Tibet- India relations

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Tibet Ladakh relations

Akhilesh Pillalamarri, July 11, 2020: The Diplomat

Before the colonial period, clear linear borders did not exist in the Himalayas because states conceptualized sovereignty differently, and because it was difficult and pointless to clearly delineate borders in sparsely populated high altitude areas. Even in colonial times, the difficulty of establishing a border between British India and the Qing Empire is demonstrated by the existence of several different British lines, none of which provided a final answer as to where the border between Ladakh and Tibet lay. Strategic, not historical, considerations were used to propose several lines: the Ardagh-Johnson line of 1865, which pushed the border up the most to the north and east, the more conservative Macartney–MacDonald Line of 1899, and a third line that was never seriously considered because it would have drawn the boundary along the Karakoram range to the south of the effective border, giving up parts of Ladakh.

Yet, regardless of where the existing boundary comes to lie, it would have kept Ladakh and Tibet apart: It would have merely formalized the fact that while Tibet lay in the Chinese sphere-of-influence, Ladakh would be associated with the political world of the Indian subcontinent. Despite their common history, religious heritage, and culture, how and why did Tibet and Ladakh come to be politically distinct? In fact, some of the western areas of the Tibetan plateau — Baltistan, part of the Pakistani region of Gilgit-Baltistan, the Indian union territory of Ladakh, as well as the Indian districts of Kinnaur and Lahaul and Spiti in Himachal Pradesh and the Nelong Valley of Uttarakhand— — were never truly ruled by the central Tibetan government, or a Chinese suzerin of Tibet.

The Tibetan plateau — the geographic and cultural region associated with Tibet — has traditionally been divided into four historical regions. Three are almost entirely in China: Amdo in the north, now associated mostly with Qinghai and Gansu provinces in China, Kham in the east, split between Sichuan province and TAR, and Ü-Tsang, or central Tibet, the region is generally identified with the idea of Tibet, both culturally and administratively, although parts of Ü-Tsang extend to northern Nepal and the Indian states of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. The fourth region, Ngari, is partially in China, where there is a Ngari prefecture in western Tibet, but much of the historical Ngari region is now in India. The most remote from the rest of Tibet, Ngari’s average elevation is 15,000 feet (4,500 meters). Its proximity to the Indo-Ganges plains has always opened it to Indian influences to a greater extent than the rest of Tibet: several prominent Hindu and Buddhist sites, such as Mount Kailash, where the Hindu god Shiva is said to reside, are located in Ngari.

The Tibetans and Tibetan language form a part of the larger Sino-Tibetan language family which includes the Chinese languages and Burmese. The Tibetans are thought to have entered the Tibetan plateau around 3,000 years ago from the east. But ancient Tibetan records indicate that there were already people living in the western part of the plateau, called the Zhang Zhung, who practiced a pre-Buddhist religion, Bon. The Zhang Zhung capital Kyunglung was located on the Sutlej River near Mount Kailash, near the current border between China and India.

It is unclear what language or culture the Zhangzhung spoke, or were part of, although some scholars believe the Kinnauri of Himachal Pradesh may be their descendants. The Zhang Zhung were incorporated into the Tibetan Empire, which lasted from the 7th to 9th centuries CE, and the area became culturally similar to the rest of Tibet, but the political unity of Tibet was short-lived. However, during this time, Tibetan Buddhism spread throughout the region, becoming a uniting factor for the various Tibetan successor states.

Much of what used to be the core of the Zhang Zhung culture broke away from the collapsing Tibetan Empire in the 10th century, led by a prince of the old state, Kyide Nyimagon, who subsequently divided his kingdom into three parts, Zanskar, Maryul, and Guge, the territories of which are partially now in India.

While the culture of Zhang Zhung was displaced by Tibetan culture in these successor kingdoms, they remained distinct from the rest of Tibet in many ways. During the next few centuries, the rest of Tibet was caught up in the politics of East and Central Asia, with various Chinese and Mongolian dynasties attempting to exercise overlordship. Central Tibet eventually came to be ruled from Lhasa by the spiritual leaders of the Gelug (Yellow Hat) school of Tibetan Buddhism; the title of the ruler of Tibet, Dalai Lama, was bestowed by a Mongol leader, Atlan Khan, in 1578. However, the history of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, the Ngari region, especially those of the Guge and Maryul kingdoms, took a different route.

Maryul, which evolved into today’s Ladakh, was the strongest of the three western kingdoms. It brought Zanskar — today located in Ladakh Union Territory, and famously the home of Kargil, site of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1999 — under its control, eventually annexing it in the 17th century, giving it a border with Kashmir. However, even before this, there was a powerful Kashmiri influence on Ladakh — for example, Hindu tantric deities began to be worshiped throughout the Tibetan plateau by way of Ladakh — and there were several Kashmiri invasions of Ladakh in the 13th and 14th centuries.

Under a ruler named Lhachen Utpala (ruled 1080-1110 CE), Ladakh also became the overlord of neighboring Guge, which in turn controlled territory throughout today’s northern Himachal Pradesh and Nepal. Therefore, by the 12th century, Ladakh controlled directly or indirectly most of the territory along what is today the northwestern border between India and China.

The Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War (1679-168)

In 1460, a new, energetic dynasty, the Namgyal dynasty, began to rule Ladakh from Leh, and soon most of the rest of Tibet came to be ruled by the Dalai Lamas with Mongol backing. This Tibetan state — a theocracy — expanded southward, and propagated the Gelug sect.

Meanwhile, in Ladakh, Jamyang Namgyal (ruled 1595-1616) brought Baltistan (in today’s Pakistan) under his control, and Sengge Namgyal (lived 1570–1642) conquered Zanskar in 1638 and asserted overlordship over Guge; more importantly, he patronized a rival school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Drukpa (Red Hat) sect, which had been founded by an Indian sage from Bihar or Bengal, Naropa, in the 10th century.

The Drukpa school became a rallying point for resistance by various Tibetan statelets against Lhasa’s expanding control. In 1679, Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal consecrated a Drukpa state in the southern Himalayas that eventually became known as Bhutan. The neighboring kingdom of Sikkim also began to be ruled by a Namgyal from a different branch of the family. Tibet, having failed to subdue Bhutan, invaded Ladakh as punishment for its support of Bhutan in 1679 under the leadership of the Fifth Dalai Lama.

By this time, Ladakh had acknowledged the overlordship of the Mughal Empire, which had annexed neighboring Kashmir in 1586. Deldan Namgyal, and his son, Delek Namgyal (whose rule began in 1666) paid tribute to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and built a mosque in Leh, and parts of Ladakh became Muslim. While the Tibetans attempted to overrun all of Ladakh, they could not do so due to the support of the Mughal Empire, which saved the existence of an independent Ladakh, although the Tibetans prevailed in many ways. The key Treaty of Tingmosgang of 1684 between Tibet and Ladakh — which predates any agreement made by the British or Qing empires — acknowledged Ladakh’s independence from Tibet, but ceded much of the erstwhile Guge to Tibet, and allowed monks from the Gelug sect to practice and preach in Ladakh.

Nonetheless, the treaty and related agreements left most of what had been Maryul and Zanskar in Ladakh, and established a boundary that bisected the Pangong Tso (Lake), which is currently being disputed by Chinese and Indian forces. Further south, the treaty fixed the border of the two states at the Lhari stream (Demchok River). The treaty furthermore provided for a Ladakhi enclave near Mount Kailash, known as Minsar; there were also several Bhutanese enclaves in this part of western Tibet. While no treaty deprived Ladakh and Bhutan of these enclaves, they were essentially disposed of them in the 1950s after Tibet’s incorporation into the People’s Republic of China. Until the successor state of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, was incorporated into India in 1948, the people of Minsar paid taxes to the Maharaja of Kashmir. India still theoretically claims Minsar.

Thus, the contours of the border between modern Tibet and Ladakh were established from this time onward, although a Chinese reading of the treaty suggests that the word used to describe a boundary at Demchok also means “meeting place” in Tibetan.

In 1834, a declining Ladakhi state was annexed by the Sikh Empire, which had arisen to control Punjab and Kashmir following the decline of the Mughal Empire,by General Zorawar Singh in 1834. A subsequent Sikh invasion of Tibet was halted in 1842, and the old borders and obligations between Ladakh and Tibet were reaffirmed by the Treaty of Chushul, of which the Qing Empire, Tibet’s suzerain, was also a party to. Ladakh was administratively attached to Kashmir, and subsequently to the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir upon its inception in 1846. The Hindu Dogra Dynasty ruled Jammu and Kashmir under the aegis of the British Raj for the next century, during which, despite various tinkering, it maintained similar borders to those established in 1684.

While Ladakh is clearly rooted in Tibetan culture, its heritage is also distinctly non-Tibetan, particularly because its political history is different, its language has become mutually unintelligible with Standard Tibetan, and because, like Bhutan, it is religiously distinct from the rest of Tibet, as the Dalai Lama is not revered as much as he among Tibetans. Ladakh and its people are a thing of their own and Ladakh’s distinct and unique identity is preserved, to a large extent, from its political disassociation from the rest of Tibet, and its union with India. Due to its orientation toward South Asia, and its clear history of demarcation from Tibet, it is not surprising that its people continue to wish to be distinct from Tibet and China.

1880

Sarat Chandra Das/ 1881 onw

SWAPAN DASGUPTA/ Indian soft power needs to go beyond Bollywood and food/ The Times of India 3 October 2021

In 1893, the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, published ‘Indian Pandits in the Land of Snow’ by Sarat Chandra Das that incorporated his lectures on facets of Tibetan society and religion based on his research and experiences of visits to Tibet and China.

Apart from private visits in 1879 and 1881 at the invitation of the Grand Lama of Tashi-lhumpo which took him to Lhasa, a rare privilege in those days, he was sent by the Government of India to Beijing in 1885 where, according to the preface of his book, “he was received with open arms by the Lamas of Yung-ho kung, the imperial monastery, who accommodated him in the Yellow temple called Hwang-ssi. They also introduced him to the Tibetan plenipotentiary and the tutor of the Emperor.” Das “cultivated the acquaintance of the great ministers and chief nobles of Peking and succeeded in gaining the confidence of the Prime Minister …”

Das, who acquired his deep knowledge of Tibet while serving as headmaster of the Tibetan Boarding School in Darjeeling, was, predictably, viewed in some circles with suspicion as a spy. Undeniably, his domain expertise prompted his appointment to the diplomatic staff in Beijing.

It was a shrewd move. In a report, The Times correspondent in Beijing wrote: “In using Asiatics to conciliate Asiatics the Government would be following the line of least resistance and might hit upon the true solution to the Tibetan problem. There are Bengali Pandits, not many perhaps, who combine the high qualities of the European explorer with tolerance of privations and the subtlety of address which are special characteristics of the Hindu. Their mildness disarms hostility, and when imbued with zeal for their work their quiet resolution and infinite capacity for waiting, overcome every obstacle… gaining the active goodwill of the inhabitants. Such a force as that is surely an element of incalculable strength to a Government whose external affairs are all Asiatic.”

Das was a pioneer among ‘modern’ Indians to emulate the example of scholars from Bengal, Bihar and Kashmir who, until the 9th century at least, had made the difficult journey across the Himalayas to imbibe the wisdom of another civilisation.

Subsequently, there were Sinologists such as Prabodh Chandra Bagchi whose conversational usage of classical Mandarin made him an object of curiosity in post-revolution China, and Professor Lokesh Chandra, the curator of the Tibetan-Sanskrit dictionary.

Das achieved in the 1880s — the showcasing of India as a nursery of global knowledge.

1900

1900 AUG 11 British Viceroy of India Curzon sends first of two letters directly to Dalai Lama after attempts to negotiate with Tibetan authorities fail. (Ken Herold)

SEP 30 Tsar Nicholas of Russia receives monk Dorjieff at Yalta with letter from Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

1902

AUG 2 China Times article describes Russian-Tibetan agreement. (Ken Herold)

NOV 13 Curzon, fearing Russian Tsarist designs on Tibet and India, plans an expedition to force Tibet under British hegemony. (Ken Herold)

1903

JAN 8 Curzon argues for a mission to Lhasa, London recommends continued negotiations with Tibet and China. (Ken Herold)

APR London approves diplomatic mission to Tibetan border. (Ken Herold)

MAY Curzon briefs Younghusband on secret Tibet mission. (Ken Herold)

JUN Younghusband party with 200 troops leaves Kalimpong, India, for Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 18 British mission begins talks with Tibetans at border station of Khamba Jong. Tibet withdraws and British are recalled after five months. London then approves an armed expedition no further than Gyantse. Russia and China officially protest. (Ken Herold)

DEC 12 Younghusband forces cross Jelap Pass into Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1904

JAN 8 British forces cross Tang La and reach Tuna at 16,000 feet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 3 Britain and Russia pledge independence of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 31 More than 700 Tibetan troops killed at Guru. (Ken Herold)

APR 1-3 Younghusband mission reportedly attacked. (Ken Herold)

APR 11 British troops reach sight of Gyantse. (Ken Herold)

MAY 30 Reports of mission attack. (Ken Herold)

JUN 26 Reinforcements reach British force at Gyantse. (Ken Herold)

JUL 5 300 Tibetan casualties in British attack at Gyantse. (Ken Herold)

JUL 30 Dalai Lama flees northwards into exile, Gaden Tri Rinpoche named Regent. (Ken Herold)

JUL 31 British forces 45 miles from Lhasa, facing no Tibetan resistance. (Ken Herold)

AUG 2 Younghusband expedition enters Lhasa and finds no evidence of Russian involvement in Tibetan affairs, the Dalai Lama having fled to Urga, Mongolia. (Ken Herold)

SEP 7 Anglo-Tibetan Convention signed at Lhasa with Tibet as a sovereign power. Britain establishes a trade station at Gyantse. Telegraph lines from Kalimpong to Lhasa remain operable. (Ken Herold)

SEP 23 British troops withdraw from Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

1905

Curzon resigns viceroyalty amidst controversy over unnecessary military invasion. (Ken Herold)

1905 Chao Erh-feng begins attempt to bring Kham and neighboring regions of Tibet under Chinese control. (Ken Herold)

1906

JAN 10 British-Russian rivalry in Tibet denied. (Ken Herold)

MAR 22 Effect of visit to India by Panchen Lama on British policy. (Ken Herold)

APR Anglo-Chinese Convention, excluding Tibet, declares Chinese acceptance of the Lhasa Treaty of 1904. Britain recognizes Chinese 'suzerainty' over Tibet. Convention between the United Kingdom and China respecting Tibet, 1906 (Ken Herold)

