South Indian castes/ tribes (numerically small): K
This article is an excerpt from Government Press, Madras |
Kabbili .—Kabbili or Kabliga, recorded as a sub-division of Bestha, is probably a variant of Kabbēra.
Kadacchil (knife-grinder or cutler).—A sub-division of Kollan.
Kadaiyan .—The name, Kadaiyan, meaning last or lowest, occurs as a sub-division of the Pallans. The Kadaiyans are described as being lime (shell) gatherers and burners of Rāmēsvaram and the neighbourhood, from whose ranks the pearl-divers are in part recruited at the present day. On the coasts of Madura and Tinnevelly they are mainly Christians, and are said, like the Paravas, to have been converted through the work of St. Francis Xavier.
Kadapēri .—A sub-division of Kannadiyan.
Kadavala (pots).—An exogamous sept of Padma Sālē.
Kādi (blade of grass).—A gōtra of Kurni.
Kadlē .—Kadlē, Kallē, and Kadalē meaning Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) have been recorded as exogamous septs or gōtras of Kurubas and Kurnis.
Kādu —Kādu or Kāttu, meaning wild or jungle, has been recorded as a division of Golla, Irula, Korava, Kurumba, and Tōttiyan. Kādu also occurs as an exogamous sept or gōtra of the Kurnis. Kādu Konkani is stated, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, to mean the bastard Konkanis, as opposed to the Gōd or pure Konkanis. Kāttu Marāthi is a synonym for the bird-catching Kuruvikarans. In the Malabar Wynaad, the jungle Kurumbas are known as Kāttu Nāyakan.
Kādukuttukiravar .—A synonym, meaning one who bores a hole in the ear, for Koravas who perform the operation of piercing the lobes of the ears for various castes.
Kahar .—In the Madras Census Report, 1901, the Kahars are returned as a Bengal caste of boatmen and fishermen. In the Mysore Census Report, it is noted that Kahar means in Hindustani a blacksmith, and that those censused were immigrants from the Bombay Presidency.
Kaikātti (one who shows the hand).—A division of the Kanakkans (accountants). The name has its origin in a custom, according to which a married woman is never allowed to communicate with her mother-in-law except by signs.
Kaila (measuring grain in the threshing-floor).—An exogamous sept of Māla.
Kaimal —A title of Nāyars, derived from kai, hand, signifying power.
Kaipūda .—A sub-division of Holeya.
Kaivarta .—A sub-division of Kevuto.
Kāka (crow).—The legend relating to the Kāka people is narrated in the article on Koyis. The equivalent Kākī occurs as a sept of Mālas, and Kāko as a sept of Kondras.
Kākara or Kākarla (Momordica Charantia).—An exogamous sept of Kamma and Mūka Dora.
Kākirekka-vāndlu (crows’ feather people).—Mendicants who beg from Mutrāchas, and derive their name from the fact that, when begging, they tie round their waists strings on which crows’, paddy birds’ (heron) feathers, etc., are tied.
Kakka Kuravan .—A division of Kuravas of Travancore.
Kakkē (Indian laburnum: Cassia fistula).—A gōtra of Kurni.
Kala .—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
Kalaikūttādi (pole-dancer).—A Tamil synonym of Dommara.
Kalāl —A Hindustani synonym of Gamalla.
Kalamkotti (potter).—An occupational title of Nāyar.
Kalāsi —A name given to Vāda fishermen by Oriya people.
Kālava (channel or ditch).—An exogamous sept of Padma Sālē.
Kalavant —The Kalavants are dancers and singers, who, like other dancing-girls, are courtesans. The name occurs not only in South Canara, but also in the Telugu country.
Kalinga —A sub-division of Kōmatis, who “were formerly the inhabitants of the ancient Kalinga country. They are considered inferior to the other sub-divisions, on account of their eating flesh. Their titles are Subaddhi, Pātro, and Chaudari.” In the Ganjam Manual, they are described as “traders and shopkeepers, principally prevalent in the Chicacole division. The name Kling or Kaling is applied, in the Malay countries, including the Straits Settlements, to the people of peninsular India, who trade thither, or are settled in those regions.” It is recorded by Dr. N. Annandale that the phrase Orang Kling Islam (i.e., a Muhammadan from the Madras coast) occurs in Patani Malay.
Kalkatta .—An occupation name for stone-masons in South Canara.
Kalkatti —Kalkatti, denoting, it has been suggested, those who wear glass beads, is a sub-division of Idaiyan. The Lingāyats among Badagas of the Nīlgiri hills are called Kalkatti, because they hang a stone (the lingam) from their necks in a casket. Some Irulas of the same hills are also said to go by the name Kalkatti.
Kalla .—Recorded as a sub-division of Shānān, and of Idaiyans in localities where Kallans are most numerous.
Kallādi —The title of a Cheruman who performs important duties, and becomes possessed by the spirit of the deceased, at a Cheruman funeral.
Kallādi Māngan —A synonym of Mondi.
Kallamu (threshing-floor).—An exogamous sept of Panta Reddi.
Kallankanadōru (stone).—A sub-division of Kōmati, said to be descended from those who sat on the stone (kallu) mantapa outside the Penukonda Kanyakamma temple, when the question whether to enter the fire-pits or not was being discussed by the caste elders.
Kallan Mūppan —In the Madras Census Report, 1901, Kallan Mūppan is returned as “a sub-caste of the Malabar Kammālans, the members of which are stone-workers.” A correspondent writes to me that, “while the Kammālans are a polluting and polyandrous class, the Kallan Mūppans are allowed to enter the outside enclosure of temples. They do not remarry their widows, and are strictly monogamous. Their purōhits are Tamil barbers, who officiate at their marriages. The barber shaves the bridegroom before the wedding ceremony. The purōhit has also to blow the conch-shell all the way from the bridegroom’s house to that of the bride.”
The names Kallan and Kalkōtti are also those by which the Malabar stone-masons are known.
Kallangi —Kallangi and Kallavēli (Kallan’s fence) are fanciful names, returned by Pallis at times of census.
Kallasāri (stone-workers).—The occupational name of a sub-division of Malayālam Kammālans.
Kallātakurup .—A sub-division of Ambalavāsis, who sing in Bhagavati temples. They play on a stringed instrument, called nandurini, with two strings and a number of wooden stops glued on to the long handle, and a wooden plectrum.
Kallu (stone).—A sub-division of Gāniga and Oddē. Kallukoti (stone-mason) is a sub-division of Malabar Kammālans, who work in stone.
