extract from <br/>
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| − | PANJAB CASTES <br/>
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| − | | + | |
| − | SIR DENZIL CHARLES JELF IBBETSON, K.C. S.I. <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Being a reprint of the chapter on <br/>
| + | |
| − | The Races, Castes and Tribes of <br/>
| + | |
| − | the People in the Report on the <br/>
| + | |
| − | Census of the Panjab published <br/>
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| − | in ''' 1883 ''' by the late Sir Denzil <br/>
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| − | Ibbetson, KCSI <br/>
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| − | Lahore : <br/>
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| − | Printed by the Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, <br/>
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| − | 1916 [edition]. <br/>
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| − | ''Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor disagrees'' <br/>
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| − | ''with the contents of this article.''
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| − | </div>
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| − | |}
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| − | [[Category:India| ]]
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| − | [[Category:Communities| ]]
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| − | You can update or correct this page, and/ or send photographs <br/> to the Facebook page, [http://www.facebook.com/Indpaedia Indpaedia.com]. All information used <br/> will be duly acknowledged. </div>
| + | |
| − | |}
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| − | [[Category:India|Alphabet]]
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| − | [[Category: Cinema-TV-Pop|Alphabet]]
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| − | =Sources include=
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| − | [http://www.imdb.com/list/CiakytsKe9k/?ref_=nm_rls_2 Aswn's list of 'Tamil Heroines' ]
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| − | This article has been extracted from <br/>
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| − | THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908 <br/>
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| − | OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS <br/>
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| − | Things have changed enormously since 1908. <br/>
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| − | Many places that were in India in 1908 are now in <br/>
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| − | Pakistan and Bangladesh.
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| − | </div>
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| − | |}
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| − | [[Category:India|A ]]
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| − | [[Category:Places|A ]]
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| − | THE LOVES OF KRISHNA <br/>
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| − | IN INDIAN PAINTING AND POETRY <br/>
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| − | By <br/>
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| − | William George ARCHER (1907-79)<br/>
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| − | | + | |
| − | The Macmillan Company <br/>
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| − | 1957.
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| − | </div>
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| − | |}
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| − | Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor disagrees with the contents of this article.
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| − | The article has been scanned from a very old book. If you note scanning errors, please correct them or report them to Indpaedia's Facebook page.
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| − | [[Category:India |K]]
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| − | [[Category: Religion|K]]
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| − | [[Category:Arts|K]]
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| − | [[Category: Culture & Learning|K]]
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | |colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%">
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| − | This article is an extract from <br/>
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| − | OMENS AND SUPERSTITIONS OF SOUTHERN INDIA <br/>
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| − | By <br/>
| + | |
| − | Edgar Thurston, C.I.E. <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Sometime superintendent of the Madras Government Museum <br/>
| + | |
| − | and of the Ethnographic Survey of the Madras Presidency <br/>
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| − | | + | |
| − | T. Fisher Unwin <br/>
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| − | London: Adelphi Terrace <br/>
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| − | Leipsic: Inselstrasse 20 <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | 1912
| + | |
| − | </div>
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor disagrees with the contents of this article.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | The article has been scanned from a very old book. If you note scanning errors, please correct them or report them to [https://www.facebook.com/Indpaedia?ref=hl Indpaedia's Facebook page.]
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| − | [[Category:India |S]]
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| − | [[Category:Religion|S]]
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| − | [[Category:Name|Alphabet]]
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| − | [[Category:Name|Alphabet]]
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| − | |colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%">
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| − | This article is an extract from <br/>
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| − | | + | |
| − | THE POPULAR RELIGION AND FOLK-LORE OF NORTHERN INDIA <br/>
| + | |
| − | BY <br/>
| + | |
| − | W. CROOKE, B.A. <br/>
| + | |
| − | BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | WESTMINSTER <br/>
| + | |
| − | ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO. <br/>
| + | |
| − | 2, Whitehall Gardens, S.W. <br/>
| + | |
| − | 1896 <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor<br/>
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| − | disagrees with the contents of this colonial article.
| + | |
| − | </div>
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| − | |}
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| − | [[Category:India|N]]
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| − | [[Category:Religion|N]]
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| − | |colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%">
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| − | This article is an extract from
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| − | | + | |
| − | ''' Chronicle of Fernao Nuniz ''' <br/>
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| − | A Portuguese merchant or traveller at Vijayanagar
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| − | | + | |
| − | Written, Probably, A.D. 1535 — 37 <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Published in translation by Mr. Donald Ferguson in <br/>
| + | |
| − | INDIAN ANTIQUARY, around 1920<br/>
| + | |
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| − | Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor<br/>
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| − | disagrees with the contents of this article.
| + | |
| − | </div>
| + | |
| − | |}
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| − | [[Category:India|V]]
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| − | [[Category:Places|V]]
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| − | [[Category:History|V]]
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | |colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%">
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| − | This article is an excerpt from<br/>
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| − | | + | |
| − | ''' HINDU GODS AND HEROES ''' <br/>
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| − | | + | |
| − | STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF <br/>
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| − | THE RELIGION OF INDIA <br/>
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| − | | + | |
| − | BY <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | LIONEL D. BARNETT, M.A., Litt <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | The Wisdom of the East Series <br/>
| + | |
| − | Edited by <br/>
| + | |
| − | L. CRANMER-BYNG <br/>
| + | |
| − | Dr. S. A. KAPADIA <br/>
| + | |
| − | 1922<br/>
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor <br/>
| + | |
| − | disagrees with the contents of this article.
| + | |
| − | </div>
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | [[Category:India|Alphabet]]
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| − | [[Category:Religion|Alphabet]]
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| − | This article is an excerpt from<br/>
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| − | ''' Castes and Tribes of Southern India ''' <br/>
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| − | By '' Edgar Thurston, C.I.E., '' <br/>
| + | |
| − | Superintendent, Madras Government Museum; Correspondant <br/>
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| − | Étranger, Société d’Anthropologie de Paris; Socio <br/>
| + | |
| − | Corrispondante, Societa,Romana di Anthropologia <br/>
| + | |
| − | Assisted by ''K. Rangachari, M.A.,'' <br/>
| + | |
| − | of the Madras Government Museum. <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Government Press, Madras <br/>
| + | |
| − | 1909. <br/>
| + | |
| − | </div>
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | [[Category:India|India]]
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| − | [[Category:Communities|Communities]]
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| − | This article is an excerpt from<br/> A HISTORY OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY <br/> By SURENDRANATH DASGUPTA <br/> First Edition: Cambridge, 1922.<br/>
| + | |
| − | </div>
| + | |
| − | |}
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| − | [[Category:India|P]]
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| − | [[Category:Philosophy|I]]
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| − | [[Category:Religion|P]]
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| − | [[Category:Name|Alphabet]]
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| − | <p><body lang=EN-US style='tab-interval:.5in'></p>
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| − | <h3><span>Testing for Wiki<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>To convert
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| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>This article has been extracted from</span><span class="GramE"><span> </span><span> THE</span></span><span /></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span>Township</span></b></p> |
| − | <pre> | + | </td> |
| − | IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908. OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.<o:p></o:p> | + | |
| − | </pre> | + | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
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| | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b>Area in Sq. Miles</b></p> |
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| | + | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
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| | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b>Number of Towns</b></p> |
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| | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b>Number of Villages</b></p> |
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| − | </table>
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| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span>Note:
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| − | National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since
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| − | 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into
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| − | smaller units, units, and many <span class="SpellE">tahsils</span> upgraded to <span class="SpellE">districts.Many</span> units have since been renamed. Therefore,
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| − | this article is being posted mainly for its historical value.</span></i><span> </span><a href="https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee015643mbp" rel="nofollow"><b><span lang="EN-US">The Imperial Gazetteer Of India
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| − | Vol XXI</span></b></a><span class="GramE"><b><span lang="EN-US">" <span> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">THE</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">IMPERIAL <span class="GramE">GAZETTEER
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| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VOL. XXI <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NEW EDITION <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF
| |
| − | HIS <span class="GramE">MAJESTY'S <span> </span>_</span>S*RE.TARY
| |
| − | OP STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">OXFORD <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">AT THE CLARENDON PRESS <span> </span>1908 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">HENRY FROWDE, M.A. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OP
| |
| − | OXFORD <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">LONDON, EDINBURGH <span> </span>NEW YORK AND TORONTO <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">INTRODUCTORY NOTES <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Vowel-Sounds <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of a in ' woman/ <span> </span>a
| |
| − | has the sound of a in ' father ' <span> </span>e has
| |
| − | the vowel-sound in c grey.' <span> </span><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">i</span></span> has the sound of <span class="SpellE">i</span> m ' pin ' <span> </span>I has
| |
| − | the sound of / in ' police.' <span> </span><span class="GramE">o</span> has the sound of o in ' bone,' <span> </span>u has the sound of n in * bull.' <span> </span><span class="GramE">u</span> has the sound of u
| |
| − | in ' flute,' <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ai</span>
| |
| − | has the vowel-sound in ' mine.' <span> </span>au has
| |
| − | the vowel-sound m ' house/ <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It should be stated that no
| |
| − | attempt has been made to distinguish <span> </span>between
| |
| − | the long and short sounds of e and o in the Dravidian <span> </span>languages, which possess the vowel-sounds in '
| |
| − | bet ' and ' hot ' in <span> </span>addition to those <span class="SpellE">giveti^bove</span> <i>Nor has it been thought necessary <span> </span>to mark vowels as long m cases where mistakes</i>
| |
| − | in pronunciation <span> </span>were not likely to be
| |
| − | made, <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Consonants <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Most Indian languages have different
| |
| − | Forms for a number of con- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">sonants</span>, such as d) t, r>&c., marked m scientific
| |
| − | works by the use <span> </span>of dots or italics. As
| |
| − | the European ear distinguishes these <span class="GramE">with <span> </span>difficulty</span> in <span class="SpellE">oidinary</span>
| |
| − | pronunciation, it has been considered <span class="SpellE">undesir</span>- <span> </span>able to embarrass the reader with them ; and
| |
| − | only two notes are <span> </span>required. In the
| |
| − | first place, the Arabic k, a strong guttural, <span class="GramE">has <span> </span>been</span> represented by k instead of ^,
| |
| − | which is often used. Secondly, <span> </span>it should
| |
| − | be remarked that aspirated consonants are common ; and, <span> </span>m particular, dh and <span class="SpellE">th</span>
| |
| − | (except in Burma) never have the sound of <span> </span><span class="SpellE">th</span> in 'this' or
| |
| − | 'thin,' but should be pronounced as <span class="SpellE">ia</span> ' woodhouse' <span> </span>and 'boathook 5 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">A 2 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">iv INTRODUCTORY NOTES <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Burmese Words <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Burmese and some of the languages
| |
| − | on the frontier of China have <span> </span>the
| |
| − | following special sounds : <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">aw has the vowel-sound in ' law.'