APR 11 British exploration party in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN Chao Erh-feng ruthlessly destroys temples and villages in eastern Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 14 Weekly post to Gartok established. (Ken Herold)

SEP Dalai Lama visits Kumbum Monastery, birthplace of Je Tsong Khapa, in Amdo region of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 5 British-Russian negotiations on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1907

1907 Anglo-Russian Convention, also excluding Tibet, declares Russian acceptance of status quo in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 5 Dalai Lama to return to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

FEB 18 Sven Hedin exploration. (Ken Herold)

JUL 19 British trade commissioner arrives at Gyantse. (Ken Herold)

JUL 24 Tibetan army reorganized; coinage established. (Ken Herold)

AUG 24 First Tibetan-language newspaper established. (Ken Herold)

AUG 31 Signing of Anglo-Russian Agreement relating to Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet, at St. Petersburg. (Ken Herold)

DEC 26 Field Museum expedition to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1908

China mounts diplomatic pressure in the Chumbi Valley and aggression against eastern Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 15 Points of dispute between Peking and London on Lhasa Convention. (Ken Herold)

JAN 18 China-Great Britain trade negotiations. (Ken Herold)

FEB 4 Chumbi valley to be evacuated by Britain. (Ken Herold)

FEB 6 Native trade agent appointed at Gyantse. (Ken Herold)

APR 20 Anglo-Chinese trade regulations signed in Calcutta. (Ken Herold)

APR 24 Escort of Indian troops appointed to Gyantse trade post. (Ken Herold)

MAY 12 Chinese amban appointed; visit of Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama to Peking announced. (Ken Herold)

AUG 10 Suppression of the revolt in Eastern Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 17-18 Sven Hedin's second journey in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 27 Dalai Lama received in Peking, meets the U.S. ambassador William W. Rockhill, and the Manchu emperor. (Ken Herold)

OCT 21 Dalai Lama leaves Peking for Tibet(Ken Herold)

NOV 30 U.S.-Japanese agreement on status quo in Asia, including 'open door' to China. (Ken Herold)

DEC 22 Dalai Lama's departure from Peking. (Ken Herold)

1909

JAN 11 Hedin describes British influence in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB 12,24 Hedin describes Tibetan customs and geography. (Ken Herold)

MAR 11 Tibetan mission to St. Petersburg. (Ken Herold)

AUG 13 Dalai Lama at Nagchu. (Ken Herold)

SEP 24 China proposes postal service to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 30 Plans for Dalai Lama to visit St. Petersburg. (Ken Herold)

DEC Dalai Lama returns to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

DEC Dalai Lama establishes Foreign Ministry. (Ken Herold)

1910

1910/ Szechuan leader Chao Erh-feng sends troops to invade Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 3 Chinese troops begin random killings in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

FEB 2,000 Chinese troops enter Lhasa and the Dalai Lama flees to Kalimpong, India. (Ken Herold)

FEB 25 Chinese troops occupy Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

FEB 28 Dalai Lama appeals to Russia. (Ken Herold)

MAR 1 Tri Rinpoche appointed head of Council of Shapes. (Ken Herold)

MAR 3 Dalai Lama at Darjeeling. (Ken Herold)

MAR 14 Dalai Lama calls on Viceroy Minto in Calcutta. (Ken Herold)

JUL 15 Official British blue-book issued on relations with Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 30 Indian troops ordered to be ready to enter Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 2 Britain and Tibet policy; Britain fears an attack on its agencies in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 5 Chinese request Dalai Lama's return to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

AUG 7 Report Chinese troops defeated. (Ken Herold)

SEP 2 Dalai Lama negotiations with China. (Ken Herold)

SEP 23 Lamas at Lhasa advise Dalai Lama not to return to the capital. (Ken Herold)

OCT 15 Execution order angers populace. (Ken Herold)

NOV 3 Younghusband comments on British policy. (Ken Herold)

DEC 2 Dalai Lama renews request to visit Britain. (Ken Herold)

1911

JAN Panchen Lama visits Lhasa while Dalai Lama is in exile in India. (Ken Herold)

JUN 29 Tibetan postal service noted. (Ken Herold)

NOV 2 Chinese troops attack Sera monastery, Tibetan War Department declares war on Chinese troops in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

NOV 20 British plans to survey India-Tibet border abandoned. (Ken Herold)

1912

1912 Tibet pushes all Chinese forces east beyond the Mekong River. (Ken Herold)

JAN 16 China announces plans for new province, Hsikang, encompassing part of Eastern Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 23 Reports of Tibetan revolt against Chinese. (Ken Herold)

MAR Lonchen Shatra(later appointed Tibetan delegate to the Simla Conference) in Calcutta to ask for British arms. (Ken Herold)

APR Soldiers and monks from Sera monastery arrest and execute pro-Chinese Cabinet ministers. (Ken Herold)

APR New Chinese Republic declares intention to make lands of Mongols and Tibetans into Chinese provinces. (Ken Herold)

APR 5 Tibetans threaten attack on Chinese forces. (Ken Herold)

MAY 11 Panchen Lama at Shigatse; Chinese surrender at Gyantse. (Ken Herold)

MAY 17 Fighting reported in Lhasa, monastery said destroyed. (Ken Herold)

JUN Dalai Lama formally re-proclaims Tibetan independence. (Ken Herold)

JUN 1 Text of confidential note on the northeast frontier section of the India-Tibet border. (Ken Herold)

JUN 1 Fighting reported in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUN 25 Dalai Lama leaves for Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUL 12 Tibetans capture Litang and Batang. (Ken Herold)

AUG 3 Further fighting reported in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

AUG 15 Reported agreement between Dalai Lama and Chinese amban. (Ken Herold)

AUG 21 Chinese envoys intercepted and imprisoned by Tibet; Dalai Lama refuses Chinese indemnity demands. (Ken Herold)

AUG 27 Dalai Lama and Chinese amban reach agreement on Chinese surrender. (Ken Herold)

SEP 4 Mongolian mission to Tibet refused permission to enter at Darjeeling. (Ken Herold)

SEP 18 Chinese refugees begin arriving at Indian border. (Ken Herold)

OCT 28 Ignoring Tibetan rejection of such claims, China purports to restore Dalai Lama's position and rank. (Ken Herold)

NOV 1 Chinese troops fighting near Litang. (Ken Herold)

NOV 5 Wilson elected President. (Ken Herold)

NOV 21 More fighting reported at Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

1913

Dalai Lama arranges for four young Tibetans to be educated in England. (Ken Herold)

JAN Dalai Lama enters Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JAN 3 Chinese force routed. (Ken Herold)

JAN 6 Last of Chinese troops leave Lhasa for Kalimpong. (Ken Herold)

JAN 11 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Tibet and Mongolia. (Ken Herold)

FEB Tibetan declaration of independence issued. (Ken Herold)

APR 15 Russian czar receives Tibetan envoys. (Ken Herold)

APR 25 Tibetan students arrive at Plymouth, England. (Ken Herold)

MAY 27 Dalai Lama proposes cessation of hostilities with Chinese government. (Ken Herold)

JUL 7 Chinese troops repulsed at Hsiang-cheng. (Ken Herold)

JUL 29 Lord Curzon announces Tibet-China-Great Britain conference. (Ken Herold)

OCT Simla Conference opens with Tibet, Britain and China on equal basis. [(Ken Herold)

OCT 22 British attitude to Tibetan demands for autonomy. (Ken Herold)

OCT 26 Role of women in Tibet described. (Ken Herold)

1914

MAR Tibet and Britain negotiate Indo-Tibetan frontier, the so-called McMahon Line. (Ken Herold)

APR Simla Conference ends in discord: Tibet and Britain agree to Chinese 'suzerainty' over Tibet only if China agrees to Tibetan autonomy. China refuses to ratify pact, thus leaving Tibet's independent status unchanged. (Ken Herold)

MAY 26 Russia assents to Tibetan autonomy agreement. (Ken Herold)

JUL 3 Text of Convention between Great Britain, China and Tibet. [DW, 386](Ken Herold)

JUL 3 Text of Anglo-Tibetan Trade Regulations. (Ken Herold)

AUG As European hostilities escalate into World War, the Dalai Lama offers 1,000 soldiers to fight for British side. (Ken Herold)

NOV 7 German surrender to Japanese and British at Tsingtao, China. (Ken Herold)

1915

1915 NOV 26 Friendly relations reported between Panchen Lama and Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

1916

APR 3 Report on British trade opportunities in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1917

Postal map of China published by Peking shows Tibet, Mongolia, and East Turkestan as Chinese regions, though not including the Aksai Chin region of the Tibetan plateau. ==

1918

Tibetan troops, trained and equipped by Britain, capture Chamdo, Draya, Markham, Gonjo and De-ge. As they approach Nyarong and Batang, China asks Britain to mediate and Britain helps China by refusing Tibet arms. (Ken Herold)

JUL 22 Chinese helpless against Tibetan revolt. (Ken Herold)

JUL 29 Chinese surrender Chamdo to Tibetan forces. (Ken Herold)

AUG 19 British consul, Teichman, in Chengdu negotiates a ceasefire between Kham and China, dividing Kham into Lhasa-administered W. Kham(Chamdo) and 'independent' E. Kham east of Yangtse under nominal control of China(Kanting). (Ken Herold)

SEP 10 Hostilities cease, Tibetans demand treaty modifications. (Ken Herold)

OCT 10 Supplemental ceasefire agreement signed. (Ken Herold)

1919

JAN 3 History of Chinese-Tibetan dispute. (Ken Herold)

MAR 4 British parliament discusses Tibetan autonomy settlement. (Ken Herold)

APR 2 Death of Lonchen Shatra reported. (Ken Herold)

SEP 13 Hitch reported in Chinese negotiations with Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 18 Prospects of settlement of the China-Tibet dispute. (Ken Herold)

NOV 7 Chicago bank agrees to provide 5,000,000 pound loan to China. (Ken Herold)

NOV 27 Tibet may invoke aid of Nepal and Bhutan in the event of hostilities with China. (Ken Herold)

1920

Yajima Yasujiro returns to Japan after training 200 Tibetan soldiers from 1914-17. (Ken Herold)

JAN Britain suggests a boundary conference at Lhasa. Tibet declines and entertains a Chinese delegation from Kansu for talks and eventually agrees to a ceasefire. (Ken Herold)

JAN 16 League of Nations formally inaugurated. Tibet does not become a member, though China does. (Ken Herold)

AUG 28 Prospects of railway and wool development in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 13 Lord Curzon comments on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV Sir Charles Bell in Lhasa through October of 1921 to urge better relations between Tibet and Britain. (Ken Herold)

NOV 29 Bell arrives in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

1921

National Assembly approves build-up of Tibetan army to 17,000 soldiers. (Ken Herold)

MAY 18 Report on the health of the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

JUN 7 Teichman lectures on the Kham region. (Ken Herold)

OCT 2 British exploring expedition in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 31 Bell suggests a new British treaty with Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 12 Bell's mission to Tibet ends. (Ken Herold)

1922

Actions by Lungshar provoke war preparations by Nepal and Tibet, but the Dalai Lama settles the controversy peacefully. (Ken Herold)

1922 Lhasa government demands contribution from Tashilhunpo for growing Tibetan army. (Ken Herold)

JUN 9 Rongbuk monastery described by Everest party. (Ken Herold)

SEP 19 China Trade Act becomes U.S. law, defining China to include Manchuria, Mongolia, Hong Kong, Macao, and Thibet sic. (Ken Herold)

NOV 4 British Buddhist mission refused permission to visit Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

1923

Dalai Lama orders troops under Tsarang to put off revolt by Drepung monks.(Ken Herold)

1923 An English school opens in Gyantse. (Ken Herold)

APR 2,23 British Buddhist mission planned for Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 17 Photograph of the Dalai Lama published. (Ken Herold)

1924

1924 Pro-Chinese Sixth Panchen Lama enters period of exile in China. (Ken Herold)

1924 Tsarong's request for military representation at Tsongdu denied. (Ken Herold)

MAY 26 Russian allegations of British activity in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 29 Chinese press reports on British activities in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 9 British political mission to Tibet; Mongolians from Urga arrive in Nakcho with petition for Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

DEC 2 Tibetan army commander plans to visit India. (Ken Herold)

DEC 6 British(Ward-Cawdor) expedition to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1925

1925 Tsarong relieved of army command, condition of forces deteriorate. (Ken Herold)

FEB 27 Panchen Lama visits Peking. (Ken Herold)

MAR 22 Tibetan lamas visit Paris. (Ken Herold)

APR 25 Tibetan lamas received in Berlin. (Ken Herold)

1926

1926 Tibet represented at Nilang Boundary Commission along with border territory of Tehri and Britain. (Ken Herold)

1926 English school at Gyantse forced to close due to opposition of monasteries. (Ken Herold)

MAR 4 Electrical equipment convoy massacred in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1927

1927 German geologist Emil Trinkler visits the Aksai Chin area, calling it the westernmost plateau of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1927 Chiang Kai-shek sets up new Chinese government at Nanking, writes Dalai Lama offering his total support if Tibet would become a Chinese province. (Ken Herold)

1928

1928 Panchen Lama urges China to assume responsibility over Tibet. [DW, 192](Ken Herold)

1928 Chinese warlord Liu invades Kham-China borderlands and his troops are pushed back into Szechuan. (Ken Herold)

MAY 27 Polyandry in Tibet [persists]. (Ken Herold)

JUN Peking falls to Nationalists. (Ken Herold)

JUN 13 Roerich describes conditions in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 25 U.S. is first country to recognize Nationalists as national government of China. (Ken Herold)

1929

JAN 30 Tibet invited to join Chinese Nationalist movement. (Ken Herold)

1930

1930 Charles Suydam Cutting is the first American to visit Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1930 Chiang Kai-shek sends two missions to Lhasa. Dalai Lama urges China to supply arms to Tibet and to return to Tibet areas previously under Tibetan control. (Ken Herold)

MAY 20 Question in British parliament on Tibet's relations with Britain, Russia, India, Nepal and China. (Ken Herold)

OCT Descriptions and photographs of Minya Konka range on China-Tibet border by National Geographic. (Ken Herold)

1931

1931 Dalai Lama writes political testament setting forth policy of friendly relations with both Britain and China. (Ken Herold)

SEP Dalai Lama and Chiang negotiate an uneasy local truce in Kham. (Ken Herold)

OCT 31 Sir Charles Bell describes an independent Tibet in Foreign Affairs. He had become friends with the Dalai Lama in India. (Ken Herold)

