Sample
This is an extract from |
Note: This article is likely to have several spelling mistakes that occurred during scanning. If these errors are reported as messages to the Facebook page, Indpaedia.com your help will be gratefully acknowledged.
This is an extract from |
This is an extract from |
This is an extract from a British Raj gazetteer pertaining to Sholapur that seems |
CONTENTS. PART I. NEPA L. CHAPTER I. THE COUNTRYZAND PEOPLE. Ihxiption of the country-the people-army-weepons-outline of history- Major Kinlooh's expedition, 1767-Nepal-Tibetan war-Chinem sesist Tibet--defeat of Qurkhee-Colonel Kirkpatrick's mission. 1793-Treaty of 1801-Nepal war, 1814--!lbaty of Segowlie, 1816-war with Tibet, 1% Nopalem sesistanoe in 1867-Revolutions, 1886-Miasions to Pekin . . 1 CHAPTER 11. MILITARY OPERATIONS. 16.for .ginlooh's expedition, 1767-Nepel war, 1814-16-Nepal war, 1816- Appendices . . . . . . . 7 PART II. SIKKIM. CHAPTER 111. THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE. Mption of the country--climate-the people-outline of history-firat con- bot with the British, 18lkAnglo-Sikkh888 treaty, 1817-Cession of Dar- jaeling. 18BLwkm of Doctors Campbell and Hooker, 1849-annexetion of the Terai-British subjects kidnapped, 18B0--Colonel Qawler'e expedition, and the snbmquent treaty-&. Edgar's mission, 1873--conetmction of the Jelap La road-Macaulay mimion, 1886--troubles with Tibet-the Sikkim eqeditiin, 1886-Tibetans expelled-Chine recognizes our euzerainty over Bikkim-British Political Officer appointed to Qantok-Raja tries to esoape to Tibet, and is pld under enrveillance-&. White's Boundary commis- ah, 1896-him tom in 1-administration st the preeent time . . 39 CHAPTER IV. - MILITARY OPERATIONS. Expedition under Captain Barre Latter in 18lkthe 1860 expedition-Lien+- Colonel Qealer's expedition, 1860-Ueneral Graham's expedition. 1888 . 45 PART Ill. TIBET. . . .-~ CHAPTER V. THE COUNTRY BND PEOPLE. PA01 Dewription of the country-trade-the people-religion-buildings--govern- ment-the army-Tibet's exolusive policy--outline of history-conqueet of Tibet by Jenghiz Khan in 1206-adoption of Lamaism by Kubilai Khan, 125eMongols overmn Tibet, l&K)--end in~tcrll Dgang-wasg-Lo-Zang an head of Central government at Lhasa--Chinese army enters Tibet at end of seventeenth century, and again in 1717-growth of Chineae inflnenoe-Mr. Bogle's mission in 1774-4urkha mission, 1792-resulta of Colonel Kirk- patrick's mission to Khatmandu--Chinese assist Tibet during Dogra invasion in 1841-Nepaleae invade Tibet, 18.54, and subsequently eetablieh I, trading station at Lhasa-disturbanoea in Eestern Tibet, 1883-Mr. Edgar'a miasion, 1873-barring of the Jelap La road by Tibetans--subaobuent expedi- tion to expel them-Niti expedition 1889-and Chinese convent ion, 1890- ettitude of China towards Tibet-Boundary commission, 1896-mfluenoe of Russia -the Tibet mission. 1903-convention. 190Pthe Dalai Lama- Teshi Lama's visit to India--disturbances in Echstern Tibet. 1906-Chine's objections to the convention of 1904, and hrr subsequent ratification of it- British polioy . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 CHAPTER VI. MILITARY OPERATIONS. The Niti expedition of 1889-the Tibet mission, 190344-Appndicea-strength of mission eecort. 1903-04-abstract of casualties-letters from Nepal Dur- bar to Tibetans--convention between Great Britain and Tibet, 1904. . 87 PART IV. BHUTAN. CHAPTER VII. THE COUNTRY ANDjPEOPLE. Description of the country-the people-religion-trade-administration-mil- tary forces-arms-methods of fighting--outline of history-the Tephm- Kampa sepop form a colony in Bhutan-4heptun La-pha made Dharma Raja-Deb Jeedah-revolutions-relations with Tibet-with China-with Nepal-and with the British-Captain Jones' expedition. 1773--Captain Pemberton's mission, 1837-annexation of Assam dwrra-Bhutan- raids in ham-Ashley Eden's mission, 18834--expedition, 1864-Anglo-Bhu- tan- treaty. 186.5-Reid on Chunbuti in 1880-Bhutanese attitude during Tibet mission-Mr. White's mission, 1905-pmsent relations with Bhutan . 111 CHAPTER VIII. MILITARY OPHRATION. PIG. aptsin Jonea' expedition, 1773-frontier affair in 1828--operetion8 in 1836- akirmish in 1836-0perations in 1864, 1865, and 1806 . . . . . 134 PART V. ASdAM. . CHAPTER IX. ASS.4 M PROPER. Bomdariee of the country-Aham invasion in the thirteenth oanturp--Csptein WeWa expecttion, 1792-first Burmese war, 1824-The hill tribee-the "Innerline"-bestaeasonforoperations . . . . . . 