Kallukatti .—It is noted, in the Gazetteer of the South Canara district, that “a grinding stone made of granite is an article peculiar to South Canara. It is a semicircular, oval-shaped block with a flat bottom, and a round hole in the middle of the surface. It has another oval-shaped block, thin and long, with one end so shaped as to fit into the hole in the larger block. These two together make what is known as the grinding-stone of the district, which is used for grinding curry-stuff, rice, wheat, etc. Mill-stones for pounding grain are also made of granite. Formerly, a class of people called Kallukattis used to make such articles, but the industry is now taken up by other castes as well. Mile-stones, slabs for temple door-frames, idols and other figures for temple purposes are also made of granite.”
Kallūr .—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a name for the Pulikkappanikkan sub-division of Nāyar.
Kallūri (stone village).—An exogamous sept of Mēdara.
Kal Tacchan (stone-mason).—A sub-division of Kammālan.
Kalti (expunged).—A degraded Paraiyan is known as a Kalti. Amongst the Paraiyans of Madras, Chingleput and North Arcot, the rule is that a man who does not abide by the customs of the caste is formally excommunicated by a caste council. He then joins “those at Vinnamangalam” near Vellore, i.e., those who have, like himself, been driven out of the caste.
Kalugunādu (eagle’s country).—An exogamous sept of Tamil goldsmiths in the Madura district.
Kaluthai (possessors of donkeys).—A sub-division of Oddē.
Kalyānakulam (marriage people).—A fanciful name returned by some Mangalas at times of census, as they officiate as musicians at marriages.
Kamadi (tortoise).—A gōtra of Kurni.
Kāmākshiamma .—Recorded, in the North Arcot Manual, as a sub-division of Vāniyan. Kāmākshiamma is the chief goddess worshipped at Conjeeveram. She and Mīnākshi Amma of Madura are two well-known goddesses worshipped by Saivites Both names are synonyms of Parvati, the wife of Siva.
Kāmāti (foolish).—A name sometimes applied to carpenters, and also of a sub-division of Okkiliyans, who are said to have abandoned their original occupation of cultivating land, and become bricklayers.
Kambalam .—The name Kambalam is applied to a group of nine castes (Tottiyan, Annappan, Kāppiliyan, Chakkiliyan, etc.), because at their council meetings a blanket (kambli) is spread, on which is placed a brass vessel (kalasam) filled with water, and decorated with flowers. (See Tottiyan.)
Kambalattān .—A synonym of Tottiyan.
Kamban .—A title of the Ōcchans, to which caste the great Tamil epic poet Kamban is reputed to have belonged.
Kambha .—Kambha or Kambhāpu, meaning a pillar or post, has been recorded as an exogamous sept of Mādiga and Kōmati.
Kamma (ear ornament).—An exogamous sept of Motāti Kāpu.
Kammiyan .—A Tamil name for blacksmiths.
Kampa (bush of thorns).—An exogamous sept of Yerukala.
Kāmpo —In the Manual of the Ganjam district, the Kāmpos are described as Oriya agriculturists. In the Madras Census Report, 1901, the name is taken as an Oriya form of Kāpu. Kāmpu is the name for Savaras, who have adopted the customs of the Hindu Kāmpos.
Kamukham (areca-nut: Areca Catechu).—A tree or kothu of Kondaiyamkōttai Maravan.
Kamunchia .—Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a very small class of Oriya cultivators.
Kānagu (Pongamia glabra).—An exogamous sept of Koravas and Thūmati Gollas. The latter may not use the oil obtained from the seeds of this tree. The equivalent Kānagala occurs as an exogamous sept of Kāpu.
Kanaka .—An exogamous sept of Badagas of the Nīlgiris.
Kanakku .—A prefix to the name of Nāyars, e.g., Kanakku Rāman Krishnan, and also adopted as a prefix by the Todupuzha Vellālas of Travancore.
Kanchāran .—A Malabar caste, the occupation of which is the manufacture of brass vessels.
Kanchēra —Kanchēra and Kanchāri are names of the Telugu section of metal-workers.
Kānchimandalam Vellāla . —A name assumed by Malaiyālis of the Salem hills, who claim to be Vellālas who emigrated from Conjeeveram (Kānchipūram).
Kanchu (bell-metal).—An exogamous sept of Kuruba. Kansukejje (bronze bell) occurs as a sub-division of Toreya.
Kandappan .—A sub-division of Ōcchan. Kandulu (dāl: Cajanus indicus).—An exogamous sept of Yerukala. Kandikattu (dāl soup) occurs as an exogamous sept of Mēdara.
Kangayan .—A division of Idaiyans settled in Travancore.
Kāniāla (land-owners).—A sub-division of Vellāla.
Kanigiri (a hill in the Nellore district).—An exogamous sept of Mēdara.
Kani Kuruppu .—Barbers of the Kaniyans.
Kannada .—Kannada (Kanarese) has, at recent times of census, been returned as a linguistic or territorial division of various classes, e.g., Agasa, Bēdar, Dēvānga, Holeya, Koracha, Kumbāra, Sāmagāra, Rāchewar, and Uppiliyan.
Kanna Pulayan .—Described by the Rev. W. J. Richards as Pulayans of Travancore, who wear rather better and more artistically made aprons than the Thanda Pulayan women.
Kannaku .—A prefix to the name of Nanchinat Vellālas in Travancore.
Kannān .—A sub-division of Kammālans, the members of which do braziers’ work.
Kanni (rope).—A gōtra of Kurni.
Kapata .—A name for rag-wearing Koragas.
Kappala (frog).—An exogamous sept of Mādiga, and sub-division of Yānādis, who are said to be frog-eaters. It is also a gōtra of Janappans, who have a legend that, when some of their family were fishing, they caught a haul of big frogs instead of fish. Consequently, members of this gōtra will not injure frogs. I have seen frogs hanging up for sale in the Cochin bazār.
Kāradhi .—A name sometimes given to Māri Holeyas.
Karadi (bear).—An exogamous sept of Tottiyan.
Kāraikkāt .—Kāraikkāt, Kāraikkātar, or Kārkātta , meaning those who waited for rain, or, according to another version, those who saved or protected the clouds, is an endogamous division of Vellāla. Some Tamil Malayālis, who claim to be Vellālas who emigrated to the hills from Conjeeveram, have, at times of census, returned themselves as Kāraikkaāt Vellālas.
Karaiturai (sea-coast) Vellāla.—A name assumed by some Pattanavans.