1932

JAN 7 Stimson Doctrine says U.S. opposed to attacks on Chinese sovereignty or territorial integrity. (Ken Herold)

APR Warlord Liu Wen-hui again invades Kham borderlands, breaking armistice agreed to by Nationalists. Within five months Chinese troops push Tibetans back to the Yangtse and threaten Chamdo. (Ken Herold)

AUG Szechuan chieftain Liu Wen-hui fighting Tibetan troops. Chinghai governor also hostile to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG Dalai Lama wires Government of India for help and diplomatic intervention at Nanking. (Ken Herold)

AUG 12 Frontier fighting between China and Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP Britain helps Tibet achieve ceasefire with Szechuan. (Ken Herold)

DEC 31 Tibetan monks leave Switzerland. (Ken Herold)

1933

1933 Tibetans sign local armistice with Governor Ma of Chinghai, ceding territory east of the Yangtse but the Yakalo district to the west. (Ken Herold)

DEC 17 Death of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama at Lhasa, ending Tibet's foreign policy of non-alignment. (Ken Herold)

DEC 20 Death of the Dalai Lama reported. (Ken Herold)

DEC 20 Finance Minister Lungshar mounts an unsuccessful coup d'etat in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

1934

1934 Chinese Communist "Long March" retreat enters parts of eastern Tibet and is attacked by fierce Golok and Mantzu tribes and Tibetan troops. (Ken Herold)

JAN Tsongdu, Tibet's National Assembly, elects Reting Rinpoche as Regent of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 22 General Huang Mu-sung in Lhasa on Chinese mission. (Ken Herold)

FEB 13 Chinese mission at Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

MAR 23 Chinese mission in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

APR Huang Mu-sung arrives in Lhasa via eastern Tibet to offer condolences on passing of Dalai Lama. [Indpaedia: But wasn’t he already in Lhasa?](Ken Herold)

APR 6 Russia alleges British designs on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 23 Panchen Lama in Shanghai. (Ken Herold)

MAY 31 National Assembly demands increased powers; Lungshar punished for plot; Panchen Lama's correspondence. (Ken Herold)

JUN 1,7 National Assembly's demands; Lungshar's punishment. (Ken Herold)

JUN 7 Panchen Lama visits British warship. (Ken Herold)

JUN 18 Dalai Lama's correspondence published. (Ken Herold)

AUG 16 Chinese political mission in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

SEP 6 Chinese mission in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

SEP 13 Proclamation by Chinese mission in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

OCT Chinese Gen. Huang Mu-sung leaves Lhasa unable to convince the Tibetan Government to submit to Chinese authority. Regent Reting agrees to permit Panchen Lama to return to Lhasa but without the military escort China demands. (Ken Herold)

OCT Chinese liaison left behind at Lhasa eventually forms a Chinese Mission, equipped with radio. (Ken Herold)

NOV 19 Possibility of the return of the Panchen Lama to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 6 Panchen Lama's brother in India. (Ken Herold)

1935

1935 Lost Horizon published in U.S., popularizes a mythical "Shangri-La", set in a "Tibet" dominated by Europeans and Chinese and where "Tibetans" appear only as servants.(Ken Herold)

1935 Charles Suydam Cutting makes second visit to Tibet.(Ken Herold)

1935 Reginald Fox joins new British mission to Lhasa. Mission has only the second radio set in the whole country. (Ken Herold)

JAN Mao elected Communist Party chairman. (Ken Herold)

MAY 3 Communist Chinese threat to Eastern Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 13 British representative invited to Lhasa; Panchen Lama in China. (Ken Herold)

JUL 6 Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, is born in the Amdo region of Tibet at Takster. Tibet will pay ransom to local Chinese authorities for his freedom to travel. (Ken Herold)

OCT Communists establish new centre at Yenan. (Ken Herold)

NOV 21 Panchen Lama's return to Lhasa delayed. (Ken Herold)

DEC 13 Exploration of Western Tibet by Tucci reported. (Ken Herold)

1936

1936 Lhasa sends three search parties for incarnation of Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

1936 Tibet invites British mission to modernize Tibetan army and assist in negotiations with China for the return of Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

1936 Richardson and other British officials visit Lhasa for five months to bolster pro-India faction in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 7 Portents sought for new Dalai Lama; position of the Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

OCT 1 Search for the Dalai Lama under way. (Ken Herold)

OCT 29 Search parties leave. (Ken Herold)

NOV 3 Roosevelt re-elected. (Ken Herold)

NOV 19 Panchen Lama reportedly at Jyekundo. (Ken Herold)

1937

1937 Fourteenth Dalai Lama discovered by search party. Moslem warlord demands ransom of 300,000 silver dollars to permit party to return to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

Charles Suydam Cutting makes third visit to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB Main body of Gould's mission leaves Lhasa, but British Mission in Lhasa retains radio transmitter in order to counter Chinese. [HR, 147](Ken Herold)

JUL 25 Peking overrun by Japanese troops. Nationalist Chinese withdraw to southern China. (Ken Herold)

AUG Panchen Lama moves to Rashi Gompa on the Tibetan border. (Ken Herold)

OCT 28 Panchen Lama said banned from Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 27 Color film of Tibet by F.S. Chapman. (Ken Herold)

DEC 1 Sixth Panchen Lama dies in exile at Jyekundo. Seventh incarnation is disputed between Tibetan and Chinese candidates. (Ken Herold)

1938

1938 Regent instructs search party to bring child Dalai Lama to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

1939

APR 19,20 Curzon-Midleton controversy in British Tibet policy reported. (Ken Herold)

JUL Tsongdu meets in the Potala and confirms the Taktser candidate as the 14th Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

AUG Dalai Lama begins overland journey to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

OCT 8 Dalai Lama enters Lhasa and receives foreign dignitaries from Britain, Bhutan, China, and Nepal. (Ken Herold)

OCT 13 Confidence of the Tibetan Cabinet. (Ken Herold)

1940

1940

FEB 22 Dalai Lama, four years old, installed in minority as temporal and spiritual leader of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1941

1941 Dalai Lama begins intensive religious education. [D2, 156](Ken Herold)

1941 Regency passes from Reting Rinpoche to Tathag(Taktra) Rinpoche, Senior Tutor to the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

MAR 19 India-Sinkiang boundary dispute resolution expected. (Ken Herold)

1942

JUL 2 OSS Director Donovan asks Secretary of State Hull to expedite request for permission for two OSS agents to travel in secret via India to Tibet and thence to China to meet U.S. Army commander Stilwell. (Ken Herold)

JUL 3 Secretary Hull sends Roosevelt a draft letter for OSS agents Ilya Tolstoi and Brooke Dolan II to carry to Dalai Lama(addressed as religious leader of Tibet so as not to offend Nationalist China), a letter which proclaims great interest by America in Tibet and her people, but basically asking Tibet for permission to enter and cross its territory. (Ken Herold)

JUL 3 Secretary Hull wires Ambassador to China Gauss that Britain is not able to pressure India to obtain Tibetan permission to transport war materials to China. Britain is urging China to make a public pledge of Tibetan autonomy prior to threatening economic sanctions against Tibet. British refer to Tibetan independence as well as autonomy. Hull notes U.S. has not questioned Chinese claims of 'suzerainty' over Tibet. U.S. begins policy of non-committal public attitude on Tibetan questions. (Ken Herold)

JUL 13 Gauss reports to Hull that Tibetans have agreed to passage of non-military supplies for China, that China has no plans for road to Tibet or stationing of troops due to certain Tibetan opposition. China makes no pledge regarding autonomy however. (Ken Herold)

JUL 30 Gauss receives a report in Chungking that Chinese government heard arguments from finance minister Kung supporting Tibet as a "self-governing dominion" presumably within Nationalist China. (Ken Herold)

AUG 27 British Embassy reports to State Dept. that China appears to want to expand into eastern Tibet more than it wants to move supplies. Even so, Britain is not pushing for autonomy declaration by China. Britain supports autonomy. Tibet has refused permission for foreign supervision in Tibet of any supply mission. (Ken Herold)

SEP U.S. supplies Tibetan Government with equipment for three radio stations delivered by OSS agents Tolstoy and Dolan. (Ken Herold)

SEP 15 U.S. State Dept. reaffirms its position that Chinese claim of 'suzerainty' over Tibet has not been questioned by U.S. and thus no reply is due to Britain on its policy. (Ken Herold)

1943

1943 Chiang orders Governor of 'Sikang'(Chinese "province" reaching into Eastern Tibet) to move troops to Tibetan border. (Ken Herold)

FEB 8 President Roosevelt's representative in India wires Secretary of State insisting on joint arrangement with both Tibetan and Chinese governments over possible transit of Tibet with war materials. (Ken Herold)

APR 15 Roosevelt approves U.S. Navy SACO group joint operations with Chiang's ruthless secret police. (Ken Herold)

MAY 15 U.S. position on Tibet relayed to U.K. (Ken Herold)

AUG 5 Letter from U.K. Secretary Eden to Chinese minister Soong regarding U.K. policy on Tibet--same as later 12/12/49 position paper--Britain will give Tibet moral support but will not intervene. (Ken Herold)

NOV U.S. military supply plane goes off course over the Hump and the crew survives. Tibetans help them to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

NOV 22 Cairo Conference: Roosevelt and Churchill meet Chiang and recognize China as one of the great allies. (Ken Herold)

DEC 19 Five American air crewmen escorted out of Lhasa to India. [PH, 245](Ken Herold)

1944

JAN 19 Experiences of five U.S. airmen downed in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB 18 10th Panchen Lama enthroned at Taer monastery. (Ken Herold)

MAR 28 Labrang monastery delegation to Chungking. (Ken Herold)

1945

AUG 25 Chiang says Tibet must be allowed high degree of autonomy. (Ken Herold)

1946

JAN Heinrich Harrer(of Seven Years in Tibet fame) and Peter Aufschnaiter reach Lhasa after escaping Allied prisoner-of-war camp in India. (Ken Herold)

JAN 5 Dalai Lama writes letter to President Truman promoting good relations between the two countries.(Translation delivered February 7, 1947) (Ken Herold)

JAN 7 Regent and Tibetan Cabinet write similar letters to Truman. (Ken Herold)

AUG National Geographic article tells of Tolstoy and Dolan's trip across Tibet from India to China, followed by Cutting's rare photographs. (Ken Herold)

AUG 11 Tibet's role in British empire's defense strategy. (Ken Herold)

OCT 1 U.S. policy statement on China says U.S. and China both regard Tibet as an integral part of China. (Ken Herold)

DEC 3 Top secret policy on status of Tibet questioned as U.S. chargé in India wires Secretary of State on the desirability of continuing the U.S. "non-committal" attitude. (Ken Herold)

1947

1947 Tibet sends mission to Nanking to negotiate settlement of border and get recognition of independence, but without success. [LT, 75](Ken Herold)

JAN 13 U.S. chargé in India reports to Secretary of State on desire of Tibetans for stronger relations with the United States and reasons why U.S. should send favorable Presidential reply to Lhasa. Included are factors emphasizing Tibet's great strategic, military and ideological importance. (Ken Herold)

MAR Truman Doctrine enunciated: the U.S. will support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure. (Ken Herold)

MAR 23 Delhi conference of all Asian countries includes Tibet as a fully sovereign nation. (Ken Herold)

APR 14 Acting Sec. of State Dean Acheson wires U.S. chargé in India: the U.S. War Dept. does not consider Tibet to be a useful base of military operations, the State Dept. recommends only unofficial U.S. diplomatic visits to Tibet, and in light of Sino-American relations it would not be useful to raise the question of the status of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 15 Ex-Regent Reting Rinpoche arrested. (Ken Herold)

MAY Conspirators punished after trial by Tsongdu. (Ken Herold)

MAY 8 Regent Reting dies. (Ken Herold)

JUN-JUL Nyungne Lama commits suicide following aborted coup. Reting reportedly arrested. Je College of Sera Monastery revolts with 200 monks killed by government troops. Reting dies in prison. (Ken Herold)

JUN 11 Tibetan Foreign Office writes U.S. chargé in India on upcoming trade mission to the U.S. led by Finance Minister Shakabpa. (Ken Herold)

JUN 13 Coup attempt reported in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUN 14 Shakabpa letter to U.S. Ambassador in India on trade mission. (Ken Herold)

JUL 13 Former pro-Chinese Regent Jecheng(?) reported executed in coup attempt. (Ken Herold)

JUL 30 U.S. response to Tibetan Foreign "Bureau" on trade delegation makes distinction between Chinese and Tibetan governments. The response to Shakabpa implies State Dept. assistance with his visit to Washington. (Ken Herold)

AUG 1 U.S. Ambassador in India wires Sec. of State on the political background to the Tibetan Trade Mission's upcoming visit to Washington, following a non-committal policy so as not to offend Chinese claims of sovereignty. (Ken Herold)

AUG 15 Upon Indian independence, British Mission to Lhasa closes. Reginald Fox is hired by Tibetan Government as a radio monitor and trainer.(Call sign AC4YN-Lhasa)(Ken Herold)

Mission head Hugh Richardson stays on as head of Indian Mission. (Ken Herold)

AUG 21 U.S. Ambassador in India wires Sec. of State questioning War Dept. view on Tibet's importance and asking if U.S. policy that Tibet is part of China has changed. (Ken Herold)

AUG 26 U.S. Embassy in London reports British decide not to support Tibet as they withdraw from India. (Ken Herold)

OCT 4 Yale University to give course on Tibetan culture. (Ken Herold)

OCT 6 Jacques Marchais Tibetan Center opened in New York City. (Ken Herold)

OCT 25 Tibet sends trade delegations to India, China, France, Italy, Britain, and the U.S. under Tibetan Government passports. (Ken Herold)

OCT 28 State Dept. wires answer to U.S. Ambassador in India: as U.S. does not question Chinese claim to sovereignty over Tibet, the trade delegation should be referred to the Commerce Dept.(Ken Herold)

NOV 21 U.S. Ambassador in India forwards State Dept. information on the trade delegation provided by Indian representative to Sikkim Hopkinson that mission is prompted by Rimshi Pangda Tsang; trade delegation travelling on Tibetan travel documents and visiting China ahead of U.S. and U.K. (Ken Herold)

DEC 17 U.S. Foreign Aid Act support to Nationalist China(Ken Herold)

DEC 19 First meeting of the National Security Council adopts NSC 4/A, directing the CIA to secretly prevent Communist election victory. (Ken Herold)

DEC 22 U.S. chargé in India wires Sec. of State that China wants trade delegation to travel on Chinese passports. (Ken Herold)

