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| | [[Category:Communities | ]] | | [[Category:Communities | ]] |
| | [[Category:Places |S ]] | | [[Category:Places |S ]] |
| − |
| |
| − | CONTENTS.
| |
| − | PART
| |
| − | I.
| |
| − | NEPA
| |
| − | L.
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | I.
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | COUNTRYZAND
| |
| − | PEOPLE.
| |
| − | Ihxiption
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | country-the
| |
| − | people-army-weepons-outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | history-
| |
| − | Major
| |
| − | Kinlooh's
| |
| − | expedition,
| |
| − | 1767-Nepal-Tibetan
| |
| − | war-Chinem
| |
| − | sesist
| |
| − | Tibet--defeat
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Qurkhee-Colonel
| |
| − | Kirkpatrick's
| |
| − | mission.
| |
| − | 1793-Treaty
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 1801-Nepal
| |
| − | war,
| |
| − | 1814--!lbaty
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Segowlie,
| |
| − | 1816-war
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | Tibet,
| |
| − | 1%
| |
| − | Nopalem
| |
| − | sesistanoe
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1867-Revolutions,
| |
| − | 1886-Miasions
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Pekin
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 1
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | 11.
| |
| − | MILITARY
| |
| − | OPERATIONS.
| |
| − | 16.for
| |
| − | .ginlooh's
| |
| − | expedition,
| |
| − | 1767-Nepel
| |
| − | war,
| |
| − | 1814-16-Nepal
| |
| − | war,
| |
| − | 1816-
| |
| − | Appendices
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | . . .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 7
| |
| − | PART
| |
| − | II.
| |
| − | SIKKIM.
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | 111.
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | COUNTRY
| |
| − | AND
| |
| − | PEOPLE.
| |
| − | Mption
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | country--climate-the
| |
| − | people-outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | history-firat
| |
| − | con-
| |
| − | bot
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British,
| |
| − | 18lkAnglo-Sikkh888
| |
| − | treaty,
| |
| − | 1817-Cession
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Dar-
| |
| − | jaeling.
| |
| − | 18BLwkm
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Doctors
| |
| − | Campbell
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Hooker,
| |
| − | 1849-annexetion
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Terai-British
| |
| − | subjects
| |
| − | kidnapped,
| |
| − | 18B0--Colonel
| |
| − | Qawler'e
| |
| − | expedition,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | snbmquent
| |
| − | treaty-&.
| |
| − | Edgar's
| |
| − | mission,
| |
| − | 1873--conetmction
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Jelap
| |
| − | La
| |
| − | road-Macaulay
| |
| − | mimion,
| |
| − | 1886--troubles
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | Tibet-the
| |
| − | Sikkim
| |
| − | eqeditiin,
| |
| − | 1886-Tibetans
| |
| − | expelled-Chine
| |
| − | recognizes
| |
| − | our
| |
| − | euzerainty
| |
| − | over
| |
| − | Bikkim-British
| |
| − | Political
| |
| − | Officer
| |
| − | appointed
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Qantok-Raja
| |
| − | tries
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | esoape
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Tibet,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | pld
| |
| − | under
| |
| − | enrveillance-&.
| |
| − | White's
| |
| − | Boundary
| |
| − | commis-
| |
| − | ah,
| |
| − | 1896-him
| |
| − | tom
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1-administration
| |
| − | st
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | preeent
| |
| − | time
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 39
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | IV.
| |
| − | -
| |
| − | MILITARY
| |
| − | OPERATIONS.
| |
| − | Expedition
| |
| − | under
| |
| − | Captain
| |
| − | Barre
| |
| − | Latter
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 18lkthe
| |
| − | 1860
| |
| − | expedition-Lien+-
| |
| − | Colonel
| |
| − | Qealer's
| |
| − | expedition,
| |
| − | 1860-Ueneral
| |
| − | Graham's expedition.
| |
| − | 1888
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 45
| |
| − | PART
| |
| − | Ill.
| |
| − | TIBET.
| |
| − | . .
| |
| − | .-~
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | V.
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | COUNTRY
| |
| − | BND
| |
| − | PEOPLE.
| |
| − | PA01
| |
| − | Dewription
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | country-trade-the people-religion-buildings--govern-
| |
| − | ment-the
| |
| − | army-Tibet's exolusive
| |
| − | policy--outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | history-conqueet
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Tibet
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | Jenghiz
| |
| − | Khan
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1206-adoption
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Lamaism
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | Kubilai
| |
| − | Khan,
| |
| − | 125eMongols
| |
| − | overmn
| |
| − | Tibet,
| |
| − | l&K)--end
| |
| − | in~tcrll
| |
| − | Dgang-wasg-Lo-Zang
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | head
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Central government
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | Lhasa--Chinese
| |
| − | army
| |
| − | enters Tibet
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | end
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | seventeenth century,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | again
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1717-growth
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Chineae
| |
| − | inflnenoe-Mr.
| |
| − | Bogle's mission
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1774-4urkha
| |
| − | mission,
| |
| − | 1792-resulta
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Colonel
| |
| − | Kirk-
| |
| − | patrick's
| |
| − | mission
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Khatmandu--Chinese
| |
| − | assist
| |
| − | Tibet
| |
| − | during
| |
| − | Dogra
| |
| − | invasion
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1841-Nepaleae
| |
| − | invade
| |
| − | Tibet,
| |
| − | 18.54,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | subsequently
| |
| − | eetablieh
| |
| − | I,
| |
| − | trading station
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | Lhasa-disturbanoea
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | Eestern
| |
| − | Tibet,
| |
| − | 1883-Mr.