Karaiyālan (ruler of the coast).—A title of Maravans, also taken by some Idaiyans.
Karaiyān.—A name for Tamil sea-fishermen, who live on the coast (karai). The fishing section of the Palles is known as Palle Kariyālu. See Pattanavan.
Kārālan .—In the Census Report, 1891, the Kārālans (rulers of clouds) are returned as a tribe of hunters and cultivators found in the hills of Salem and South Arcot. In the Report, 1901, Kārālan is given as a synonym for Vellāla in Malabar, and also as a name for Malayālis. At the census, 1901, many of the Malayālis of the Shevaroy hills in the Salem district returned themselves as Vellālas and Kārālans. And the divisions returned by the Kārālans, e.g., Kolli, Pacchai, Periya, and Perianan, connect them with these Malayālis (q.v.).
Karepāku .—Karepāku or Karuvepilai is a name for Koravas, who hawk for sale leaves of the curry-leaf plant (Murraya Kœnigii). Karichcha.—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
Karimbarabannaya (sugar-cane sept).—An exogamous sept of Kēlasi.
Karimpālan .—The Karimpālans are a small hunting and cultivating forest tribe in Malabar. They are “punam (shifting) cultivators, hewers of wood, and collectors of wild pepper, and are found in all the foot hills north of the Camel’s Hump. They wear the kudumi (hair knot), and are said to follow the marumakkatāyam system of inheritance in the female line, but they do not perform the tāli kettu ceremony. They are supposed to have the power of exorcising the demon Karuvilli, possession by whom takes the form of fever.”
Kariya .—A sub-division of Kudubi.
Karkadabannaya (scorpion sept).—An exogamous sept of Bant.
Karkatta .—A synonym of Kāraikāttu Vellāla.
Karna .—A sub-division of Golla, and an exogamous sept of Māla.
Karnam .—See Korono.
Karnam (accountant).—An exogamous sept of Kamma.
Karnataka .—The territorial name of a sub-division of Handichikka and Uppāra. It is also the name of a sub-division of Mādhva and Smarta Brāhmans who speak the Kanarese language, as opposed to the Dēsastha Brāhmans, who are immigrants into Southern India from the Marātha country.
Kāro Panikkar .—A class of temple servants in Malabar. “The Kāro Panikkar is said to be descended from the union of Vēttakorumagan (the God of hunting) and a Kiriyattil Nāyar woman. His occupation is to act as Vellichapād or oracle in temples dedicated to his divine ancestor.”
Karpūra Chetti .—A synonym of Uppiliyans, who used to manufacture camphor (karpūra). Kartā .—Kartā and Kartāvu, meaning agent or doer, is an honorific title of Nāyars and Sāmantas. It is also the name for the chief mourner at funerals of Nāyars and other castes on the west coast. Kartākkal, denoting, it is said, governors, has been returned, at times of census by Balijas claiming to be descendants of the Nāyak kings of Madura and Tanjore. Karukku-pattayar (those of the sharp sword).—A sub-division of Shānān. In the Census Report, 1891, the division Karukku-mattai (petiole of the palmyra leaf with serrated edges) was returned. Some Shānāns are said to have assumed the name of Karukku-mattai Vellālas.
Karumala (black mountain).—An exogamous sept of Kānikar.
Karuman .—A sub-division of Kammālans, who do blacksmith’s work.
Karumpuraththal —A synonym for the caste name adopted by some Kāppiliyans.
Karutta (dark-coloured).—Recorded, at the Madras census, 1891, as a sub-division of Idaiyans, who have also returned Karuttakkādu, meaning black cotton soil or regur.
Karuva Haddi .—A name for the scavenging section of Haddis.
Karuvan .—A corrupt form of Karumān.
Karuvēlam .—Recorded in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
Kasayi (butcher).—A Muhammadan occupational name.
Kāsi (Benares).—A gōtra of Mēdara and Karna Sālē.
Kāsi .—A name for the stone-mason section of Kamsalas.
Kasturi (musk).—An exogamous sept of Badaga, Kamma, Okk iliyan, and Vakkaliga. Indian musk is obtained from the musk glands of the Himalayan musk-deer, Moschus moschiferus. Kasuba (workmen).—A section of Irulas of the Nīlgiris, who have abandoned jungle life in favour of working on planters’ estates or elsewhere.
Kāsukkar .—The name, derived from kās, cash, of a sub-division of Chetti.
Kāsula (copper coins).—An exogamous sept of Padma Sālē.
Kasyapa .—A Brāhmanical gōtra adopted by Bhatrāzus, Khatris, and Tontis. Kasyapa was one of the seven important Rishis, and the priest of Parasu Rāma.
Katakam (crab).—An exogamous sept of Kōmati.
Katal Arayan .—See Vālan.
Katāri (dagger: katār).—An exogamous sept of Golla, Mutrācha, and Yerukala. The dagger or poignard, called katār, has “a solid blade of diamond section, the handle of which consists of two parallel bars with a cross-piece joining them. The hand grips the crosspiece, and the bars pass along each side of the wrist.”
Katasan .—Recorded as “a small caste of basket-makers and lime-burners in the Tinnevelly district. It has at least two endogamous sub-divisions, namely, Pattankatti and Nīttarasan. Widows are allowed to remarry. The dead are buried. The social position of the caste is above that of the Vēttuvans, and they consider themselves polluted if they eat food prepared by a Shānān. But they are not allowed to enter Hindu temples, they worship devils, and they have separate washermen and barbers of their own, all of which are signs of inferiority. Their title is Pattamkatti, and Kottan is also used.”
Kāththavarāya .—A synonym for Vannān, derived from Kāththavarāya, the deified son of Kāli, from whom the Vannāns trace their descent.
Kaththē (donkey).—An exogamous sept of Mādiga.
Kaththi (knife).—An exogamous sept of Dēvānga and Mādiga.
Kaththiri (scissors).—An exogamous sept of Dēvānga, and sub-division of Gadaba.
Kaththula (sword).—An exogamous sept of Yānadi.
Kātige (collyrium).—A gōtra of Kurni.
Kātikala (collyrium).—An exogamous sept of Dēvānga.
Katorauto .—A name for the offspring of maid servants in the harems of Oriya Zamindars, who are said to claim to be Kshatriyas.
Katta .—Katta or Kattē, meaning a bund, dam, or embankment, has been recorded as an exogamous sept or gōtra of Dēvānga and Kurni.
Kattelu (sticks or faggots).—An exogamous sept of Bōya.
Kattira —A sub-division of Gadaba.
