Seoni District, 1908
This article has been extracted from THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908. OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS. |
Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts. Some units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value.
Contents |
Seoni District
Physical aspects
District in the Jubbulpore Division of the Central Provinces, consisting of a long narrow section of the Satpura" plateau overlooking the Narbada valley on the north and the Nagpur plain on the south, and lying between 21 36' and 22 57' N. and 79 19' and 80 if E., with an area of 3,206 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Narsinghpur and Jubbulpore Districts ; on the east by Mandla, Balaghat, and Bhandara ; on the south by Nagpur ; and on the west by Chhindwara. All round the north and north-west of the District the border hills of the Satpura range, thickly fringed with forest and overlooking the Narbada, Physical separate Seoni from Jubbulpore and Narsinghpur, except along a strip to the north-east, where the Narbada itself is the boundary towards Mandla, and 44 villages lying below the hills are included in the District. In the extreme north-west also a few villages below the hills belong to Seom.
South of the northern passes lies the Lakhnadon plateau, a rolling country of alternate ridges and hollows, terminating in another belt of hill and forest which leads down to the Wainganga. Except to the east where an open plain stretches to the Mandla border, and along part of the western boundary, the Lakh- nadon plateau is surrounded by jungle. The Sher river flows through the centre of the plateau from east to west, and passes into Narsingh- pur to join the Narbada. The Ternur and Soner are other tributaries of the Narbada rising in the south. To the south-west of the District, and separated from the Lakhnadon plateau by the Thel and Wain- ganga rivers, lies the Seoni Haveli, a level tract of the most fertile black soil in the District, extending from the line of hills east of Seom town to the Chhindwara border.
In this plateau the Wainganga rises at Partabpur, a few miles south of Seoni, and flows for some distance to the north until it is joined by the Thel from Chhindwara, and then across the District to the east, crossing the Nagpur-Jubbulpore road at Chhapara. On the south-west the Pench separates Seom from Chhindwara. The heights of the Seoni and Lakhnadon plateaux are about 2,000 feet above sea-level, but the peak of Manor! on the western border of the District rises to 2,749 f eet ? an d tnat of Kariapahar near Seom to 2,379 feet. East of Seoni a line of hills runs from south to north ; and beyond this lies another open tract, about 200 feet lower than the Seoni plain, constituting the valleys of the Sagar and Him rivers, and containing the tracts of Ghansor and Barghat Another line of hills separates the Ghansor plain from the valley of the Wain- ganga, which, after crossing the District from west to east, turns south at the point where it is joined by the Thanwar river from Mandla, and forms the boundary of Seom for some miles until it diverges into Balaghat. The valley of the Wainganga, at first stony and broken and confined by hills as it winds round the northern spurs of the Seoni plateau, becomes afterwards an alternation of rich alluvia] basins and narrow gorges, until just before reaching the eastern border of the District it commences its descent to the lower country, passing over a series of rapid and deep stony channels, overhung by walls of granite 200 feet high. The falls of the Wainganga and its course for the last six miles, before its junction with the Than war on the border of the District, may perhaps rank next to the Bheraghat gorge of the Nar- bada for beauty of river scenery.
The lower valley of the Wainganga is about 400 feet below the Ghansor plain, from which it is separated by another line of forest-clad hills, and a narrow rice-growing strip along its western bank, called the UglT tract, is included in Seoni. In the extreme south of the Seoni tahsil a small area of submontane land, forming the Dongartal or Kurai tract, and largely covered with forest, is the residence of numbers of Gaolis, who are professional cattle-breeders. The Bawanthari river rises in the southern hills, and, receiving the waters of numerous small streams, carries the drainage of this area into Nagpur District on its way to join the Wainganga.
The District is covered by the Deccan trap, except on the southern and south-eastern borders, where gneissic rocks prevail.
The forests are extensive, forming a thick belt along the northern and southern hills, with numerous isolated patches in the interior. In the north they are stunted and scanty, and the open country is bare of trees, and presents a bleak appearance, the villages consisting of squalid-looking collections of mud huts perched generally on a bare ridge. In the rice tracts, on the other hand, the vegetation is luxu- riant, and fruit trees are scattered over the open country and round the villages. Owing to the abundance of wood the houses are large and well-built, and surrounded by bamboo fences enclosing small garden plots. The northern forests have much teak, but usually of small size, and there is also teak along the Wainganga river ; the forests in the south-east are principally composed of bamboos. The open country in the south is wooded with trees and groves of mahua (Bas- sia latifolia\ tendu or ebony (Diospyros tomentosa\ achar (Buchanania latifolia\ and fruit trees, such as mango and tamarind.