| |
| − | <span> </span><span class="GramE">o</span> and u are
| |
| − | pronounced as in German. <span> </span><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">gy</span></span> is pronounced almost like/ in *
| |
| − | jewel ' <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ky</span> is
| |
| − | pronounced almost like <span class="SpellE">ch</span> in ' church. <span class="GramE">7 <span> </span><span class="SpellE">th</span></span>
| |
| − | is pronounced in some cases as in l this,' in some cases as in <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> thin.' <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">w after a consonant has the force
| |
| − | of <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">uw</span></span>. Thus, <span class="SpellE">ywa</span> and <span class="SpellE">pwe</span> <span> </span>are disyllables, pronounced as if written <span class="SpellE">yitwa</span> and <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It should also be noted that,
| |
| − | whereas in Indian words the accent <span> </span>or
| |
| − | stress is distributed almost equally on each syllable, in Burmese <span> </span>there is a tendency to throw special stress on
| |
| − | the last syllable <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">General <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The names of some places e.g.
| |
| − | Calcutta, Bombay, <span class="SpellE">Lucknow</span>, <span> </span>Cawnpore have obtained a popular fixity of
| |
| − | spelling, while special <span> </span>forms have been
| |
| − | officially prescribed for others Names of persons <span> </span>are often spelt and pronounced differently in
| |
| − | different parts of India ; <span> </span>but the
| |
| − | variations have been made as few as possible by assimilating <span> </span>forms almost alike, especially where a
| |
| − | particular spelling has been <span> </span>generally
| |
| − | adopted in English books <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NOTES ON MONEY, PRICES, WEIGHTS
| |
| − | AND MEASURES <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">As the currency of India is based
| |
| − | upon the rupee, all statements <span> </span>with
| |
| − | regard to money throughout the Gazetteer have necessarily been <span> </span>expressed in rupees, nor has it been found
| |
| − | possible to add generally <span> </span>a conversion
| |
| − | into sterling. Down to about 1873 the gold value of <span> </span>the rupee (containing 165 grains of pure
| |
| − | silver) was approximately <span> </span>equal to <span class="SpellE">zs</span>., or one-tenth of a , and for that period it is easy to <span> </span>convert rupees into sterling by striking off
| |
| − | the final cipher (Rs. 1,000 <span> </span>= 100). But
| |
| − | after 1873, owing to the depreciation of silver as <span> </span>compared with gold throughout the world, there
| |
| − | came a serious and <span> </span>progressive fall in
| |
| − | the exchange, until at one time the gold value of <span> </span>the rupee dropped as low as is In order to
| |
| − | provide a remedy for <span> </span>the heavy loss
| |
| − | caused to the Government of India in respect of its <span> </span>gold payments to be made in England, and also
| |
| − | to relieve foreign <span> </span>trade and finance
| |
| − | from the inconvenience due to constant and <span> </span>unforeseen fluctuations in exchange, it was
| |
| − | resolved in 1893 to close <span> </span>the mints to
| |
| − | the free coinage of silver, and thus force up the value of <span> </span>the rupee by restricting the circulation. The
| |
| − | intention was to <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">laise</span></span><span class="GramE"> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES v <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">the exchange value of the rupee
| |
| − | to is 4^, and then introduce a gold <span> </span>standard
| |
| − | (though not <span class="SpellE">necessanly</span> a gold <span class="SpellE">cuirency</span>)
| |
| − | at the rate of Rs. 15 <span> </span>= <span class="SpellE">i</span>. This policy has been completely successful. From 1899 on<span class="GramE">- <span> </span>wards</span> the value of
| |
| − | the rupee has been maintained, with insignificant <span> </span>fluctuations, at the proposed late of <span class="SpellE">i</span>,?. <span class="GramE">4^.</span> ; and consequently since <span> </span>that date three rupees have been equivalent to
| |
| − | two <span class="SpellE">lupees</span> <span class="SpellE">befoie</span> 1873 <span> </span>For the intermediate period, between 1873 and
| |
| − | 1899, it is manifestly <span> </span>impossible to
| |
| − | adopt any fixed sterling value for a constantly changing <span> </span>rupee. But since 1899, if it is desired to
| |
| − | convert rupees into sterling<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>not</span> only must the final cipher be <span class="SpellE">stiuck</span> off (as <span class="SpellE">befoie</span> 1873), DI U
| |
| − | <span> </span>also one-third must be subtracted from
| |
| − | the result. Thus Rs. <span class="GramE">1,000 <span> </span>=</span> 100 -J = (about) 67. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Another matter in <span class="SpellE">connexion</span> with the expression of money state<span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ments</span></span>
| |
| − | in terms of rupees requires to be explained. The method <span class="GramE">of <span> </span>numerical</span> notation in India differs
| |
| − | from that which <span class="SpellE">pievails</span> through- <span> </span>out Europe. Large numbers are not punctuated
| |
| − | in <span class="SpellE">hundieds</span> of thou<span class="GramE">- <span> </span>sands</span> and millions, but in <span class="SpellE">lakhs</span> and <span class="SpellE">crores</span>. A <span class="SpellE">lakh</span> is one <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> <span> </span>thousand (written out as 1,00,000), and a <span class="SpellE">crore</span> is one <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> <span class="SpellE">lakhs</span> <span> </span>or ten
| |
| − | millions (written out as 1,00,00,000), Consequently, accord- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ing</span> to the exchange
| |
| − | value of the rupee, a <span class="SpellE">lakh</span> of rupees (Rs 1,00,000) <span> </span>may be read as the equivalent of 10,000 before
| |
| − | 1873, and as the <span> </span>equivalent of (about)
| |
| − | 6,667 after 1899 ; while a <span class="SpellE">crore</span> of rupees <span> </span>(Rs. 1,00,00,000) may similarly be read as the
| |
| − | equivalent of <span> </span>1,000,000 before 1873, and
| |
| − | as the equivalent of (about) 666,667 <span> </span>after
| |
| − | 1899. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Finally, it should be mentioned
| |
| − | that the rupee is divided <span class="GramE">into <span> </span>1</span> 6 <span class="SpellE">annas</span>, a
| |
| − | fraction commonly used for many purposes by both <span> </span>natives and Europeans. The <span class="SpellE">anna</span>
| |
| − | was formerly reckoned as <span class="SpellE">i^d</span>. ; <span> </span>it may now be considered as exactly
| |
| − | corresponding to id The <span> </span><span class="SpellE">anna</span> is again subdivided into 12 pies. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The various systems of weights
| |
| − | used in India combine <span class="GramE">uniformity <span> </span>of</span> scale with immense <span class="SpellE">vanations</span> in the weight of units. The <span class="GramE">scale
| |
| − | <span> </span>used</span> generally throughout
| |
| − | Northern India, and less commonly in <span> </span>Madras
| |
| − | and Bombay, may be thus <span class="SpellE">expiessed</span> : one <span class="SpellE">maund</span> = 40 seers ; <span> </span>one
| |
| − | seer = 16 <span class="SpellE">chittaks</span> or 80 <span class="SpellE">tolas</span>.