| |
| − | Edgar'a
| |
| − | miasion,
| |
| − | 1873-barring of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Jelap
| |
| − | La
| |
| − | road
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | Tibetans--subaobuent
| |
| − | expedi-
| |
| − | tion
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | expel
| |
| − | them-Niti
| |
| − | expedition
| |
| − | 1889-and
| |
| − | Chinese
| |
| − | convent ion,
| |
| − | 1890-
| |
| − | ettitude
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | China
| |
| − | towards
| |
| − | Tibet-Boundary commission,
| |
| − | 1896-mfluenoe
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Russia -the
| |
| − | Tibet
| |
| − | mission.
| |
| − | 1903-convention.
| |
| − | 190Pthe
| |
| − | Dalai
| |
| − | Lama-
| |
| − | Teshi
| |
| − | Lama's
| |
| − | visit
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | India--disturbances in
| |
| − | Echstern
| |
| − | Tibet.
| |
| − | 1906-Chine's
| |
| − | objections
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | convention
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 1904,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | hrr
| |
| − | subsequent
| |
| − | ratification
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | it-
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | polioy
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | . . . .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | . .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | . .
| |
| − | 66
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | VI.
| |
| − | MILITARY
| |
| − | OPERATIONS.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | Niti expedition
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 1889-the
| |
| − | Tibet
| |
| − | mission,
| |
| − | 190344-Appndicea-strength
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | mission
| |
| − | eecort.
| |
| − | 1903-04-abstract
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | casualties-letters from
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | Dur-
| |
| − | bar
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Tibetans--convention
| |
| − | between
| |
| − | Great Britain
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Tibet,
| |
| − | 1904.
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 87
| |
| − | PART
| |
| − | IV.
| |
| − | BHUTAN.
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | VII.
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | COUNTRY
| |
| − | ANDjPEOPLE.
| |
| − | Description
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | country-the
| |
| − | people-religion-trade-administration-mil-
| |
| − | tary
| |
| − | forces-arms-methods
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | fighting--outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | history-the
| |
| − | Tephm-
| |
| − | Kampa
| |
| − | sepop
| |
| − | form a colony
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | Bhutan-4heptun
| |
| − | La-pha
| |
| − | made
| |
| − | Dharma
| |
| − | Raja-Deb
| |
| − | Jeedah-revolutions-relations
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | Tibet-with
| |
| − | China-with
| |
| − | Nepal-and
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British-Captain Jones' expedition. 1773--Captain
| |
| − | Pemberton's
| |
| − | mission,
| |
| − | 1837-annexation
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Assam
| |
| − | dwrra-Bhutan-
| |
| − | raids
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | ham-Ashley
| |
| − | Eden's mission,
| |
| − | 18834--expedition,
| |
| − | 1864-Anglo-Bhu-
| |
| − | tan-
| |
| − | treaty.
| |
| − | 186.5-Reid
| |
| − | on Chunbuti in
| |
| − | 1880-Bhutanese
| |
| − | attitude
| |
| − | during
| |
| − | Tibet
| |
| − | mission-Mr.
| |
| − | White's
| |
| − | mission,
| |
| − | 1905-pmsent
| |
| − | relations with
| |
| − | Bhutan
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 111
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | VIII.
| |
| − | MILITARY
| |
| − | OPHRATION.
| |
| − | PIG.
| |
| − | aptsin
| |
| − | Jonea'
| |
| − | expedition,
| |
| − | 1773-frontier
| |
| − | affair
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1828--operetion8
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1836-
| |
| − | akirmish
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1836-0perations
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1864, 1865,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | 1806
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 134
| |
| − | PART
| |
| − | V.
| |
| − | ASdAM.
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | IX.
| |
| − | ASS.4
| |
| − | M
| |
| − | PROPER.
| |
| − | Bomdariee
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | country-Aham
| |
| − | invasion
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | thirteenth
| |
| − | oanturp--Csptein
| |
| − | WeWa
| |
| − | expecttion,
| |
| − | 1792-first
| |
| − | Burmese
| |
| − | war,
| |
| − | 1824-The
| |
| − | hill
| |
| − | tribee-the
| |
| − | "Innerline"-bestaeasonforoperations
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 167
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | X.
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | NORTHERN
| |
| − | HILL TRIBES.
| |
| − | Meam
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | control
| |
| − | over
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | tribes-the
| |
| − | term
| |
| − | "Abor
| |
| − | "-the
| |
| − | extra Bhutan
| |
| − | Bhutim-
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | U-aption
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | their country-arms
| |
| − | and tactics-outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | his-
| |
| − | tory-the
| |
| − | Aka
| |
| − | expedition
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 1883-The
| |
| − | Dsphles-the
| |
| − | oountry
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | people--
| |
| − | reletions
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British-Daphla
| |
| − | expedition
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 1874-The
| |
| − | Miris-The
| |
| − | Abors-the
| |
| − | counbry
| |
| − | end
| |
| − | people-arms
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | tactics-outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | expeditions
| |
| − | ageinst
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Abors-the
| |
| − | expedition
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 1858-tho
| |
| − | 1859
| |
| − | expedition-the
| |
| − | 1894
| |
| − | expedition
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | . .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .If30
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | XI.