Tigers and leopards are not very common; but deer are found in considerable numbers, and both land and water birds are fairly fre- quent in different parts of the District.
The climate is cool and pleasant, excessive heat being rarely felt even in the summer months.
The annual rainfall averages 53 inches. During the thirty years previous to 1896 the rainfall was only once less than 30 inches, in 1867-8. Irregular distribution is, however, not uncommon.
History
From the inscription on a copperplate found in Seoni combined with others in the Ajanta caves, it has been inferred that a line of History. P rinces tne Vakataka dynasty, was ruling on the Satpura plateau from the third century A.D., the name of the perhaps mythical hero who founded it being given as Vindhyasakti, Little is known of this dynasty except the names of ten princes, and the fact that they contracted alliances with better- known ruling houses. The architectural remains at Deogarh and Lakhnadon may, however, be attributed to them or their successors, as they could not have been constructed by the Gonds. History is then a blank until the sixteenth century, when Seom fell under the dominion of the rising Gond dynasty of Garha-Mandla. Ghansor, Chauri, and Dongartal were three of the fifty-two forts included in the possessions of Raja Sangram Sah in 1530, and the territories attached to these made up the bulk of the present District.
A century and a half afterwards the Mandla Raja was obliged to call in the help of Bakht Buland, the Deogarh prince, to assist in the suppression of a revolt of two Pathan adventurers, and in return for this ceded to him the territories now constituting Seom. Bakht Buland came to take possession of his new dominions, and was engaged one day in a hunting expedition near Seonl, when he was attacked by a wounded bear. An unknown Pathan adventurer, Taj Khan, came to his assistance and killed the bear ; and Bakht Buland was so pleased with his dexterous courage that he made him governor of the Dongartal taluka, then in a very unsettled condition. When Seom, with the rest of the Deogarh kingdom, was seized by Raghuji Bhonsla, Muhammad Khan, the son of Taj Khan, held out in Dongartal for three years on behalf of his old master and Raghuji finally, in admiration of his fidelity, appointed him governor of Seom-Chhapara with the title of Diwan, and his descendants continued to administer the District until shortly before the cession. In the beginning of the nineteenth century Chhapara, at that period a flourishing town with 2,000 Pathan fighting men, was sacked by the Pindaris during the absence of the garrison at Nagpur and utterly ruined. A tombstone near the Wain- ganga bridge still marks the site where 40,000 persons are said to have been buried in a common grave *.
Seom became British territory in 1818, being ceded by the treaty which followed the battle of Sitabaldi. During the Mutiny the tran- quillity of the District was disturbed only by the revolt of a Lodhi landholder in the north, who joined the rebels of Jubbulpore and Narsinghpur. They established themselves on some hills overlooking the Jubbulpore road near Sukri, from which they made excursions to burn and plunder villages. The rebels were dispersed and the country pacified on the arrival of the Nagpur Irregulars at the end of 1857. The representative of the Dlwan family firmly supported the British Government. In 1873 the greater part of the old Katangi tahsil vi Seom was transferred to Balaghat, and 51 villages below the
1 According to another account, the 40,000 perished in a battle between the rulers of Seom and Mandla. hills to Nagpur, while SeonI received accessions of 122 villages, including the Adegaon taluka from Chhindwara, and 8 villages from Mandla.
The archaeological remains are of little importance. At Ghansor in the SeonI tahsil are the ruins of numerous Jain temples, now only heaps of cut and broken stone, and several tanks. Ashta, 28 miles from SeonI in the Barghat tract, contains three temples built of cut stone without cement. There are three similar temples in Lakhnadon and some sculptures in the tahsil Bisapur near Kurai has an old temple which is said to have been built by Sona Rani, widow of the Gond Raja Bhopat, and a favourite popular heroine. The ruins of her palace and an old fort are also to be seen at Amodagarh near Ugll on the Hirri river. Along the southern spurs of the Satpuras, the remains of a number of other Gond forts are visible at Umargarh, Bhainsagarh, Partabgarh, and Kohwagarh.
