Jind State, 1908

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This article has been extracted from THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908. OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.

Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts. Some units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value.

=Physical aspects

One of the Phulkan States, Punjab. The State has a total area of 1,332 " square miles, and comprises three distinct tracts, corresponding to its three tahsil of Sangrur, Jind, and Dadri. The first, in which lies Sangrur, the present capital of the State, is inter- spersed among the territories of the other Phulkian States, Patiala and Nabha; the Jind tahsil, lying to the south-east of Sangrur, is almost entirely surrounded by the British Districts of Karnal and Rohtak ; while on the south of it, and separated from it by Rohtak District, lies the tahsil of Dadri. Sangrur lies in the great natural tract known as the Jangal ; Jind is in the Bangar and includes a part of Kurukshetra, the sacred land of the Hindus ; and Dadri lies partly in the Bagar, the desert on the Rajputana border, and partly in Hariana. No great river traverses the State ; but the Choya torrent passes through Sangrfur, and a still smaller stream, the Jhambuwali, and the Ghaggar river also enter that tahsil In Dadri a few villages are fertilized by the Dohan, a seasonal torrent which rises in Jaipur State and loses itself in Rohtak District. With the exception of some low hills, outliers of the Aravalli system, in the Dadri tahsil the State consists of level plains whose monotony is broken only in Sangrur by shifting sandhills.

The flora corresponds (as regards the older parts of the State) with that of Karnal and Rohtak ; in the Dadri iahstl it is identical with the adjoining tracts of North-Eastern Rajputana. The fauna is much the same as in the Patiala plains.

Owing to the scattered character of the State, the climate is not uniform. The Jind tahsll is moist and unhealthy ; Dadri is dry, sandy, and healthy ; and Sangrflr possesses the same characteristics in a less degree. The rainfall is heaviest in Sangrflr, where it averages 17 inches a year, while Jind receives about 12 inches. Dadri has the lowest rainfall, 10 inches, and is the tract most subject to drought, the two other tafcf/s being now protected against famine by canals.

History

The history of Juid as a separate State dates from 1763, in which year the confederate Sikhs captured Sirhind town from the governor to whom Ahmad Shah Durrani had entrusted it, and partitioned the old Mughal province. The Raja of Jind is descended from Sukh Chain, a grandson of Phul, the ancestor of all the Phulkian families, who had previously been a mere rural notable. On Sukh Chain's death in 1751 Balanwali, which he had founded, fell to Alam Singh his eldest son, Badrukhan to his second son Gajpat Singh, and Dyalpura to Bulaki.

On Alam Singh's death in 1754 Balanwali also passed to Gajpat Singh, who was the most adventurous of the three brothers, and in 1755 conquered the imperial parganas of Jind and Saftdon and overran Panlpat and Karnal, but was not strong enough to hold them. In 1766 Gajpat Singh made Jind town his capital. Nevertheless he remained a vassal of the Delhi empire and continued to pay tribute, obtaining in return in 1772 an imperial farman which gave him the title of Raja.

In 1774, in con- sequence of a quarrel with the Raja of Nabha, he attacked Amloh, Bhadson, and Sangrfir, which were in the Nabha territories ; and though he was compelled by the Raja of Patiala to relinquish the first two places, he succeeded in retaining the last, which has ever since remained part of the Juid State. In the next year, the Delhi government made an attempt to recover Jlnd ; but the Phulkian chiefs combined to resist the attack, which was repulsed.

Gajpat Singh built a fort at Jlnd in 1775, and soon after this joined the Raja of Patiala in an invasion of Rohtak ; but the Mughal power was strong enough to compel them to give up most of their conquests, though Jlnd retained Panjgirain. Again, in 1870, the allies marched on Meerut, but were defeated, and Gajpat Singh was taken prisoner by the Muhammadan general, his release being secured only by payment of a heavy ransom. He died in 1 789, and was succeeded by two sons — Bhag Singh, who inherited the title of Raja with the territories of Jlnd and Saftdon ; and Bhup Singh, who obtained Badrukhan.

Raja Bhag Singh shrewdly held aloof from the combination against the British ; and when Sindhia's power in Northern India was ultimately broken, Iord Lake rewarded him by confirming his title in the Gohana estates which had previously been farmed to him by the Marathas. He afterwards accompanied Lord Lake as far as the Beas in his pursuit of Jaswant Rao Holkar, and was sent as an envoy to Maharaja Ranjlt Singh, who was the son of his sister Raj Kaur, to dissuade him from assisting the fugitive prince.

