Cestoda: India
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Cestoda
Introduction
Tapeworms or cestodes have been known from the ancient times the earlier belief was that both the segmented and bladder worm shapes developed spOntaneously in the body of other animals. Earlier scientific records on the. tapeworm zoology were made by Tyson (1691) Andry (1700), Frisch (1727), Fabricius (1780) and Bloch (1782). Benham (1901) published a Treatise "The Platyelmia and Nemertini," A treatise on Zoology.' In the middle of the last century, Kuchenmeister, Van Beneden, Leuckart, von Seibold and others showed that bladder worms are actually developmental shapes stages of taenoid cestodes and that the egg of cestodes contain larvae which develop into bladder worms in appropriate host.
The life history of relatively few species belonging to different groups, have been worked out during the past hundred years. In spite of extensive and intensive study the cestodes remain controversial and puzzling creatures. For quite some time there has been the controvery as to whether the tape worm is an individual or a colony; whether the transformation between onchosphere and later larval types is a bUe metamorphosis and fmally, whether the scolex is at the anterior posterior end of the body.
Rudolphi (1809) while giving the technical names to replace the vemaular names given by Zeder (1800) proposed Cestoidea (from Latin, cestus -girdle). The class contains about 4000 to SOOO described specis being parasitic chiefly in the digestive tracts of vertebrates in adult condition and a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts in larval stages. Monticelli (1892) divided it into subclass: (i) Cestodaria-containing families Caryophyllidae Leuckart 1878, Amph~liinidae Claus, 1879 and Gyrocotylidae Benham, 1901, the members of these families being monozoic, since they do not form chain of proglottids; and (ii) Cestoda-comprising all other families members of which are merozoicor polyzoic forming chain of proglottids Fuhrmann (1930-1931) arranged Cestoidea into two subclasses (i) Cestodaria with two orders with single family in each and (2) Cestoda, with five orders and thirty-one families.
Some authors replaced the class name cestoidea to Cestoda and subclass Cestoda to Eucestoda. Wardle and McLeod (1952) recognised fourteen orders and fortynine f~ilies. Seven of the orders comprised only single family and one order with a single species, the identification of which is equivocal. Yamagenti (1959) listed thirteen orders and fiftyfive families, 01 which six orders are with single families Wardle, McLeod and Radinovsky (1974) recognised twenty orders. Spasskii (1950, 1968)in Essential of Cestodology made many changes in the classification of cestodes. It may be inferred that the taxonomy of Cestoda is still in unsettled. Acording to Stunkard (1970) Class Cestoda comprises two subclasses: (i) Cestodaria containing monozoitic parasites with lycophoron larvae with ten hooks; and (2) Encestoda: the merozoic or polyzoic tapeworms under subclass Eucestoda comprises five orders viz. (i) Tetraphyllidea (ii) Trypanoorhyncha, (iii) Pseudophyllidea, (iv) Protcocephala, and (v). Ceclophyllidea. All the families are accommodated under the.~ five orders.
Historical Resume
The earliest reference on Indian cestodes was the publication of report on tape worms of camels by Leese (1911) with discovery of a subfamily of ceslOdes with yolk glands. Cestode parasites of rlShes and birds have been studied by Southwell since 1911. He published a series of papers and monographs on this group apart from contributing two volumes on cestodes in the Fauna of British India series (1930). Homel (1912) described some ccstodes from fishes. Southwell &Prashad (1918) described Hilsa cestodes. A school on cestode studies was devcloped under Prof.
Meggit who published a series of papers on taxonomy and life history of Indian and Burmese cestodes which have enhanced our knowledge. He (1934) proposed a Host Parasite thcory and showed its application in case of Cestodes. Sondhi (1923) worked out tapeworms of dogs in Punjab. Aggarwala (1925) reported an unusual location for Echinococcus cysts in the body of the sheep. Moghe (1923-1933) described a new Monopyliddium and several bird cestodes from central India. Oulati (1929) reported a new Dipylidium. Johri (1931-35) and Inamdar (1933-34) made notable contributions on the cestode parasites of Indian birds." Woodland (1923.. 1926) worked on fish cestodes and considered caryophyl1aeida~ as a primitive group of cestodes and showed their affinities with the Gyoocotylidae. Verma (1926-1928) described several tetraphyllids and Proteocephalids. Malkani (1933) investigated the problem of scolices of larval cestodes and showed experimentally that the process is helped by surface tension. Bhalerao (1936) reviewed the genus Avilillina and described some already known species and two new species from goat and sheep. He (1944, recorded seven species of cestodes from poultry. Burt (1937-1944) in a series of papers described some known and many new forms mainly from birds of Ceylon. He erected seven genera under the families Dilepididae and Dioccocestidae. Many of the genera and species reported by him have since been recorded from India~ Inamdar (1942) described a new avian cestode Ship/eyafarrani from a stilt which was later referred to Pseudoshiploya Yamaguti, 1959. Chauhan (1947) recorded Paronia sp. from a fowl apart from some known species from fishes and birds. Chauhan and Ramakrishna (1959) reported fish John, L. N. (1939-1953) described a number of avian cestodes and erected two new genera Thaparea and Neyralla. Misra (1945) reported a new species of the genus Oochoristica from lizard. Mudaliar (1939, 1943) described some known and a new species of cesode from domestic. Subramanian (1930, 1940) described new cestodes frorrl fishes in Madras. Woodland (1941) revised the genus DUlhiersia parasitic inreptiles. Misra (1945) added a new species to the genus Oochvrislica from a lizard. Hanumantha Rao (1954) reported a new species Bothriocephalus ganapalii which he later (1960) transferred to a new genus Penetrocephalus besides studying the Mehli' s gland complex by histochemical methods. He also described a new species of Ptychobolhrium from a flying fish. Sharma (1949) described a new Rhabdomelra from birds. Singh (1948-1964) in series of papers described a new Rhabdometra from birds. Singh, (1948¬1964) in a series of papers described some known species from fish, snake and birds. He gave keys 'to the species of genera Gangasia and Ophryocotyloides besides erecting four new genera under the family Dilepididae from avian hosts and one new genus I ndotaenia from a flying squirrel in the family Anoplocephalidae. These were based on the material collected by him in sixties from high altitudes of Kumaon region. This survey appears to be the rust survey carried out at high altitude. Subhapradha (1951, 1955, 1957) described a number of new species from marine fishes of Madras coast. JoOO, (1955-1957) described a number of marine fishes of some new cestodes from fish, lizard, snake, birds and erected two genera Lallu'm and Ilunteroides. Singh, K. P. 1956, 1959) described a number of new species from avaian hosts including a new genus Chetlusiana of the family Dilepididae. Chatterji (1954) described two new species from avain hosts. Siddiqi (1960)described a new unisexual genus Neodioecocestus from a grebe at Aligarh. He (1960, 1961) in a series of papers described in detail the external characters, cuticle, musculalive hook and rostellum excretory system and the nervous system of COlugnia digonopora. Mukherjee (1962) studied the cestodcs from Rajasthan and reported eight new species besides known species. This work was published in 1970. Hae (1964, 1965) described three new species from birds.