167 CHAPTER X. THE NORTHERN HILL TRIBES. Meam of control over the tribes-the term "Abor "-the extra Bhutan Bhutim- The U-aption of their country-arms and tactics-outline of his- tory-the Aka expedition of 1883-The Dsphles-the oountry and people-- reletions with the British-Daphla expedition of 1874-The Miris-The Abors-the counbry end people-arms and tactics-outline of expeditions ageinst the Abors-the expedition of 1858-tho 1859 expedition-the 1894 expedition . . . . . . . . . . . .If30 CHAPTER XI. THE NORTH-E.4STER.N HILL TRIBES. The ahmis-the people-attitude towards the Indian government-outline of history-Lieutenent Eden's expedition, 1856-expedition of 1899-The ~mtb-outline of &tory--The Singphos-the oountry end people-arms and taotioe--outline of history-captain Neufville's operetions in 1825 . 180 CHAPTER XII. THE BOUTHERN HILL TRIBES. The Qaro hilla-The Khaai Hills-Jaintie-Cacher . . . . . . 1~ CHAPTER XIII. THE NACJA HILLS. The country and people-tribal divisions-outline of history-fiat relations with the Britieh-Naga raids. 1857-British hident aent to Samaguting. 1886- murder of British aurveyore-punitive expedition, 1876+xpedition in 1877-Atbk on Kohima-1880 expedition . . . . , . 200 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIV. MANZPUR. PAOP mtry and people--y-first contact with the British. 1782-the tiret Burmeae war-Manipur aesiatance to British Government in Naga wsr 1879-revolution in 1890-the Manipnr expedition, 1801 . . . 219 PART VI. ' THE LUSHAIS. -- CHAPTER XV. THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE. Dewription of the country-arms and tactics-outline of history-Csptain Blackwood's expedition, 1844-Colonel Liter's expedition, 1M0-Genod Nuthall's expedition, 1888-raids in 1871-punitive expedition and terms, of peace, 1871-attnok on police, 1W3-renewed raids--Colonel Trrgenr'a expihion, 1888-89-Chin-Luahai gxpdition. 1889-00-attack on Aijd, 1890-punitive meaanree-raid in 1SW and punitive operations andem Cbptsia Laok-operatiom in 1893-preeont adminiatration . . . 331 CHAPTER XVI. MILITARY OPERATIONS. Expedition of 1871-72--sxpedition of 1888-89-the Chin-Lnshai expedition, 1889-90 . . . . . . . . . . . . !W LIST OF MAPS. Sketoh map toillnetrate Volume IV . . . . . In pot#. ,, , , General Ochterlony's operations round Malam . . . . . . . . to feae p.~e 14 8Letah map of country round Khatmundu . . . . ,, ,, 20 ,, ,, to illustrate operations in Sikki . . . ,, rm ,, ,, 9, ., the advanoe to Gyantse . . . . ,, tr 88 of the Jong and Qompa of Qyantse . . . . ,, - 96 Reoonneiaeenoe sketah from Pda village . . . . ,, I. 06 =etch map illustrating operations in Bhutan . . . ,, ,, 186 NEPAL. CHAPTER I. THE COUXTRP AND PEOPLE. THE modern kingdom of Nepal is a narrow tract of country ex- tending for 520 miles along the southern slopes of the Hima. layas, with a varying breadth of from 90 to 140 miles. It is bounded on the north by Tibet; on the east by Sikkim and the river Mechi; on the south by Bengal, Oudh, and Rohilkhand; and on the west by liumaun. Nepal is thus surrounded on three sides by British territory. Of the fourth, or Tibetan, frontier, formed by the main range of the Himslayas, little is known. Previous to 1815 the kingdom included the country up to the river Sutlej, and also the Sikkim territory west of the Tista river. The country consists of four distinct zones running cast and west
namely, the Terai, the Dhuns, the Hill Country, and the Alpine Region. The Terai is a belt of country, thirty miles wide, skirting the Tho Tcrci. British frontier, and divided into the open Terai and the Bhaver. Of these the open Tcrai is marshy land slightly lower than the adjoining plains, and is now almost entirely cultivated. The climate is exceedingly unhealthy in the hot weather and rains. The Bhaver, or prim~val sd forest, has a climate even more malarious than that of the Terai. 'There are small patches of cultivation in the heart of the forest, and the Terai edge of the forest is gradually retiring, as fresh land is brought under cultivation. This jungle is almost un- inhabited, and is only valuable for its timber and elephants. At two points the Nepal Terai is broken, ciz., between the Oria and the river Gandak, and at the Dundwa hills. Here British territory advances to the Sandstone range. Separating the sCil forest from the second zone is the Sandstone - range
a more or less pronounced ridge Dhuns or Mnrris. running along the whole frontier, rising to about 3,000 feet above the sea, or to 600 'or 800 feet above VOL Iv. B 2 FRONTIER AHD OVERSEAS EXPEDIPIONS PROM INDIA. the surrounding country
