Khatik
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From The Tribes And Castes Of The Central Provinces Of India
By R. V. Russell
Of The Indian Civil Service
Superintendent Of Ethnography, Central Provinces
Assisted By Rai Bahadur Hira Lal, Extra Assistant Commissioner
Macmillan And Co., Limited, London, 1916.
NOTE 1: The 'Central Provinces' have since been renamed Madhya Pradesh.
NOTE 2: While reading please keep in mind that all articles in this series have been scanned from the original book. Therefore, footnotes have got inserted into the main text of the article, interrupting the flow. Readers who spot these footnotes gone astray might like to shift them to their correct place.
Khatik
A functional caste of Hindu mutton-butchers and vegetable sellers. They numbered nearly 13,000 persons in the Central Provinces and Berar in 191 1, and are, as might be expected, principally returned from the Districts with a considerable urban population, Amraoti, Jubbulpore, Nagpur and Saugor. The name is derived from the Sanskrit Khattika, 3 a butcher or hunter. In northern 1 Linguistic Survey, vol. iv. Munda 3 Mr. Crooke's Tribes and Castes, and Dravidian Languages, p. 22. ail. Khatik. - Ibidem, p. 129.
India Mr. Crooke states that the caste are engaged in keeping and selling pigs and retailing vegetables and fruits, and does not specially mention that they slaughter animals, though in Agra one of their subcastes is named Buchar, a corruption of the English word butcher. In the Punjab Sir D. Ibbetson 1 says of them that, "They form a connecting link between the scavengers and the leather-workers, though they occupy a social position distinctly inferior to that of the latter. They are great keepers of pigs and poultry, which a Chamar would not keep.2 At the same time many of them tan and dye leather and indeed are not seldom confused with the Chamrang.
The Khatik is said sometimes to keep sheep and goats and twist their hair into waist- bands for sale." Sir H. Risley again describes the Khatlks of Bihar as a cultivating and vegetable-selling caste.3 The differences in the principal occupations ascribed to the caste are thus somewhat remarkable. In the Central Provinces the Khatlks are primarily slaughterers of sheep and goats and mutton-butchers, though they also keep pigs, and some of them, who object to this trade, make their livelihood by selling vegetables. Both in the United Provinces and Punjab the Khatlks are considered to be connected with the Pasis and probably an offshoot of that caste.
In the Central Provinces they are said to be an inferior branch of the Gadaria or shepherd caste. The Gadarias state that their old sheep were formerly allowed to die. Then they appointed some poor men of the community to kill them and sell the flesh, dividing the profits with the owner, and thus the Khatik caste arose. The Khatlks accept cooked food from the Gadarias, but the latter do not reciprocate. The Khatlks are both Hindu and Muhammadan by religion, the latter being also known as Gai-Khatlk or cow- killer
- but these may more suitably be classed with the Kasais or Muhammadan butchers. In the Maratha Districts the Hindu Khatlks are divided into two subcastes, the Beraria or those from Berar, and the Jhadi or those of the forest country of the Wainganga valley. These will take
1 Census Report (18S1), para. 502. the Chamars of the Central Provinces. 3 Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. 2 This statement does not apply to Khatik.
food together, but do not intermarry. They have the usual set of exogamous clans or septs, many of which are of a totemistic nature, being named after plants, animals or natural objects.
In Jubbulpore, owing to their habit of keeping pigs and the dirty state of their dwellings, one of their divisions is named Lendha, which signifies the excre- ment of swine. Here the sept is called ban, while in Wardha it is known as kul or adnam. Marriage within the sept is forbidden. When arranging a match they consider it essential that the boy should be taller than the girl, but do not insist on his being older. A bride-price is sometimes paid, especially if the parents of the girl are poor, but the practice is considered derogatory. In such a case the father is thought to sell his daughter and he is called Bad or Bhand. Marriages commonly take place on the fifth, seventh or ninth day after the Holi festival, or on the festival of Badsavitri, the third day of Baisakh (light fort- night).
When the bridegroom leaves the house to set out for the wedding his mother or aunt waves a pestle and churning-stick round him, puts a piece of betel-vine in his mouth and gives him her breast to suck. He then steps on a little earthen lamp-saucer placed over an egg and breaks them, and leaves the house without looking back. These rites are common to many castes, but their ^exact signifi- cance is obscure. The pestle and churning-stick and egg may perhaps be emblems of fertility.
At the wedding the fathers of the couple split some wood into shreds, and, placing it in a little pit with cotton, set a light to it. If it is all burnt up the ceremony has been properly performed, but if any is left, the people laugh and say that the corpses of the family's ancestors were not wholly consumed on the pyre.