| |
| − | The actual weight of a seer <span> </span>varies <span class="SpellE">gieatly</span> from District to District, and even from village to
| |
| − | <span> </span>village., but in the standard system the
| |
| − | <span class="SpellE">tola</span> is 180 grains Troy <span> </span>(the exact weight of the rupee), and the <span class="SpellE">seei</span> thus weighs 2-057 lb., <span> </span>and the <span class="SpellE">maund</span> 82-28
| |
| − | lb. This <span class="SpellE">standaid</span> is used in official <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">leports</span></span><span class="GramE"> <span> </span>and</span> throughout the Gazetteer. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">For calculating retail prices,
| |
| − | the universal custom in India is <span class="GramE">to <span> </span>express</span> them in <span class="SpellE">tenns</span>
| |
| − | of seers to the rupee. Thus, when <span class="GramE">prices <span> </span>change</span>, what varies is not the amount
| |
| − | of money to be paid for the <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VI <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">vi INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">same quantity, but the quantity
| |
| − | to be obtained for the same amount <span> </span>of
| |
| − | money. In other words, prices in India are quantity prices, <span class="GramE">not
| |
| − | <span> </span>money</span> prices, When the figure of
| |
| − | quantity goes up, this of course <span> </span>means
| |
| − | that the price has gone down, which is at first sight perplexing <span> </span>to an English reader. It may, however, be
| |
| − | mentioned that <span class="GramE">quantity <span> </span>prices</span> are not altogether unknown in
| |
| − | England, especially at small <span> </span>shops,
| |
| − | where pennyworths of many groceries can be bought. Eggs<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>likewise</span>, are commonly sold at a
| |
| − | varying number for the shilling <span> </span>If <span class="SpellE">it'be</span> desired to convert quantity prices from Indian into
| |
| − | English <span> </span>denominations without having
| |
| − | recourse to money <span class="SpellE">piices</span> (which would <span> </span>often be misleading), the following scale may
| |
| − | be adopted based <span> </span>upon the assumptions
| |
| − | that a seer is exactly 2 <span class="SpellE">Ib</span> , and that the value <span> </span>of the rupee remains constant at <span class="SpellE">i</span> s. 4^. . <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">i</span></span>
| |
| − | seer per rupee = (about) <span> </span>3 Ib. for 2s. ;
| |
| − | 2 seers per rupee = (about) 6 Ib. for <span class="GramE">2S ;</span> and so on. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The name of the unit for square
| |
| − | measurement in India <span class="SpellE">generall</span><span class="GramE">} <span> </span>is</span> the <span class="SpellE">bigha</span>,
| |
| − | which varies greatly m different parts of the country <span> </span>But areas ha\e always been expressed
| |
| − | throughout the Gazetteer either <span> </span>in
| |
| − | square miles or m acres. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">MAP </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">RAJPUIANA to face p. 154 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">vi <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">IMPERIAL GAZETTEER <span> </span>OF INDIA <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VOLUME XXI <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Pushkar</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. Town, lake, and place of pilgrimage in Ajmer District<span class="GramE">, <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Rajputana</span></span>,
| |
| − | situated in 26 29' N and 74 33' E ; 2,389 feet above <span> </span>sea-level. Population (1901), 3,831, <span class="SpellE">neaily</span> all Hindus, <span class="SpellE">Pushkar</span> is <span> </span>said commonly (but erroneously) to be the only
| |
| − | town in India that <span> </span>contains a temple
| |
| − | dedicated to Brahma, who here performed the <span class="SpellE">sacri</span>- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">fice</span> known as <span class="SpellE">yaj</span> net, \\hereby the lake of <span class="SpellE">Pushkar</span>
| |
| − | became so holy that <span> </span>the greatest sinner,
| |
| − | by bathing in it, earns the delights of Paradise. <span> </span>The town contains five principal temples,
| |
| − | dedicated to Brahma, <span class="SpellE">Savitri</span>, <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Badn</span> <span class="SpellE">Narayan</span>, <span class="SpellE">Varha</span>, and Siva <span class="SpellE">Atmateswara</span> ; but they are of modern <span> </span>construction, as the earlier buildings
| |
| − | suffered severely under Aurangzeb, <span> </span>Bathing
| |
| − | <span class="SpellE">ghats</span> line the lake, and many of the princely
| |
| − | families of Raj- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">putana</span>
| |
| − | have houses round the margin, No living thing may be put to <span> </span>death within the limits of the town, A great
| |
| − | fair is held in October <span> </span>and November,
| |
| − | attended by about 100,000 pilgrims, who bathe in the <span> </span>sacred lake. At this time there is a large <span class="SpellE">tiade</span> in horses, camels<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>bullocks</span>, and miscellaneous
| |
| − | merchandise. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pushpagiri</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="GramE">Village and
| |
| − | hill on the Madras-Mysore <span class="SpellE">boidei</span>.</span> <span class="GramE">See </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">SUBRAHMANYA, <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Puttur</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Subdivision. Subdivision of South <span class="SpellE">Kanaia</span> <span class="SpellE">Distuct</span><span class="GramE">, <span> </span>Madras</span>, consisting of the UPPINANGADI
| |
| − | and KASARAGOD <span class="SpellE">taluks</span> <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Puttur</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">T&hsll.ZamtJidan</span> <span class="SpellE">tahsll</span>
| |
| − | in North <span class="SpellE">Arcot</span> District, Madras, <span> </span>consisting of the northern half of the
| |
| − | KARVETNAGAR <span class="SpellE">samindan</span>. Area, <span> </span>542 square miles ; population m 1901, 170,235,
| |
| − | compared with 155,546 <span> </span>in 1891 It
| |
| − | contains 340 villages, the head-quarters being PUTTUR. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Puttur</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US"> Village.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Head-quarters of the <span class="SpellE">Uppmangadi</span> <span class="GramE">subdivision <span> </span>and</span> <span class="SpellE">taluk</span> of
| |
| − | South <span class="SpellE">Kanara</span> <span class="SpellE">Distnct</span>,
| |
| − | Madras, situated in 12 46' N. <span> </span><span class="GramE">and</span> 75 12' E Population (1901), 3,999 The surrounding
| |
| − | country <span> </span>belonged to <span class="SpellE">Coorg</span>,
| |
| − | and after the <span class="SpellE">Coorg</span> rebellion of 1837 troops were <span> </span>stationed here till 1860. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pyapalli</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Town in the <span class="SpellE">Pattikonda</span>
| |
| − | <span class="SpellE">taluk</span> of Kurnool District<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>Madras</span>, situated in 15 14' N, and 77
| |
| − | 44' E,, at the foot of a granite <span> </span>hill,
| |
| − | on the trunk road from Bangalore and <span class="SpellE">Gooty</span> to
| |
| − | Hyderabad, <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2 PYAPALLI <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">This is the highest town in the
| |
| − | District, being about 1,750 feet above <span> </span>sea-level,
| |
| − | and is probably the healthiest station. Population (1901)<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>3,666</span>. It is the head-<span class="SpellE">quai</span> <span class="SpellE">ters</span> of a deputy-<span class="SpellE">tato</span>/^?-. There is a <span class="GramE">good <span> </span><span class="SpellE">travellers'</span></span>
| |
| − | bungalow situated in a fine tope planted by <span class="SpellE">Mr</span>,
| |
| − | Robertson, <span> </span>a former Collector. The
| |
| − | representatives of the ancient <span class="SpellE">pohgars</span> <span class="GramE">who <span> </span>built</span> the town
| |
| − | and fort still reside here, and draw pensions from <span> </span>Government. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pyapon</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="GramE">District.</span>
| |
| − | A sea-board delta District in the <span class="GramE">Irrawaddy <span> </span>Division</span> of Lower Burma, lying along
| |
| − | the Gulf of Martaban, between <span> </span>15 40' and
| |
| − | 16 41' N. and 95 6' and 96 6' E., with an area of 2,137 <span> </span>square miles. In shape it is a truncated
| |
| − | triangle, the sides being <span class="GramE">the <span> </span>Irrawaddy</span> on the west and the To or
| |
| − | China <span class="SpellE">Bakir</span> river on the east, <span> </span>while the base is formed by the sea-coast,
| |
| − | which has a general south- <span> </span>west to
| |
| − | north-east direction. It is bounded on the east by <span class="SpellE">Hantha</span><span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">waddy</span></span>
| |
| − | District , on the west b> <span class="SpellE">Myaungmya</span> ; and on the
| |
| − | north by <span> </span>Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span>.
| |
| − | The entire area consists of a vast plain, intersected by <span class="GramE">tidal
| |
| − | <span> </span>creeks</span> and waterways. With the
| |
| − | exception of some <span> </span>aspects very sma11
| |
| − | areas caue(i kondans, the whole of this <span> </span>level
| |
| − | is subject to inundation at high spring-tides, <span> </span>and a good deal is submerged throughout the
| |
| − | monsoon period The <span> </span><span class="SpellE">kondans</span>
| |
| − | are narrow strips of land, about 4 to 10 feet above the level of <span> </span>the plain, on which the soil is dry and sandy.