it is covered with dense jungle, and is impassable, except at the passes, in none of which is there a good road. The Dhuns are valleys lying behind the sandstone range, generally 2,600 feet above the sea. Their soil is alluvial and is capable of very high cultivation. From motives of isolation policy the Nepalese allow these valleys to remain covered with jungle. North of theDhuns lie the Himalayas, hill succeeding hill, Rill country and Alpine until they cu~miiate in a vast snowy region. range. This region may be divided into two zones:-The Grst, up a height of 10,000 feet, includes numerous well watered, populous, and highly cultivated valleys, at an average elevation of 4,000 feet. The second is the Alpine region, in which cultivation is carried up to a height of 13,000 feet. This country is divided, by four massive offshoots from the main Himalayan range, into three mountain basins. These, with Nepal Proper, or the valley of the Baghmati river, and the Terai, form five natural provinces, namely - 1. The Terai. 4. Central Nepal, or the Gandak 2. Eastern Nepal, or the Kosi basin. basin. 5. Western Nepal or the Karnal 3. Nepal valley. basin. The whole of the communications throughout Nepal may be classed as bad. The Nepalese have always set their faces against any improvement in this respect, trusting to the natural inaccess- ibility of the country as the best means of preventing invasion. Only one route is open to Europeans-that from Segowlie ui& Etaunda to Khatmandu. All authentic information ceases as soon as the Sandstone range is passed. Most of the routes are only practicable for hill ponies or mules, and some of those into Tibet only for sheep and yaks. The numerous hill rivers are only to be crossed by country rope bridges. The original inhabitants of Nepal would appear to have been People. of Mongolian origin. With them there is now an admixture of Hindu stock. Thakur and Khas are descendants of Brahman invaders and form the highest social class. Next to them come Magars and Gurungs, aboriginal tribes who have been admitted by the Hindu to the privileges of the Kahatriya caste. The Limbus, Rais, and NEPAL. 3 Sunwars are also aboriginals. All the above are termed Gurkhaa. The term Gurkha is not limited to any class or clan, but is applied to all those whose ancestors inhabited the country of Gurkha, fifty-five miles west of Khatmandu, and from which they extended their con- quests. Other aboriginals are the Newars, an intelligent people living in the Nepal valley
Lepchas and Bhatias, hill tribes
Dhotials, the inhabitants of Western Nepal; and the Tharus, low caste Hindus who dwell in t,he Terai and are immune to malaria. We enlist the first four classes.named above, and also a few Newars. Limbus, Rais, and Sunwars have also served us well in Burma. There are at present (1906) about 22,000 Gurkhas serving in the British Army, to keep up which strength Nepal furnishes annually 1,667 recruits. As compared with other orientals Gurkhas are bold, endur- ing, faithful, frank, very independent, and self-reliant
in their own country they are jealous of foreigners and self-asserting. The population of Nepal was estimated by us (1883) at 2,000,000
by the Nepalese in 1901 at 5,000,000
and by Colonel Vansittart (1906) at 4,000,000. The standing army has been estimated- In addition there is an army reserve by which it is thought that these numbers could be very quickly doubled. In 1839 it was estimated that the fighting tribes would produce 109,000 able- bodied fighting men. The real national weapon is the kukri, a short, curved, broad- Arms. bladed and heavy knife. No exact state- ment can be made of their other arms. In 1814 they were in possession of a considerable number of match- locks. In 1892 it was thought that the whole army could be pro- vided with Snider rifles. Ip 1894 the Government of India, to stop B 2 4 FRONTIZR AND - OVERSEA8 EXPEDITIONS PROM INDIA. smuggling, provided the Nepalese with 8,000 Martini-Henry rifles. In 1905 the Resident reported that there were 107 serviceable guns. There is a factory at Soondrijal, where maxims, mountain guns, rifles, and ammunition have been manuf,zctured. As to its work Colonel R. Pears reports in 1902 that the rifles, a modification of the Martini-Henry, seem to him serviceable." In 1749 Prithwi Narayan, King of the Gurkhas, began to extend his territory and absorb the small states Outline of History. about the Nepal valley. The last of the