DEC 22 CIA's Special Procedures Group established to carry out covert actions. (Ken Herold)

DEC 26 Acting Sec. of State Lovett replies to chargé in India that he should not pressure Tibetans to be subordinate to China nor make mission an issue between U.S. and China. (Ken Herold)

DEC 30 Chargé in India wires Sec. of State: Trade delegation wants to buy gold and silver as backing for Tibetan currency, but it may not be able to obtain enough dollars in India. Includes report of meeting with trade delegation at U.S. Embassy. Question of whether request from Lhasa Government falls under Gold Reserve Act of 1934. (Ken Herold)

1948

1948 Harrer begins working for Tibetan Government. [MG, 114](Ken Herold)

JAN 31 Tibetan trade delegation arriving in Nanking learns of the assassination of Mohandas Gandhi. (Ken Herold)

JUL 6 Nationalist Mongolian-Tibetan Affairs Commission asks Foreign Office to discontinue Britain's special rights in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG-SEP Tibetan trade delegation meets with Sec. of State Marshall and through influence of Ilya Tolstoi meets Gen. Eisenhower, then President of Columbia University. (Ken Herold)

AUG-SEP Trade delegation meets with(candidate for?) Vice President. (Ken Herold)

AUG 9 U.S. Ambassador to India reports that India may not push for Tibetan autonomy as the British had done. (Ken Herold)

AUG 9 Thousands of nomads attack Chamdo and Chaya in uprising against Regent Yung Tseng-daja(?), who considers resigning to avert civil war. (Ken Herold)

AUG 12 Tibetan trade delegation visits New York City explaining that Tibet has its own government not under Chinese authority. (Ken Herold)

SEP 21 Political split between Panchen Lama and Dalai Lama described. (Ken Herold)

DEC 22 U.S. Ambassador to India wires Sec. of State that India feels a communist China would be more Asiatic and anti-Western and thus more cooperative with India than Nationalist China. (Ken Herold)

1949

JAN 5 U.S. Ambassador to India informs Tibetan trade delegation that the U.S. recognizes Chinese 'suzerainty' over Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 8 U.S. Embassy in New Delhi has urged for some time that the U.S. review its Tibet policy. The Embassy now proposes that a Communist victory in China should prompt U.S. recognition of Tibet as an independent country. (Ken Herold)

FEB 17 U.S. Ambassador to India tells State Dept. that India is balking at providing Tibet dollar exchange to purchase gold from the U.S. (Ken Herold)

MAR 24 Joint Chiefs memo says U.S. strategic interest in South Asia is negligible except for Pakistan's key role as a staging area for attacks on the U.S.S.R. or capture and defense of Middle East oilfields. (Ken Herold)

APR 12 Internal State Dept. memo: history of U.S.-Tibet relations; 'suzerainty' actually amounts to current Tibetan autonomy more than it does Chinese control or sovereignty over a vassal state; U.S. should refer in future instead to Chinese de jure authority over Tibet; Communist takeover in China would favor U.S. recognition of independent Tibet unless the Chinese Nationalist government survives; U.N. membership for Tibet depends upon Soviet actions, the practicality of U.S. support for Tibet and how long China will be disunited. (Ken Herold)

APR 12 U.S. Embassy in India urges U.S. contacts with the Tibetan Government if for no other reason than to contain Communism. (Ken Herold)

MAY 3 Secretary Acheson refers to de facto Tibet Government purchase of gold from U.S. in wire to Embassy in India(Ken Herold)

MAY 21 U.S. Embassy in India reports to State Dept. doubts that India would use force in opposing a Chinese invasion of Tibet. India has advised the U.K. not to make a Lhasa visit in the summer. (Ken Herold)

JUN 4 U.S. chargé in Moscow fully supports U.S. contacts with Tibet Government. (Ken Herold)

JUL 2 U.S. Embassy in India now more urgently proposes a U.S. mission to Lhasa since the Nationalist Chinese government is non-functioning. India has a monopoly over speedy communications and international relations between Tibet and the outside world. (Ken Herold)

JUL 2 Secretary of State reports to U.S. Embassy in India that U.S. gold sales to Tibet do not constitute official recognition of Tibet as a sovereign country, but that the U.S. is now reviewing its Tibet policy. (Ken Herold)

JUL 8 U.S. Ambassador to China seconds the idea of a U.S. mission to Lhasa especially now that U.S. recognition of Tibetan independence could be made prior to a Communist victory or before relations are established with a Communist China. (Ken Herold)

JUL 23 Chinese government representatives are expelled from Lhasa by the Tibetan Government. (Ken Herold)

JUL 24 India sends envoy to Lhasa to report on expulsion of Chinese representatives. (Ken Herold)

JUL 25 Ambassador Lo Chia Neun reports the expulsions were due to fears that the Chinese representatives were Communists. (Ken Herold)

JUL 28 Secretary of State asks U.S. Embassy in India to consider covert missions to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUL 30 U.S. Embassy in India reports Nationalist Chinese mission in Lhasa expelled, leaving India as the only nation with an official presence in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG Nationalist China "recognizes" the Sining candidate as the Seventh Panchen Lama in a manner contrary to Tibetan tradition. (Ken Herold)

AUG? Lowell Thomas, Sr. and Jr. visit Tibet and are in Lhasa for a little more than a week. (Ken Herold)

AUG 5 U.S. Embassy in India opposes a covert U.S. mission to Lhasa and again reports concern over India's monopoly on Tibet's world relations(Ken Herold)

AUG 7 Chinese Nationalist Acting President Li appeals to Tibet to restore representatives in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

AUG 8 India-Bhutan border treaty. (Ken Herold)

AUG 11 Dalai Lama calls for religious rites and prayers to help stem Chinese Communist advances on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 12 Panchen Lama seeking end of 25-year exile from Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP U.S. consulate in Sinkiang closes. MacKiernan and Bessac plan trek to India via Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 3 Chinese Communists vow to 'liberate' Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 21 Panchen Lama seeks Chinese troop escort to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 1 People's Republic of China declared by Communists after Nationalists retreat to Taiwan and Burma. (Ken Herold)

OCT 11 Lowell Thomas, Sr. interview with Dalai Lama, who fears that the Tibetan Government will be overthrown if Communists invade. (Ken Herold)

OCT 13 Nehru meets with President Truman and Secretary Acheson in Washington and says foreign-dominated communism is alien to the Chinese mind and that China is preoccupied with an agrarian revolution. (Ken Herold)

OCT 17 Lowell Thomas brings messages from Dalai Lama and Regent to Truman and Acheson asking for U.S. aid against a Chinese Communist invasion. (Ken Herold)

OCT 25 U.S. considering official recognition of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 2 Tibetan Government reasserts its independence and asks Mao for assurances that PLA troops won't cross border. Tibet asks for negotiations on Tibetan territories previously annexed by China. (Ken Herold)

NOV 16 Indian Prime Minister Nehru publicly claims Chinese 'suzerainty' over Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 21 U.S. Embassy in India reports contents of Tibet Foreign Office letter to U.S. Secretary of State dated 11/4/49: PLA units have invaded Lanchow, Chinghai and Sinkiang, and infiltrate Amdo; Mao adopts aggressive attitude; Tibet requests U.S., U.K. and Indian aid; Indian government has decided to abandon Tibet except to supply small arms. (Ken Herold)

NOV 22 U.S. chargé in India wires State Dept. that although U.K. policy is not finalized, U.K. is distressed that India is not upholding former British policy on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 23 U.S. chargé in India wires State Dept. to report on U.K. policy: Tibet invasion not imminent, but Tibet should not provoke China by asserting its independence; Tibetans should be given weapons and encouraged to resist short of leaving the impression that major powers will assist militarily; U.K. worried about the fate of Nepal. (Ken Herold)

NOV 25 Chinese Communists urge Tibetans to revolt, claim the Panchen Lama has asked PLA troops to 'liberate' Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 28 Indian External Affairs minister publicly denies Tibet has asked for assistance from India. (Ken Herold)

NOV 28 U.K. reports to State Dept. that Tibet was told of a sympathetic consideration for its U.N. plea and U.K. wants to know the U.S. position. (Ken Herold)

DEC 1 U.S. Ambassador in India wires State Dept. to report that U.K. advising India on policy of passive restraint. U.S. surprised at India's public announcement that Tibet has not asked for assistance. (Ken Herold)

DEC 2 U.S.S.R. claims U.K. and U.S. want Tibet as a military base against China and calls Thomas visit interference. (Ken Herold)

DEC 2 U.S. Ambassador in India wires State Dept. that India claims not to have received a plea from Tibet, but that India says she can do little other than warn Nepal(Ken Herold)

DEC 3 Tibetan Cabinet wires U.S. State Dept.: Tibet is independent and opposes Communism; Tibet wants U.N. membership, most strongly asking for U.S. good offices. (Ken Herold)

DEC 7 Secretary of State Acheson wires U.S. Ambassador in India on latest Tibetan plea for U.N. membership, asking for Ambassador to obtain the British position. (Ken Herold)

DEC 8 U.S. Ambassador in India reports to State Dept.: India tending to forsake Nepal also; U.K. plan for a Lhasa mission has been scrapped; the Embassy now suggests no U.S. mission to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

DEC 8 U.K. wires India the opinion that U.S.S.R. would veto a Tibetan application to U.N., suggesting Tibetans meet a U.K.-India team somewhere in India(Ken Herold)

DEC 9 Acheson wires U.S. Ambassador in India to inform Tibetans that their request is being carefully considered, but tells the Ambassador that a U.S. mission to Lhasa is off. (Ken Herold)

DEC 12 U.K. official policy paper on Tibet places brunt on India but discourages Indian military assistance to Tibet. U.K. may supply some arms but policy is to do nothing other than publicly support Tibetan 'autonomy'. (Ken Herold)

DEC 14 S.J.J.Singh says China infiltrating Tibet in prelude to revolution. (Ken Herold)

DEC 14 U.S. Ambassador in India advises State Dept. to adopt U.K. policy: stop a Tibetan mission to the U.S. and stall on informing Tibet of a clear rejection of its U.N. appeal. (Ken Herold)

DEC 15 U.S. Ambassador in India repeats advice to State Dept. that U.S. put off Lhasa visit and not provoke U.S.S.R. by seeming to aid Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 16 U.S. Ambassador in India tells State Dept.: Indian agent in Lhasa, Richardson, expects Chinese invasion next summer; 20,000 troops would be enough to defeat Tibetans; India had its agent in Lhasa, Dayal, argue against Tibetan letter of independence to Mao, but Tibet has now asked India for help in raising a Tibetan army of 100,000; Richardson thinks 50,000 is possible; Tibet may invoke Treaty of 1856 for protection by Nepal. (Ken Herold)

DEC 22 Tibet wires U.S. President and Secretary of State: crisis has been reached and a special mission is being sent to the U.S. consisting of Lachag Khenchung Thubten Sanghe and Rimshi Dingja. (Ken Herold)

DEC 30 India recognizes the People's Republic of China. (Ken Herold)

DEC 30 U.S. Ambassador in India wires State Dept.: India's policy is to not ask China at all about Tibetan 'autonomy'; India has supplied Tibet with a negligible amount of arms; no decision reached on Tibet's U.N. plea.(Ken Herold)

1950

JAN 1 Radio Peking announces PLA goal to 'liberate' Tibet. [JA, 26](Ken Herold)

JAN 5 U.S.S.R. press hints U.S.S.R. will back China's claim to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 6 U.K. recognizes the People's Republic of China. (Ken Herold)

JAN 8 Radio Peking calls for early invasion to 'liberate' Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 10 U.S. Ambassador in India makes secret report to State Dept.: India has no intention to raise the Tibet issue with China and will not answer Tibet's request for two officers to train Tibetan troops other than a detachment at Gyantse; India disfavors Tibet's U.N. admission and says Tibet had not even asked India for help in this regard. (Ken Herold)

JAN 11 State Dept. wires U.S. Ambassador in India a reply asking for final recommendation on a proposed U.S. Lhasa trip and its pleasure that India wants to maintain a diplomatic 'status quo'. (Ken Herold)

JAN 12 Radio Peking reiterates Communist plans for Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 12 Secretary of State Acheson delivers a major speech before National Press Club on U.S.-Asia policy. Acheson defines U.S. primary goal as an undivided China. (Ken Herold)

JAN 12 Acheson sends a secret wire to U.S. Embassy in India: stop Tibetan Government mission to U.S., with U.K. and Indian assistance, if necessary; Acheson suggests a Tibetan visit might upset the Chinese. (Ken Herold)

JAN 14 U.S. recalls all consular officials from China after China seizes the U.S. consulate in Peking. (Ken Herold)

JAN 20 U.S. Joint Chiefs recommend study of covert actions in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 20 U.S. Ambassador in India replies to Acheson in secret cables: India is vague on the U.S. meeting with Tibetans in India as an alternative to a U.S. visit, Nehru thinks U.S. mission to Lhasa would hasten Chinese invasion. (Ken Herold)

JAN 22 Communist China demands Tibetans send representatives to Peking to settle status of Tibet and that Tibetan Government curtail 'unlawful' missions abroad. (Ken Herold)

JAN 23 Chinese designs on Tibet confirmed by Chu Teh. (Ken Herold)

JAN 24 Moscow reportedly spurring China to invade Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 28 U.S.S.R. press reports 'liberation' of Tibet is imminent and U.S.-U.K. inspired coup attempt failed in Lhasa in summer of 1949 and that Sikh princes plot to use 'border province' as a base against Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 31 Chinese communists again demand Tibetan Government send representatives to 'negotiate' in Peking, promise regional 'autonomy' and urge Tibetan Government to cancel 'foreign relations overtures' to Western nations. (Ken Herold)

JAN 31 Tibet radio appeals for aid against Communist invasion. (Ken Herold)

FEB 1 Dalai Lama asks for foreign aid and radio transmitters to prevent Communist invasion. Tibet hopes to make regular broadcasts in three languages to keep world informed. (Ken Herold)

FEB 3 Lhasa Government makes request from U.S. for high-powered radio transmitter. (Ken Herold)

FEB 7 Prime Minister Nehru says India sees Tibet as 'autonomous' under nominal 'suzerainty' of China, but says Tibetans should decide their own future. (Ken Herold)

FEB 14 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance sets stage for nuclear cooperation and China gives up its claim to(Outer) Mongolia. [FW, 24](Ken Herold)

FEB 16 India backs status quo in Tibet and will support policy by diplomacy alone. (Ken Herold)