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | NORTH-E.4STER.N
| |
| − | HILL TRIBES.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | ahmis-the
| |
| − | people-attitude towards
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Indian
| |
| − | government-outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | history-Lieutenent
| |
| − | Eden's expedition,
| |
| − | 1856-expedition
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 1899-The
| |
| − | ~mtb-outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | &tory--The Singphos-the
| |
| − | oountry
| |
| − | end
| |
| − | people-arms
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | taotioe--outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | history-captain
| |
| − | Neufville's
| |
| − | operetions
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1825
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 180
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | XII.
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | BOUTHERN
| |
| − | HILL TRIBES.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | Qaro
| |
| − | hilla-The
| |
| − | Khaai
| |
| − | Hills-Jaintie-Cacher
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | . .
| |
| − | 1~
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | XIII.
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | NACJA
| |
| − | HILLS.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | people-tribal
| |
| − | divisions-outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | history-fiat
| |
| − | relations
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Britieh-Naga
| |
| − | raids.
| |
| − | 1857-British
| |
| − | hident
| |
| − | aent
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Samaguting.
| |
| − | 1886-
| |
| − | murder
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | aurveyore-punitive
| |
| − | expedition,
| |
| − | 1876+xpedition
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1877-Atbk
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | Kohima-1880
| |
| − | expedition
| |
| − | . .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | ,
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 200
| |
| − | CONTENTS.
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | XIV.
| |
| − | MANZPUR.
| |
| − | PAOP
| |
| − | mtry
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | people--y-first
| |
| − | contact
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British.
| |
| − | 1782-the
| |
| − | tiret
| |
| − | Burmeae
| |
| − | war-Manipur
| |
| − | aesiatance
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | British Government
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | Naga
| |
| − | wsr
| |
| − | 1879-revolution
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1890-the
| |
| − | Manipnr
| |
| − | expedition,
| |
| − | 1801
| |
| − | . .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 219
| |
| − | PART
| |
| − | VI.
| |
| − | '
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | LUSHAIS.
| |
| − | --
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | XV.
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | COUNTRY
| |
| − | AND
| |
| − | PEOPLE.
| |
| − | Dewription
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | country-arms
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | tactics-outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | history-Csptain
| |
| − | Blackwood's
| |
| − | expedition,
| |
| − | 1844-Colonel
| |
| − | Liter's
| |
| − | expedition,
| |
| − | 1M0-Genod
| |
| − | Nuthall's
| |
| − | expedition,
| |
| − | 1888-raids
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1871-punitive
| |
| − | expedition and
| |
| − | terms,
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | peace,
| |
| − | 1871-attnok
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | police,
| |
| − | 1W3-renewed
| |
| − | raids--Colonel
| |
| − | Trrgenr'a
| |
| − | expihion,
| |
| − | 1888-89-Chin-Luahai
| |
| − | gxpdition.
| |
| − | 1889-00-attack
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | Aijd,
| |
| − | 1890-punitive
| |
| − | meaanree-raid
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1SW
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | punitive
| |
| − | operations
| |
| − | andem
| |
| − | Cbptsia
| |
| − | Laok-operatiom
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1893-preeont
| |
| − | adminiatration
| |
| − | . .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | 331
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | XVI.
| |
| − | MILITARY
| |
| − | OPERATIONS.
| |
| − | Expedition
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 1871-72--sxpedition
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 1888-89-the
| |
| − | Chin-Lnshai
| |
| − | expedition,
| |
| − | 1889-90
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | . .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | . . . .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | !W
| |
| − | LIST
| |
| − | OF
| |
| − | MAPS.
| |
| − | Sketoh
| |
| − | map
| |
| − | toillnetrate
| |
| − | Volume
| |
| − | IV
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | pot#.
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | , ,
| |
| − | General
| |
| − | Ochterlony's
| |
| − | operations
| |
| − | round
| |
| − | Malam
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | feae
| |
| − | p.~e
| |
| − | 14
| |
| − | 8Letah
| |
| − | map
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | round
| |
| − | Khatmundu
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | 20
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | illustrate
| |
| − | operations
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | Sikki
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | rm
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | 9,
| |
| − | .,
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | advanoe
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Gyantse
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | tr
| |
| − | 88
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Jong
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Qompa of
| |
| − | Qyantse
| |
| − | . .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | -
| |
| − | 96
| |
| − | Reoonneiaeenoe
| |
| − | sketah
| |
| − | from
| |
| − | Pda
| |
| − | village
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | I.
| |
| − | 06
| |
| − | =etch
| |
| − | map illustrating
| |
| − | operations
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | Bhutan
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | .
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | ,,
| |
| − | 186
| |
| − | NEPAL.
| |
| − | CHAPTER
| |
| − | I.
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | COUXTRP
| |
| − | AND
| |
| − | PEOPLE.
| |
| − | THE
| |
| − | modern
| |
| − | kingdom
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | narrow
| |
| − | tract
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | ex-
| |
| − | tending
| |
| − | for
| |
| − | 520
| |
| − | miles
| |
| − | along
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | southern
| |
| − | slopes
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Hima.
| |
| − | layas,
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | varying
| |
| − | breadth
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | from
| |
| − | 90
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | 140
| |
| − | miles.
| |
| − | It
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | bounded
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | north
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | Tibet;
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | east
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | Sikkim
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | river
| |
| − | Mechi;
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | south
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | Bengal,
| |
| − | Oudh,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Rohilkhand;
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | west
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | liumaun.