The mission was successful. Holkar was compelled to leave the Punjab, and Bhag Singh received as his reward the pargana of Bawana to the south-west of Panlpat. The history of Ranjlt Singh's interference in the Phulkian States has been given in the article on Patiala. From Ranjlt Singh, Raja Bhag Singh received territory now included in Ludhiana District, comprising Jandala, Raikot, Bassian, and Jagraon. He died in 1819 after ruling thirty-six years, and was succeeded by his son Fateh Singh, who died in 1822.

Troublous times followed, and Sangat Singh, who succeeded his father Fateh Singh, was obliged for a period to desert his capital. He died childless in 1834 ; and the question of the succession was finally settled in 1837, when Sarup Singh of Bazldpur, a second cousin of the deceased Raja, was recognized as chief of all the territory that had been held by his great-grandfather, Gajpat Singh, through whom he derived his title. The territory to which he thus succeeded consisted of Jlnd proper and nine other parganas y containing 322 villages, with a revenue of Rs. 2,36,000, while the acquisitions of the chiefs subsequent to Gajpat Singh, comprising territory yielding Rs. 1,82,000, were resumed by the British Government.

Before the outbreak of the first Sikh War the Raja of Jlnd was in close alliance with Patiala against Raja Deoindar Singh of Nabha. His attitude to the British Government, however, was anything but friendly in 1845, until a timely fine recalled him to his allegiance. In the first Sikh War his conduct was exemplar)', and he furnished both troops and supplies, receiving in reward a grant of land of the annual value of Rs. 3,000, while the fine of the previous year was remitted. Another grant, yielding Rs. 1,000, was shortly afterwards added, in consideration of the abolition of the State transit dues.

In 1847 the Raja received a sanad by which the British Government engaged never to demand from him or his successors tribute or revenue, or commutation in lieu of troops ; the Raja on his part promised to aid the British with all his resources in case of war, to maintain the military roads, and to suppress sail, slave-dealing, and infanticide in his territories. When the second Sikh War broke out, Raja Sarup Singh offered to lead his troops in person to join the army at Lahore.

In the crisis of 1857 he rendered most valuable assistance. He occupied the cantonment of Kamal with 800 men, and held the ferry over the Jumna at Baghpat, 20 miles north of Delhi, thus enabling the Meerut force to join Sir H. Barnard's column. He was present at the battle of AUput, but at the end of June was compelled to pay a flying visit to Jmd, as the rebels of Hansi, Rohtak, and Hissar had induced some of his villages to revolt He returned to Delhi on September 9, and his contingent took a prominent part in the final assault on the city.

He was further active throughout in sending supplies to the besieging force, and in keeping open the lines of communication and preserving order in the districts adjoining his State. After the fall of Delhi he sent 200 men with General van Cortlandt to Hansi, and no more with Colonel R. Lawrence to Jhajjar, while 250 remained to garrison Rohtak. These splendid services received a fitting reward in the grant of the Dadri territory, covering nearly 600 square miles, forfeited for disloyalty by the Nawab of Bahadurgarh.

This territory now yields a revenue of over 2 lakhs. He also received 13 villages, assessed at Rs. 1,38,000, in the Kularan pargana y close to Sangrur, where the Raja now has his capital, and a house at Delhi, valued at Rs. 6,000. His salute was raised to n guns; and, like the other Phulkian chiefs, he received a sanad granting him the right of adoption in case of the failure of natural heirs, and legalizing the appointment of a successor by the two other Phulkian chiefs, in concert with the Political Agent, in the event of the Raja dying without male issue and without having adopted a successor.

Raja Sarup Singh died in 1864. He was succeeded by his son, Raghublr Singh, who was in every way worthy of his father. Imme- diately after his installation he was called upon to put down a serious insurrection in the newly-acquired territory of Dadri. The people objected to the new revenue assessment, which had been based upon the British system, though the rates were much heavier than those prevailing in the neighbouring British Districts.

Fifty villages broke out in open revolt, but Raja Raghublr Singh lost no time in hurrying to the scene of the disturbances with about 2,000 men of all arms. The village of Charki, where the ringleaders of the rebellion had entrenched themselves, was carried by assault, and within six weeks of the outbreak the country was again perfectly quiet. The Raja rendered prompt assistance to the British Government on the occasion of the Kiika outbreak in 1872 ; and when the second Afghan War broke out in 1878, the British Government accepted his offer of a contingent, which rendered useful service on the line of communications.