FEB 23 Regent and Dalai Lama ask Indian President Prasad for stronger Tibet-India ties. (Ken Herold)

MAR 1 Sec. of State sends secret wire to U.S. Embassy in India that State Dept. wants India to provide Tibet defense assistance and U.S. desires information on Tibetan plans to resist and its military needs. (Ken Herold)

MAR 8 U.S. Ambassador in India wires top secret response listing level of Indian arms to Tibet. U.K. and U.S. both think Tibet needs military training for arms supply to be of any real use in opposing a full Chinese invasion. (Ken Herold)

MAR 9 Tibetan Government recalls representatives sent abroad to assert national independence from Peking and urges former military commander Dzasa Yuthok to return from India. Austrian merchant Harrer named commander of E. Tibet frontier forces. Wealthy Tibetans preparing to leave Tibet. Religious institutions trying to save rare texts in Bhutan and Sikkim. (Ken Herold)

MAR 12 900 Chinese troops occupy Kakhajar near Tibet frontier, political situation in Tibet deteriorating. (Ken Herold)

APR 12 U.S. Ambassador to India wires Sec. of State that India is convinced the U.S. supports Pakistan in dispute over Kashmir for U.S. strategic reasons. (Ken Herold)

APR 19 Sec. of State Acheson seeks to covertly strengthen Tibetan military, but U.S. relies on covert Indian aid to Tibet supplied by U.K. (Ken Herold)

APR 20 Tibet Government seeks better relations with China and top level talks. (Ken Herold)

APR 24 U.S. Ambassador in India wires Sec. of State that Tibetans chagrined at U.S. and other refusals of aid, and Shakabpa may begin negotiations for autonomy agreement with China. (Ken Herold)

APR 26 Soviet military jets supplied to China. (Ken Herold)

APR 29 Vice Consul MacKiernan shot and killed by a Tibetan border patrol, Bessac continues on to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

MAY 10 After Radio Peking announces regional autonomy and religious freedom for Tibet if Tibet would agree to peaceful liberation' PLA units take Denko across the Yangtze, recaptured two weeks later by 600 Tibetan troops led by Muja Dapon with 600 Chinese dead. (Ken Herold)

MAY 10 Robert Ford in Chamdo receives radio signal from Tibetan radio operators in Denko on the Upper Yangtse that Chinese forces have invaded. Governor Lalhu decides to defend Chamdo at any cost. (Ken Herold)

MAY 13 Tibetan delegation to meet with Chinese representatives in Hong Kong. (Ken Herold)

MAY 16 India denies Radio Moscow report that India grants U.S. permission to transit India with arms for Tibet. Tibetans seeking autonomy in exchange for pledge not to make ties to the West. China unlikely to invade Tibet until summer.(Ken Herold)

MAY 23 Radio Peking urges Dalai Lama to accept allegiance to Communist government and pledges autonomy for Tibet. Chinese SW troops ready to invade Tibet. Dalai Lama's brother confers with Chiang Kai-shek on Taiwan on the future of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 23 8-member delegation from Lhasa to go to Hong Kong for negotiations with Chinese Communists. (Ken Herold)

JUN Pomdatsang brothers offer private Kham armies to both sides, China wins their support from base at Dartsedo. (Ken Herold)

JUN 3 State Department agrees with Tibetan Government request that no U.S. officials enter Tibet to meet Bessac's party from Sinkiang so as not to compromise Tibetan negotiations with China. (Ken Herold)

JUN 5 U.S. embassy at Delhi confirms that China has invaded eastern Tibet and captured several villages and a mobile radio unit. (Ken Herold)

JUN 6 Two members of Tibetan delegation denied permit to fly to Hong Kong from India purportedly due to visa problems. (Ken Herold)

JUN 7 Three members of delegation arrive in New Delhi to meet with India Foreign Office and U.K. High Commissioner. (Ken Herold)

JUN 8 Three members visas held up by U.K. (Ken Herold)

JUN 9 Tibetan delegation makes unofficial visit to U.S. embassy in Delhi and admits Tibet made efforts for closer ties to the U.S. too late. (Ken Herold)

JUN 11 Bessac arrives in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUN 14 State Dept. has no objections to selling napalm bombs to Chinese Government. (Ken Herold)

JUN 15 Three members say they will assert Tibetan independence at meeting with China, but U.K. claims discussions will lead to Communist rule and cancels visas to Hong Kong. (Ken Herold)

JUN 16 Shakabpa asks U.S. Embassy in Delhi whether U.S. will help Tibet in the event of a Chinese invasion. State Dept. believes small amount of covert assistance to Tibet could forestall Chinese invasion especially if U.S. and its allies were cool on changing Tibet's international status. U.K. representative pessimistic that U.K. could pressure India regarding aid to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 20 U.K. links recognition of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet to autonomy for Tibet, but is unwilling to confront China. U.K. believes Tibetans will only nominally resist(Ken Herold)

JUL 11 U.S. interested in approaching Tibetan mission in India with promise of secret U.S. aid. (Ken Herold)

JUL 14 Taiwan representatives say 20,000 Chinese troops have moved into Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 15 U.S. Embassy in Delhi doubts Korean conflict will spur India to assist Tibet and that India would oppose U.S. aid to Tibet. Ambassador suggests telling Tibetans that U.S. now willing to provide aid in principle and asking for particulars. (Ken Herold)

JUL 21 Report from China discounts moves against Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 22 Sec. of State Acheson commits U.S. to secret aid to Tibetans, without the knowledge of India and with assurance that U.K. will not inform India. (Ken Herold)

JUL 23 China will absorb Tibet by political, economic and military means. (Ken Herold)

JUL 29 Tibetans in India say one American killed and one wounded in frontier guard error at Nakstang. Believed to be vice-consul from Urmchi missing since September 1949, D. MacKiernan and party. (Ken Herold)

JUL 30 Armed Tibetans fighting PLA troops. Lhasa asks that Peking authorize Chinese Ambassador to India to discuss Tibet status. Tibet to seek status as buffer state. G.S. Gyamtso said to be vice president of a Chinese 'provisional government' in Tibet. U.S. State Dept. confirms MacKieran was killed April 3rd. (Ken Herold)

AUG Tibetan Cabinet sends minister Ngabo Ngawang Jigme to assume Governor-Generalship at Chamdo. (Ken Herold)

AUG 1 Chinese Gen. Liu Po-cheng describes preparations for 'liberation' of Tibet. Shak Do Ton urges Chinese invasion. (Ken Herold)

AUG 4 U.S. tells Shakabpa in Delhi that U.S. will provide Tibet financial and military aid, but Tibet must first ask India for more aid and if refused ask for cooperation with delivery of secret aid from U.S. Tibet says it can provide landing fields at Lhasa, Gartok and Chamdo, but U.S. response is cool to suggestions of flights from Burma or Pakistan if India uncooperative. Shakabpa says Tibet refuses Chinese suzereignty and is playing for time and welcomed U.K. refusal of visas to Hong Kong. Ambassador reports to Acheson that U.K. willing to replace Indian military stocks so that India can continue to provide aid to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 5 CIA clandestine air forces in Asia begin flights over China to support Nationalist sabotage and guerilla operations. (Ken Herold)

AUG 6 Earthquake rocks SE Tibet and Assam, the 2nd largest ever recorded in the 20th century. Tibetans consider this an ill omen. (Ken Herold)

AUG 6 Gen. Liu Po-cheng promises regional rule, religious freedom and social reform to Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

AUG 9 PLA troops march towards Tibet border. (Ken Herold)

AUG 10 India Government denies Chinese troop movements and recognize Chinese claim to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 13 800,000 PLA troops ready for invasion of Tibet, 'liberation' propaganda noted. (Ken Herold)

AUG 14 U.S. Ambassador in India wires State Dept. that India has been told U.S. willing to aid Tibetan Government if Tibet first asks India. India has secretly urged China not to invade Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 15 Tibetan art exhibit opens in New York City. (Ken Herold)

AUG 16 India High Commissioner Menon says in London that India is trying to moderate Chinese actions against Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 18 U.S. Embassy at Delhi informs Tibetan delegation in Calcutta that U.S. has told India of conditions for U.S. aid to Tibet via India. (Ken Herold)

AUG 19 India Government disavows Menon's remarks reported 16 August. Tibetans in Calcutta disagree. (Ken Herold)

AUG 20 China using political and religious strife to undermine Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 21 Bessac crosses Tibetan frontier into India. (Ken Herold)

AUG 22 Tibet negotiating with China in India. (Ken Herold)

AUG 23 China will invade Tibet from Sinkiang. (Ken Herold)

AUG 25 China replies to India that it must maintain sovereignty over Tibet and did not wish for armed conflict. China has instructed its India ambassador to begin talks with Tibetans at Delhi, with final negotiations in Peking. (Ken Herold)

AUG 25 Nehru says India wants peaceful settlement in China-Tibet talks. (Ken Herold)

AUG 27 W. Churchill sees Chinese invasion of Tibet as imminent. (Ken Herold)

AUG 28 Secret U.S. policy statement on Nepal: Permanent post in Kathmandu would provide U.S. a regular channel of information on Tibet, with whom Nepal has active foreign relations. Tibet still paying Nepal an annual tribute stemming from Nepal's 1854 invasion of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 31 Peking informs India it wants settlement in New Delhi talks. (Ken Herold)

SEP 1 China to confer with Tibet thru its Indian Embassy. (Ken Herold)

SEP 6 Tibetans to confer with Nehru prior to meeting with Chinese Ambassador Yuan. (Ken Herold)

SEP 9 Tibetan delegation meets with U.S. ambassador in India. Shakabpa says Tibetan Government has decided to forcefully resist Chinese incursion and is grateful for offer of U.S. military aid. Tibetans confirm concentrations of Chinese troops along border at Jyekundo, Nagchen, Degegonchen and Batang, and say weather conditions during the next five months would not prevent military operations. Tibetan Government disappointed with British attitude on Chinese suzereignty and hopes for full independence or status quo to be maintained. (Ken Herold)

SEP 12 Nepalese concern reported at Tibet situation. (Ken Herold)

SEP 15 Acting Sec. of State Webb sends top secret wire to U.S. Embassy in India that Tibetans have been informed of U.S. willingness to provide military assistance. U.S. also willing to supply radio transmitter, but U.S. believes direct coded radio communications between Lhasa and Washington impractical. Tibetans should continue to communicate with U.S. via Delhi embassy and Calcutta consulate(Ken Herold)

SEP 25 PLA troops combat Tibetans in Kham. (Ken Herold)

OCT 1 Dalai Lama's sister carries message from Lhasa to negotiators in New Delhi. (Ken Herold)

OCT 2 Chinese Government calls for 'liberation' of Tibet by arms. (Ken Herold)

OCT 3 China wants Tibet pact signed in Peking. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 84,000 PLA troops of 1st and 2d Field Armies under Gen. Liu Bating cross Yangtse and in six-prong attack hit border towns from Tsakhalo to Denko. China captures Khatang Dapon HQ at Rangsum and ferry post at Kamthog Druka. Tsakhalo holds but is cut off. Large town of Markham falls and Prince of Derge surrenders. Denko holds and Muja Dapon pushes Chinese back over the Yangtse but, outflanked to the north, retreats to protect Riwoche. Jyekundo occupied. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 Ngabo wires news of invasion to Lhasa. Riwoche surrenders. Ngabo panics and asks Lhasa for permission to surrender, which the Tibetan Government refuses. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 Khampas and Tibetan army in fierce resistance suffer 4,000 casualties. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 China says PLA troops have liberated Sinkiang and entered northern Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 8 Chinese embassy in India denies invasion of Tibet. Tibetan delegation says they have no information. (Ken Herold)

OCT 12 India press says PLA troops are 50 miles into Kham. (Ken Herold)

OCT 13 U.S. ambassador in India says India cannot confirm reports of Chinese invasion of Tibet. U.S. irritated that India has supported Chinese U.N. membership and conveyed Chinese intention to intervene in Korea. (Ken Herold)

OCT 16 Chinese deny entering Tibet. Panchen Lama followers said to be in influx. (Ken Herold)

OCT 17 Ngabo flees after ordering vital ammunition dump destroyed. Betrayed, the Khampas rampage. (Ken Herold)

OCT 18 Ngabo orders 500 of Muja Dapon's troops along with 1,500 of his own to surrender to 100 PLA artillery soldiers. (Ken Herold)

OCT 20 Tibetan forces under Ngabo surrender. (Ken Herold)

OCT 22 PLA forces control Lho Dzong at Salween River. (Ken Herold)

OCT 25 Tibetan delegation suddenly leaves Delhi for Peking under instructions by Lhasa Government. (Ken Herold)

OCT 25 Peking Radio announces PLA troop movements into Tibet are to stop 'imperialist oppression'. Tibetan delegation to go to Peking conference. China-Tibet relations since 1914 are reviewed. India concerned over talks. (Ken Herold)

OCT 26 U.S. ambassador in India believes Tibetans have failed to discuss military aid from U.S. due to negative attitude of Indian Government(Ken Herold)

OCT 26 U.S. doubts invasion of Tibet, citing weather, even as China reports news of its military advances. Tibetan mission leader calls reports 'propaganda'. (Ken Herold)

OCT 27 Sec. of State Acheson top secret wire to U.S. embassy in India urges Indian Government to forestall Chinese conquest of Tibet, but U.S. will not press India to take action. (Ken Herold)

OCT 27 Tibetans in India confirm invasion. Peking-Nehru ties damaged. Indian army skeptical of reports. (Ken Herold)

OCT 28 Indian representative in Lhasa confirms invasion to Nehru. (Ken Herold)

OCT 28 Nehru protests invasion to Peking, threatening 'action'. Peking downplays military moves. (Ken Herold)

OCT 29 Indian Ambassador Panikkar confirms invasion. India-China relations strained. India may concede Tibet to China but hope for autonomy. Tibet appeals to India to raise issue in U.N. Pakistan says Chinese moves internal affair. (Ken Herold)

OCT 30 PLA troops advance on Lhasa on four fronts. Tibetan mission leaves Calcutta. Peking surprised at Indian protest. (Ken Herold)

OCT 31 U.S. ambassador in India thinks China will continue its conquest of Tibet regardless of Indian sensibilities. India has instructed its mission to remain open in Lhasa and its military training mission to stay in Gyantse. India has also advised Tibetans not to send delegation to Peking at time of military invasion(Ken Herold)

OCT 31 PLA troops 200 miles from Lhasa. 'People's forces' rising against Lhasa. Ambassador comments on invasion. (Ken Herold)