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | thus
| |
| − | surrounded
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | three
| |
| − | sides
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | territory.
| |
| − | Of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | fourth,
| |
| − | or
| |
| − | Tibetan,
| |
| − | frontier, formed
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | main range
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Himslayas, little
| |
| − | is known.
| |
| − | Previous
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | 1815
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | kingdom
| |
| − | included
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | up
| |
| − | to the
| |
| − | river Sutlej,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | also
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Sikkim
| |
| − | territory
| |
| − | west
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Tista
| |
| − | river.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | consists
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | four
| |
| − | distinct
| |
| − | zones
| |
| − | running
| |
| − | cast
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | west
| |
| − | :
| |
| − | namely,
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Terai,
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Dhuns,
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Hill
| |
| − | Country,
| |
| − | and the
| |
| − | Alpine
| |
| − | Region.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | Terai
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | belt
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | country,
| |
| − | thirty
| |
| − | miles
| |
| − | wide,
| |
| − | skirting
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Tho
| |
| − | Tcrci.
| |
| − | British frontier,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | divided
| |
| − | into
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | open
| |
| − | Terai
| |
| − | and the
| |
| − | Bhaver.
| |
| − | Of
| |
| − | these
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | open
| |
| − | Tcrai
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | marshy
| |
| − | land
| |
| − | slightly
| |
| − | lower
| |
| − | than
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | adjoining
| |
| − | plains,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | is now
| |
| − | almost
| |
| − | entirely cultivated. The climate
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | exceedingly
| |
| − | unhealthy
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | the hot
| |
| − | weather
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | rains.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | Bhaver,
| |
| − | or
| |
| − | prim~val
| |
| − | sd
| |
| − | forest, has
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | climate even
| |
| − | more
| |
| − | malarious
| |
| − | than
| |
| − | that
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Terai.
| |
| − | 'There
| |
| − | are
| |
| − | small patches
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | cultivation
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | heart
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | forest,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Terai
| |
| − | edge
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | forest is gradually retiring,
| |
| − | as
| |
| − | fresh
| |
| − | land
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | brought under cultivation.
| |
| − | This
| |
| − | jungle
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | almost
| |
| − | un-
| |
| − | inhabited, and
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | only
| |
| − | valuable
| |
| − | for
| |
| − | its
| |
| − | timber
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | elephants.
| |
| − | At
| |
| − | two points
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | Terai is
| |
| − | broken,
| |
| − | ciz.,
| |
| − | between
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Oria
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | river
| |
| − | Gandak,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Dundwa
| |
| − | hills.
| |
| − | Here
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | territory
| |
| − | advances
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Sandstone
| |
| − | range.
| |
| − | Separating
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | sCil
| |
| − | forest
| |
| − | from
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | second zone
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Sandstone
| |
| − | -
| |
| − | range
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | more or
| |
| − | less
| |
| − | pronounced
| |
| − | ridge
| |
| − | Dhuns
| |
| − | or
| |
| − | Mnrris.
| |
| − | running
| |
| − | along
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | whole
| |
| − | frontier,
| |
| − | rising
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | about
| |
| − | 3,000
| |
| − | feet
| |
| − | above
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | sea,
| |
| − | or
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | 600
| |
| − | 'or
| |
| − | 800
| |
| − | feet
| |
| − | above
| |
| − | VOL
| |
| − | Iv.
| |
| − | B
| |
| − | 2
| |
| − | FRONTIER
| |
| − | AHD
| |
| − | OVERSEAS
| |
| − | EXPEDIPIONS
| |
| − | PROM
| |
| − | INDIA.
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | surrounding
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | it
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | covered
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | dense
| |
| − | jungle,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | impassable,
| |
| − | except
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | passes,
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | none
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | which
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | there
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | good
| |
| − | road. The
| |
| − | Dhuns
| |
| − | are
| |
| − | valleys
| |
| − | lying
| |
| − | behind
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | sandstone
| |
| − | range,
| |
| − | generally
| |
| − | 2,600
| |
| − | feet
| |
| − | above
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | sea.
| |
| − | Their
| |
| − | soil
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | alluvial
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | capable
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | very
| |
| − | high
| |
| − | cultivation.
| |
| − | From
| |
| − | motives
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | isolation
| |
| − | policy
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepalese allow
| |
| − | these
| |
| − | valleys
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | remain
| |
| − | covered
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | jungle.
| |
| − | North
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | theDhuns
| |
| − | lie
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Himalayas,
| |
| − | hill
| |
| − | succeeding
| |
| − | hill,
| |
| − | Rill
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Alpine
| |
| − | until
| |
| − | they
| |
| − | cu~miiate
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | vast
| |
| − | snowy
| |
| − | region.
| |
| − | range. This
| |
| − | region
| |
| − | may
| |
| − | be divided
| |
| − | into
| |
| − | two
| |
| − | zones:-The
| |
| − | Grst,
| |
| − | up
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | height
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 10,000 feet,
| |
| − | includes
| |
| − | numerous
| |
| − | well
| |
| − | watered,
| |
| − | populous,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | highly
| |
| − | cultivated
| |
| − | valleys,
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | average
| |
| − | elevation
| |
| − | of 4,000
| |
| − | feet.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | second
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Alpine
| |
| − | region,
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | which
| |
| − | cultivation
| |
| − | is carried
| |
| − | up
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | a height
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 13,000 feet.