Population
The population of SeonI at the last three enumerations was as
follows: (1881) 335.997; (1891) 370,767; and (1901)327,709. Between 1881 and 18919 I tne District prospered, and the
rate of increase was about the same as that for
the Province as a whole. The decrease of more than u per cent.
during the last decade was due to bad seasons and emigration to
Assam. The principal statistics in 1901 are shown below:
The statistics of religion show that 55 per cent, of the population are Hindus, 40 per cent. Animists, and about 4^ per cent. Muham- madans. There are some large Muhammadan landlords, the principal being the representative of the Dlwan's family, who holds a con- siderable estate, the Gondl taluka, on quit-rent tenure. The people are for the most part immigrants from the north-west, and rather more than half speak the Bundeli dialect of Western Hindi. Urdu is the language of nearly n,ooo of the Muhammadans and Kayasths, and about 20,000 persons in the south-east of the District below the hills speak Marathi. The Ponwars have a dialect of their own akin to Rajastham ; and Gondl is spoken by 102,000 persons, or rather more than three-fourths of the number of Gonds in the District.
Gonds number 130,000, or 40 per cent, of the population. They have lost many of their villages, but the important estates of Sarekha and Dhuma still belong to Gond landlords. Ahirs number 31,000, Mails 10,000, and the menial caste of Mehras (weavers and labourers) 19,000. Lodhis (5,000) and Kurmls (8,000) are important cultivating castes. Banias (3,000) have now acquired over 100 villages. Another landholding caste are the Bagri Rajputs, who possess between 60 and 70 villages and are fairly prosperous. The Ponwars (16,000) are the landowners in the rice tracts of Barghat and UglL They are indus- trious, skilled in irrigation, and take an interest in cattle-breeding. About 70 per cent, of the whole population were shown as dependent on agriculture in 1901.
Christians number 183, of whom 165 are natives. A mission of the original Free Church of Scotland is maintained in the town of Seoni.
Agriculture
Over the greater part of the District the soil is formed from the decomposition of trap rock. The best black soil is very rare, covering only one per cent, of the cultivated area; and the greater part of the land on the plateaux or in the valleys is black and brown soil, mixed to a greater or less extent with sand or limestone grit, which covers 49 per cent, of the cultivated area. There is a large quantity of inferior red and stony land, on which only the minor millets and til can be grown. Lastly, in the rice tracts of Seoni is found light sandy soil, not itself of any great fertility, but responding readily to manure and irrigation. The land of the Seoni tahsil is generally superior to that of Lakhnadon,
About 236 square miles are held wholly or partially free of revenue, the greater part of this area being comprised in the large Gondl taluka which belongs to the Diwan family. Nearly 7,000 acres have been sold outright under the Waste Land Rules; and 180 square miles, consisting partly of land which was formerly Government forest and partly of villages of escheated estates, are being settled on the ryotwari system. The remaining area is held on the ordinary malguzari tenure. The principal agricultural statistics in 1903-4 are shown below, areas being in square miles :
The principal crops are wheat, kodon^ and rice. Wheat occupied 365 square miles, or about 32 per cent, of the cropped area, the greater part being in the Haveli and Ghansor tracts. Only 3 per cent, of the fields classed as fit to grow wheat are embanked. Kodon and kutkl, the light autumn millets, were sown in 195 square miles, or 17 per cent, of the cropped area. Rice occupied about 114 square miles, or 8 per cent, of the cropped area. It has decreased in popularity during the last few years, owing to the distribution of the rainfall having been generally unfavourable, and the area under it at present is about 50 square miles less than at the time of settlement. 'Rice is generally transplanted, only about 20 per cent, of the total area being sown broadcast in normal years. Linseed, til and other oilseeds, gram, lentils, tiurd, jowar, and cotton are the other crops, fowdr and cotton have lately increased in popularity, while the area under linseed has greatly fallen off.
A great deal of new land has been broken up since the settlement of 1864-5, the increase in cultivated area up to the last settlement (1894-6) amounting to 50 per cent. A considerable proportion of the new land is of inferior quality and requires periodical resting fallows. The three-coultered sowing drill and weeding harrow used by culti- vators of the Deccan for jowdr have lately been introduced into Seoni. San-hemp is a profitable minor crop, which has recently come into favour. No considerable sums have been taken under the Land Improvement Act, the total amount borrowed between 1894 and 1904 being Rs. 29,000; but nearly 2-| lakhs has been advanced in agricultural loans.