| |
| − | They are supposed to <span class="GramE"><span> </span>be</span>
| |
| − | the remnants of old sea-beaches. The rivers are all tidal, and <span class="GramE">form <span> </span>the</span> southeastern
| |
| − | portion of the <span class="SpellE">netv</span>\<span class="SpellE">ork</span> of
| |
| − | waters by which the <span class="SpellE">Irra</span>- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">waddy</span> finds its way
| |
| − | into the Gulf of Martaban. That river, <span class="GramE">running <span> </span><span class="SpellE">bouthwaids</span></span> to
| |
| − | the sea, bounds the District on the west, except in one <span> </span>place where <span class="SpellE">Myaungmya</span>
| |
| − | District extends east of the stream. It <span class="GramE">is <span> </span><span class="SpellE">naugable</span></span> by
| |
| − | river craft at all seasons of the year. The <span class="SpellE">To</span> river
| |
| − | (or <span> </span>China <span class="SpellE">Bakir</span>)
| |
| − | takes off from the Irrawaddy in Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span> District, and
| |
| − | <span> </span>runs in a south-easterly direction,
| |
| − | separating <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span> from <span class="SpellE">Hantha</span>-
| |
| − | <span> </span><span class="SpellE">waddy</span>. Four
| |
| − | miles below <span class="SpellE">Dedaye</span> it spreads into a secondary delta,
| |
| − | <span class="GramE">its <span> </span>two</span> western
| |
| − | branches being called the <span class="SpellE">Donyan</span> and <span class="SpellE">Thandi</span> <span class="SpellE">nveis</span>, both <span> </span>wide but of little importance. Into the To
| |
| − | river itself (the eastern <span> </span>branch), at
| |
| − | the extreme south-east <span class="SpellE">cornei</span> of the District, flows
| |
| − | the <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Thakutpm</span>
| |
| − | or <span class="SpellE">Bassein</span> creek, a tidal waterway which gives river
| |
| − | com- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">munication</span>
| |
| − | with Rangoon. In Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span> District, about 20 miles <span class="GramE">below <span> </span>the</span> point where
| |
| − | the <span class="SpellE">To</span> river leaves the Irrawaddy, the <span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> river <span> </span>branches
| |
| − | off from the To, and flows in a southerly direction, past <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> and <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span>, into the sea. In the latter part of its <span class="GramE">course <span> </span>it</span> is called
| |
| − | the <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span> <span class="SpellE">nvei</span>. A few
| |
| − | miles below <span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> the <span class="SpellE">Gon</span>-
| |
| − | <span> </span><span class="SpellE">nymdan</span> stream
| |
| − | takes off from the <span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> river, and flows first
| |
| − | south- <span> </span>west as far as <span class="SpellE">Bogale</span>, where it is connected by various creeks with the <span> </span>Irrawaddy, and thence almost due south into
| |
| − | the sea at <span class="SpellE">Pyindaye</span>, <span> </span>under the name of the <span class="SpellE">Dala</span>
| |
| − | river, Its lower reaches are <span class="SpellE">sepaiated</span> <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PYAPON DISTRICT 3 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">from</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> those of the Irrawaddy by two large islands which <span class="SpellE">aie</span>
| |
| − | covered <span> </span>with fuel <span class="SpellE">reseives</span>.
| |
| − | Besides these more important channels, the <span class="GramE">District <span> </span>possesses</span> countless tidal creeks the <span class="SpellE">Uyin</span>, <span class="SpellE">Podok</span>, <span class="SpellE">Wayakaing</span>,
| |
| − | and <span> </span>others which convert it into a maze
| |
| − | of muddy channels <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The geological and botanical
| |
| − | features of <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span> are the same as <span class="GramE">are
| |
| − | <span> </span>noticed</span> under HANTHAWADDY
| |
| − | DISTRICT. The soil is mainly <span class="GramE">alluvium <span> </span>and</span> the jungle vegetation is largely
| |
| − | swamp, <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The tiger and the elephant <span class="SpellE">aie</span> practically confined to the <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">uncleared</span></span><span class="GramE"> <span> </span>areas</span> in the south, where <span class="SpellE">theie</span> <span class="SpellE">aie</span> also herds of wild
| |
| − | buffalo, wild hog, <span> </span>and hog deer.
| |
| − | Crocodiles are not uncommon in the creeks, and <span class="GramE">turtles <span> </span>abound</span> at certain seasons of the year
| |
| − | on the sandbanks along the <span> </span>southern
| |
| − | coast. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The climate, though damp and
| |
| − | depressing, is healthy, and <span class="GramE">the <span> </span>proximity</span> of the sea renders the
| |
| − | temperature equable. The <span class="GramE">average <span> </span>minimum</span> temperature throughout the year
| |
| − | is about 65, the average <span> </span>maximum 95, and
| |
| − | the average mean about 80. One of the results <span class="GramE">of <span> </span>the</span> proximity of the Gulf of <span class="SpellE">Maitaban</span> is that the winds <span class="SpellE">aie</span>
| |
| − | decidedly <span> </span>stronger than farther inland.
| |
| − | The country enjoys a regular <span class="GramE">and <span> </span>copious</span> rainfall, rather in excess of
| |
| − | the mean for the delta. <span class="GramE">The <span> </span>annual</span> average is about 95 inches, <span class="SpellE">deci</span> easing towards the north in the <span> </span>areas farthest removed from the coast. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The District as at present
| |
| − | constituted is of modern creation, having <span> </span>been taken in 1903 from Thong <span class="SpellE">wa</span> (now Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span>) District, which
| |
| − | itself <span> </span>only dates back to 1875 Until
| |
| − | recent times the <span> </span>country was a stretch
| |
| − | of <span class="SpellE">unreclaimed</span> jungle, the only <span> </span>indications of an <span class="SpellE">eailier</span>
| |
| − | civilization being in the south-west. <span class="GramE">The <span> </span>village</span> of <span class="SpellE">Eya</span>,
| |
| − | from which the Irrawaddy takes its name, is now an <span> </span>insignificant hamlet, though it must have been
| |
| − | a place of no little <span> </span>repute in bygone
| |
| − | days. Of historical remains there are <span class="GramE">practically <span> </span>none</span>. The most ancient and <span class="SpellE">reveied</span> pagoda is that known as <span class="GramE">the <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Tawkyat</span></span> at <span class="SpellE">Dedaye</span>, and even this is supposed to be not more than <span> </span>a <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> years old <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Owing to various minor
| |
| − | alterations in the township boundaries, <span> </span>exact
| |
| − | figures for the population of the area now composing the District <span> </span>are not obtainable <span class="SpellE">foi</span>
| |
| − | past years In 1881 the whole <span> </span>District
| |
| − | formed little more than a single township of PU <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Thongwa</span>, with a
| |
| − | population of about 97,000. In 1891 this total <span class="GramE">had <span> </span>increased</span> to about 139,000, and in 1901
| |
| − | to 226,443, a rate of growth <span> </span>exceptional
| |
| − | even for Burma. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The distribution according to the
| |
| − | Census of 1901 is shown in <span class="GramE">the <span> </span>table</span> on the next page. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The only towns are PYAPON, the
| |
| − | head-quarters of the District<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>KYAIKLAT</span>, and DEDAYE The increase in
| |
| − | the northern part has been <span> </span>normal , but
| |
| − | in the two southern townships the <span class="SpellE">giowth</span> of
| |
| − | population <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PYAPON DISTRICT <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">has</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> been extraordinarily rapid, reaching 350 per cent, in the sea-board <span> </span>township of <span class="SpellE">Bogale</span>.