| |
| − | This
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | divided,
| |
| − | by four
| |
| − | massive
| |
| − | offshoots
| |
| − | from
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | main
| |
| − | Himalayan
| |
| − | range,
| |
| − | into
| |
| − | three mountain
| |
| − | basins. These,
| |
| − | with Nepal
| |
| − | Proper,
| |
| − | or
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | valley
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Baghmati
| |
| − | river,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Terai,
| |
| − | form
| |
| − | five
| |
| − | natural
| |
| − | provinces,
| |
| − | namely
| |
| − | -
| |
| − | 1.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | Terai.
| |
| − | 4.
| |
| − | Central
| |
| − | Nepal,
| |
| − | or
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Gandak
| |
| − | 2.
| |
| − | Eastern
| |
| − | Nepal,
| |
| − | or
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Kosi
| |
| − | basin.
| |
| − | basin.
| |
| − | 5.
| |
| − | Western
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | or
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Karnal
| |
| − | 3.
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | valley.
| |
| − | basin.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | whole
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | communications
| |
| − | throughout
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | may
| |
| − | be
| |
| − | classed
| |
| − | as
| |
| − | bad.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | Nepalese
| |
| − | have
| |
| − | always
| |
| − | set their
| |
| − | faces
| |
| − | against
| |
| − | any
| |
| − | improvement
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | this
| |
| − | respect,
| |
| − | trusting
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | natural
| |
| − | inaccess-
| |
| − | ibility
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | as
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | best
| |
| − | means
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | preventing
| |
| − | invasion.
| |
| − | Only
| |
| − | one
| |
| − | route
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | open
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Europeans-that
| |
| − | from
| |
| − | Segowlie
| |
| − | ui&
| |
| − | Etaunda
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Khatmandu.
| |
| − | All
| |
| − | authentic
| |
| − | information
| |
| − | ceases
| |
| − | as
| |
| − | soon
| |
| − | as
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Sandstone
| |
| − | range
| |
| − | is passed. Most
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | routes
| |
| − | are
| |
| − | only
| |
| − | practicable
| |
| − | for hill ponies or mules,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | some
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | those
| |
| − | into
| |
| − | Tibet
| |
| − | only
| |
| − | for
| |
| − | sheep
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | yaks. The numerous
| |
| − | hill
| |
| − | rivers
| |
| − | are
| |
| − | only
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | be
| |
| − | crossed
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | rope
| |
| − | bridges.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | original
| |
| − | inhabitants
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | would
| |
| − | appear
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | have
| |
| − | been
| |
| − | People.
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Mongolian origin.
| |
| − | With
| |
| − | them
| |
| − | there
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | now
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | admixture
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Hindu
| |
| − | stock.
| |
| − | Thakur
| |
| − | and Khas
| |
| − | are descendants
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Brahman
| |
| − | invaders
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | form
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | highest
| |
| − | social
| |
| − | class.
| |
| − | Next
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | them
| |
| − | come
| |
| − | Magars
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Gurungs,
| |
| − | aboriginal
| |
| − | tribes
| |
| − | who
| |
| − | have
| |
| − | been
| |
| − | admitted
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Hindu
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | privileges
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Kahatriya
| |
| − | caste.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | Limbus,
| |
| − | Rais,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | NEPAL.
| |
| − | 3
| |
| − | Sunwars
| |
| − | are
| |
| − | also aboriginals.
| |
| − | All
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | above
| |
| − | are termed
| |
| − | Gurkhaa.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | term
| |
| − | Gurkha
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | not
| |
| − | limited
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | any
| |
| − | class or clan,
| |
| − | but
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | applied
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | all
| |
| − | those
| |
| − | whose
| |
| − | ancestors
| |
| − | inhabited
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Gurkha,
| |
| − | fifty-five
| |
| − | miles
| |
| − | west
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Khatmandu,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | from
| |
| − | which
| |
| − | they
| |
| − | extended
| |
| − | their
| |
| − | con-
| |
| − | quests.
| |
| − | Other
| |
| − | aboriginals
| |
| − | are
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Newars,
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | intelligent
| |
| − | people
| |
| − | living
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepal valley
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | Lepchas
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Bhatias,
| |
| − | hill
| |
| − | tribes
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | Dhotials,
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | inhabitants
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Western
| |
| − | Nepal;
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Tharus,
| |
| − | low
| |
| − | caste
| |
| − | Hindus
| |
| − | who dwell
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | t,he
| |
| − | Terai
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | are
| |
| − | immune
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | malaria.
| |
| − | We
| |
| − | enlist
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | first
| |
| − | four
| |
| − | classes.named
| |
| − | above,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | also
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | few
| |
| − | Newars.
| |
| − | Limbus,
| |
| − | Rais,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Sunwars
| |
| − | have
| |
| − | also
| |
| − | served
| |
| − | us
| |
| − | well
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | Burma.
| |
| − | There
| |
| − | are
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | present
| |
| − | (1906)
| |
| − | about
| |
| − | 22,000
| |
| − | Gurkhas serving
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | Army,
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | keep
| |
| − | up
| |
| − | which
| |
| − | strength
| |
| − | Nepal furnishes
| |
| − | annually
| |
| − | 1,667
| |
| − | recruits.
