Nalanda University
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A backgrounder
2006-2024
Santosh Singh, Arjun Sengupta, June 20, 2024: The Indian Express
Spread across 455 acres, it is located in Rajgir, roughly 100 km from Patna, and merely 12 km away from the ruins of the eponymous ancient Buddhist monastery, considered to be among the greatest centres of learning in all of Antiquity.
‘Reviving’ Nalanda
It was then President APJ Abdul Kalam who officially proposed ‘reviving’ Nalanda in 2006. Addressing the Bihar Assembly, he said: “To recapture [Nalanda’s] past glory… it has been proposed to establish a Bodhgaya Nalanda Indo-Asian Institute of Learning in partnership with select Asian countries”.
In 2007, the proposal to re-establish Nalanda was endorsed at the East Asia Summit in Mandaue, Philipines. This endorsement was re-iterated in the East Asia Summit of 2009, in Hua Hin, Thailand.
In total, 17 countries other than India — Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Mauritius, Myanmar, New Zealand, Portugal, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam — have helped set up of the university. Ambassadors of these countries attended Wednesday’s inauguration ceremony.
The Bihar Assembly, in 2007, passed the University of Nalanda Bill to facilitate the creation of a new, international university near the site of the ancient learning centre in Rajgir. In 2010, Parliament replaced this Act with the Nalanda University Bill, which deemed the proposed university to be one of “national importance”, and laid down rules regarding how it would be governed.
In 2013, the masterplan for the campus, proposed by renowned architect B V Doshi’s Vastu Shilpa Consultants, was chosen after an international competion.
Centre of research, learning
Nalanda University admitted its very first batch of fifteen students in 2014, to the School of Historical Studies, and the School of Ecology and Environmental studies. Classes were held in the Rajgir Convention Centre, with Bihar government-operated Hotel Tathagat acting as temporary hostel premises for the students. The faculty comprised six teachers.
Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen, who had been associated with the project since 2007, became the University’s first Chancellor, and then-President Pranab Mukherjee became the first Visitor.
Since 2014, four more schools have been established — the School of Buddhist Studies, Philosophy and Comparative Religion, the School of Languages and Literature, the School of Management Studies, and the School of International Relations and Peace Studies. The university currently offers two-year Master’s courses, PhD programmes, and a few diploma and certificate courses.
Campus to behold
By 2022, 90% of the campus’s construction was completed. At the time, the university boasted 800 students, including 150 international students from 31 countries. At full capacity, the campus can accommodate as many as 7,500 students and teachers.
With a built area of only 8%, university officials say that the campus attempts to “match the architectural and geographical setting the ancient Nalanda University would have provided”. In fact, the administrative block specifically recreates the exposed brick architecture, and elevated staircase that is the signature image of the Nalanda ruins.
That being said, the campus is a mix of the modern and the traditional. Natural light streams into classrooms’ smart wideboards and electronic podiums. While air-conditioned, it utilises various methods, such as hollow walls, to provide natural cooling.
Water bodies — Kamal Sagar ponds — cover over 100 acres of the campus’s area. Another 100 acres are covered in greenery. The campus boasts a drinking water treatment plant, and a water recycling plant, as well as a yoga centre, a state-of -the-art auditorium, a library, an archival centre, and a fully equipped sports complex. No cars are allowed inside.
Nalanda Mahavira
Mahavira in Sanskrit/Pali means ‘great monastery’. Nalanda Mahavira was active from the fifth to thirteenth century CE.
The chronicles of seventh century Chinese traveller Hsuan Tsang provide the most detailed description of ancient Nalanda. Hsuan Tsang estimated that at the time of his visit, the monastery housed 10,000 students, 2,000 teachers, and a gargantuan retinue of servants.
Multiple scholars, however, have disputed this figure based on archaeological evidence from the ancient university’s ruins. That being said, Nalanda was definitely not an average Buddhist vihara.
“Under its aged and saintly abbot, Silabhadra, Nalanda also taught the Vedas, Hindu philosophy, logic, grammar and medicine. It would seem that the student population was not not confined to the Buddhist order, but that candidates of other faiths who succeeded in passing a strict oral examination were admitted,” historian A L Basham wrote in his classic The Wonder that was India (1954).
2016
Board loses almost entire previous Nalanda mentor group
Nalanda `autonomy hit', chancellor quits, Nov 26 2016 : The Times of India
Nalanda University chancellor George Yeo resigned in Nov 2016 , saying that the varsity's autonomy was being affected as he was “not even given notice“ of the change in the governing board that was announced five days before .
“The circumstances under which the leadership change in Nalanda University has been suddenly and summarily effected is disturbing and possibly har mful to the university's development,“ Yeo said in a statement to members of the earlier board of the university .
Yeo is a former foreign minister of Singapore and India might have to expend some diplomatic capi tal to smooth things with the city-state, one of India's closest inter national partners.
The board was reconstituted by President Pranab Mukherjee as its visitor on November 21. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen's long association with Nalanda University , which he had helped set up, was ended when the board was reconstituted on November 21 2016. “It is puzzling why I, as chancellor, was not even given notice of it. When I was invited to take over the responsibility from Amartya Sen last year [in 2015], I was repeatedly assured that the university would have autonomy .This appears not to be the case now. Accordingly , and with deep sadness, I have submitted my letter of resignation as chancellor to the visitor,“ George Yeo said.
Yeo also clashed with the government on the reappointment of vice-chancellor Gopa Sabharwal.He had approved an extension to her tenure until a new V-C was found. The government overruled that. The new governing board, which was announced earlier this week, only has one member, N K Singh, from the previous Nalanda mentor group .
Yeo, along with other members of the governing board, wanted the Nalanda Act to be amended to broaden participation of other East Asian countries, apart from those which had contributed financially . “For reasons not entirely clear to me, the government of India has decided to form the new governing board with immediate effect before the act is amended,“ Yeo said.
The amended act, he said, would have removed a “major flaw“ .
“This provision, which was never recommended by the Nalanda mentor group (NMG), would not have been a good way to constitute the governing board and was the reason the government of India requested the NMG to continue functioning as the governing board for a number of years until the act could be amended,“ he said.