By late sixties and seventies a number of workers started work on this interesting group of parasites and made substantial contributions. Mention may be made of Fotedar (1965) Raina (1968-1975) Saxena (1970) Baugh and Sexena (1975) Gupta (1973) Chishsi (1973), Fotedar and Chishti (1977), Malviya and Dult (1969, 1971) Shinde (1965-1980) Srivastava, (1986-1985) Srivastava, and Pande (1980), Srivastava, (1981), Capoor (1966-1985), Hafeezullah (1986), Tandon (1981-1988), Malhotra (1978-1989), Ghosh (1975-1990) Luho studied the cestode parasites of amphibia and reptiles besides publishing papers on the bird and mammal cestodes. Srivastava, Pandey and Tayal (1984) studied the bird ceslodes of Lucknow and Faizabad districts and described seventeen new and known species besides erecting a new genus. Agrawal (1965-1980) studied fish cestodes from Raipur. Rajyalaxmi (1981-1988) studied cestodes ofWaltair coast fishes. Kundu (1985), Kundu et al. (1985) studied cestodes of fishes. Tandon (1988) analysed caryophlelgellids of Shillong.
The work on other aspects of cestodes has been rather negligible. Anantaraman (1948, 1951) described the importance of oribatid mites, which serve as intermediate host of Moniezia and some other of locephaline cestodes, and also the life history of Moniezia from India. He (1954) gave a probable scheme of development in the genus Mcsocestoides the life history of which is not fully known. Dutt and Sinha (1961) described the life history of ChO(lnOlaenia infundibulum and Dutt, Sinha and Mehra (1961) that of Raillietinia cesticellus. Though Moniezia is the only cestode to have the characteristic inter ..proglottidal glands yet almost nothing was known about its morphology, chemical nature and function till Singh and Singh (1958) described in detail the morphology of the glands for the fust time. Ghosh and Srivastava, (1988) studied the host parasite relationship in cestodes of reptiles. It was observed by them that out of 435 specis and subspecies of reptiles occurring in India only 12 have been screened for cestode parasites. Further they. noted that cestodes have not so far been recorded from turtles throughout the world. Srivastava, Ghosh and Dey Sarkar (1975), Ghosh and Srivastava (1989) discussed ligulosis problem in Dam and reservoirs. With the multiplicity of genera and species of host available in our country much remains to be explored.
Estimation of Taxa
R. P. Mukherjee, M. Hafeezullah, C. B. Srivastava, R. K. Ghosh, D. K. Kundu, S. B. Bhattacharya and I. B. Dutta; all of Zoological Survey of India. 'M' Block, New Alipore, Calcutta ... 700 053.
Elsewhere
K. Hanumantha Rao, and 1. Rajyalaxami, (Andhra Univ.) Waltair
S. K. Saxena, and N. Agrawal, Lucknow, Lucknow University,
S. S. Sinha, Hyderabad (Osmania Univ)
S. K. Malhotra, Allahabad (Allahabad Univ.)
V. Tandon, Shillong (NEHU)
V. C. Srivastava, C.M.P. Degree CoUge, Allahabad
A. K. Srivastava, B. B. College, Jhansi
Abroad
I. Sawada, Biological Lab., Nara University
A. A. Spassiy, Moldavian Academy of Science, Kishinev. USSR
H. W. Stunkard, American Museum Nat History, New York
R. L. Rausch, Arctic Health Res. Centre, Fairbanks Alaska, U.S.A.
Selected References
Southwell, T. 1930. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Cestoda Vol. I & II. Francis &Taylor, London.
Srivastava, C. B. Pandey, K. C. & Tayal, V. 1984. Studies onsome avian cestodes of Lucknow and Faizabad districts. U.P. J. Zoot. Soc. India, 35 : 82.. 113. Wardle, R. A. &McLeod, J. A. 1952. The Zoology of Tapeworms, The University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Wardle, R. A. &Radinovsky, S. 1974. Advances in the Zoology o/Tapeworms, 1950-1970. The University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Yamaguti, S. 1959. Systemallelminihum.Vol.II. Cestoda Interscience Publ., N. Y