| |
| − | Its rapidity is due to immigration into the low<span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">lying</span></span> waste
| |
| − | areas, where fresh land is constantly being brought under <span> </span>the plough. The influx has been mainly from <span class="SpellE">Hanthawaddy</span> <span class="GramE">and <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Henzada</span></span> in <span class="SpellE">Lowei</span> Bui ma, and from <span class="SpellE">Minbu</span>, <span class="SpellE">Myingyan</span>, and Mandalay <span> </span>in Upper Burma 3 but Indian immigrants are
| |
| − | also numerous. <span class="GramE">Though <span> </span>the</span>
| |
| − | inland portions are densely populated, the southern tracts washed <span> </span>by the sea have comparatively few inhabitants,
| |
| − | large areas in fact being <span> </span>absolutely
| |
| − | uninhabited. Burmese is spoken by 200,000 of the <span class="SpellE">inhabi</span><span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">tants</span></span>,
| |
| − | and Karen by 15,000 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
| |
| − | </div>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p><font size="4">
| |
| − | </font></p>
| |
| − | <table bgcolor="66ccff" border="4" cellspacing="2" height="750" width="790">
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <tr>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <td> Township </td>
| |
| − | <td> Area in Sq. Mile </td>
| |
| − | <td> Number of Towns </td>
| |
| − | <td> Number of Villages </td>
| |
| − | <td> Population in 901 </td>
| |
| − | <td> Population per square mile </td>
| |
| − | <td> Persentage of variation in population between 1891 and 1901 </td>
| |
| − | <td> Number of Persons able to read and write </td>
| |
| − | </tr>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <tr>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <td> "Pyapon <br/>
| |
| − | <p>Bogale <br/>
| |
| − | Kjaiklat <br/>
| |
| − | Dedaye " </p></td>
| |
| − | <td> "431 <br/>
| |
| − | <p>1,057 <br/>
| |
| − | 277 <br/></p>
| |
| − | <pre>
| |
| − | 372"
| |
| − | </pre></td>
| |
| − | <td> "I <br/>
| |
| − | <p><br/>
| |
| − | I <br/>
| |
| − | I
| |
| − | " </p></td>
| |
| − | <td> "157 <br/>
| |
| − | <p>272 <br/>
| |
| − | 394 <br/>
| |
| − | 312" </p></td>
| |
| − | <td> "43,922 <br/>
| |
| − | <p>43,756 <br/>
| |
| − | 71,770 <br/>
| |
| − | 66,995" </p></td>
| |
| − | <td> "102 <br/>
| |
| − | <p>41 <br/>
| |
| − | 259 <br/>
| |
| − | 180" </p></td>
| |
| − | <td> "+80 <br/>
| |
| − | <p>+350<br/>
| |
| − | +51 <br/>
| |
| − | +18" </p></td>
| |
| − | <td> "16,598 <br/>
| |
| − | <p>25,680 <br/>
| |
| − | 20,100 <br/>
| |
| − | 19,552" </p></td>
| |
| − | </tr>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <tr>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <td> District Total </td>
| |
| − | <td> 2,137 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 3 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 1,135 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 2,26,443 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 106 </td>
| |
| − | <td> +63 </td>
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p><html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml"
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| − | xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
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| − | xmlns:m="<a class="externallink" href="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" rel="nofollow" title="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml">http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml</a>"
| |
| − | xmlns="<a class="externallink" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40</a>"></p>
| |
| − | <p><head>
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| − | <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
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| − | <meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document>
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| − | <meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 12">
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| − | <link rel=File-List
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| − | href="This%20article%20has%20been%20extracted%20from_files/colorschememapping.xml"></p>
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| − | <p><style>
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| − | </style></p>
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| − | <p></head></p>
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| − | <p><body lang=EN-IN style='tab-interval:36.0pt'></p>
| |
| − | <div class="Section1">
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| − |
| |
| − | <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
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| − |
| |
| | | | |
| | <tr> | | <tr> |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | <td> | + | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>This article has been extracted from</span><span class="GramE"><span> </span><span> THE</span></span><span /></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><span>Pyapon</span></p> |
| − | <pre> | + | </td> |
| − | IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908. OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.<o:p></o:p> | + | |
| − | </pre> | + | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | + | |
| | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">431</p> |
| | + | </td> |
| | + | |
| | + | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | + | |
| | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">1</p> |
| | + | </td> |
| | + | |
| | + | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | + | |
| | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">157</p> |
| | </td> | | </td> |
| | | | |
| | </tr> | | </tr> |
| − |
| |
| − | </table>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span>Note:
| |
| − | National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since
| |
| − | 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into
| |
| − | smaller units, units, and many <span class="SpellE">tahsils</span> upgraded to <span class="SpellE">districts.Many</span> units have since been renamed. Therefore,
| |
| − | this article is being posted mainly for its historical value.</span></i><span> </span><a href="https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee015643mbp" rel="nofollow"><b><span lang="EN-US">The Imperial Gazetteer Of India
| |
| − | Vol XXI</span></b></a><span class="GramE"><b><span lang="EN-US">" <span> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">THE</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">IMPERIAL <span class="GramE">GAZETTEER
| |
| − | <span> </span>OF</span> INDIA <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VOL. XXI <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUSHKAR TO SALWEEN <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NEW EDITION <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF
| |
| − | HIS <span class="GramE">MAJESTY'S <span> </span>_</span>S*RE.TARY
| |
| − | OP STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">OXFORD <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">AT THE CLARENDON PRESS <span> </span>1908 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">HENRY FROWDE, M.A. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OP
| |
| − | OXFORD <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">LONDON, EDINBURGH <span> </span>NEW YORK AND TORONTO <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">INTRODUCTORY NOTES <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Vowel-Sounds <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of a in ' woman/ <span> </span>a
| |
| − | has the sound of a in ' father ' <span> </span>e has
| |
| − | the vowel-sound in c grey.' <span> </span><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">i</span></span> has the sound of <span class="SpellE">i</span> m ' pin ' <span> </span>I has
| |
| − | the sound of / in ' police.' <span> </span><span class="GramE">o</span> has the sound of o in ' bone,' <span> </span>u has the sound of n in * bull.' <span> </span><span class="GramE">u</span> has the sound of u
| |
| − | in ' flute,' <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ai</span>
| |
| − | has the vowel-sound in ' mine.' <span> </span>au has
| |
| − | the vowel-sound m ' house/ <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It should be stated that no
| |
| − | attempt has been made to distinguish <span> </span>between
| |
| − | the long and short sounds of e and o in the Dravidian <span> </span>languages, which possess the vowel-sounds in '
| |
| − | bet ' and ' hot ' in <span> </span>addition to those <span class="SpellE">giveti^bove</span> <i>Nor has it been thought necessary <span> </span>to mark vowels as long m cases where mistakes</i>
| |
| − | in pronunciation <span> </span>were not likely to be
| |
| − | made, <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Consonants <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Most Indian languages have different
| |
| − | Forms for a number of con- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">sonants</span>, such as d) t, r>&c., marked m scientific
| |
| − | works by the use <span> </span>of dots or italics. As
| |
| − | the European ear distinguishes these <span class="GramE">with <span> </span>difficulty</span> in <span class="SpellE">oidinary</span>
| |
| − | pronunciation, it has been considered <span class="SpellE">undesir</span>- <span> </span>able to embarrass the reader with them ; and
| |
| − | only two notes are <span> </span>required. In the
| |
| − | first place, the Arabic k, a strong guttural, <span class="GramE">has <span> </span>been</span> represented by k instead of ^,
| |
| − | which is often used. Secondly, <span> </span>it should
| |
| − | be remarked that aspirated consonants are common ; and, <span> </span>m particular, dh and <span class="SpellE">th</span>
| |
| − | (except in Burma) never have the sound of <span> </span><span class="SpellE">th</span> in 'this' or
| |
| − | 'thin,' but should be pronounced as <span class="SpellE">ia</span> ' woodhouse' <span> </span>and 'boathook 5 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">A 2 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">iv INTRODUCTORY NOTES <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Burmese Words <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Burmese and some of the languages
| |
| − | on the frontier of China have <span> </span>the
| |
| − | following special sounds : <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">aw has the vowel-sound in ' law.'
| |
| − | <span> </span><span class="GramE">o</span> and u are
| |
| − | pronounced as in German. <span> </span><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">gy</span></span> is pronounced almost like/ in *
| |
| − | jewel ' <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ky</span> is
| |
| − | pronounced almost like <span class="SpellE">ch</span> in ' church. <span class="GramE">7 <span> </span><span class="SpellE">th</span></span>
| |
| − | is pronounced in some cases as in l this,' in some cases as in <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> thin.' <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">w after a consonant has the force
| |
| − | of <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">uw</span></span>. Thus, <span class="SpellE">ywa</span> and <span class="SpellE">pwe</span> <span> </span>are disyllables, pronounced as if written <span class="SpellE">yitwa</span> and <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It should also be noted that,
| |
| − | whereas in Indian words the accent <span> </span>or
| |
| − | stress is distributed almost equally on each syllable, in Burmese <span> </span>there is a tendency to throw special stress on
| |
| − | the last syllable <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">General <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The names of some places e.g.