As a reward, the honorary title of Raja-i-Rajgan was conferred on the Raja of Jlnd in perpetuity. An offer of assistance in the Egyptian campaign of 1882 was declined, with a suitable recognition of the Raja's loyalty. Raja Raghublr Singh was indefatigable in his efforts to promote the prosperity, material and otherwise, of his people. He rebuilt the town of Sangrur, modelling it largely on Jaipur, and made many improve- ments at Jind, Dadri, and Saftdon.

It is largely owing to his efforts that Jlnd is to-day the first of the Phulkian States as regards artistic manufactures. He died in 1887, leaving a grandson, Ranbir Singh, to succeed him. Raja Ranbir Singh was only eight years old at his accession, and a Council of Regency was appointed to carry on the administration until he attained majority. Full powers were given him in November, 1899, in a darbar held at Sangrur.

The southern portion of Kurukshetra lies within the boundaries of the State, but the antiquities of the tract have never been properly explored. There are several old buildings and tanks, especially in and around Safidon, for which an antiquity is claimed coeval with the events of the Mahabharata.

Population

The State contains 7 towns and 439 villages, and its population at the last three enumerations was: (1881) 249,862, (1891) 284,560, and (1901) 282,003. The decrease of 1 per cent, during the last decade was due to famine, which caused con- siderable emigration from Dadri.

It is divided into two nizdmats or administrative districts : Sangrur, which comprises the tahsil of that name; and Jind, divided into the two tahsils of Jlnd and Dadri. Their head-quarters are at Sangrur and Jind respectively. The prin- cipal towns are Sangrur, the modern capital, Jind, the former capital, Safidon, Dadri, and Kaliana. The table on the next page shows the chief statistics of population in 1901.

Nearly three-fourths of the population are Hindus, only io«6 per cent, being Sikhs, though Jind is one of the principal Sikh States in the Punjab. The remainder are Muhammadans (nearly 14 per cent.), with a few Jains in the Dadri tahsil The majority of the people speak Bangru, or its kindred dialects of Bagri and Ahlrwati, Punjabi being spoken only in the Sangrur tahsil

Note.— The figures for the areas of tahsils arc taken from revenue returns. The total area of the State is that given in the Census Report,

More than 33 per cent, of the population are Jats, the Sidhu tribe, to which the ruling family belongs, being strong in Sangrur and the Sheo- ran in Dadri. Rajputs and Ahlrs also form important castes in Dadri. The latter are exclusively Hindus. About 66 per cent of the population are dependent on agriculture. A branch of the Reformed Presbyterian Mission is established at Sangrur ; and 80 Christians, mostly members of the railway community at Jind, were enumerated in the State in 1901.

Agriculture

Dadri tahsil is almost devoid of irrigation, and its conditions there- fore differ completely from those of Sangrur and JInd. Of these, Sangrur is now commanded by the Sirhind Canal, and its agricultural system has in consequence under- gone great changes, being now superior to that of Jind. Formerly an arid tract with sparse cultivation, its virgin soil has been rendered cultivable by the canal.

Jind is irrigated from the Hansi branch of the older Western Jumna Canal, and its soil suffers both from excess of moisture and from exhaustion. Dadri is an arid, sandy tract, exposed to violent dust-storms in the hot season, and the sowing of either harvest depends entirely on the seasonal rains.

The State is mostly held by communities of small peasant pro- prietors, though large estates cover about 400 square miles. The following table gives the main statistics of cultivation in 1903-4, areas being in square miles : —

In Sangrur and Jlnd the principal harvest is the spring crop, in which wheat and barley and gram, mixed with mustard, are grown, cotton and sugar-cane (and in Sangrur maize) being cultivated for the autumn harvest. In Dadri wheat is rarely sown except on lands irrigated from wells, and the main harvest is in the autumn, when millet is the staple crop. Pulses are sown with millet, which is also grown to some extent in Jlnd. Gram is the staple crop of the spring harvest.

In the Jlnd tahsll rent is taken either in cash or by division of pro- duce. Cash rents vary from Rs. 1-3-3 to Rs 1-9-3 for unirrigated land, while for irrigated land Rs. 4-12-9 is paid on cotton and double that amount on sugar-cane. Where the less valuable irrigated crops are grown, rent is paid in kind, the landlord taking one-fourth of the produce.