| |
| − | As
| |
| − | compared
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | other
| |
| − | orientals
| |
| − | Gurkhas
| |
| − | are
| |
| − | bold,
| |
| − | endur-
| |
| − | ing,
| |
| − | faithful,
| |
| − | frank, very
| |
| − | independent,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | self-reliant
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | in their
| |
| − | own
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | they
| |
| − | are
| |
| − | jealous
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | foreigners
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | self-asserting.
| |
| − | The population
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | estimated
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | us
| |
| − | (1883)
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | 2,000,000
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepalese
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1901
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | 5,000,000
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | Colonel
| |
| − | Vansittart
| |
| − | (1906)
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | 4,000,000.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | standing
| |
| − | army
| |
| − | has
| |
| − | been
| |
| − | estimated-
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | addition
| |
| − | there
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | army
| |
| − | reserve
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | which
| |
| − | it
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | thought
| |
| − | that
| |
| − | these numbers
| |
| − | could
| |
| − | be very quickly
| |
| − | doubled.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1839
| |
| − | it
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | estimated
| |
| − | that
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | fighting
| |
| − | tribes
| |
| − | would
| |
| − | produce
| |
| − | 109,000
| |
| − | able-
| |
| − | bodied fighting
| |
| − | men.
| |
| − | The real
| |
| − | national
| |
| − | weapon
| |
| − | is
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | kukri, a
| |
| − | short,
| |
| − | curved,
| |
| − | broad-
| |
| − | Arms.
| |
| − | bladed
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | heavy
| |
| − | knife.
| |
| − | No
| |
| − | exact
| |
| − | state-
| |
| − | ment
| |
| − | can be made
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | their other
| |
| − | arms.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1814
| |
| − | they
| |
| − | were
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | possession
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | a considerable
| |
| − | number
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | match-
| |
| − | locks.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1892
| |
| − | it
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | thought
| |
| − | that
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | whole
| |
| − | army
| |
| − | could
| |
| − | be
| |
| − | pro-
| |
| − | vided
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | Snider
| |
| − | rifles.
| |
| − | Ip
| |
| − | 1894
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Government
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | India,
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | stop
| |
| − | B
| |
| − | 2
| |
| − | 4
| |
| − | FRONTIZR
| |
| − | AND
| |
| − | -
| |
| − | OVERSEA8 EXPEDITIONS
| |
| − | PROM
| |
| − | INDIA.
| |
| − | smuggling,
| |
| − | provided
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepalese
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | 8,000
| |
| − | Martini-Henry
| |
| − | rifles.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1905
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Resident
| |
| − | reported
| |
| − | that
| |
| − | there
| |
| − | were 107
| |
| − | serviceable
| |
| − | guns.
| |
| − | There
| |
| − | is a
| |
| − | factory
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | Soondrijal,
| |
| − | where
| |
| − | maxims,
| |
| − | mountain
| |
| − | guns,
| |
| − | rifles,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | ammunition have
| |
| − | been
| |
| − | manuf,zctured.
| |
| − | As
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | its
| |
| − | work
| |
| − | Colonel
| |
| − | R.
| |
| − | Pears reports
| |
| − | in 1902
| |
| − | that
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | rifles,
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | modification of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Martini-Henry,
| |
| − | seem
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | him
| |
| − | ''
| |
| − | serviceable."
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1749
| |
| − | Prithwi Narayan,
| |
| − | King
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Gurkhas,
| |
| − | began
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | extend
| |
| − | his
| |
| − | territory
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | absorb
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | small
| |
| − | states
| |
| − | Outline
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | History.
| |
| − | about
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | valley.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | last
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | independent
| |
| − | Newar
| |
| − | Rajas
| |
| − | appealed
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | for help,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | expedition
| |
| − | under
| |
| − | Major
| |
| − | Kinloch
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | despatched.
| |
| − | It
| |
| − | did
| |
| − | not,
| |
| − | however,
| |
| − | penetrate
| |
| − | beyond
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Terai,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Prithwi Narayan
| |
| − | captured
| |
| − | Khatmandu. By
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | year
| |
| − | 1790
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Gurkhas
| |
| − | had
| |
| − | obtained
| |
| − | possession
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | all
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | country
| |
| − | from
| |
| − | Bhutan
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Kashmir,
| |
| − | and from
| |
| − | Tibet
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | provinces.
| |
| − | About
| |
| − | this
| |
| − | time
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | regency,
| |
| − | tempted
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | great
| |
| − | riches
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | monasteries
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | Tibet, determined
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | make
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | attempt
| |
| − | upon them.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | pretext
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | war
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | that
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Tibetans
| |
| − | insisted
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | circulating
| |
| − | base
| |
| − | coin.
| |
| − | -4
| |
| − | Gurkha
| |
| − | Army,
| |
| − | 18,000
| |
| − | strong,
| |
| − | covered
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | 398 miles
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | shigatse
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | great rapidity,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | plundered
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | palace.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | Tibetans
| |
| − | meantime
| |
| − | entreated
| |
| − | help from
| |
| − | Pckin, and,
| |
| − | upon
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepalese defying
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Chinese
| |
| − | demands,
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | Chinese
| |
| − | Army
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 70,000
| |
| − | men,
| |
| − | provided with
| |
| − | leathern
| |
| − | guns,
| |
| − | advanced. They defeated
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Gurkhas
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | Tengri
| |
| − | Maidan,
| |
| − | and then
| |
| − | finally
| |
| − | crushed
| |
| − | them
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | Naia-
| |
| − | -
| |
| − | kot
| |
| − | near
| |
| − | Khatmandu.