| |
| − | Calcutta, Bombay, <span class="SpellE">Lucknow</span>, <span> </span>Cawnpore have obtained a popular fixity of
| |
| − | spelling, while special <span> </span>forms have been
| |
| − | officially prescribed for others Names of persons <span> </span>are often spelt and pronounced differently in
| |
| − | different parts of India ; <span> </span>but the
| |
| − | variations have been made as few as possible by assimilating <span> </span>forms almost alike, especially where a
| |
| − | particular spelling has been <span> </span>generally
| |
| − | adopted in English books <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NOTES ON MONEY, PRICES, WEIGHTS
| |
| − | AND MEASURES <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">As the currency of India is based
| |
| − | upon the rupee, all statements <span> </span>with
| |
| − | regard to money throughout the Gazetteer have necessarily been <span> </span>expressed in rupees, nor has it been found
| |
| − | possible to add generally <span> </span>a conversion
| |
| − | into sterling. Down to about 1873 the gold value of <span> </span>the rupee (containing 165 grains of pure
| |
| − | silver) was approximately <span> </span>equal to <span class="SpellE">zs</span>., or one-tenth of a , and for that period it is easy to <span> </span>convert rupees into sterling by striking off
| |
| − | the final cipher (Rs. 1,000 <span> </span>= 100). But
| |
| − | after 1873, owing to the depreciation of silver as <span> </span>compared with gold throughout the world, there
| |
| − | came a serious and <span> </span>progressive fall in
| |
| − | the exchange, until at one time the gold value of <span> </span>the rupee dropped as low as is In order to
| |
| − | provide a remedy for <span> </span>the heavy loss
| |
| − | caused to the Government of India in respect of its <span> </span>gold payments to be made in England, and also
| |
| − | to relieve foreign <span> </span>trade and finance
| |
| − | from the inconvenience due to constant and <span> </span>unforeseen fluctuations in exchange, it was
| |
| − | resolved in 1893 to close <span> </span>the mints to
| |
| − | the free coinage of silver, and thus force up the value of <span> </span>the rupee by restricting the circulation. The
| |
| − | intention was to <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">laise</span></span><span class="GramE"> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES v <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">the exchange value of the rupee
| |
| − | to is 4^, and then introduce a gold <span> </span>standard
| |
| − | (though not <span class="SpellE">necessanly</span> a gold <span class="SpellE">cuirency</span>)
| |
| − | at the rate of Rs. 15 <span> </span>= <span class="SpellE">i</span>. This policy has been completely successful. From 1899 on<span class="GramE">- <span> </span>wards</span> the value of
| |
| − | the rupee has been maintained, with insignificant <span> </span>fluctuations, at the proposed late of <span class="SpellE">i</span>,?. <span class="GramE">4^.</span> ; and consequently since <span> </span>that date three rupees have been equivalent to
| |
| − | two <span class="SpellE">lupees</span> <span class="SpellE">befoie</span> 1873 <span> </span>For the intermediate period, between 1873 and
| |
| − | 1899, it is manifestly <span> </span>impossible to
| |
| − | adopt any fixed sterling value for a constantly changing <span> </span>rupee. But since 1899, if it is desired to
| |
| − | convert rupees into sterling<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>not</span> only must the final cipher be <span class="SpellE">stiuck</span> off (as <span class="SpellE">befoie</span> 1873), DI U
| |
| − | <span> </span>also one-third must be subtracted from
| |
| − | the result. Thus Rs. <span class="GramE">1,000 <span> </span>=</span> 100 -J = (about) 67. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Another matter in <span class="SpellE">connexion</span> with the expression of money state<span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ments</span></span>
| |
| − | in terms of rupees requires to be explained. The method <span class="GramE">of <span> </span>numerical</span> notation in India differs
| |
| − | from that which <span class="SpellE">pievails</span> through- <span> </span>out Europe. Large numbers are not punctuated
| |
| − | in <span class="SpellE">hundieds</span> of thou<span class="GramE">- <span> </span>sands</span> and millions, but in <span class="SpellE">lakhs</span> and <span class="SpellE">crores</span>. A <span class="SpellE">lakh</span> is one <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> <span> </span>thousand (written out as 1,00,000), and a <span class="SpellE">crore</span> is one <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> <span class="SpellE">lakhs</span> <span> </span>or ten
| |
| − | millions (written out as 1,00,00,000), Consequently, accord- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ing</span> to the exchange
| |
| − | value of the rupee, a <span class="SpellE">lakh</span> of rupees (Rs 1,00,000) <span> </span>may be read as the equivalent of 10,000 before
| |
| − | 1873, and as the <span> </span>equivalent of (about)
| |
| − | 6,667 after 1899 ; while a <span class="SpellE">crore</span> of rupees <span> </span>(Rs. 1,00,00,000) may similarly be read as the
| |
| − | equivalent of <span> </span>1,000,000 before 1873, and
| |
| − | as the equivalent of (about) 666,667 <span> </span>after
| |
| − | 1899. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Finally, it should be mentioned
| |
| − | that the rupee is divided <span class="GramE">into <span> </span>1</span> 6 <span class="SpellE">annas</span>, a
| |
| − | fraction commonly used for many purposes by both <span> </span>natives and Europeans. The <span class="SpellE">anna</span>
| |
| − | was formerly reckoned as <span class="SpellE">i^d</span>. ; <span> </span>it may now be considered as exactly
| |
| − | corresponding to id The <span> </span><span class="SpellE">anna</span> is again subdivided into 12 pies. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The various systems of weights
| |
| − | used in India combine <span class="GramE">uniformity <span> </span>of</span> scale with immense <span class="SpellE">vanations</span> in the weight of units. The <span class="GramE">scale
| |
| − | <span> </span>used</span> generally throughout
| |
| − | Northern India, and less commonly in <span> </span>Madras
| |
| − | and Bombay, may be thus <span class="SpellE">expiessed</span> : one <span class="SpellE">maund</span> = 40 seers ; <span> </span>one
| |
| − | seer = 16 <span class="SpellE">chittaks</span> or 80 <span class="SpellE">tolas</span>.
| |
| − | The actual weight of a seer <span> </span>varies <span class="SpellE">gieatly</span> from District to District, and even from village to
| |
| − | <span> </span>village., but in the standard system the
| |
| − | <span class="SpellE">tola</span> is 180 grains Troy <span> </span>(the exact weight of the rupee), and the <span class="SpellE">seei</span> thus weighs 2-057 lb., <span> </span>and the <span class="SpellE">maund</span> 82-28
| |
| − | lb. This <span class="SpellE">standaid</span> is used in official <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">leports</span></span><span class="GramE"> <span> </span>and</span> throughout the Gazetteer. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">For calculating retail prices,
| |
| − | the universal custom in India is <span class="GramE">to <span> </span>express</span> them in <span class="SpellE">tenns</span>
| |
| − | of seers to the rupee. Thus, when <span class="GramE">prices <span> </span>change</span>, what varies is not the amount
| |
| − | of money to be paid for the <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VI <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">vi INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">same quantity, but the quantity
| |
| − | to be obtained for the same amount <span> </span>of
| |
| − | money. In other words, prices in India are quantity prices, <span class="GramE">not
| |
| − | <span> </span>money</span> prices, When the figure of
| |
| − | quantity goes up, this of course <span> </span>means
| |
| − | that the price has gone down, which is at first sight perplexing <span> </span>to an English reader. It may, however, be
| |
| − | mentioned that <span class="GramE">quantity <span> </span>prices</span> are not altogether unknown in
| |
| − | England, especially at small <span> </span>shops,
| |
| − | where pennyworths of many groceries can be bought. Eggs<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>likewise</span>, are commonly sold at a
| |
| − | varying number for the shilling <span> </span>If <span class="SpellE">it'be</span> desired to convert quantity prices from Indian into
| |
| − | English <span> </span>denominations without having
| |
| − | recourse to money <span class="SpellE">piices</span> (which would <span> </span>often be misleading), the following scale may
| |
| − | be adopted based <span> </span>upon the assumptions
| |
| − | that a seer is exactly 2 <span class="SpellE">Ib</span> , and that the value <span> </span>of the rupee remains constant at <span class="SpellE">i</span> s. 4^. . <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">i</span></span>
| |
| − | seer per rupee = (about) <span> </span>3 Ib. for 2s. ;
| |
| − | 2 seers per rupee = (about) 6 Ib. for <span class="GramE">2S ;</span> and so on. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The name of the unit for square
| |
| − | measurement in India <span class="SpellE">generall</span><span class="GramE">} <span> </span>is</span> the <span class="SpellE">bigha</span>,
| |
| − | which varies greatly m different parts of the country <span> </span>But areas ha\e always been expressed
| |
| − | throughout the Gazetteer either <span> </span>in
| |
| − | square miles or m acres. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">MAP </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">RAJPUIANA to face p. 154 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">vi <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">IMPERIAL GAZETTEER <span> </span>OF INDIA <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VOLUME XXI <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Pushkar</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. Town, lake, and place of pilgrimage in Ajmer District<span class="GramE">, <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Rajputana</span></span>,
| |
| − | situated in 26 29' N and 74 33' E ; 2,389 feet above <span> </span>sea-level. Population (1901), 3,831, <span class="SpellE">neaily</span> all Hindus, <span class="SpellE">Pushkar</span> is <span> </span>said commonly (but erroneously) to be the only
| |
| − | town in India that <span> </span>contains a temple
| |
| − | dedicated to Brahma, who here performed the <span class="SpellE">sacri</span>- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">fice</span> known as <span class="SpellE">yaj</span> net, \\hereby the lake of <span class="SpellE">Pushkar</span>
| |
| − | became so holy that <span> </span>the greatest sinner,
| |
| − | by bathing in it, earns the delights of Paradise. <span> </span>The town contains five principal temples,
| |
| − | dedicated to Brahma, <span class="SpellE">Savitri</span>, <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Badn</span> <span class="SpellE">Narayan</span>, <span class="SpellE">Varha</span>, and Siva <span class="SpellE">Atmateswara</span> ; but they are of modern <span> </span>construction, as the earlier buildings
| |
| − | suffered severely under Aurangzeb, <span> </span>Bathing