independent Newar Rajas appealed to the British for help, and an expedition under Major Kinloch was despatched. It did not, however, penetrate beyond the Terai, and Prithwi Narayan captured Khatmandu. By the year 1790 the Gurkhas had obtained possession of all the country from Bhutan to Kashmir, and from Tibet to the British provinces. About this time the Nepal regency, tempted by the great riches of the monasteries in Tibet, determined to make an attempt upon them. The pretext of the war was that the Tibetans insisted on circulating base coin. -4 Gurkha Army, 18,000 strong, covered the 398 miles to shigatse with great rapidity, and plundered the palace. The Tibetans meantime entreated help from Pckin, and, upon the Nepalese defying the Chinese demands, a Chinese Army of 70,000 men, provided with leathern guns, advanced. They defeated the Gurkhas at Tengri Maidan, and then finally crushed them at Naia- - kot near Khatmandu. Peace was made on terms humiliating to Nepal. She was to restore the plunder
to pay an annual tribute to the Emperor
and to send an embassy to Pekin once in five years. Unable to withstand the Chinese, the Gurkhas had appealed to the British Government
and a Mis- Mission, 1798. sion under Colonel Kirkpatrick reached Naiakot in March 1793. By that time, however, peace had been concluded. A commercial treaty between the British and Nepalese - Governments was signed, but the Nepalese appeared determined - to avoid closer acquaintance, and Kirkpatrick quitted Nepal in 1793. The policy of the British at this time seems to have alienated both the Gurkhas and Chinese. 1 Aitchison's Trediea, Engagements, and Snnoda, Vol. 11, No. LIT. e I.'ide page 77. In 1801 another treaty was signed, and Captain W. D. Knox was appointed Resident at the court of Nepal. Being dissatisfied with the political conduct of the Nepalese, he withdrew in March 1803, and in January 1804 Lord Wellesley formally dissolved the alliance. From this time the Nepalese carried on a system of outrage and encroachment on the frontier which led to the Expedition, 1814. declaration of war by the Brit,ish in 1814. After a series of operations Sir David Ochterlony penetrated to hfokwanpur, and the treaty of Segowlie9 was signed in December 1815, by the terms of which the kingdom of Nepal was limited to its present eastern and western boundaries
a large part of the Terai was ceded to the British
and a British Resident was appointed. In 1839, upon the overt,hrow of the veteran prime minister Bhim Sen Tappa, hostility towards the British Government assumed an open form. The British success, however, in Afghanistan, and the presence of a British corps of observation on the frontier, had - their effect, a6d the Nepal Durbar promised good behaviour. In 1848 an offer to assist the Indian Army against the Sikhs was made, but declined. This was the first sign of attachment to the British Government. In 1850 Jung Bahadur visited England, and was ever after an enthusiastic ally of the British. In 1854 the Gurkhas entered into a war with Tibet which terminated favourably for Nepal. In 1857 the Nepalese again offered help to the British Govern- ment, but it was not until the 26th June, after Delhi had been taken and Lucknow relieved, that the offer was accepted. In all 10,000 men were 'sent down, and took part in the campaigns of 1857 and 1858 against the rebels. In return for this service the portion of the Terai ceded in 1816 was restored to Nepal. In 1884 a dispute arose with Tibet, which was settled by the payment of an indemnity by the Tibetan Government. In 1885 the Nepal Durbar offered 15,000 men for service in Afghanistan, and also a contingent to take part in the Delhi camp-of-exercise. This offer being conditionally accepted, the massing of picked men was made the occasion of internal revolution, and Bir Shumshere seized the office of prime minister. 1 Aitchison No. LIII. 2 See Chapter 2. 8 Aitahison No. LIV. 6 FRONTIER AND OVERS1AB EXPEDITIONS FROM INDIA. In 1892 Lord Roberts, Commander-in-Chief in India, waa present at a review of the Nepal Army at Khatmandu, and Bir Shumshere visited the manoeuvres at Muridki and Rawalpindi. Nepal pays no tribute to the British Government. A Mission used to be sent every five years to Pekin with presents, but this was discontinued in 1852, and after that date no Mission was sent until 1866. In 1885, on the occasion of Bir Shurnshere's seizing the chief power, a special Mission was despatched to Pekin to pray that he should be recognized.