In the Dadri tahsll kind rents are very rare. From R. 0-12-9 to R s '3 per acre is paid for unirrigated land, and Rs. 4 to Rs. 5 for land watered from wells. In the Sangrur tahsll rent is taken by division of crops. The rates are the same as in the Jlnd tahsi I. The construction of railways has tended to equalize the prices of grain in different parts of the State.

Apart from the extension of canals, the State has since 1891 advanced Rs. 8,000 for the construction of wells for irrigation and drinking purposes, and nearly Rs. 16,000 more has been provided from village funds. There is a State bank in each tahsil, by which advances are made at half the ordinary rates of interest The cultivated area increased by 4-5 per cent, between 1881 and 1901, but there is little room for further extension.

Dadri, which lies close to Hariana, is the main cattle-breeding tract, the animals resembling the famous Hariana breed. Camels are also reared by the Rahbarls in this tahsll, and used both for ploughing and carrying, as well as for riding. A good type of milch buffalo is found in Jlnd. The State maintains three Reserves in which grazing is allowed on payment.

The State owns 7-6 per cent of the Sirhind Canal. Of the total area cultivated in 1903-4, 162 square miles, or more than 13 per cent, were classed as irrigated. Of this area, 37 square miles were irrigated from wells, 121 from canals, and 4 from streams. There are 2,292 masonry wells in use, besides 289 unbricked wells, lever wells, and water-lifts. Wells are virtually confined to Sangrur and Dadri, as the cost of making them is prohibitive in the Jlnd tahsil.

The bucket and rope are commonly used, but a few Persian wheels are found in one part of the State. In 1903-4, 27 square miles were irrigated from the Sirhind Canal and 4 from the Ghaggar river and other streams in SangrOr, while in the Jlnd tahsll the Western Jumna Canal irrigated 60 square miles. The Hansi and BQtana branches of the Western Jumna Canal were managed by the British Government prior to 1888.

In that year, however, an agreement was made by which the State took over distribu- taries irrigating 60,000 acres on payment of Rs. 1,20,000, less the cost of maintenance, &c, giving a net amount of about Rs. 1,05,500 a year payable to Government The State is also allowed to irrigate 10,000 acres free of water rate, if there is a sufficient supply of water in the canal. The Bhiwani branch, still under British management, irrigates about 2,300 acres in this tahsil, for which the State pays the water rates fixed for British villages, plus 50 per cent, in lieu of owner's rate.

The only forests are the three Reserves already mentioned. These are called birs and have an area of 2,623 acres. While yielding an income of over Rs. 2,000 in normal years, they also form valuable fodder reserves for the cattle in time of famine.

The State contains no mines or minerals, with the exception of stone and kankar quarries and saltpetre, the last of which yields a revenue of nearly Rs. 15,000. Stone is quarried in the Dadri tafoil, but most of it is used locally.

Trade and communication

The only industries of any importance are the manufacture of gold and silver ornaments, leathern and wood-work, cotton cloth, and rude pottery. The towns of Sangrur and Dadri are noted for their leathern good ,shoes , harness, and well- gear ; and in the former good furniture of English pattern is made. In the Sangrur tahsil embroidery is done by women for local sale and some of it is exported. There is some turnery at Dadri. The only factory is a steam cotton-ginning and pressing factory at Juid town, which in 1903-4 gave employment to 120 persons.

Large quantities of grain are exported through Sangrur, Jind, and Dadri. Other exports are cotton, gfu^ and oilseeds, while the chief imports are refined sugar and cotton cloth.

The Ludhiana-Dhuri-Jakhal Railway was opened in 1901, the State finding four-fifths of the capital for its construction. It connects SangrOr, the capital, with Dhuri Junction on the Rfijpura-Bhatinda branch of the North- Western Railway and with Jakhal Junction on the Southern Punjab Railway, and is managed by the North- Western Rail- way in return for 55 per cent, of the gross earnings. The Southern Punjab Railway has three stations in the Jind iahsil, and the Rajput- ana-Malwa Railway two in Dadri. Sangrur is also connected by metalled roads with Dhuri and Patiala, and with Jind by a partially metalled road. The State contains 42 miles of metalled roads and 191 miles of unmetalled roads. The postal and telegraphic arrange- ments are similar to those in Patiala.