| |
| − | <span class="SpellE">ghats</span> line the lake, and many of the princely
| |
| − | families of Raj- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">putana</span>
| |
| − | have houses round the margin, No living thing may be put to <span> </span>death within the limits of the town, A great
| |
| − | fair is held in October <span> </span>and November,
| |
| − | attended by about 100,000 pilgrims, who bathe in the <span> </span>sacred lake. At this time there is a large <span class="SpellE">tiade</span> in horses, camels<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>bullocks</span>, and miscellaneous
| |
| − | merchandise. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pushpagiri</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="GramE">Village and
| |
| − | hill on the Madras-Mysore <span class="SpellE">boidei</span>.</span> <span class="GramE">See </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">SUBRAHMANYA, <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Puttur</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Subdivision. Subdivision of South <span class="SpellE">Kanaia</span> <span class="SpellE">Distuct</span><span class="GramE">, <span> </span>Madras</span>, consisting of the UPPINANGADI
| |
| − | and KASARAGOD <span class="SpellE">taluks</span> <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Puttur</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">T&hsll.ZamtJidan</span> <span class="SpellE">tahsll</span>
| |
| − | in North <span class="SpellE">Arcot</span> District, Madras, <span> </span>consisting of the northern half of the
| |
| − | KARVETNAGAR <span class="SpellE">samindan</span>. Area, <span> </span>542 square miles ; population m 1901, 170,235,
| |
| − | compared with 155,546 <span> </span>in 1891 It
| |
| − | contains 340 villages, the head-quarters being PUTTUR. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Puttur</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US"> Village.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Head-quarters of the <span class="SpellE">Uppmangadi</span> <span class="GramE">subdivision <span> </span>and</span> <span class="SpellE">taluk</span> of
| |
| − | South <span class="SpellE">Kanara</span> <span class="SpellE">Distnct</span>,
| |
| − | Madras, situated in 12 46' N. <span> </span><span class="GramE">and</span> 75 12' E Population (1901), 3,999 The surrounding
| |
| − | country <span> </span>belonged to <span class="SpellE">Coorg</span>,
| |
| − | and after the <span class="SpellE">Coorg</span> rebellion of 1837 troops were <span> </span>stationed here till 1860. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pyapalli</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Town in the <span class="SpellE">Pattikonda</span>
| |
| − | <span class="SpellE">taluk</span> of Kurnool District<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>Madras</span>, situated in 15 14' N, and 77
| |
| − | 44' E,, at the foot of a granite <span> </span>hill,
| |
| − | on the trunk road from Bangalore and <span class="SpellE">Gooty</span> to
| |
| − | Hyderabad, <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2 PYAPALLI <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">This is the highest town in the
| |
| − | District, being about 1,750 feet above <span> </span>sea-level,
| |
| − | and is probably the healthiest station. Population (1901)<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>3,666</span>. It is the head-<span class="SpellE">quai</span> <span class="SpellE">ters</span> of a deputy-<span class="SpellE">tato</span>/^?-. There is a <span class="GramE">good <span> </span><span class="SpellE">travellers'</span></span>
| |
| − | bungalow situated in a fine tope planted by <span class="SpellE">Mr</span>,
| |
| − | Robertson, <span> </span>a former Collector. The
| |
| − | representatives of the ancient <span class="SpellE">pohgars</span> <span class="GramE">who <span> </span>built</span> the town
| |
| − | and fort still reside here, and draw pensions from <span> </span>Government. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pyapon</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="GramE">District.</span>
| |
| − | A sea-board delta District in the <span class="GramE">Irrawaddy <span> </span>Division</span> of Lower Burma, lying along
| |
| − | the Gulf of Martaban, between <span> </span>15 40' and
| |
| − | 16 41' N. and 95 6' and 96 6' E., with an area of 2,137 <span> </span>square miles. In shape it is a truncated
| |
| − | triangle, the sides being <span class="GramE">the <span> </span>Irrawaddy</span> on the west and the To or
| |
| − | China <span class="SpellE">Bakir</span> river on the east, <span> </span>while the base is formed by the sea-coast,
| |
| − | which has a general south- <span> </span>west to
| |
| − | north-east direction. It is bounded on the east by <span class="SpellE">Hantha</span><span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">waddy</span></span>
| |
| − | District , on the west b> <span class="SpellE">Myaungmya</span> ; and on the
| |
| − | north by <span> </span>Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span>.
| |
| − | The entire area consists of a vast plain, intersected by <span class="GramE">tidal
| |
| − | <span> </span>creeks</span> and waterways. With the
| |
| − | exception of some <span> </span>aspects very sma11
| |
| − | areas caue(i kondans, the whole of this <span> </span>level
| |
| − | is subject to inundation at high spring-tides, <span> </span>and a good deal is submerged throughout the
| |
| − | monsoon period The <span> </span><span class="SpellE">kondans</span>
| |
| − | are narrow strips of land, about 4 to 10 feet above the level of <span> </span>the plain, on which the soil is dry and sandy.
| |
| − | They are supposed to <span class="GramE"><span> </span>be</span>
| |
| − | the remnants of old sea-beaches. The rivers are all tidal, and <span class="GramE">form <span> </span>the</span> southeastern
| |
| − | portion of the <span class="SpellE">netv</span>\<span class="SpellE">ork</span> of
| |
| − | waters by which the <span class="SpellE">Irra</span>- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">waddy</span> finds its way
| |
| − | into the Gulf of Martaban. That river, <span class="GramE">running <span> </span><span class="SpellE">bouthwaids</span></span> to
| |
| − | the sea, bounds the District on the west, except in one <span> </span>place where <span class="SpellE">Myaungmya</span>
| |
| − | District extends east of the stream. It <span class="GramE">is <span> </span><span class="SpellE">naugable</span></span> by
| |
| − | river craft at all seasons of the year. The <span class="SpellE">To</span> river
| |
| − | (or <span> </span>China <span class="SpellE">Bakir</span>)
| |
| − | takes off from the Irrawaddy in Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span> District, and
| |
| − | <span> </span>runs in a south-easterly direction,
| |
| − | separating <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span> from <span class="SpellE">Hantha</span>-
| |
| − | <span> </span><span class="SpellE">waddy</span>. Four
| |
| − | miles below <span class="SpellE">Dedaye</span> it spreads into a secondary delta,
| |
| − | <span class="GramE">its <span> </span>two</span> western
| |
| − | branches being called the <span class="SpellE">Donyan</span> and <span class="SpellE">Thandi</span> <span class="SpellE">nveis</span>, both <span> </span>wide but of little importance. Into the To
| |
| − | river itself (the eastern <span> </span>branch), at
| |
| − | the extreme south-east <span class="SpellE">cornei</span> of the District, flows
| |
| − | the <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Thakutpm</span>
| |
| − | or <span class="SpellE">Bassein</span> creek, a tidal waterway which gives river
| |
| − | com- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">munication</span>
| |
| − | with Rangoon. In Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span> District, about 20 miles <span class="GramE">below <span> </span>the</span> point where
| |
| − | the <span class="SpellE">To</span> river leaves the Irrawaddy, the <span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> river <span> </span>branches
| |
| − | off from the To, and flows in a southerly direction, past <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> and <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span>, into the sea. In the latter part of its <span class="GramE">course <span> </span>it</span> is called
| |
| − | the <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span> <span class="SpellE">nvei</span>. A few
| |
| − | miles below <span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> the <span class="SpellE">Gon</span>-
| |
| − | <span> </span><span class="SpellE">nymdan</span> stream
| |
| − | takes off from the <span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> river, and flows first
| |
| − | south- <span> </span>west as far as <span class="SpellE">Bogale</span>, where it is connected by various creeks with the <span> </span>Irrawaddy, and thence almost due south into
| |
| − | the sea at <span class="SpellE">Pyindaye</span>, <span> </span>under the name of the <span class="SpellE">Dala</span>
| |
| − | river, Its lower reaches are <span class="SpellE">sepaiated</span> <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PYAPON DISTRICT 3 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">from</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> those of the Irrawaddy by two large islands which <span class="SpellE">aie</span>
| |
| − | covered <span> </span>with fuel <span class="SpellE">reseives</span>.
| |
| − | Besides these more important channels, the <span class="GramE">District <span> </span>possesses</span> countless tidal creeks the <span class="SpellE">Uyin</span>, <span class="SpellE">Podok</span>, <span class="SpellE">Wayakaing</span>,
| |
| − | and <span> </span>others which convert it into a maze
| |
| − | of muddy channels <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The geological and botanical
| |
| − | features of <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span> are the same as <span class="GramE">are
| |
| − | <span> </span>noticed</span> under HANTHAWADDY
| |
| − | DISTRICT. The soil is mainly <span class="GramE">alluvium <span> </span>and</span> the jungle vegetation is largely
| |
| − | swamp, <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The tiger and the elephant <span class="SpellE">aie</span> practically confined to the <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">uncleared</span></span><span class="GramE"> <span> </span>areas</span> in the south, where <span class="SpellE">theie</span> <span class="SpellE">aie</span> also herds of wild
| |
| − | buffalo, wild hog, <span> </span>and hog deer.
| |
| − | Crocodiles are not uncommon in the creeks, and <span class="GramE">turtles <span> </span>abound</span> at certain seasons of the year
| |
| − | on the sandbanks along the <span> </span>southern
| |
| − | coast. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The climate, though damp and
| |
| − | depressing, is healthy, and <span class="GramE">the <span> </span>proximity</span> of the sea renders the
| |
| − | temperature equable. The <span class="GramE">average <span> </span>minimum</span> temperature throughout the year
| |
| − | is about 65, the average <span> </span>maximum 95, and
| |
| − | the average mean about 80. One of the results <span class="GramE">of <span> </span>the</span> proximity of the Gulf of <span class="SpellE">Maitaban</span> is that the winds <span class="SpellE">aie</span>
| |
| − | decidedly <span> </span>stronger than farther inland.