Kāttu .—See Kādu.
Kattukudugirajāti .—The name, meaning the caste which allows living together after marriage of an informal kind, recorded as the caste name of Turuvalars (Vēdars) of Salem, derived from a custom among them, which authorises temporary matrimonial arrangements.
Kāttu Kāpari (dweller in the forest).—Said to be a name for Irulas or Villiyans. The equivalent Kāttu Kāpu is, in like manner, said to be a name for Jōgis.
Kāttu Marāthi .—A synonym of Kuruvikāran.
Kaudikiāru .—Kaudikiāru or Gaudikiāru is a title of Kurubas.
Kāvadi .—In the Madras Census Report, 1901, Kabadi is returned as the name of a class of Telugu wood-cutters. Kāvadi is the name of a division of Koravas, who carry offerings to Perumālswāmi at Tirupati on a pole (kāvadi). Kāvadi or Kāvadiga is further the name given to Kannadiyan curd-sellers in Madras, who carry the curds in pots as head-loads.
Kāvalgar (watchman).—Recorded, at times of census, as a sub-division of Ambalakāran, and title of Nattamān, Malaimān, and Sudarmān. The equivalent Kāvali is recorded as a sub-division of the Kammas. The Kāvalis, or watchers, in the Telugu country, are said to be generally Lingāyat Bōyas. The Telugu Mutrāchas are also called Kāvalgar. The village kāval system in the southern districts is discussed in the note on Maravans.
Kavandan .—At the census, 1901, more than nine thousand people returned themselves as Kavandan or Kaundan, which is a title of Konga Vellālas, and many other castes, such as Anappan, Kāppiliyan, Palli, Sembadavan, Urāli, and Vēttuvan. The name corresponds to the Canarese Gauda or Gaunda.
Kaundinya (a sage).—A Brāhmanical gōtra adopted by Rāzus and Bhatrāzus.
Kavanē (sling).—An exogamous sept of Gangadikāra Holeyas.
Kāyasth .—Kāyasth or Kāyastha is the writer-caste of Bengal. See Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal.
Kayerthannāya (Strychnos Nux-vomica sept).—An exogamous sept of the Bants and Shivalli Brāhmans in South Canara.
Kayila (unripe fruit).—An exogamous sept of Orugunta Kāpu.
Keimal (kei, hand, as an emblem of power).—A sub-division of Nāyar.
Kēla .—A small class of Oriya jugglers and mountebanks, whose women, like the Dommara females, are often prostitutes. The name is derived from kēli, dancing, or khēl to play.
Ken .—Ken (red) and Kenja (red ant) have both been recorded as gōtras of Kurni.
Kenna .—A division of Toda.
Kērala .—Defined by Mr. Wigram as “the western coast from Gokarnam to Cape Comorin, comprising Travancore, Cochin, Malabar, and part of South Canara.”
Kērē (tank).—A gōtra of Kurni . Kēsari (lion).—A gōtra of Kurni.
Kēthaki (Pandanus fascicularis).—An exogamous sept of Stānika.
Kethri .—See Khatri.
Khadi .—A sub-division of Telli.
Khadiya .—A name, said to be derived from ghatiyal, meaning a person possessed, and used as a term of reproach for Kudumis of Travancore.
Khajjaya (cake).—An exogamous sept of Vakkaliga.
Khāsa .—It is noted by the Rev. J. Cain that “members of this caste are found chiefly in attendance on zamindars and other rich people, and report says that they are not unfrequently their illegitimate children.” Khāsa is synonymous with Ādapāpa (q.v.).
Khāsgi .—Marāthas, of whom a few families constitute the aristocracy in the Sandūr State.
Khinbudi (bear).—A sept of Rōna.
Khodālo .—See Bāvuri.
Khodikāro .—A name for Panditos, derived from the stone (khodi), with which they write figures on the floor, when making astrological calculations.
Khoira .—Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a low caste of Oriya cultivators.
Khond .—See Kondh.
Khongar .—See Kangara.
Kīchagāra .—A small class of Canarese basket-makers and beggars. The name is said to be derived from kichaku, meaning an imitative sound, in reference to the incessant noise which the Kīchagāras make when begging. Kidāran (copper boiler).—A synonym for Malayālam artisans.
Kilakku Teru (east street).—A section of Kallan.
Killavar .—A sub-division of Tottiyan . Killēkyāta .—The Killēkyātas are a Marāthi-speaking people, who amuse villagers with their marionette shows in the Telugu and Canarese countries. “They travel round the villages, and give a performance wherever they can secure sufficient patronage. Contributions take the form of money, or oil for the foot-lights.” “Their profession,” Mr. S. M. Natesa Sastri writes, is enacting religious dramas before the village public (whence their name, meaning buffoon). The black kambli (blanket) is their screen, and any mandapa or village chāvadi, or open house is their stage. Night is the time for giving the performance. They carry with them pictures painted in colours on deer skins, which are well tanned, and made fine like parchment. The several parts of the picture representing the human or animal body are attached to each other by thin iron wires, and the parts are made to move by the assistance of thin bamboo splits, and thus the several actions and emotions are represented to the public, to the accompaniment of songs. Their pictures are in most cases very fairly painted, with variety and choice of colours. The stories chosen for representation are generally from the Rāmāyana and the Mahābhāratā, which they however call Rāvanyakathā and Pāndavakathā—the stories of Rāvana and the Pāndavas.” The dead are buried in a seated posture.
Some of the women are engaged as professional tattooers.
Kimedi .—A local name for Koronos who live at Parlakimedi.
Kindal (basket-maker).—A sub-division of Savara.
Kinkila (the koel or cuckoo).—A gōtra of Kurni. The cuckoo, named Eudynamis honorata, is the bird, whose crescendo cry, ku-il, ku-il, is trying to the nerves during the hot season.
Kinthali .—A sub-division of the Telugu Kālingis.
Kīra (parrot).—A sept of Gadaba. Kīra also occurs as a sub-division of Sondi.
Kīraikkāran .—Kīraikkāran is an occupational name, denoting those who cultivate kīrai (Amarantus). The Kīraikkārans are stated, in the Census Report, 1901, to be usually Agamudaiyans in Coimbatore. I gathered, however, that the name is given by Tamil-speaking people to the Kempati Okkiliyans of Coimbatore, a Canarese people who migrated thither from Kempati in Mysore. The majority of them cultivate kīrai and other edible vegetables, but some are petty traders or fishermen. Some of their marriage divisions are named after deities, e.g., Masāni and Vīramashti, and one division is called Jōgi.