Cattle are bred principally in the Kurai tract and in the north of the Lakhnadon tahszL The Gaolis and Golars in Kurai are pro- fessional cattle-breeders, and keep bulls. Large white bullocks are reared, and sold in Nagpur and Berar, where they fetch Rs. 50 or Rs. 60 a pair as yearlings. The Lakhnadon bullocks are smaller, and the majority are of a grey colour. Frequently no special bulls are kept, and the immature males are allowed to mix with the cows before castration. Gonds and poor Muhammadans sometimes use cows for ploughing, especially when they are barren. In the rice tracts buffaloes are used for cultivation. Small ponies are bred and are used for riding in the Haveli, especially during the rains. Sheep are not numerous, but considerable numbers of goats are bred by ordinary agriculturists both for food and for religious offerings. Lakhnadon has an especially good breed of goats.
About 46 square miles of rice land and 2,000 acres of sugar-cane and garden crop land are classed as irrigable, and this area was shown as irrigated in the year of settlement. In 1903-4 the irrigated area was only 6 square miles, owing to the unfavourable rainfall, which was insufficient to fill the tanks. About 18 square miles are irrigated from tanks and 4,000 acres from wells and other sources in a good year, Rice is watered from tanks, both by percolation and by cutting the embankments. Sugar-cane and garden crops are supplied from wells. There are about 650 tanks and 1,300 wells.
Forests
The Government forests cover an area of 828 square miles, of which ii have been demarcated for disforestation and settlement on ryotwdri tenure. They are well distributed in all parts of the District, Teak and sdj (Terminalia, tomentosa) are res S "
the chief timber trees, the best teak growing in the Kurai range, where there are three plantations. Bamboos are also plentiful. Mahua and lac are the most important minor products. The forest revenue in 1903-4 amounted to Rs. 63,000.
Minerals
Iron is found in the Kurai range in the south of the District and was formerly smelted by native methods, but has now been displaced by English iron. Other deposits occur in the valley of the Him river. In Khaira on the Sagar river, 23 miles from Seoni towards Mandla, coal has been discovered, and a prospecting licence granted. The sands of the Pachdhar and Bawan- thari rivers have long been washed for gold in insignificant quantities. An inferior kind of mica has been met with in Rukhar on the Seonl- Nagpur road and the hills near it. A smooth greyish-white chalk is obtained near Chhapara on the north bank of the Wainganga. Light- coloured amethysts and topazes are found among the rocks in the Adegaon tract. A good hard stone is obtained from quarries in the hills and in the villages of Chakki-Khamaiia, Janawarkheda, and Khan- kara, from which grindstones, rolling-slabs, and mortars are made, and sold all over Seoni and the adjoining Districts of Chhindwara and Bhandara.
Trade and Communication
The weaving of coarse cotton cloth is carried on in several villages, principally at Seoni, Barghat, and Chhapara. Tasar silk cloth was formerly woven at Seoni, but the industry is nearly extinct. Cotton cloth is dyed at Mungwani, Ch para, Kahani, and other villages, dl (Indian madder) being still used, though it has to a large extent been supplanted by the imported German dye. At Adegaon the amohwd cloths are dyed green with a mixture of madder and myrabolams. Glass bangles are made from imported glass at Chaonri, Patan, and Chhapara ; and lac bangles at Seoni, Chhapara, Bakhari, and Lakhnadon. Earthen vessels are made in several villages, those of Kamwara and Pachdhar having a special reputation. These are universally used for water, and also for the storage of such articles as grain and gki, while Muhammadans and Gonds employ them as cooking vessels. Iron implements are made at Piparwani in the Kurai tract from English scrap iron, and are used throughout the south of the District, the Lakhnadon tah&l obtaining its supplies from Narsinghpur and Jubbulpore. Skins are tanned and leather-work is done at Khawasa.