| |
| − | The country enjoys a regular <span class="GramE">and <span> </span>copious</span> rainfall, rather in excess of
| |
| − | the mean for the delta. <span class="GramE">The <span> </span>annual</span> average is about 95 inches, <span class="SpellE">deci</span> easing towards the north in the <span> </span>areas farthest removed from the coast. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The District as at present
| |
| − | constituted is of modern creation, having <span> </span>been taken in 1903 from Thong <span class="SpellE">wa</span> (now Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span>) District, which
| |
| − | itself <span> </span>only dates back to 1875 Until
| |
| − | recent times the <span> </span>country was a stretch
| |
| − | of <span class="SpellE">unreclaimed</span> jungle, the only <span> </span>indications of an <span class="SpellE">eailier</span>
| |
| − | civilization being in the south-west. <span class="GramE">The <span> </span>village</span> of <span class="SpellE">Eya</span>,
| |
| − | from which the Irrawaddy takes its name, is now an <span> </span>insignificant hamlet, though it must have been
| |
| − | a place of no little <span> </span>repute in bygone
| |
| − | days. Of historical remains there are <span class="GramE">practically <span> </span>none</span>. The most ancient and <span class="SpellE">reveied</span> pagoda is that known as <span class="GramE">the <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Tawkyat</span></span> at <span class="SpellE">Dedaye</span>, and even this is supposed to be not more than <span> </span>a <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> years old <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Owing to various minor
| |
| − | alterations in the township boundaries, <span> </span>exact
| |
| − | figures for the population of the area now composing the District <span> </span>are not obtainable <span class="SpellE">foi</span>
| |
| − | past years In 1881 the whole <span> </span>District
| |
| − | formed little more than a single township of PU <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Thongwa</span>, with a
| |
| − | population of about 97,000. In 1891 this total <span class="GramE">had <span> </span>increased</span> to about 139,000, and in 1901
| |
| − | to 226,443, a rate of growth <span> </span>exceptional
| |
| − | even for Burma. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The distribution according to the
| |
| − | Census of 1901 is shown in <span class="GramE">the <span> </span>table</span> on the next page. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The only towns are PYAPON, the
| |
| − | head-quarters of the District<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>KYAIKLAT</span>, and DEDAYE The increase in
| |
| − | the northern part has been <span> </span>normal , but
| |
| − | in the two southern townships the <span class="SpellE">giowth</span> of
| |
| − | population <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PYAPON DISTRICT <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">has</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> been extraordinarily rapid, reaching 350 per cent, in the sea-board <span> </span>township of <span class="SpellE">Bogale</span>.
| |
| − | Its rapidity is due to immigration into the low<span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">lying</span></span> waste
| |
| − | areas, where fresh land is constantly being brought under <span> </span>the plough. The influx has been mainly from <span class="SpellE">Hanthawaddy</span> <span class="GramE">and <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Henzada</span></span> in <span class="SpellE">Lowei</span> Bui ma, and from <span class="SpellE">Minbu</span>, <span class="SpellE">Myingyan</span>, and Mandalay <span> </span>in Upper Burma 3 but Indian immigrants are
| |
| − | also numerous. <span class="GramE">Though <span> </span>the</span>
| |
| − | inland portions are densely populated, the southern tracts washed <span> </span>by the sea have comparatively few inhabitants,
| |
| − | large areas in fact being <span> </span>absolutely
| |
| − | uninhabited. Burmese is spoken by 200,000 of the <span class="SpellE">inhabi</span><span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">tants</span></span>,
| |
| − | and Karen by 15,000 <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
| |
| − | </div>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <p><font size="4">
| |
| − | </font></p>
| |
| − | <table bgcolor="66ccff" border="4" cellspacing="2" height="750" width="790">
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| | | | |
| | <tr> | | <tr> |
| − |
| |
| − | <td> Township </td>
| |
| − | <td> Area in Sq. Mile </td>
| |
| − | <td> Number of Towns </td>
| |
| − | <td> Number of Villages </td>
| |
| − | <td> Population in 901 </td>
| |
| − | <td> Population per square mile </td>
| |
| − | <td> Persentage of variation in population between 1891 and 1901 </td>
| |
| − | <td> Number of Persons able to read and write </td>
| |
| − | </tr>
| |
| | | | |
| − | <tr>
| + | |
| − |
| + | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| − | <td> "Pyapon <br/> | + | |
| − | <p>Bogale <br/> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><span>Bogale</span></p> |
| − | Kjaiklat <br/>
| + | </td> |
| − | Dedaye " </p></td>
| + | |
| − | <td> "431 <br/> | + | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| − | <p>1,057 <br/> | + | |
| − | 277 <br/></p>
| + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">1,057</p> |
| − | <pre>
| + | </td> |
| − | 372"
| + | |
| − | </pre></td>
| + | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| − | <td> "I <br/>
| + | |
| − | <p><br/> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">1</p> |
| − | I <br/>
| + | </td> |
| − | I
| + | |
| − | " </p></td>
| + | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| − | <td> "157 <br/>
| + | |
| − | <p>272 <br/> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">272</p> |
| − | 394 <br/>
| + | </td> |
| − | 312" </p></td>
| + | |
| − | <td> "43,922 <br/>
| + | |
| − | <p>43,756 <br/>
| + | |
| − | 71,770 <br/>
| + | |
| − | 66,995" </p></td>
| + | |
| − | <td> "102 <br/>
| + | |
| − | <p>41 <br/> | + | |
| − | 259 <br/>
| + | |
| − | 180" </p></td>
| + | |
| − | <td> "+80 <br/>
| + | |
| − | <p>+350<br/> | + | |
| − | +51 <br/>
| + | |
| − | +18" </p></td>
| + | |
| − | <td> "16,598 <br/>
| + | |
| − | <p>25,680 <br/>
| + | |
| − | 20,100 <br/>
| + | |
| − | 19,552" </p></td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | <tr>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <td> District Total </td>
| |
| − | <td> 2,137 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 3 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 1,135 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 2,26,443 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 106 </td>
| |
| − | <td> +63 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 81,930 </td>
| |
| | </tr> | | </tr> |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | </table>
| |
| − | <p> </p>
| |
| − | <table border="4" cellspacing="2">
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <tr>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <td> Township </td>
| |
| − | <td> Area in Sq. Mile </td>
| |
| − | <td> Number of Towns </td>
| |
| − | <td> Number of Villages </td>
| |
| − | <td> Population in 901 </td>
| |
| − | <td> Population per square mile </td>
| |
| − | <td> Persentage of variation in population between 1891 and 1901</td>
| |
| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − |
| |
| − | <td> "Pyapon <br/>
| |
| − | <p>Bogale <br/>
| |
| − | Kjaiklat <br/>
| |
| − | Dedaye " </p></td>
| |
| − | <td> "431 <br/>
| |
| − | <p>1,057 <br/>
| |
| − | 277 <br/></p>
| |
| − | <pre>
| |
| − | 372"
| |
| − | </pre></td>
| |
| − | <td> "I <br/>
| |
| − | <p><br/>
| |
| − | I <br/>
| |
| − | I
| |
| − | " </p></td>
| |
| − | <td> "157 <br/>
| |
| − | <p>272 <br/>
| |
| − | 394 <br/>
| |
| − | 312" </p></td>
| |
| − | <td> "43,922 <br/>
| |
| − | <p>43,756 <br/>
| |
| − | 71,770 <br/>
| |
| − | 66,995" </p></td>
| |
| − | <td> "102 <br/>
| |
| − | <p>41 <br/>
| |
| − | 259 <br/>
| |
| − | 180" </p></td>
| |
| − | <td> "+80 <br/>
| |
| − | <p>+350<br/>
| |
| − | +51 <br/>
| |
| − | +18"
| |
| − | </p></td>
| |
| − | </tr>
| |
| − | <tr>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <td> District Total </td>
| |
| − | <td> 2,137 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 3 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 1,135 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 2,26,443 </td>
| |
| − | <td> 106 </td>
| |
| − | <td> +63
| |
| − |
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| − | <p> </p>
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| − | </p></td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | </table>
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| − | <td> 81,930 </td>
| |
| − | </tr>
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| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | </table>
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| − | <p> </p>
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| | <tr> | | <tr> |
| Line 1,823: |
Line 93: |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Township</span></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><span>Kjaiklat</span></p> |
| | </td> | | </td> |
| | | | |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Area in Sq. Mile</span></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">277</p> |
| | </td> | | </td> |
| | | | |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Number of Towns</span></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"> </p> |
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| | | | |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Number of Villages</span></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">394</p> |
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| | | | |
| Line 1,848: |
Line 118: |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span>Pyapon</span></span><span> </span></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><span>Dedaye</span></p> |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span>Bogale</span></span><span> <br/></span></p>
| + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | <span class="SpellE">Kjaiklat</span> <br/>
| + | |
| − | <span class="SpellE">Dedaye</span>
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
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| | | | |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>431 </span></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">372</p> |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>1,057 <br/></span></p>
| + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 277
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>372"</span></p>
| + | |
| | </td> | | </td> |
| | | | |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>I </span></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">1</p> |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span><br/></span></p>
| + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | I <br/>
| + | |
| − | I
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| | </td> | | </td> |
| | | | |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>157 </span></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">312</p> |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>272 <br/></span></p>
| + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 394 <br/>
| + | |
| − | 312
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| | </td> | | </td> |
| | | | |
| Line 1,898: |
Line 143: |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>District Total</span></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><span>District Total</span></p> |
| | </td> | | </td> |
| | | | |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>2,137</span></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><span>2,137</span></p> |
| | </td> | | </td> |
| | | | |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
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| | | | |
| | <td valign="top" width="154"> | | <td valign="top" width="154"> |
| | | | |
| − | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>1,135</span></p> | + | <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><span>1,135</span></p> |
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| Line 1,920: |
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