Kirāta (hunter).—A name assumed by Bēdars, Ēkāris, and other classes.
Kirgāniga .—Kirgāniga or Kirugāniga is the name of a sub-division of Gānigas, who express oils in wooden mills.
Kiriyam .—A sub-division of Nāyar. Also the Malayālam word for house name or sept.
Kiriyattil .—A sub-division of Nāyar.
Kizhakathi .—Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1891, as a sub-division of Paraiyan. The word means easterner, and a Paraiyan of North or South Arcot would call a Paraiyan of Madras by this name.
Koalaka (arrow).—An exogamous sept of Jātapu.
Kobbiriya .—A sub-division of Dōmb.
Kochattabannaya .—Kochattabannaya or Kojjarannāya (jāk tree, Artocarpus integrifolia, sept) is an exogamous sept of Bant.
Kochimo (tortoise).—A sept of Oriya Gaudo, Bosantiya, Bottada, Konda Dora, Mattiya, and Omanaito.
Kochuvālan .—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a name for Ullādans.
Kōdaketti (umbrella tying).—A sub-division of Pānan.
Kodavili (sickle).—An exogamous sept of Karna Sālē.
Kodekal Hata-kāraru (cloth-weavers).—A sub-division of Dēvānga.
Kōdi (cock).—An exogamous sept of Kāpu. Thōrika occurs as a sept of Jātapus, who are said to revere a species of fowl called thōrika kōdi, and Kōdi Kandla (fowl’s eyes) as a sept of Bōya.
Kodiyāl .—A sub-division of Kudubi.
Kōdla .—Kōdla (fowl) has been recorded as an exogamous sept of Tsākala, and Kōdla bochchu (fowl’s feathers) as an exogamous sept of Kāpu.
Kōdu .—A form of Kondh. Also a sub-division of Konda Rāzu.
Kohōro .—A form of Kahar.
Koi .—See Kōya.
Koibarto .—A sub-division of Kēvuto.
Koil Pandala (keeper of the royal treasury).—One of the divisions of Kshatriyas in Travancore.
Kōkala (woman’s cloth).—An exogamous sept of Golla.
Kokkara .—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
Kokkundia .—See Kukkundi.
Kōla (ear of corn).—An exogamous sept of Mēdara.
Kōlāri .—See Kōlayān.
Kolālo (arrack-seller).—A name of Sōndis.
Kolata Gudiya .—A name for Gudiyas engaged in agriculture.
Kollar .—A section of Tottiyan, the full name of which is Yerrakollavāru or Yerrakolla Tottiyar. Kollar is a corrupt Tamil form of Golla, to which caste the Tottiyans trace their descent.
Kolli (fire-brand).—A sub-division of Kādu Kurumba.
Kolli (a hill-range, the Kollimalais).—A sub-division of Malayālis.
Komāli (buffoon).—An exogamous sept of Oddē.
Kōmanāndi .—A sub-division of Āndis, who go about naked, except for a small loin cloth (kōmanam).
Komāro .—Oriya blacksmiths. See Badhōyi.
Kombara .—The name, meaning a cap made of the spathe of the areca palm (Areca Catechu) of an exogamous sept of Kelasi. Such caps are worn by various classes in South Canara, e.g., the Holeyas and Koragas.
Kombu (stick).—An exogamous sept of Kuruba.
Komma .—Komma (a musical horn) or Kommula has been recorded as an exogamous sept of Kamma and Māla. Kommula is further a professional title for horn-blowers, mainly Māla, Mādiga, and Panisavan, who perform at festivals and funerals.
Kommi .—A gōtra of Gollas, the members of which may not use kommi fuel.
Kompala (houses).—An exogamous sept of Dēvānga.
Kōnān .—Kōnān or Kōnār is a title of Idaiyans. Some Gollas call themselves Kōnānulu.
Kōnangi (buffoon).—An exogamous sept of Dēvānga.
Konda (mountain).—An exogamous sept of Dēvānga and Mēdara, and a synonym for Konda Dora.
Kondaikatti —The name of a sub-division of Vellālas, meaning those who tie the whole mass of hair of the head (kondai) in a knot on the top of the head, as opposed to the kudumi or knot at the back of the partially shaved head.
Kondaita .—A sub-division of Doluva.
Kondaiyamkottai .—A sub-division of Maravan.
Kondalar .—Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a sub-caste of Vellāla. Kondalam means women’s hair or a kind of dance, and it is possible that the name was returned by people of the Dēva-dāsi caste, who are rising in the social scale, and becoming absorbed in the Vellāla caste. Kondali, of doubtful meaning, has been returned by cultivators and agricultural labourers in North Arcot.
Konga .—Konga or Kongu is a territorial term, meaning inhabitant of the Kongu country. It has, at recent times of census, been returned as a division of a large number of classes, mostly Tamil, which include Ambattan, Kaikōlan, Kammālan, Kūravan, Kusavan, Malayan, Oddē, Pallan, Paraiyan, Shānān, Uppara, and Vellāla. It is used as a term of abuse among the Badagas of the Nīlgiri hills. Those, for example, who made mistakes in matching Holmgren’s wools, were scornfully called Konga by the onlookers. Similarly, in parts of the Tamil country, a tall, lean and stupid individual is called a Kongan.
Kongara (crane).—An exogamous sept of Padma Sālē, and Kamma.
Konhoro .—A title of Bolāsi.
Konsāri .—The Konsāris derive their name from konsa, a bell-metal dish. They are Oriya workers in bell-metal, and manufacture dishes, cups and plates. Brāhmans are employed by them as purōhits (priests) and gurus (preceptors). They eat fish and mutton, but not fowls or beef, and drink liquor. Marriage is infant. Remarriage of widows and divorcées is permitted.
Koonapilli vāndlu .—Beggars attached to Padma Sālēs.
Koppala .—A section of Velamas, who tie the hair in a knot (koppu) on the top of the head, and an exogamous sept of Mutrāchas, whose females do up their hair in a knot when they reach puberty.
Kōra (sun).—A sept of Gadaba, Mūka Dora, and Rōna.
Koracha .—See Korava.
Korama .—See Korava.
Kōri (blanket).—An exogamous sept of Kuruba.
Kōriannayya (fowl sept).—An exogamous sept of Bant.
Korra (millet: Setaria italica).—An exogamous sept of Gūdala.
Korti —An occupational name, derived from korto, a saw, of woodsawyers in Ganjam.
Kōsalya —A sub-division of Māli, named after Kōsala, the modern Oudh.