Wheat is the principal export; bat rice is exported to Chhindwara and the Narbada valley, and san-hemp fibre is sent to Calcutta, often to the value of four or five lakhs annually. Gram and oilseeds are exported to some extent, and also the oil of the kasar plant, a variety of safflower, which is very prickly and is sown on the borders of wheat- fields to keep out cattle. The exports of forest produce are teak, sdj, bljdsal (Pterocarpus Marsupium) and bamboos for building, mahua oil, lac, chironjl (the fruit of Buchanania latifoha), and myrabolams. Ghl> cotton, and hides and horns are also exported. Salt comes principally from the marshes near Ahmadabad and to a less extent from Bombay. Both sugar and gur are obtained from the United Provinces, and the latter also from Chhindwara. Mill-made piece-goods, from both Bombay and Calcutta, are now generally worn by the better classes, in place of hand-made cloth. Betel-leaves, turmeric, and catechu are imported from surrounding Districts. Superior country-made shoes come from Calcutta and Delhi. The trade in grain and gfo is principally in the hands of Agarwal and Parwar Bamas, and there are one or two shops of Cutchi Muhammadans. The centre of the timber trade is at Kurai, to which wholesale dealers come from Kamptee to make purchases. Barghat is the most important weekly market, and after it Gopalganj, Kaniwara, and Keolari.
The narrow-gauge Satpura extension of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway has recently been constructed. A branch line runs from Nainpur junction in Mandla through Seom to Chhindwara, following closely the direction of the Seom-Mandla and Seom-Chhindwara roads ; the length of line in the District is 55 miles. The main connecting line between Gondia and Jubbulpore also crosses the north-eastern portion of the Lakhnadon tahsil^ with stations at Ghansor, Binaiki, and Shikara ; the length of line in the District is 20 miles. The great northern road from Nagpur to Jubbulpore, metalled and bridged throughout, except at the Narbada, passes from south to north of the District. The trade of Seom has hitherto been almost entirely along this road, that of the portion south from Chhapara going to Kamptee, and that of the north- ern part of the Lakhnadon tahsil to Jubbulpore. Roads have also been constructed from Seom to Chhindwara, Mandla, Balaghat, and KatangI, along which produce is brought from the interior. From the hilly country in the east and west of the Lakhnadon tahsil car- riage has hitherto been by pack-bullocks, and over all the rest of the District by carts. The length oi metalled roads is 133 miles and of unmetalled roads 116 miles, all maintained by the Public Works department The maintenance charges in 1903-4 were Rs. 64,000, Avenues of trees exist for short and broken lengths on the principal roads.
Famine
From 1823 to 1827 the District suffered from a succession of short crops due to floods, hail, and blight, resulting in the desertion of many villages. In 1833-4 the autumn rains failed and a part of the spring- crop area was left unsown. Grain was imported by Government from Chhattisgarh. The winter rains amme.
were excessive in 1854-5, and the spring crops were totally destroyed by rust. In 1868 the monsoon failed in August, and the year's rainfall was only about half the normal, but a heavy storm in September saved a portion of the crops. Distress was not severe in Seoni, and the people made great use of forest produce. Prom 1893 to 1895 the winter rains were abnormally heavy and the spring crops were damaged by rust; and this was followed in 1895 and 1896 by early cessation of the rains. In the former year the autumn crops failed partially, and in the latter year completely, while in 1896 a considerable portion of the spring-crop area could not be sown owing to the dryness of the land. There was severe famine during the year 1897, when 44 lakhs was expended on relief, the numbers relieved rising to 19,000, or 5 per cent, of the population, in September. In 1899-1900 Seom had a very bad autumn harvest and a moderate spring harvest. The distress was considerable but not acute, the numbers on relief rising to 45,000, or 12 per cent, of the population, and the total expenditure being 6-6 lakhs.
Administration
The Deputy-Commissioner is aided by one Extra-Assistant Commis- sioner. For administrative purposes the District is divided into two ) each of which has a tahsildar and a naib-tahsildar. The District staff includes a Forest officer, Administratlon - but public works are in charge of the Executive Engineer of Jubbul- pore.
The civil judicial staff consists of a District and a Subordinate Judge, and a Munsif at each tahsil. The Divisional and Sessions Judge of the Jubbulpore Division has jurisdiction in Seom. The crime of the District is light.