| |
| − | Peace
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | made
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | terms
| |
| − | humiliating
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Nepal.
| |
| − | She
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | restore
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | plunder
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | pay
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | annual
| |
| − | tribute
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Emperor
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | send
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | embassy
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Pekin
| |
| − | once
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | five
| |
| − | years.
| |
| − | Unable
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | withstand
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Chinese,
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Gurkhas
| |
| − | had
| |
| − | appealed
| |
| − | to the
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | Government
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | Mis-
| |
| − | Mission,
| |
| − | 1798.
| |
| − | sion
| |
| − | under
| |
| − | Colonel
| |
| − | Kirkpatrick
| |
| − | reached
| |
| − | Naiakot
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | March 1793.
| |
| − | By
| |
| − | that
| |
| − | time,
| |
| − | however,
| |
| − | peace
| |
| − | had
| |
| − | been
| |
| − | concluded.
| |
| − | A
| |
| − | commercial
| |
| − | treaty
| |
| − | between
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Nepalese
| |
| − | -
| |
| − | Governments
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | signed,
| |
| − | but
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepalese
| |
| − | appeared determined
| |
| − | -
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | avoid
| |
| − | closer
| |
| − | acquaintance,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Kirkpatrick quitted
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1793.
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | policy
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | this time
| |
| − | seems
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | have
| |
| − | alienated
| |
| − | both
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Gurkhas
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Chinese.
| |
| − | 1
| |
| − | Aitchison's
| |
| − | Trediea,
| |
| − | Engagements,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Snnoda,
| |
| − | Vol.
| |
| − | 11,
| |
| − | No.
| |
| − | LIT.
| |
| − | e
| |
| − | I.'ide
| |
| − | page
| |
| − | 77.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1801
| |
| − | another
| |
| − | treaty
| |
| − | was signed,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Captain
| |
| − | W.
| |
| − | D.
| |
| − | Knox
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | appointed
| |
| − | Resident
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | court
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Nepal. Being dissatisfied
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | political
| |
| − | conduct
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepalese,
| |
| − | he withdrew in March
| |
| − | 1803,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | January
| |
| − | 1804
| |
| − | Lord
| |
| − | Wellesley
| |
| − | formally
| |
| − | dissolved
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | alliance.
| |
| − | From this
| |
| − | time
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepalese
| |
| − | carried
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | system
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | outrage
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | encroachment
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | frontier
| |
| − | which led
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Expedition,
| |
| − | 1814.
| |
| − | declaration
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | war
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Brit,ish
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1814.
| |
| − | After a
| |
| − | series
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | operations
| |
| − | Sir
| |
| − | David
| |
| − | Ochterlony
| |
| − | penetrated
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | hfokwanpur,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | the treaty
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Segowlie9
| |
| − | was signed
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | December
| |
| − | 1815,
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | terms
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | which
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | kingdom
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | limited
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | its
| |
| − | present
| |
| − | eastern
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | western
| |
| − | boundaries
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | large
| |
| − | part
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Terai
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | ceded
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | ;
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | Resident
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | appointed.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1839,
| |
| − | upon
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | overt,hrow
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | veteran
| |
| − | prime
| |
| − | minister
| |
| − | Bhim
| |
| − | Sen
| |
| − | Tappa,
| |
| − | hostility towards
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | Government assumed
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | open
| |
| − | form.
| |
| − | The British
| |
| − | success, however,
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | Afghanistan,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | presence
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | corps
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | observation
| |
| − | on
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | frontier,
| |
| − | had
| |
| − | -
| |
| − | their
| |
| − | effect,
| |
| − | a6d
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | Durbar
| |
| − | promised
| |
| − | good
| |
| − | behaviour.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1848
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | offer
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | assist
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Indian
| |
| − | Army against
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Sikhs
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | made,
| |
| − | but
| |
| − | declined. This
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | first sign
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | attachment
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | Government.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1850
| |
| − | Jung
| |
| − | Bahadur
| |
| − | visited
| |
| − | England,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | ever
| |
| − | after
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | enthusiastic ally
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1854
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Gurkhas entered
| |
| − | into
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | war
| |
| − | with
| |
| − | Tibet
| |
| − | which
| |
| − | terminated
| |
| − | favourably
| |
| − | for Nepal.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1857
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepalese
| |
| − | again
| |
| − | offered
| |
| − | help
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | Govern-
| |
| − | ment,
| |
| − | but
| |
| − | it
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | not
| |
| − | until
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | 26th
| |
| − | June,
| |
| − | after
| |
| − | Delhi
| |
| − | had
| |
| − | been
| |
| − | taken
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Lucknow
| |
| − | relieved,
| |
| − | that
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | offer
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | accepted.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | all
| |
| − | 10,000
| |
| − | men
| |
| − | were
| |
| − | 'sent down,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | took
| |
| − | part
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | campaigns
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | 1857
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | 1858
| |
| − | against
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | rebels.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | return
| |
| − | for
| |
| − | this
| |
| − | service
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | portion
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Terai
| |
| − | ceded
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | 1816 was
| |
| − | restored
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Nepal.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1884
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | dispute
| |
| − | arose
| |
| − | with Tibet,
| |
| − | which was
| |
| − | settled
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | payment
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | an
| |
| − | indemnity
| |
| − | by
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Tibetan
| |
| − | Government.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1885
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | Durbar
| |
| − | offered 15,000 men
| |
| − | for
| |
| − | service
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | Afghanistan,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | also
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | contingent
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | take
| |
| − | part
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Delhi
| |
| − | camp-of-exercise.