Kōshti.—Kōshti or Kōshta is the name of a weaving and cultivating caste of Chota Nagpur, a few members of which have settled in the Madras Presidency (see Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal). Kōshta is also the name by which the Khatris of Conjeeveram call the Patnūlkāran silk weavers.
Kōta (a fort).—A sub-division of Balija, and an exogamous sept of Padma Sālē. The equivalent Kōtala occurs as an exogamous sept of Bōya. There are, in Mysore, a few Kōtas, who are said to be immigrants from South Canara, and to be confined to the Kadūr district. According to a current legend, they were originally of the Kōta community, but their ancestors committed perjury in a land-case, and were cursed to lose their rank as Brāhmans for seven hundred years. Kōta is also the name of a section of Brāhmans.
Kotāri —A class of domestic servants in South Canara, who claim to be an independent caste, though some regard them as a sub-caste of Bant.
Kōtēgara or Kōtēyava.—See Sērvēgāra.
Kōti (monkey).—The name for Koravas, who travel about the country exhibiting monkeys.
Kotlu (cow-shed).—An exogamous sept of Yānādi.
Kōttaipaththu.—A sub-division of Agamudaiyans, who believe that they are the same as the Kōttai (fort) Vellālas of Tinnevelly.
Kottakunda (new pot).—An exogamous sept of Mēdara.
Kottan —An occupational name, meaning bricklayer, returned, at times of census, by some Pallis in Coimbatore. Some Pallis are also employed as bricklayers in the City of Madras. Kottan is also recorded as a title of Katasan. Kottha —A sub-division of Kurubas, the members of which tie a woollen thread round the wrist at marriages. Kottiya Paiko.—A sub-division of Rōna.
Kovē (ant-hill).—An exogamous sept of Gangadikāra Vakkaliga.
Kōvila (Indian cuckoo, Eudynamis honorata).—A gōtra of Mēdara.
Kōvilar (temple people).—The name adopted by a section of Pallis or Vanniyans, who wear the sacred thread, and have temples of their own, in which they worship. Kōil Adiyān (temple servant) has been returned by some Balijas at times of census. Kōvilammamar or Kōilpat, denoting ladies of, or those who live in palaces, is a title of some Sāmanta ladies. Kōvilagam is the usual term for the house of a Rāja or Tirumalpād, and Kōilpantāla is recorded, from Travancore, as a synonym for Kōil Tamburān. The Nāttukōttai Chettis have exogamous septs, or kōils, named after temples, e.g., Māthur kōil.
Kōya.—The land and boat-owning class of Muhammadans in the Laccadive islands. The name is said to be a corrupt form of Khōja, meaning a man of distinction. Māppillas use Kōya as a suffix to their names, e.g., Hassan Kōya, Mahomed Kōya (see Māppilla).
Kōyappan.—Kōyappan or Kōyavappan are corrupt forms of Kusavan (Malabar potters).
Kōyippuram.—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
Kshauraka —A Sanskrit name for barber, by which barbers of various classes—Mangala, Ambattan, Kēlasi, etc.—are sometimes called. It is commonly used by Canarese-speaking barbers of the Madras Presidency and Mysore.
Kshetravāsinah (those who live in temples).—A name for Ambalavāsis.
Kūdaikatti (basket-making).—A sub-division of Palli or Vanniyan. At the census, 1901, some Koravas also returned themselves as Kūdaikatti Vanniyan.
Kudiānavar (cultivator).—A name commonly assumed by Pallis and Vellālas.
Kudikkar (those who belong to the house).—A name for Dēva-dāsis (dancing-girls) in Travancore, who are given a house rent-free by the Sirkar (Government).
Kudimaghan (sons of the ryot).—A name for Tamil Ambattans.
Kudirē (horse).—An exogamous sept or gōtra of Vakkaliga and Kurni. Gurram, also meaning horse, has been recorded as an exogamous sept of Chenchu, Golla, Māla, Padma Sālē, and Togata. Gurram Togatas will not ride on horseback.
Kudiyālu (farmer).—A synonym for Lambādi, apparently used by members of the tribe who have settled down to agriculture.
Kudlukāra.—Kudlukāra or Kudāldēshkāra is a sub-division of Rājapūri.
Kudugudukāran.—The Kudugudukārans or Kuduguduppukārans are a mendicant caste, who beat a small hour-glass-shaped drum while begging from house to house.
Kudumala (cake).—An exogamous sept of Bonthuk Savara, Gamalla, and Mādiga.
Kudumba —A sub-division of Savara.
Kudumban.—A title sometimes used by Pallans, the headman among whom goes by this name.
Kudumo.—See Kurumo.
Kukkundi.—Kukkundi or Kokkundia is the name of a small class of Oriya cultivators and fishermen, who are said to be expert in spearing fish with a long spear.
Kukru.—Kukru or Kukkuro, meaning dog, occurs as the name of a sept of Bottada, Dōmb, and Omanaito. The equivalent Kukkala is a sept of the Orugunta Kāpus and Bōyas.
Kulāla.—Some members of the potter caste style themselves Kulāla vamsam, as being a more dignified caste name than Kusavan, and claim descent from Kulālan, the son of Brahma.
Kulanji.—A sub-division of Mārān.
Kulappan.—A synonym of Kusavan.
Kulasēkhara.—A sub-division of Sātānis, who claim descent from the Vaishnavite saint Kulasēkhara Ālvār.
Kulloi.—A sub-division of Gadaba.
Kulodondia.—A title, meaning headman of the caste, used by some Tiyōros.
Kuluvādi —A synonym of Kudubi.
Kumda (red gourd: Cucurbita maxima).—A sept of Omanaito.
Kumbi (potter).—A sub-division of Savara.
Kummidichatti.—Recorded, in the North Arcot Manual, as a sub-division of Vellālas, who carried the chatty, or pot of fire, at Vellāla funerals. In Tamil, the name kumbidu chatti is applied to a pot, in which fire is always kept burning. Such a pot is used for obtaining fire for domestic purposes, and by old people, to keep themselves warm in cold weather.
Kumpani.—Returned by some Kurubas at the Census, 1901. The name refers to the East India Company, which was known as Kumpani Jahān (or John Company).
Kūnapilli.—A synonym of Padigarājulu, a class of mendicants, who beg from Padma Sālēs.
Kunbi —Recorded, at times of Census, as a Bombay cultivating caste. (See Bombay Gazetteer, XVIII, Part I, 284.) It is also a sub-division of Marāthis, generally agriculturists, in the Sandūr State.