NOV Dalai Lama's brother Taktser Rinpoche(Thupten Jigme Norbu) arrives in Lhasa after being held under duress in Amdo. He witnessed destruction of Kumbum Monastery and reports that Sining Governor wanted him to betray Tibet so that it could be annexed to China. (Ken Herold)

NOV 1 Sec. of State Acheson says at news conference that very little information was available about situation in Tibet, but the U.S. would view seriously any new evidence of Communist aggression there. (Ken Herold)

NOV 1 50,000 PLA troops 100 miles from Lhasa. Peking says invasion is internal affair and rejects Indian protest. China offers to negotiate with Tibetan delegation in India. (Ken Herold)

NOV 2 U.S. ambassador in India discusses Chinese invasion of Tibet with Nehru, who urges U.S. to do nothing. (Ken Herold)

NOV 2 Second diplomatic note from India opposes China. India Cabinet Minister Patel praises Tibet as peaceful country. India will not withdraw troops from trade route and Gyantse. China pushing indoctrinated border Tibetans into Tibet. Tibetan Government stymied. Dalai Lama may flee. Peking Radio says Chamdo captured along with two Britons and two Indians. China claims war campaign began October 7th with Gen. Liu Po-cheng's 2d field army taking Markham Dzong with no opposition. China says garrison and its leader defected. Secretary of State Acheson declines comment but says U.S. is concerned. (Ken Herold)

NOV 3 India asks Tibetan mission to Peking to wait for cease-fire, condemns invasion and says Sino-Indian relations damaged. China says India influenced by U.S. and U.K. attempt to control Tibet. Moscow press article supports China. India-China diplomatic exchange published. (Ken Herold)

NOV 3 PLA troops begin counter-attack on U.N. forces in Korea. [CQ1, 92](Ken Herold)

NOV 4 PLA troops 135 miles from Lhasa. Chamdo taken. Tibetan Government to flee. India may raise issue at U.N. (Ken Herold)

NOV 5 Communications restored between Lhasa and Delhi.(Ken Herold)

NOV 5 India says Lhasa-New Delhi radio dead for six days. UP [? UK? US?] says Dalai Lama may be held by pro-Communist Tibetans. Major impact on Sino-Indian relations seen. (Ken Herold)

NOV 6 Indian agent in Lhasa, S. Sinha, says Dalai Lama still in Lhasa and that Chamdo was taken with help from deserting Tibetan troops. He says Tibetan Government stopped Peking delegation and may appeal to U.N. Panchen Lama with PLA 100 miles from Lhasa. London stock market reacts. (Ken Herold)

NOV 7 PLA at Reting, 60 miles from Lhasa, and advance toward Gartok. Tibetans may oppose own Government and aid overthrow. U.K. may appeal to U.N. Security Council. (Ken Herold)

NOV 7 Tibetan Cabinet cables appeal to U.N. via India. (Ken Herold)

NOV 8 U.S. silent on Chinese war against Tibet. Interim Tibetan Government orders troops not to resist. (Ken Herold)

NOV 9 Sec. of State Acheson refers to Chinese Communist invasion of Tibet in wire to U.S. Asian consulates. (Ken Herold)

NOV 9 PLA 40 miles from Lhasa, which is surrounded. Pro-China government orders troops not to resist. India claims it has no further news. (Ken Herold)

NOV 9 Chinese troops reported in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

NOV 10 Indian press report from Kalimpong says Peking radio has announced a Tibet-China agreement and cease-fire. (Ken Herold)

NOV 10 Patel condemns Chinese attack on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 10 Minister Patel urges Indians to resist incursions on northern frontier. PLA troops by-pass Phondo Dzong.Tibetan Government distressed and considers capitulation. Peking notes Pakistani criticism of Nehru's objections to invasion. Communist 'reforms' in occupied Tibet described.(Ken Herold)

NOV 11 Tibetan leaders wire an appeal to the U.N. from Kalimpong. (Ken Herold)

NOV 11 India says Tibet asks U.N. mediation, but deny Voice of America broadcasts that PLA have entered Lhasa. India rejects Chinese demand that Indian troops withdraw. U.N. reluctant to take up Tibet issue.(Ken Herold)

NOV 12 Ambassador Henderson says U.S. will not intervene. Tibetan Cabinet split on resistance. Some PLA defection in Kham under Gen. Lin Wen-hui. China repeats 'offer' of religious freedom and autonomy. (Ken Herold)

NOV 14 Tibetan National Assembly sends peace delegation to meet invaders to make truce. Earlier reports of leftist seizure of Tibetan Government in error. Tibet asks U.N. aid, asserting independence since 1914, but no nation is willing to raise issue in Security Council. National Assembly orders Peking mission to halt until Chinese withdraw troops. Sinha reports Lhasa quiet. India Parliament backs second Nehru protest. Some invaders are mounted Chinese Moslems. (Ken Herold)

NOV 15 Prasad backs Tibetan autonomy. Tibetans in India hope that cease-fire efforts will spare Lhasa from attack. India wary of Chinese forces nearby. Possible Peking order of cease-fire.(Ken Herold)

NOV 16 Sec. of State Acheson informs U.S. delegation at U.N. to follow India's lead on Tibet and make to most of propaganda value to help U.S. positions on Formosa and Korea. U.S. will not take initiative and doubts U.N. action would preserve Tibetan autonomy. (Ken Herold)

NOV 16 U.N. delegate from El Salvador asks General Assembly to debate Tibet invasion. Sinha denies Tibet-China pact on Tibet status. U.S. pushes India role on Tibet. El Salvador pressured to drop matter. PLA stalled at Lharigno, 250 miles NE of Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

NOV 17 Dalai Lama assumes full leadership of Tibet at age 15, undermining Panchen Lama. China again rejects Indianprotests as interference in internal affairs. El Salvador refuses to drop Tibet issue. (Ken Herold)

NOV 18 Tibet to send three delegates to U.N. Indian official says India will back Tibet at U.N. (Ken Herold)

NOV 19 El Salvador offers U.N. resolution condemning invasion. China claims U.S.-U.K. plot to undermine Sino-Indian relations. (Ken Herold)

NOV 21 Nehru says India accepts McMahon line fixing NE border with Tibet since 1914 and sends further troop reinforcements to northern frontier. U.N. holds off resolution discussion. (Ken Herold)

NOV 22 Three-man U.N. delegation leaves Lhasa. U.S.S.R. had surveyed Tibet in April-June 1950 for air bases. (Ken Herold)

NOV 23 U.S.S.R. role in Tibet described. (Ken Herold)

NOV 24 U.N. General Assembly votes unanimously to postpone consideration of Tibet question based upon India's hope that China will make peacefulsettlement. U.K. representative says legal situation of Tibet is obscure. (Ken Herold)

NOV 24 Nehru says India will keep diplomatic representatives inTibet in accord with treaties despite invasion. Further reports on U.S.S.R. role in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 25U.N. postpones action when India says Tibet and China can reach settlement. (Ken Herold)

NOV 26 U.S. Senator Knowland attacks India for lack of firm stand against invasion. India resists Chinese claim to border areas. (Ken Herold)

NOV 29 Dalai Lama sends treasure to Phari Dzong. (Ken Herold)

NOV 30 U.S. ambassador in India wires Sec. of State that India has not challenged Chinese claims to Tibet and that supposed assurances from China which postponed U.N. debate are dubious. (Ken Herold)

DEC India-Sikkim border treaty. (Ken Herold)

DEC Before leaving Lhasa for Yatung, Dalai Lama appoints Lobsang Tashi and Lukhangwa as Prime Ministers. (Ken Herold)

DEC 1 Dalai Lama ready to flee. Gold transfer to Sikkim. El Salvador urges U.N. action on China invasion. (Ken Herold)

DEC 1 Secret U.S. policy statement on India: U.S. wants Indian manganese for steel industry and access to Indian air transport services. U.S. should offer to develop air navigation and communications facilities. (Ken Herold)

DEC 2 Tibet urges action on U.N. resolution. (Ken Herold)

DEC 3 China reports capture of Lolungchung. Tibetan Cabinet prepares for relocation of administration. (Ken Herold)

DEC 5 British radio operator Robert Ford said captured and charged with killing a lama.(See his: ‘Captured in Tibet’) (Ken Herold)

DEC 8 U.S. Commerce Dept. complete embargo of China. (Ken Herold)

DEC 9 Peking radio says Tibetans released after indoctrination. (Ken Herold)

DEC 12 China establishes a government in western Sikang province formerly under Lhasa control. Nehru says PLA has not passed Chamdo. (Ken Herold)

DEC 13 Peking radio says Tingching captured. (Ken Herold)

DEC 14 Sec. of State Acheson actively exploring possible joint U.S.-U.K.-India effort to obstruct or halt Chinese assault against Tibet, which he reports has been slowed or stalled by winter. (Ken Herold)

DEC 16 Sec. of State sent secret wire concerning U.K. diplomatic conference mentioning Chinese invasion of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 18 India believes Tibet's military situation is hopeless. (Ken Herold)

DEC 19 Dalai Lama leaves Lhasa for Yatung near Sikkim border. (Ken Herold)

DEC 21 Tibetan delegation to U.N. at Kalimpong asks U.S. in letter for help in bringing Tibet matter before the United Nations. (Ken Herold)

DEC 21 British Foreign Office believes U.S.S.R. convinced China that U.K. was prompting Indian designs on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 24 Dalai Lama grants amnesty to Tibet dissidents. (Ken Herold)

DEC 25 Tibetan Foreign Secretary Dzasa Surkang says guerilla warfare against Chinese will result if no outside aid arrives. (Ken Herold)

DEC 26 Dalai Lama fleeing to India. New PLA military moves. (Ken Herold)

DEC 27 Government of India expecting Dalai Lama to stay there in exile, he is in transit and should arrive in Gyantse shortly. (Ken Herold)

DEC 27 India orders Tibetans to get permits and register as foreigners to enter India. (Ken Herold)

DEC 28 Tibetan Government to relocate near India border. (Ken Herold)

DEC 30 Secret memo from U.S. State Dept. to British Embassy states universal recognition of Tibet's de facto autonomy since 1914. Depending upon conditions Tibet could be recognized by U.S. as an independent State. (Ken Herold)

DEC 30 Dalai Lama in transit to Yatung. Tibetan officials confer in Kalimpong, India. Panchen Lama to be installed by China as new Tibet regime. (Ken Herold)

DEC 30 U.S. embargoes trade with mainland China. (Ken Herold)

DEC 31 PLA massed at Rudok. India urges Dalai Lama to defer flight to India until China threat more imminent. (Ken Herold)

1951

1951 Gyalo Thondup and CIA establish intelligence-gathering operation. (Ken Herold)

JAN 1 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees becomes operational. (Ken Herold)

JAN 2 Indian agent Sinha reportedly ousted from Lhasa by pro-Communists. Dalai Lama in transit to Yatung.(Ken Herold)

JAN 4 Dalai Lama arrives at Yatung near Indian border. (Ken Herold)

JAN 4 Sinha expulsion not confirmed in India. (Ken Herold)

JAN 5 Sinha moving to Gyantse. Chinese Communist mission in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JAN 6 Sec. of State Acheson sends top secret wire to India embassy that Tibetans should be told U.S. is sympathetic to U.N. appeal and continued Tibetan autonomy. U.S. also believes every effort should be made to hinder Communist occupation of Tibet, although conquest of Tibet seems very probable. (Ken Herold)

JAN 7 Dalai Lama's representatives reach Gangtok in Sikkim. (Ken Herold)

JAN 8 Government aides join Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

JAN 9 Chinese flag raised in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JAN 12 Refuge prepared at Gangtok for the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

JAN 13 India bars press from entry to Tibet at Tibetan request. (Ken Herold)

JAN 14 Dalai Lama representatives in Lhasa negotiate with Chinese. He will return to capital under right conditions. PLA near Shigatse. (Ken Herold)

JAN 19 Dalai Lama urges Cabinet to speed U.N. plea. (Ken Herold)

JAN 20 Psychological warfare used against Tibetans. Chamdo supposedly taken with fireworks display. (Ken Herold)

JAN 21 Indian official says Chinese do not control Tibet. Tibetan officials say PLA as far as Gartok and Lharigo. (Ken Herold)

JAN 22 NSC 98/1 on U.S. policy on South Asia says Tibet invasion a factor in threat of loss of India to Communism. Critical for U.S. to develop joint U.S.-U.K. policies to oppose U.S.S.R. inroads and keep U.S. access to strategic resources of India. (Ken Herold)

JAN 26 PLA troops withdrawn from northern and western areas of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 27 PLA goal to take Tibet in1951 described. (Ken Herold)

FEB 3 PLA surrounding Lhasa, advance troops at India and western borders. India bolsters border guards. Ganden, Sera, and Drepung monasteries confer with Dalai Lama.(Ken Herold)

FEB 11 China insists on Tibet talks in Peking. (Ken Herold)

FEB 14 Secret U.S.-U.K. talks in London: U.S. still supporting Tibetan appeal to U.N. but will not initiate any action. U.K. agrees to defer to India, and admits U.N. action would be minimal other than to emphasize a "moral aspect." (Ken Herold)

FEB 15 Chinese troops cross India's northeast border. (Ken Herold)

FEB 25 Dalai Lama's brother in Yatung for talks. (Ken Herold)

FEB 27 China-Tibet talks near. (Ken Herold)

FEB 28 Dalai Lama's mother in India on pilgrimage. (Ken Herold)

MAR 3 Dalai Lama's mother describes Chinese peace offer. (Ken Herold)

MAR 6 Agreement on Tibet autonomy. (Ken Herold)

MAR 9 Two delegations on way to Peking. China to end war with assurance of Tibet autonomy. Tibetans surrender due to apathy. (Ken Herold)

MAR 13 China border crossing incident downplayed by India. (Ken Herold)

MAR 14 Nehru ready to withdraw troops from trade routes. (Ken Herold)

MAR 14 Finance Secretary(Tsepon) Shakabpa cleared of unduly delaying mission to Peking. (Ken Herold)

MAR 22 Tibet mission led by Dzasa Kunsang to first meet with Nehru. Pravda says a Tibetan lama visits Mao. (Ken Herold)

MAR 24 Chinese refugee tells of difficulties of military invasion. (Ken Herold)

MAR 30 China in control of western Tibetan passes. (Ken Herold)

APR 2 Tibetan mission in New Delhi. (Ken Herold)

APR 6 China to build road to Chamdo. (Ken Herold)

APR 7 Dalai Lama to return to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

APR 11 MacArthur replaced by Ridgeway for publicly stating plans to widen war against China. (Ken Herold)

