Latest revision as of 19:31, 15 August 2023

[edit] An overview

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Anjishnu Das , August 12, 2023: The Indian Express

District-wise religious breakdown, Census 2011
From: Anjishnu Das , August 12, 2023: The Indian Express

First CM of Manipur state was a Meitei Pangal. It is a long way since then, with the Muslim community very small compared to Meitei and tribal populations, and confined to a few areas.

The Meiteis are the largest ethnic group in Manipur, making up 53% of the state’s population. More than 80% of the Meiteis are Hindu and just under 10% follow Islam, as per Census 2011. The first Muslims are believed to have settled in Manipur around the early 17th century. Though some scholars believe there was a small Muslim population in Manipur before the 1600s, the first major wave of Muslim settlement began after a failed invasion of the Manipuri kingdom, then known as Kangleipak.

An army of Muslim soldiers from Sylhet (in present-day Bangladesh) was defeated and captured by King Khagemba, the Manipuri ruler between 1597 and 1652. Khagemba is said to have allowed the soldiers to settle in Manipur, where they eventually assimilated into the local communities, marrying into Meitei families and adopting the Meitei language as their mother tongue.

Muslim migration from Bengal and other regions continued under Khagemba’s reign and continued until the mid-19th century. The Manipuri kingdom employed many Muslims in its military and administration. Muslim soldiers helped repel invasions from Burma in the 18th century and by the British in the 19th century.

The descendents of the early Muslim migrants came to be known as Meitei Pangals. Academics disagree on the origins of the term – some claim it is derived from ‘Mangal’, a local variation of the word ‘Mughal’, while others say it is derived from ‘Bangal’, from where they had migrated in several waves.

Meitei-Pangal riots of 1993

Though they have belonged to the same ethnic group for centuries, the Hindu Meiteis and Pangals have clashed in the past, most notably in the 1993 riots.

There are conflicting reports on what sparked off the violence, with most accounts attributing it to actions by Meitei rebels. On May 3, 1993, Meitei mobs attacked Muslim settlements and businesses in the Muslim-dominated area of Lilong in Thoubal district.

The government put the death toll at around 100, though Pangal groups say it was closer to 140.

Following the riots, in September 1994, the Manipur government granted Other Backward Classes (OBC) status to Meitei Pangals and introduced 4% reservation for them in government jobs and higher education.

Muslims in present-day Manipur

Data from Census 2011 shows that Hindus and Christians make up about the same proportion of Manipur’s population, at 41.4% and 41.3%, respectively. Muslims, including Meitei Pangals, account for 8.4% of the population.

There are four districts with sizeable Muslim populations – Thoubal, Imphal East, Imphal West and Bishnupur. All four of these districts, however, have a Hindu majority.

Nearly half the state’s Muslim population lives in Thoubal, while accounting for only a quarter of the district’s total population.

In Kwakta, where three Meiteis were killed on Sunday, Muslims account for 91.5% of the population, followed by Hindus at 5.7% and Christians at 0.3%. Kwakta is close to the border between Bishnupur and Churachandpur, where 93% of the population is Christian.

Manipur has 60 Assembly seats, of which there are about 18 with large enough Muslim populations to swing the vote. In the 2022 Assembly polls, parties fielded a total of 16 Muslim candidates in just four of these seats, of whom only three won.