Famine

In common with the rest of the Punjab, the State suffered from the famines of 1783, 1803, 1812, 1824, and 1833. That of 1860-1 also affected the State, especially the Dadri tahsil, and . half a year's revenue was remitted, advances for the purchase of cattle and seed being also given. In 1869-70 a fodder famine caused great losses of cattle, and a fifth of the revenue was remitted in the Jind tahsil, advances being also made in Dadri.

In 1877-8 the scarcity was more severe and was met by loans from the State banks. In 1883-4 a fodder famine again caused great loss of cattle, and revenue was largely suspended. In 1896 famine reappeared, and Rs. 27,500 was allotted for relief works, 7,000 maunds of grain were distributed as advances for seed, and Rs. 3,000 spent in charitable relief; and though the scarcity was intensified in 1897, the losses were not severe. In 1899 the crops failed again before the people had had time to recover from the effects of the preceding famine.

Two months after the opening of relief works in October, 1899, ^ was resolved to concentrate the famine-stricken people on the Ludhiana-Dhuri-Jakhal Railway. The highest daily average (1,260) was reached in March, 1900. Works were not closed until December, 1900, and the total expenditure on them exceeded Rs. 40,000. Poorhouses were also opened and relief given privately at a cost of nearly Rs. 23,000, exclud- ing the expenditure on additional dispensaries and the relief of immi- grants. On the conclusion of the famine, Rs. 1,58,000 was advanced to the people for the purchase of cattle and seed, bringing up the total expenditure incurred by the State to Rs. 2,27,000.

Administration

The Agent to the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab for Jind is the Political Agent for the Phulkian States and BahSwalpur, who resides at

Patiala. The administration of the State is divided

between four departments. Foreign affairs and edu- cation are controlled by the foreign minister. The Dlwan controls finance, excise, and revenue; the BakhshI Khana under the com- mander-in-chief is responsible for the army and the police, and the AdalatI or minister of justice for civil and criminal justice. The heads of these departments sitting together form a State Council known as the Sadr Ala, to which each of the ministers individually is sub- ordinate.

The Council again is controlled by the Raja. The accoun- tant-general's office was established in 1899. For administrative purposes the State is divided into two nitdmats and three tahsils. Each tahsil is further subdivided into police circles, the Sangrur tahsil containing three, Jind and Dadri two each. Each nizamat is adminis- tered by a nazim, under whom is a tahsildar in each tahsil.

In each nizamat the nazim and iahslldars exercise judicial powers, and in 1899 a subdivisional magistrate was appointed in the Dadri tahsil . The nazim corresponds roughly to a District Magistrate, and from his decisions appeals lie to the Sadr Adalat, which is presided over by the Adalati. Further appeals lie to the Sadr Ala, which is subordinate to the Ijlds-i-Khas, or court of the Raja. All these courts exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction. The Indian Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code are in force in the State, with certain modifications.

The principal feudatory is the Sardar of Badrukhan, the representa- tive of the junior branch of the ruling family. The jdgir is worth Rs. 8,843 per annum, and is subject to the usual incidents of lapse and commutation. The Raja of Nabha is a member of this family.

In the time of Raja Gajpat Singh the State consisted only of the four parganas of Jind, Saftdon, Sangrur, and Balanwali, with a revenue of about 3 lakhs. Before the settlements made by Raja Sarup Singh, a fluctuating system of assessment was in vogue, including batai, kan- kut y and cash rates fixed on the nature of crops. The settlements were made in different years for each tahsiL Between 1857 and 1866 a summary settlement of the Sangrur and Jind tahstls was conducted, resulting in a total demand of 3-2 lakhs.

Shortly after this a regular settlement of the whole State was made, which produced a fixed revenue of 5-9 lakhs. In both of these settlements the batai system was partly continued. Two regular settlements followed, when cash rates were introduced throughout The assessment of the fourth settle- ment was 6-2 lakhs. Revenue rates on unirrigated land vary from a minimum of R. 0-4-1 in Dadri to a maximum of Rs. 1-12-10 in SangrQr, and on irrigated land from a minimum of R. 0-6-1 in Dadri to a maximum of Rs. 2-5-9 in Sangrur.