APR 20 Tibetan mission in Hong Kong says no PLA troops in Tibet proper. (Ken Herold)

APR 22 Tibet mission leaves for Peking. (Ken Herold)

APR 28 Panchen Lama celebrated in Peking. (Ken Herold)

APR 29 Sino-Tibetan negotiations begin in Peking. (Ken Herold)

MAY 23 17-Point Agreement signed in Peking without approval of the Dalai Lama or the Tibetan Government. (Ken Herold)

MAY 24 Tibetan Government returning to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

MAY 28 China-Tibet agreement signed: Tibet to be autonomous, with its own political and religious institutions, and China to control defense and foreign affairs. Panchen Lama to leave Kumbum for Tibet.(Ken Herold)

MAY 29 India upset with pact, may ask China for clarification. (Ken Herold)

MAY 30 Four Peking-trained Tibetans to administer Lhasa with PLA commander Chi Chang-chen. Unrest feared at return of Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

MAY 31 Pravda says U.K. illegally took Bhutan and Sikkim in 1890. (Ken Herold)

JUN Taktser Rinpoche writes Dalai Lama from Calcutta advising him to flee to India at once. (Ken Herold)

JUN 3 Peking appoints Chang Ching-wu to implement pact. (Ken Herold)

JUN 9 Peking radio says PLA preparing to occupy Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 12 Nehru says India accepts Communist sovereignty over Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 13 Peking radio says China to study conditions in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 19 Dalai Lama undecided on return to Lhasa, some ministers advise rule from India until Communism defeated. (Ken Herold)

JUN 22 Pact signing on May 24 illustrated. Mao meets with Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

JUN 28 Chinese-Tibetan group arrives at Hong Kong en route to administer pact in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL Taktser Rinpoche(Dalai Lama's brother) meets with U.S. State Dept. officials. (Ken Herold)

JUL Taktser Rinpoche writes Dalai Lama from Calcutta that the U.S. consulate has granted Taktser permission to enter the U.S. U.S. has suggested that once Dalai Lama enters exile in India, U.S. aid may be forthcoming. (Ken Herold)

JUL U.S. may be urging Dalai Lama via coded radio between Yatung and Kalimpong to flee Tibet and publicly repudiate the May 23rd Agreement. (Ken Herold)

JUL 2 Chinese mission to Tibet in India. (Ken Herold)

JUL 6 Communist mission to Tibet in India. (Ken Herold)

JUL 9 Dalai Lama's brother Taktser Rinpoche in U.S. (Ken Herold)

JUL 14 Gen. Chang Ching-wu arrives in Yatung for talks with Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

JUL 16 Dalai Lama meets Gen. Chang Ching-wu. (Ken Herold)

JUL 16 Dalai Lama to return to Lhasa, PLA troops expected there. (Ken Herold)

JUL 17 Dalai Lama summons Tibetan officials from Kalimpong, India, where much wealth reportedly is left behind. (Ken Herold)

JUL 18 Dalai Lama ready to repudiate pact with China. (Ken Herold)

JUL 23 Dalai Lama en route to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

AUG 1 U.S. ends tariff concessions to Communist-controlled lands. (Ken Herold)

AUG 4 India heightens border security with increased PLA troop activity. (Ken Herold)

AUG 6 Road being built from Kham to Lhasa. Dalai Lama and Chinese missions near Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

AUG 12 China plans road from Lhasa to Taklokot. (Ken Herold)

AUG 18 Dalai Lama returns to Lhasa greeted by host. (Ken Herold)

AUG 23 China in military control of western Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 28 PLA troops mass to control passes into India and Nepal. Tibetan parliament to ratify pact.(Ken Herold)

SEP 9 3,000 Chinese troops enter and begin occupation of Lhasa. 17,000 more troops arrive within 3 months. (Ken Herold)

SEP 15 PLA troops in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

SEP 16 Dalai Lama's brother Gyalo Thondup says communism fails in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 25 Panchen Lama leaves Kumbum for Tashilhunpo, said to take religious leadership from Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

SEP 27 PLA troops confirmed in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

OCT 2 China plans airfield near Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 PLA in control of Lhasa-India road. (Ken Herold)

OCT 14 Tibet wants change in pact, delays signing. (Ken Herold)

OCT 17 PLA troops headed for Shigatse. Dalai Lama appoints civil administration. (Ken Herold)

OCT 19 Chinese occupation military orders confiscation of properties of nobles and officials. (Ken Herold)

OCT 23 Monasteries refuse to disarm, PLA reinforces Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

OCT 26 Another 5000 Chinese troops arrive in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

OCT 28 Dalai Lama ratifies pact. (Ken Herold)

OCT 29 India Ambassador Panikkar says China implements Nationalist policy in Tibet. Further property seizures linked to supposed declaration of equality for women by military occupiers.(Ken Herold)

NOV 8 PLA planes to Lhasa. Reportedly General Chang gives money to monasteries. More PLA troops on India and Nepal borders. (Ken Herold)

NOV 10 National Parliament(Tsongdu) to discuss pact. Gen. Chang to leave. (Ken Herold)

NOV 13 PLA troops enter Gyantse, where India has troops which will withdraw if asked. (Ken Herold)

NOV 18 Tsongdu ratifies pact with China. Gen. Chang Kuo-hua(?) to replace Chang. (Ken Herold)

NOV 20 Dalai Lama prepares to welcome Panchen Lama. PLA troops cause inflation of prices in Gyantse. (Ken Herold)

NOV 21 Mao hails pact in message to Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

NOV 24 More PLA troops arrive in Tibet and more planned. (Ken Herold)

DEC 4 PLA troops near Bhutan border. Chinese collaborator and ex-president of Tibetan 'provisional government' is in Tibet as an aide to Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

DEC 5 PLA enters Yatung. Military opens a Marxist cultural dept. (Ken Herold)

DEC 15 Panchen Lama leaves for Lhasa. Lama in Nepal lauds Chinese treatment of Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

1952

JAN 11 PLA airlift to Lhasa fails, troops loot villages in Shigatse area. (Ken Herold)

FEB 1 Khampa tribes refuse to disarm. China builds up Chamdo as administrative center, leaving Lhasa as religious center. (Ken Herold)

FEB 13 Top secret memo of State Dept. meeting with Taktser Rinpoche in Washington: Tibet trying to temporarily adjust to Chinese and hopes U.S. will keep silent publicly while still supporting Tibet. U.S. expresses sympathy for Tibetan loss of traditional religious and political freedom and pledges continued friendship with Tibet, while agreeing not to make statements. (Ken Herold)

FEB 15 Panchen Lama en route to Shigatse. (Ken Herold)

FEB 20 Tibetan army merged into PLA forces under supposed direction of two Cabinet ministers. Dalai Lama's mother and brother leave for India. (Ken Herold)

FEB 21 Top secret cable from U.S. Ambassador to India to President Truman: India needs food assistance and economic aid to forestall a Communist victory as in China. (Ken Herold)

MAR 15 PLA strengthens Phari garrison at India-Tibet border. (Ken Herold)

MAR 17 India press says PLA has seized food supply in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 21 China may ask India to remove trade route troops. (Ken Herold)

MAR 30 Chinese troops mass strength at western Tibetan border with India. (Ken Herold)

APR 2 China asks U.S.S.R. technicians for aid in exploiting Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 24 Tibetan Government asks PLA troops to leave Lhasa as dissent grows over famine caused by China. Tibetans ask for arms to fight Chinese. (Ken Herold)

APR 25 PLA pulls back from Yatung after delivering two Indian radio operators across border. (Ken Herold)

APR 26 PLA tightens security as unrest grows. (Ken Herold)

APR 27 Fearing Chinese reprisals, Dalai Lama reluctantly asks Lukhangwa and Lobsang Tashi to resign, taking on their responsibilities himself. (Ken Herold)

APR 28 Panchen Lama arrives in Lhasa for the first time from Peking. (Ken Herold)

MAY 1 Chinese pressure the Dalai Lama to disband the Mimang Tshogpa, or People's Party. (Ken Herold)

MAY 3 Chinese censor mail in Tibet. China asks India for supplies. (Ken Herold)

MAY 4 Lhasa PLA garrison suffers armed attack by Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

MAY 5 PLA search and seizure of Lhasa arms. (Ken Herold)

MAY 6 PLA troops patrol Lhasa streets. Chinese deserter captured in Yatung. (Ken Herold)

MAY 7 India denies knowledge of Lhasa fighting. (Ken Herold)

MAY 9 Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama meet in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

MAY 14 Top secret State Dept. memo evaluates Taktser Rinpoche's information: Dalai Lama is organizing resistance to Chinese occupation while appearing to please China; Lhasans have renounced support for puppet Cabinet and sworn opposition to Chinese; and, Panchen Lama secretly opposes China as well. State Dept. believes 10-15,000 Chinese troops in Tibet, 5,000 at or near Lhasa. Chinese have caused an acute food shortage with massive army presence. Incipient Tibetan resistance movement is growing and desired effect is being felt by India. State Dept. affirms policy of no publicity about events concerning Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 16 China removes Tibetan Cabinet, sets up administrative committee with Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. Seized estates restored to Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

MAY 22 Dalai Lama, under Chinese pressure, fires Prime Minister Sawang Lukhang after anti-Chinese demonstrations. (Ken Herold)

JUN 4 Nepali representative asked to leave Shigatse residence for use by Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

JUN 5 Nehru confirms Lhasa fighting. Gen. Chang Ching-wu calls Lhasa meeting to pacify Tibetan dissent. (Ken Herold)

JUN 10 Nepal representative talks with Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

JUN 12 Mrs. Pandit reported to have told Chou in Peking that India recognizes Chinese 'suzereignty' over Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 13 Chinese heavily repress Lhasa demonstrators. (Ken Herold)

JUN 22 Nehru says Tibet no longer independent. India will remove Indian troops from Yatung and Gyantse if asked. (Ken Herold)

JUN 24 Panchen Lama returns to Shigatse. (Ken Herold)

JUL 1 Dalai Lama tells U.S. that Tibetans are not pro-Chinese, food situation in Lhasa is very bad, and 90% of the 10,000 Chinese troops in Lhasa are poorly fed. (Ken Herold)

JUL 10 PLA garrisons Yatung to secure trade route. (Ken Herold)

AUG 6 U.S. embassy in New Delhi instructed to warn Gyalo Thondup and his wife from linking themselves or Tibet with the United States. [(Ken Herold)

AUG 8 Tibetan Government to send goodwill mission to Peking. (Ken Herold)

AUG 12 Kungo Rampa named first permanent representative from Tibet in Peking. Children of Tibetan officials to tour China. (Ken Herold)

AUG 20 U.S. embassy in New Delhi recommends against using Gyalo Thondup for information from Calcutta or Darjeeling for fear of arousing suspicion. (Ken Herold)

AUG 22 Tibetans waiting for opportune moment to strike occupation forces. Economy worsens under communism. Monks and nobility lead opposition to Chinese military rule. (Ken Herold)

AUG 23 PLA troops entrenched on trade route near India, survey area. (Ken Herold)

AUG 24 Tibetans in Sikkim say communism not wanted in Tibet. Sikkim's influence described. (Ken Herold)

AUG 26 China plans occupation army of 200,000 troops. Tibetans form secret 'peoples committees' in defiance of China and with support of Dalai Lama. Dalai Lama rejects puppet chairmanship of proposed political and military committee on their advice. Tibetan officials cooperating but ready to rebel. Tibetan troops attack PLA troops in several battles and are segregated. (Ken Herold)

AUG 31 Indian reaction to Chinese rule in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 3 J.J. Singh on why U.N. dropped case against Chinese invasion. (Ken Herold)

SEP 6 U.S. consul in Calcutta meets with Gyalo Thondup in Darjeeling; food situation poor, but Dalai Lama has reduced taxes and two-thirds of grain reserves. (Ken Herold)

SEP 6 PLA ships guns from Lhasa to Yatung by night. (Ken Herold)

SEP 10 U.S. consulate in Calcutta says Chinese slowly consolidating control of Tibet, but Tibetans restive and Dalai Lama's influence is gaining. (Ken Herold)

SEP 14 Tibetan goodwill mission to China has its movements controlled en route. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 China introduces wheeled military vehicles into Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 4 Truman signs NSCID 6 creating National Security Agency to intercept communications world-wide. NSA later creates a separate section for Chinese intercepts, presumably recording the growing control of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 10 Forty dead in battles between PLA and tribesmen. (Ken Herold)

NOV 11 China building Lhasa-Kangting road. (Ken Herold)

NOV 14 PLA troops enter Nepal from Taklakot. (Ken Herold)

NOV 23 India wary of Communist aggression but placates China for sake of 'Asian stability'. (Ken Herold)

NOV 26 Peking radio says Mao urges Tibetan population rise to 10 million indicating possible Chinese intention for massive population transfer into Tibet. Mao says Tibetan economy and culture need development and religion will be protected. (Ken Herold)

DEC 27 Peking to establish six-man staffed office for Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

1953

JAN 10 2,000 camels sent to Tibet to expedite PLA troop movement. (Ken Herold)

JAN 23 Peking press denounces U.S. plans for atomic attack. (Ken Herold)

FEB 3 China building three military roads in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JULY U.S. and India dispute over Indian sales of thorium nitrate to China, despite secret sales of monzanite to U.S. (Ken Herold)

SEP 3 U.S. decides not to terminate aid to India over thorium issue but begins buying Indian thorium nitrate and beryl in large quantity. (Ken Herold)

SEP 24 China enlarges garrisons in southern and western Tibet. India asks for conference on Indians in Tibet. Nehru says relations with China are friendly. (Ken Herold)

OCT 22 China agrees to confer with India in December in Peking on various issues. (Ken Herold)

OCT 27 India recalls Ambassador Raghavan for pre-conference talks. (Ken Herold)

NOV 17 Nehru says conference set. (Ken Herold)

NOV 26 China withdraws troops from Tibet due to food shortage. (Ken Herold)

DEC 2 Dalai Lama refuses to fly Communist Chinese flag over Potala and demands occupation forces withdraw. Anti-Communist People's party appears publicly. Up to a third of PLA troops to leave due to food shortage. (Ken Herold)

DEC 20 China further partitions Tibet, as a five-county 'autonomous region' is annexed by Qinghai province. (Ken Herold)

1954

Dalai Lama publishes A Meditation on Compassion in Tibetan in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JAN 1 Peking radio describes Sino-Indian talks. (Ken Herold)

MAR PLA reports killing 90,000 rebels in Sinkiang. (Ken Herold)