Kunchēti —A sub-division of Kāpu.
Kunchu (a tassel or bunch).—A sub-division of Okkiliyans, and of Koravas who make brushes used by weavers. Kuncham, meaning either a measure used in measuring grain or a tassel, occurs as an exogamous sept of Mādiga and Māla.
Kundanakkāran.—An occupational Tamil name for those who cut, enchase, and set precious stones.
Kundatōn.—A name for chunam (lime) workers in Malabar.
Kūndu (nest).—A sub-division of the Irulas of South Arcot.
Kungiliyan.—A title of some Kallans.
Kunjamma.—A name for Elayad females.
Kunta —A division of Kuravas of Travancore, who derive their name from their first ancestor having appeared from a sacrificial altar (hōmakunta).
Kuntē (pond).—A gōtra of Kurni.
Kūrākula (vegetable class).—An occupational title, returned at times of census, by Oriya and Telugu cultivators in Ganjam and Vizagapatam.
Kuravan.—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
Kurēshi. —Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a territorial name returned by Muhammadans, Kurēshi being a village in Arabia; also one of the sub-divisions of the Navāyat tribe.
Kurivi (sparrow).—A gōtra of Kurni.
Kūrma (tortoise).—A gōtra of Nagarālu. The equivalent Kurum is recorded as a sept of Pentiya.
Kūrmapu.—The Kurmapuvāllu are women, in the Vizagapatam district, who have not entered into matrimony, but earn money by prostitution, and acting as dancers at feasts. They are so called from the fact that they were originally dancing-girls attached to the temple of Srī Kūrmam, a place of pilgrimage in Vizagapatam.
Kuruhina Setti Vīraisaivar.—A synonym of Kurni. Kuruhina means literally a sign, mark, or token. Kuruvina Banajiga occurs as a synonym of Bilimagga.
Kurukkal.—See Gurukkal (Brāhman).
Kurukula Vamsam.—The name, derived from Kuru, the ancestor of the Kauravas, assumed by some Pattanavans.
Kutikkar.—A name for Dāsis in Travancore.
Kutraki (wild goat).—An exogamous sept of Jātapu.
Kūttādi.—Described, in the Census Report, 1901, as an occupational name, meaning a rope-dancer, applied to Dommaras, Paraiyans, or Koravas. Ārya Kūttādi is a Tamil synonym for Marātha (Ārē) Dommaras. Kūttādi also occurs as the name of a class of mendicants attached to Kaikōlans.
Kūttan.—A division of Toda.
Kūttina.—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
Kuttiya.—A sub-division of Kond.
Kuzhal.—The name of the flute used by shepherds and snake-charmers. It occurs as an exogamous sept of Toreyas, the members of which must not hear the sound of this musical instrument when at meals.
Kūzhappara.—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
Kuzhiyan.—A synonym derived from kuzhi a pit, for Thanda Pulayans, in reference to the legend that they were found emerging in a state of nudity from a pit.
References
1 Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
2 Madras Diocesan Magazine, June, 1906.
3 John S. Chandler, a Madura Missionary, Boston.
4 Madras Mail, November, 1905.
5 J. Hornell. Report on the Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 1905.
6 Madras Diocesan Mag., 1906.
7 Notes from a Diary, 1881–86.
8 Lecture delivered at Trivandrum, MS.
9 Nineteenth Century, 1898.
10 Malay Archipelago.
11 Monograph. Ethnog: Survey of Cochin, No. 9, 1906.
12 Malabar Manual.
13 Manual of the Coimbatore district.
14 Madras Journ. Lit. Science, I. 1833.
15 W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, 1906.
16 Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
17 Madras Census Report, 1891.
18 Manual of Malabar.
19 Manual of the North Arcot district.
20 Madras Census Report, 1891.
21 Manual of the North Arcot district.
22 A reddish formation found all over Southern India.
23 Op. cit.
24 Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.
25 Rev. H. Jensen. Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.
26 Manual of the North Arcot district.
27 Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.
28 For this note I am indebted to Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.
29 Madras Census Report, 1891.
30 Mokhalingam is in Ganjam, not Vizagapatam.
31 Place of meeting, which is a large tamarind tree, under which councils are held.
32 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
33 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
34 Sētupati, or lord of the bridge. The title of the Rājas of Rāmnād.
35 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
36 Madras Census Report, 1891.
37 Manual of the Madura district.
38 G. Oppert. Madras Journ. Lit. Science, 1888–9.
39 Madras Census Report, 1901.
40 Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
41 Madras Review, 1899.
42 Madras Census Report, 1891.
43 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
44 Op. cit.
45 Illustrated Criminal Investigation and Law Digest, I, 3, 1908, Vellore.
46 Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XXV.
47 I am informed that only Mēl-nādu, Sīrukudi, Mella-kōttai, and Puramalai are endogamous.
48 Madras Census Report, 1891.
49 Manual of the Madura district.
50 Hindu Feasts, Fasts, and Ceremonies, 1903.
51 The Tamils eighteen hundred years ago, 1904.
52 Madras Census Report, 1901.
53 Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.
54 Madras Census Report, 1891.
55 Madras Mail, 1908.
56 Ind. Ant., III., 1874.
57 A lakh = a hundred thousand.
58 Compare the theft of Laban’s teraphim by Rachel. Genesis, XXXI, 19.
59 Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.
60 Madras Census Report, 1891.
61 Madras Census Report, 1901.
62 Manual of the North Arcot district.
63 Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
64 Manual of the North Arcot district.
65 Madras Census Report, 1891.
66 Hutchinson. Marriage Customs in many lands, 1897.
67 Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
68 Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
69 Mediæval Sinhalese Art.
70 Maduraikanchi, Line 521.
71 E. Hultzsch. South Indian Inscriptions, II, i, 44, 46, 1891.
72 Ibid. III, i, 47, 1899.
73 Madras Census Report, 1891.
74 Madras Census Report, 1871.
75 New Asiatic Review, Jan. 1907.
76 Madras Mail, 1907.
77 Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897, from which some of the proverbs quoted are taken.
78 Madras Census Report, 1901.
79 See the legendary story narrated in the article on Tiyans.
80 Malabar and its Folk, 1900.
81 Letters from Malabar.
82 Madras Census Report, 1901.
83 Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
84 Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
85 Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.