To effect a divorce the husband and wife break a stick in the presence of the caste panchayat or committee, and if a divorced woman or one who has deserted her husband marries again, the first husband has to give a feast to the caste on the tenth day after the wedding ; this is perhaps in the nature of a funeral feast to signify that she is dead to him. The remarriage of widows is permitted. A girl who is seduced by a member of the caste, even though she may be delivered of a child, may be married
to him by the maimed rites used for widows. But she cannot take part in auspicious ceremonies, and her feet are not washed by married women like those of a proper bride. Even if a girl be seduced by an outsider, except a Hindu of the impure castes or a Muhammadan, she may be taken back into the community and her child will be recognised as a member of it. But they say that if a Khatik keeps a woman of another caste he will be excommunicated until he has put her away, and his children will be known as Akre or bastard Khatiks, these being numerous in Berar.
The caste burn or bury the dead as their means permit, and on the third day they place on the pyre some sugar, cakes, liquor, sweets and fruit for the use of the dead man's soul. The occupation of the Khatik is of course horrible to Hindu ideas, and the social position of the caste is very low. In some localities they are considered impure, and high-caste Hindus who do not eat meat will wash themselves if forced to touch a Khatik. Elsewhere they rank just above the impure castes, but do not enter Hindu temples.
These Khatiks slaughter sheep and goats and sell the flesh, but they do not cure the skins, which are generally exported to Madras. The Hindu Khatiks often refuse to slaughter animals themselves and employ a Muhammadan to do so by the rite of halal. The blood is sometimes sold to Gonds, who cook and eat it mixed with grain. Other members of the caste are engaged in cultivation, or retail vegetables and grain.
Khatik
(From People of India/ National Series Volume VIII. Readers who wish to share additional information/ photographs may please send them as messages to the Facebook community, Indpaedia.com. All information used will be gratefully acknowledged in your name.)
Synonyms: Kunjara [Bihar and/or Jharkhand] Chikwa [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh] Groups/subgroups: Buchal, Chik Sunkhar, Hindu Khatik, Khatik, Muslim Khatik [Himachal Pradesh] Jhade, Lendha, Varadi or Beraria [Madhya Pradesh and /or Chhattisgarh] Banbate, Birgit, Chik, Kaseruwale, Mewafarosh, Narc haua, Subaiya [Uttar Pradesh] Sonkar [West Bengal] Beraria, Jhadi [Russell & Hiralal]
- Subcastes: Dharamdasi [H.H. Risley]
Ayodhyabasi, Bakar Qassab, Bauriya, Buchar, Chala, Chik (in Agra), Ghorcharaos (groom), Khalrangi, Kha ra (in Bulandshahr), Mahrao, Past, Qassai, Sunkhar [W. Cro oke] Surnames: Gupta, Prasad [Bihar and/or Jharkhand] Dhanmore, Dhoke, Dhongarkar, Durge, Katari, Larokar,Mahore, Tumane, Tuneare [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh] Khatik [West Bengal]
- Exogamous sections: Asiwal, Bhurasha, Butele, Cha
ndel, Chavade, Chavan, Chawal, Khas, Khichi, Nagore, Navare, Padelwal, Parewal, Pilwal, Pohade, Sakunya, Samare, Sambre, Tepan [S.S. Hassan] Exogamous units/clans: Hanumankar, Kumarkari, Naray an, Palangtode, Pingala, Ravulkar [Andhra Pradesh] Bagmar, Chandal, Chauhan, Chawla, Daima, Demaria, D indmania, Dindwal, Khinchi, Khoiwal [Gujarat] Asiwal, Aswal, Aswat, Badsiwal, Bagdi, Bahuwal Basw ale, Bahwal, Bargujar, Bhagoria, Bhilwade, Chauhan, Chole, Daima, Doondela, Gandwaliya, Kataria, Khichchi, Mah endwaria, Melawalia Meoliwal, Paharia, Rajoura, Rat wate, Rewaria, Sankhale, Solankhi, Tanwar, Tisaware [Haryana] Dhanmare, Dhoke, Durge, Khatari, Kotari, Larokar, M ahore, Mohare, Tuneare [Madhya Pradesh and/or Chhattisgarh] Kashyap [Bihar and/or Jharkhand] Kashyap [West Bengal] Kasyapa [H.H. Risley] Exogamous units/lineages (bans): [Madhya Pradesh an d/or Chhattisgarh]