Neither the Gond nor Maratha governments recognized any kind of right in land, and the cultivators were protected only by the strong custom enjoining hereditary tenure. The rule of the Gonds was never oppressive, but the policy of the Marathas was latterly directed to the extortion of the largest possible revenue. Rents were generally col- lected direct, and leases of villages were granted only for very short terms. The measure, however, which contributed most largely towards the impoverishment of the country was the levy of the revenue before the crops on which it was charged could be cut and sold. In 1810, eight years before coming under British rule, it was repotted that Seoni had paid a revenue of more than three lakhs ; but in the interval the exactions of the last Maratha ruler, Appa Sahib, and the depredations of the Pindaris, had caused the annual realizations to shrink to less than half this sum. The period of short-term settlements, which followed the commencement of British administration, constituted in Seoni, as elsewhere in the Central Provinces, a series of attempts to realize a revenue equal to, or higher than, that nominally paid to the Marathas, from a District whose condition had seriously deteriorated.
Three years after cession the demand rose to 1-76 lakhs. This revenue, however, could not be realized, and in 1835 a settlement for twenty years reduced the demand to 1-34 lakhs. Even under this greatly decreased assessment some portions of the District suffered, and the revenue was revised. The rise of prices beginning about 1861, how- ever, restored prosperity, and revived the demand for land, and at the next revision a large enhancement was made. The completion of the settlement was retarded for ten years owing to the disturbances conse- quent on the Mutiny, and it took effect from 1864-5. The revised revenue amounted to 2-27 lakhs on the District as it then stood, or to 1-62 lakhs on the area now constituting Seoni, and was fixed for thirty years. During its currency the seasons were generally favourable, prices rose, and cultivation extended, When records were 'attested' for revision in 1894-5, it was found that the cultivated area had increased by 50 per cent, since the preceding settlement, and that the prices of agricultural produce had 'doubled. The new assessment took effect from the years 1896-8, and was made for a term of eleven to twelve years, a shorter period than the usual twenty years being adopted in order to produce a regular rotation of District settle- ments. Under it the revenue was enhanced to 2-93 lakhs, or by 78 per cent. The new revenue absorbs 48 per cent, of the 'assets,' and the average incidence per cultivated acre is R. 0-5-9 (niaximum R. 0-9-4, minimum R. 0-2-4), while the corresponding figure for rental is R. o-io-io (maximum R. 0-15-9, minimum R. 0-6-6).
The revenue receipts from land and all sources have been, in thousands of rupees :
Local affairs outside the municipal area of Seoni are entrusted to a District council and two local boards. The income of the District council in 1903-4 was Rs. 50,000. The expenditure on public works was Rs. 10,000, on education Rs. 15,000, and on medical relief Rs. 5,000,
- The police force consists of 278 officers and men, including 3 mounted constables, under a District Superintendent, and 1,552 watch- men in 1,390 inhabited towns and villages. Seonl town has a District jail with accommodation for 162 prisoners, including 16 females. The daily average number of prisoners in 1904 was 53.
In respect of education the District stands eleventh in the Province, 4*3 per cent, of the male population being able to read and write in 1901, while only 335 females were returned as literate. The percentage of children under instruction to those of school-going age is 8. Statis- tics of the number of pupils under instruction are as follows : (1880-1) 1,786; (1890-1) 2,564; (1900-1) 3,420; and (1903-4) 4,344, including 337 girls. The educational institutions comprise a high school at SeonT supported by the Scottish Free Church Mission; 2 English middle schools, 4 vernacular middle, and 60 primary schools, of which 5 are girls' schools. The expenditure on education in 1903-4 was Rs. 36,000, of which Rs. 20,000 was derived from Provincial and Local funds and Rs. 3,000 from fees.
The District has 5 dispensaries, with accommodation for 56 in- patients. In 1904 the number of cases treated was 25,774, of whom 383 were in-patients, and 611 operations were performed, The expen- diture was Rs. 8,000, the greater part of which was provided from Provincial and Local funds.
Vaccination is compulsory only in the municipality of Seoni. The number of persons successfully vaccinated in 1903-4 was 51 per 1,000 of the District population, a very favourable result.
[Khan Bahadur Aulad Husain, Settlement Report (iSgg); R. A. Sterndale, Seonee, or Camp Life on the Sdtpurd Range (1877) ; R. V. Russell, District Gazetteer (1907).]