86 Monograph, Eth. Survey of Cochin, No. 4, 1905.
87 Unhusked rice.
88 Manual of the South Canara district.
89 Money-lender.
90 Malabar Quarterly Review, 1905.
91 Indian Review, III, 1902.
92 Monograph, Ethnog. Survey, Cochin.
93 According to another version of the legend, it was the hut of a Tiyan.
94 Malabar Manual.
95 Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
96 C. Karunakara Menon. Madras Mus. Bull., V, 2, 1906.
97 Madras Mus. Bull., II, 3, 1901.
98 This account is mainly from an article by Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar . 99 Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.
100 Manual of the North Arcot district.
101 Madras Census Report, 1901.
102 Historical Sketches, Mysore.
103 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
104 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
105 Madras Census Report, 1891.
106 Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency.
107 Loc. cit., and Manual of the North Arcot district.
108 Section III, Inhabitants, Madras Government Press, 1907. 109 Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
110 J. F. Kearns. Kalyāna shatanku.
111 Madras Series, IV, 1882; VI, 1883.
112 Illatakaru, a bride’s father having no son, and adopting his son-in-law.
113 See further C. Ramachendrier. Collection of Decisions of High Courts and the Privy Council applicable to dancing-girls, illatom affiliation, etc., Madras, 1892.
114 Gazetteer of the Anantapur district . 115 Madras Mail, Nov. 1905.
116 Madras Mail, 1905.
117 Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
118 Manual of the North Arcot district.
119 Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
120 Tamil and English Dictionary, 1862.
121 The word, in this sense, is said to occur in a Tamil work named Pingala Nikandu. Karuku is Tamil for the serrated margin of the leaf—petiole of the palmyra palm.
122 Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.
123 Madras Census Report, 1901.
124 Manual of the Salem district . 125 Madras Census Report, 1901.
126 Manual of the Madura district.
127 Manual of the Tanjore district.
128 Madras Census Report, 1891.
129 Madras Christ. Coll. Mag., 1894.
130 Malabar Law and Custom.
131 Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
132 Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.
133 Madras Census Report, 1901.
134 Journ. Anthrop. Inst., II, 1873.
135 Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
136 Indian Review, VII, 1906.
137 See Ravi Varma, the Indian Artist. Indian Press, Allahabad.
138 Madras Census Report, 1891.
139 Madras Museum Bull., V. 3, 1907.
140 Epigraphia Indica, VI, 1900–1901.
141 Rev. J. Cain, Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
142 Trans. Ethnolog. Soc., London, 1869; Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
143 Original Inhabitants of Bhārathavarsha.
144 The panas have reference to the division of South Indian castes into the right- and left-hand factions.
145 The mofussil indicates up-country stations and districts, as contra-distinguished from the “Presidency” (Madras City).
146 Marriage Customs in Many Lands, 1897.
147 Moore. Indian Appeal Cases, Vol. III, 359–82.
148 Journey through Mysore, Canara and Malabar.
149 See Talboys Wheeler, Madras in the Olden Time, II, 49–89.
150 See Tales of Kōmati Wit and Wisdom. C. Hayavadana Rao, Madras, 1907.
151 Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897. See also C. Hayavadana Rao, op. cit., and Ind. Ant., XX, 78, 1891.
152 Madras Census Report, 1871.
153 Gazetteer of the Godāvari district.
154 Linguistic Survey of India, IV, 1906.
155 Man. March 1902.
156 G.O., No. 1020, Public, 8th October 1901.
157 G.O., No. 3005, Revenue, 3rd November 1908.
158 Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life, 1901.
159 Madras Census Report, 1881.
160 Agricul: Ledger Series, Calcutta. No. 7, 1904.
162 Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
163 A very interesting note on Totemism among the Khonds by Mr. J. E. Friend-Pereira has been published in the Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, LXXIII, 1905.
164 The Golden Bough, 1900.
165 Selections from the Records, Government of India, No. V, Human Sacrifice and Infanticide, 1854.
166 Personal Narrative of Service among the Wild Tribes of Khondistan.
168 Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1898.
169 Madras Mail, 1894.
170 Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Home Department), V., 1845.
171 J. A. R. Stevenson. Madras Journ: Lit. Science, VI, 1837.
172 J. E. Friend-Pereira. Journ: Asiat: Soc. Bengal, LXXI, 1902.
173 Madras Journ: Lit. & Science, VI, 1837.
174 Loc. cit.
175 Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, II, 249.
176 Madras Mail, 1896.
177 Macpherson. Memorials of Service in India.
178 Journ., Anth. Soc., Bombay, II, 1890.
179 Ibid.
180 Madras Police Report, 1904.
181 Madras Mail, 1894.
182 Madras Mail, 1908.
183 See G.O., Judicial, 14th August 1882, No. 952, Khond Rising.
184 Manual of the South Canara district.
185 Letters from Malabar. Translation. Madras, 1862.
186 Fine cakes made of gram flour and a fine species of alkali, which gives them an agreeable taste, and serves the purpose of making them rise and become very crisp when fried.
187 Journ. Anthrop. Inst., IV., 1875.
188 Madras Christ. Coll. Mag. III, 1885–6.
189 Ind. Ant. X, 1881.
190 Manual of the South Canara district.
191 Journ. Anthrop. Inst. IV, 1875.
192 Manual of the South Canara district.
193 Manual of the South Canara district. y Thieves.
195 Madras Census Report, 1891.
196 Madras Journ. Lit: and Science, 1888–89.
197 Tirumurukairuppadai.
198 Madras Census Report, 1901.
199 Indian Antiquity, IX, 1880.
200 Cyclopædia of India.
201 Loc. cit.
202 Note on Koravas, 1908.
203 Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
204 Forest Inspection Report, 1896.
205 Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
206 Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
208 Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XVII, 1853.
209 History of Railway Thieves. Madras, 1904.
210 Madras Census Report, 1901.
211 Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.
212 This story is based on well-known episode of Nalacharitra in the Āranya Parva of the Mahabharatha.
213 M. Paupa Rao Naidu. Op. cit.
214 Ibid.
215 Police Report, 1902.
216 Op. cit.
217 A varāha or pagoda was worth Rs. 3–8–0.
218 A seer is an Indian measure of weight, varying in different parts of the country.
219 Trans. Eth. Sec. N.S., VII.
220 J. F. Kearns, Kalyāna Shatanku, 1868.
221 Ind. Ant., III., 1874.
222 Madras Census Report, 1871.
223 Madras Census Report, 1901.
224 India. Trübner. Oriental Series.
225 Ind. Ant., III, 1874.
226 Madras Mail, 1907.
227 For this account of the Koravas, I am largely indebted to a report by Mr. N. E. Q. Mainwaring, Superintendent of Police.
228 Madras Mail, 1908.