| |
| − | This
| |
| − | offer
| |
| − | being conditionally accepted,
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | massing
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | picked men was
| |
| − | made
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | occasion
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | internal
| |
| − | revolution,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Bir
| |
| − | Shumshere
| |
| − | seized
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | office
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | prime
| |
| − | minister.
| |
| − | 1
| |
| − | Aitchison
| |
| − | No.
| |
| − | LIII.
| |
| − | 2
| |
| − | See
| |
| − | Chapter
| |
| − | 2.
| |
| − | 8
| |
| − | Aitahison
| |
| − | No.
| |
| − | LIV.
| |
| − | 6
| |
| − | FRONTIER
| |
| − | AND
| |
| − | OVERS1AB
| |
| − | EXPEDITIONS
| |
| − | FROM
| |
| − | INDIA.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1892
| |
| − | Lord Roberts,
| |
| − | Commander-in-Chief
| |
| − | in
| |
| − | India,
| |
| − | waa
| |
| − | present
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | review
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | Army
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | Khatmandu,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Bir
| |
| − | Shumshere visited
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | manoeuvres
| |
| − | at
| |
| − | Muridki
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | Rawalpindi.
| |
| − | Nepal
| |
| − | pays
| |
| − | no
| |
| − | tribute
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | British
| |
| − | Government.
| |
| − | A
| |
| − | Mission
| |
| − | used
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | be
| |
| − | sent
| |
| − | every
| |
| − | five
| |
| − | years
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Pekin with presents,
| |
| − | but
| |
| − | this
| |
| − | was
| |
| − | discontinued in
| |
| − | 1852,
| |
| − | and
| |
| − | after
| |
| − | that
| |
| − | date
| |
| − | no
| |
| − | Mission was
| |
| − | sent
| |
| − | until
| |
| − | 1866.
| |
| − | In
| |
| − | 1885, on
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | occasion
| |
| − | of
| |
| − | Bir
| |
| − | Shurnshere's
| |
| − | seizing
| |
| − | the
| |
| − | chief
| |
| − | power,
| |
| − | a
| |
| − | special
| |
| − | Mission was
| |
| − | despatched
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | Pekin
| |
| − | to
| |
| − | pray
| |
| − | that
| |
| − | he should be recognized.
| |
Revision as of 12:32, 26 March 2015
This page is an extract from
ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES
OF
RAJASTHAN
OR THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN
RAJPUT STATES OF INDIA
By
LIEUT.-COL. JAMES TOD
Late Political Agent to the Western Rajput States
Edited with an Introduction and Notes by
WILLIAM CROOKE, CIE.
Hon. D.Sc. Oxon., B.A., F.R.A.l.
Late of the Indian Civil Service
IN THREE VOLUMES
VOL.
[Vol. I was published in 1829]
HUMPHREY MILFORD
Oxford University Press
London Edinburgh Glasgow New York
Toronto Melbourne Bombay
1920 [The edition scanned]
|
Note: This article is likely to have several spelling mistakes that occurred during scanning. If these errors are reported as messages to the Facebook page, Indpaedia.com your help will be gratefully acknowledged.
===
This is an extract from
ANIMAL RESOURCES OF INDIA:
Protozoa to Mammalia
State of the Art.
Zoological Survey of India, 1991.
By Professor Mohammad Shamim Jairajpuri
Director, Zoological Survey of India
and his team of devoted scientists.
The said book was an enlarged, updated version of
The State of Art Report: Zoology
Edited by Dr. T. N. Ananthakrishnan,
Director, Zoological Survey of India in 1980.
|
Note: This article is likely to have several spelling mistakes that occurred during scanning. If these errors are reported as messages to the Facebook page, Indpaedia.com your help will be gratefully acknowledged.
This is an extract from
ANIMAL RESOURCES OF INDIA:
Protozoa to Mammalia
State of the Art.
Zoological Survey of India, 1991.
By Professor Mohammad Shamim Jairajpuri
Director, Zoological Survey of India
and his team of devoted scientists.
Being an enlarged, updated version of
The State of Art Report: Zoology
Edited by Dr. T. N. Ananthakrishnan,
Director, Zoological Survey of India in 1980.
|
This is an extract from
ANIMAL RESOURCES OF INDIA:
Protozoa to Mammalia
State of the Art.
Zoological Survey of India, 1991.
By Professor Mohammad Shamim Jairajpuri
Director, Zoological Survey of India
and his team of devoted scientists.
Being an enlarged, updated version of
The State of Art Report: Zoology
Edited by Dr. T. N. Ananthakrishnan,
Director, Zoological Survey of India in 1980.
|
This is an extract from a British Raj gazetteer pertaining to Sholapur that seems
to have been written in 1884. If a census has been cited but its year of not given,
1881 may be assumed.
|