The collections of land revenue alone and of total revenue (including cesses) are shown below, in thousands of rupees : —

Apart from land revenue, the principal sources of revenue, with the amounts derived from each in 1903-4, are as follows: canals (2-5 lakhs), railways (1-2 lakhs), and stamps (o-6 lakh). The principal heads of expenditure are army (2.7 lakhs), canals (1-2 lakhs), public works (09 lakh), police (0.5 lakh), and miscellaneous (8-8 lakhs).

The income derived from excise in 1903-4 was Rs. 29,000. Liquor is distilled on premises which belong to the State, under the supervision of State officials, and still-head duties are levied of Rs. 2-8-0 per proof gallon and Rs. 2 per gallon of 25 under proof. The arrangement re- garding the import of Malwa opium is similar to that which obtains in the case of Patiala, but the quantity allowed to Jind at the lower rate never exceeds 19 chests.

The duty paid on this opium is refunded to the State, with the object of securing the co-operation of the officials in the suppression of smuggling. The import of opium from Dadri into British territory is prohibited. The contracts for the retail sale of opium, drugs, and liquor are auctioned, and wholesale licences are granted on payment of a fixed fee. The excise arrangements are under the control of a Superintendent, who is subordinate to the Diwan.

• The mint is controlled by the State treasurer, but, as in the case of Patiala, coins are struck only on special occasions, and these can hardly be said to be current coinage. The Jind rupee bears an in- scription similar to that on the Patiala rupee, to the effect that it is struck under the authority of Ahmad Shah Durrani. (See article on Patiala.) The value of the coin is about 12 annas. Gold coins are also struck.

The towns of Sangrur, Jind, Safidon, and Dadri have been constituted municipalities.

The expenditure on public works in 1903-4 was Rs. 90,854 ; and the principal buildings erected by the department since 1900 are the Ranbir College, the Ranblr Ganj, the Record Office, and the Female Hospital, all at Sangrur.

The State army consists of a battalion of Imperial Service infantry, 600 strong, with all necessary transport ; and a local force of 220 cavalry, 560 infantry, 80 artillery, and 16 serviceable guns.

The police force had in 1903-4 a total strength of 405 of all ranks, and the village watchmen numbered 523. The police force is con- trolled by an Inspector-General, under whom there is a Superintendent for each of the three tahsils, and a deputy-inspector for each of the seven police stations. The principal jail is at Sangrur. It has accom- modation for 320 prisoners, and is managed by a ddroga under the supervision of the Adalati. The chief jail industries are printing, weaving, bookbinding, and the making of darts (cotton carpets), paper, webbing, and rope.

In 1 90 1 the proportion of literate persons was 2-8 per cent. (5 males and 0-2 females). The number of pupils under instruction was 602 in 1 890-1, 791 in 1 900-1, and 730 in 1903-4. In the last year the State had 4 secondary and 7 primary and special (public) schools, and 15 elementary (private) schools, with 3 girls in the private schools. The eleven institutions classed as public were all managed by the Educational department of the State.

The existing system dates from 1889, wnen tne old State schools at Sangrur, Jind, Dadri, and Safidon were remodelled, so as to bring them into line with the regulations of the Punjab Educational department In 1894 the school at San- grur was raised to the status of a high school, and in 1902 the Diamond Jubilee College was completed at that town. The expenditure of the State on education was Rs. 9,300 in 1892-3 and Rs. 10,400 in 1903-4.

The State contains 3 hospitals and 6 dispensaries, with accom- modation for 64 in-patients. In 1903-4 the number of cases treated was 29,129, of whom 166 were in-patients, and 867 operations were performed. The expenditure was Rs. 17,815. The medical depart- ment is in charge of the State Medical officer.

Vaccination, which is compulsory throughout the State, is carried out by a staff of four vaccinators under an inspector. In 1903-4 the number of vaccinations performed was 4,752, representing 16*9 per 1,000 of the population.

Revenue survey maps were prepared for each tahsil at the first settlement They were revised during the second and third settle- ments, and during the fourth settlement a fresh survey of Jind and Sangrur was made and new maps were prepared. For the Jind tahsil , a map on the 4-inch scale was made.

The first trigonometrical sur- vey was made between 1847 and 1849, and maps were published on the i-inch and 2-inch scales. A 4-inch map of the Cis-Sutlej States was published in 1863, and a revised edition of it in 1897. The i-inch maps prepared in 1847-9 were revised in 1886-92.

[H. A. Rose, Phulkidn States Gazetteer (in the press) ; L. H. Griffin, The Rajas of the Punjab (second edition, 1873).]