APR 11 Peking gives Panchen Lama a British automobile. (Ken Herold)

APR 22 Nehru calls for halt to all atomic testing. (Ken Herold)

APR 29 India-China agreement on trade between Tibet and India. (Ken Herold)

APR 30 India signs eight-year non-aggression pact with China and says Tibet is part of China. India returns all property in Tibet to China and withdraws troops from Yatung and Gyantse. Agreement regulates trade and pilgrim border crossing issues. (Ken Herold)

MAY 1 India surrenders post and telegraph facilities to China as 'friendly gesture'. (Ken Herold)

MAY 4 Nehru describes pact with China. (Ken Herold)

MAY 17 Indian Parliament debates Tibet issue and voices disagreement with Nehru on ancient Tibetan autonomy. (Ken Herold)

MAY 26 Asia's largest airfield near completion under at Jyekundo near Tibet-China border. PLA conducts building program in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUN 6 Sino-Indian pact ratified. Tibet to be known by India as "Tibet region of China." India sends officials to Tibet to close offices. (Ken Herold)

JUN 27 Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama to visit Peking. Nehru and Chou En-lai praise pact as model for international relations. (Ken Herold)

JUN 28 Chou praises Nehru concept of 'peaceful coexistence'. (Ken Herold)

JUN 29 Joint statement on conference at New Delhi. (Ken Herold)

JUL 11 Dalai Lama departs Lhasa for Peking to attend the first Chinese People's National Assembly. (Ken Herold)

JUL 13 Tibetan leaders oppose Dalai Lama visit to Peking. (Ken Herold)

JUL 23 China downs a British aircraft over the South China Sea. (Ken Herold)

JUL 26 U.S. downs two Chinese aircraft in the same area. (Ken Herold)

AUG 11 U.S.S.R. charges Himalayan climbers with spying. (Ken Herold)

AUG 18 NSC 5429 discussion of U.S. Far East policy: Sec. of State Dulles says if U.S. policy in 1953 had been to use force to prevent further Communist control in Asia, then the U.S. would have been obliged to go to war to prevent the Chinese takeover of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 20 Kanting Rebellion breaks out in southern Kham. (Ken Herold)

AUG 24 Taiwan says 40,000 in Tibetan uprising against PLA troops some months earlier. (Ken Herold)

SEP 5 Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama in Peking. (Ken Herold)

SEP 8 SEATO formed as a mutual defense treaty among U.S., Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand. (Ken Herold)

SEP 12 Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama are received by Mao. (Ken Herold)

SEP 19 Tibetan armed revolt against occupation troops. (Ken Herold)

SEP 21 Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama meeting with Chou and Gen. Chu Teh featured. (Ken Herold)

SEP 22 Senthi and Khampa leaders captured and tried in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

OCT 8 3,000 Tibetans in Kalimpong, India, ask Nehru aid in return of Dalai Lama from Peking. (Ken Herold)

OCT 20 Nehru meets Dalai Lama in Peking. (Ken Herold)

OCT 21 Tibetan revolt in northeast Tibet successful. China forced to withdraw and grant autonomy. (Ken Herold)

NOV China reports that 20,000 Tibetans are working on the Sikang-Tibet highway. (Ken Herold)

DEC 22 U.S. policy towards the Far East contained in NSC document 5429/5, includes U.S. destabilization of Sino-Soviet alliance. (Ken Herold)

DEC 26 Panchen Lama made vice chair of Chinese Political Consultative Conference at Peking. (Ken Herold)

1955

Nuclear blast reported in Sinkiang. (Ken Herold)

JAN 15 Mao, Chou preside over Central Secretariat meeting where China decides to develop nuclear weapons under program "02", with Soviet aid. [LL, 38](Ken Herold)

JAN 31 U.S. Supreme Court Justice Douglas fears it is too late to save Tibet from Communists. (Ken Herold)

FEB 21 Sulzberger features Chinese propaganda display using the Panchen Lama and Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

FEB 22 Three Czech engineers in Lhasa to aid Chinese development. (Ken Herold)

FEB 25 Mao and other leaders at Tibetan New Year celebration in Peking. (Ken Herold)

MAR NSC 5412/1 establishes committee for Presidential approval of major CIA covert operations, including those against Communist nations. (Ken Herold)

MAR 11 Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama return to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 13 Dalai Lama named chair of 51-member preparatory committee to absorb Tibet as 'autonomous region' of China. Panchen Lama is first vice chair. Gen. Chang Kuo-hua named second vice chair. (Ken Herold)

MAR 14 41 Chinese 'construction experts' on way to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 2 India gives control over communications facilities in Tibet to China in accord with 1954 pact. (Ken Herold)

JUN 29 Dalai Lama returns to Lhasa from China. (Ken Herold)

JUL Former Chinese "province" of Sikang formally abolished. [FW, 60](Ken Herold)

JUL Harrer article in National Geographic, with first color photographs of Lhasa to appear in U.S. press. (Ken Herold)

AUG 16 Dalai Lama's brother Taktser Rinpoche granted U.S. asylum, interviewed in Tokyo. (Ken Herold)

AUG 29 2,000 PLA troops reinforce Yatung at Indian border. (Ken Herold)

SEP China establishes Sinkiang-Uighur Autonomous Region(Xinjiang) north of Tibet against large popular resistance. (Ken Herold)

OCT China reports that more than 3,000 Tibetans have completed the Shigatse-Gyantse highway in 102 days. (Ken Herold)

NOV 7 Times of India says Chinese troops crossed into disputed border areas. (Ken Herold)

DEC 24 [Ladakhi] aide Kushok Bakula to make India-sponsored tour of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 31 By year-end, uranium deposits discovered in Xinjiang at Daladi, Mengqiku'er, and Kashi by Chinese teams. (Ken Herold)

1956

FEB Chinese arrest three Mimang(People's Party) leaders after Monlam festival. People of Lithang launch surprise attack on local Chinese garrison and retreat to Lithang Monastery. Chinese siege lasts 64 days and includes air bombardment killing 800 monks. (Ken Herold)

FEB 15 Tibetan bands reportedly raid Nepal's northwest border. Nepal to seek treaty with Communist China. (Ken Herold)

APR Chinese Foreign Minister Marshal Chen Yi and delegation arrive in Lhasa from Peking for inauguration of PCART. (Ken Herold)

APR 15 Chinese preparatory committee for autonomous region of Tibet(PCART) near formal proclamation. (Ken Herold)

APR 22 Chinese puppet-government(PCART) opens in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

APR 23 Peking says PCART takes office in Lhasa and exercises local control. Dalai Lama optimistic of committee success to adopt regulations and appoint officials. Peking to increase economic aid. (Ken Herold)

APR 28 Dalai Lama and Cabinet to meet Chinese in Lhasa to discuss Chou's pledge to withdraw PLA troops and press discussion of easing of occupation. (Ken Herold)

MAY 5 Nepali reports say thousands revolt in Kham region of Eastern Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 6 Chinese in Lhasa arrest Tibetan representatives from all over Tibet who met to demand that Chinese leave. Public gatherings banned after anti-Chinese posters up in Lhasa. Tibetans destroy PLA garrison of 600 troops but Chinese in Nepal deny it. (Ken Herold)

MAY 8 Nepal says revolt by Golok tribes suffering repression under Chinese. Peking has no comment. (Ken Herold)

MAY 10 Kalimpong, India, reports say rebels caused 2500 PLA casualties in Eastern Tibet and PLA bombed rebel bases. (Ken Herold)

MAY 13 Rebels form five-man council with Dalai Lama as head of Free Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 18 China bombing Eastern Tibet and moving in more troops. Indian press discounts reports of uprisings and massacres. (Ken Herold)

MAY 20 Dalai Lama asks people not to rebel. China patrols Eastern Tibet airspace. (Ken Herold)

MAY 22 Vice Premier Chen Yi, Panchen Lama and Dalai Lama at April 17th inauguration of PCART. (Ken Herold)

JUN 1 China bombs huge Lithang monastery while filled with pilgrims and monks. (Ken Herold)

JUN 21 Dalai Lama's brother and others protest to Nehru that no Asian country has condemned savage bombing of Lithang monastery where 4,000 Tibetans died. (Ken Herold)

JUN 30 India press now says heavy PLA losses in rebellions in Eastern Tibet, China asks Dalai Lama to intervene. (Ken Herold)

JUL PCART sends Karmapa Rinpoche and Ngabo to Chamdo to urge rebels to end uprising, with no success. (Ken Herold)

JUL 1 Embassies in New Delhi hesitate to act on Kalimpong reports of rebellion. (Ken Herold)

JUL 18 Kalimpong reports say PLA tanks in Lhasa. China asks monks to quell uprisings but are refused. (Ken Herold)

AUG 1 Rebels kill Communist delegation as talks fail. (Ken Herold)

AUG 8 Peking radio denies rebellion. Liu Ke-ping later concedes uprising in Kantse area. China permits Ragasha Shape to visit India to assuage Indian fears on Tibet security. (Ken Herold)

AUG 15 Chinese in Nepal to make new treaty on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 18 China and Nepal begin talks on trade and friendship treaty. (Ken Herold)

AUG 21 China asks India to make Bara Hoti a neutral territory on border, but Nehru says it is in Indian territory. (Ken Herold)

SEP 6 Nepalese traders assert China has returned Kham to local control after 'monks revolt', say China undertaking intensive propaganda campaign. (Ken Herold)

SEP 8 Chinese intrusion into India at Shipki La. (Ken Herold)

SEP 11 Nepalese premier Acharya suggests postponement of China visit due to delay in talks on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 13 China-Nepal talks main aim is Nepali recognition of Chinese sovereignty in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 20 General Chang Kuo-hua tries to deflect reports of Chinese atrocities by delaying 'reforms'(Ken Herold)

SEP 21 Chang Kuo-hua claims China now adopting go-slow approach to 'reforms' in Tibet. Nepal signs pact with China recognizing Tibet as Chinese territory, abrogating Treaty of 1856. (Ken Herold)

SEP 25 Major Nepali concessions to Communists in pact. (Ken Herold)

OCT 1 Nehru wires Peking to persuade China to 'allow' Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama to attend 2,500th anniversary of Buddha's birth in India. (Ken Herold)

NOV 1 China 'permits' Dalai Lama to accept invitation to go to India. [JA, 45](Ken Herold)

NOV 12 Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama visit India. (Ken Herold)

NOV 16 More fighting with PLA. (Ken Herold)

NOV 28 Chinese colonization by massive population transfer, an estimated 5 million Chinese to be sent to Tibet by 1962. (Ken Herold)

DEC Gompo Tashi(see his: Four Rivers, Six Ranges) begins organizing Tibetan rebel movement. (Ken Herold)

DEC 16 Nehru arrives in U.S. for talks with Eisenhower. (Ken Herold)

DEC 20 Nepal press says Tibet monks say PLA bombing of Tibetan village causes 83 casualties. (Ken Herold)

1957

U-2 bases in West Germany, Japan, Turkey, Norway and Pakistan allow U.S. to overfly the U.S.S.R., China and Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 20 Chou says U.S. urged Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama not to return to Tibet, says Tibet uprisings would be treated the same as Hungarian unrest by Peking. (Ken Herold)

FEB China selects Lanchow site bordering Tibet for uranium enrichment plant. (Ken Herold)

FEB 6 China sent 50,000 settlers to Tibet for 'reclamation of wastelands'. (Ken Herold)

FEB 27 Mao declares Tibetan democratic 'reforms' will be postponed for at least five years. (Ken Herold)

APR CIA smuggling Tibetan guerrillas to Guam via India and Thailand for training and air-drop back into Tibet with light arms. PLA counter-attacking with over 150,000 soldiers. (Ken Herold)

APR 1 Dalai Lama returns to Lhasa from India. (Ken Herold)

MAY 2 Taiwan says Dalai Lama under house arrest near Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUN 18 Peking radio announces tentative plan to withdraw unspecified number of 'cadres' from Tibet, move seen as tactical [manoeuvre]. (Ken Herold)

JUN 20 U.S. National Security Council discusses Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 28 Secretary of State Dulles makes major TV address to nation on U.S. China policy, says China 'took Tibet by force'. (Ken Herold)

JUL Regular rebel meetings begin at Gompo Tashi's house in Lhasa, group named Chushi Gangdrug(Four Rivers, Six Ranges). (Ken Herold)

JUL 4 Huge ceremony at Norbulingka dedicating golden throne as ritual offering to Dalai Lama as Precious Protector. (Ken Herold)

AUG 1 PLA Gen. Tan Kuan-sen says U.S. engaged in subversive activities with Tibetan refugees. (Ken Herold)

OCT PLA troops enter India near Tibet-Burma-India trijunction. (Ken Herold)

OCT 12 Tibetan press claims China has pulled out 90% of officials and will delay plan to make Tibet a Communist province. (Ken Herold)

DEC 1 Peking radio says Chinese in Tibet, not Tibetans, target of latest re-education campaign. (Ken Herold)

DEC 31 Top secret State Dept. review of U.S. China policy discusses Tibet as a country on par with Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam, possibly to be admitted to the U.N. U.S. may negotiate with China to foster split with U.S.S.R. (Ken Herold)

1958

JAN Gompo Tashi learns from rebels meeting with Dalai Lama's chamberlain Phala that Kashag could not support overt resistance and Dalai Lama opposed to violent opposition. CIA tells him no U.S. support unless Tibetan Government asks. (Ken Herold)

JAN 8 Li Jue, once deputy commander and chief of staff of Tibet Military Region, assigned to top-secret Nuclear Weapons Bureau as design group leader. (Ken Herold)

MAR 19 China approves funds for rebuilding bombed monasteries. Security and control tightened with visit of party central committee delegation. (Ken Herold)

APR 9 Nehru accepts China invitation to visit Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 12 PLA troops complain of Tibet duty. (Ken Herold)

APR 23 Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama at Lhasa ceremony urge China to speed establishment of regional autonomy, appeal to Mao. (Ken Herold)

MAY 31 Deng Xiaoping approves Lanzhou uranium enrichment siting. Plant leaders have ties to his Army unit. (Ken Herold)

JUN Chushi Gangdrug base at Drigu Thang in Lhoka has over 5,000 fighters. (Ken Herold)

JUN 16 Founding of the National Volunteer Defense Army(Tensung Tangla Magar) or NVDA, Tibet's resistance movement. (Ken Herold)

JUN 16 Chushi Gangdrug official inauguration(Ken Herold)

JUL China decides to site nuclear weapons research and design facility, Ninth Academy, in Amdo(Qinghai) near Xining. (Ken Herold)

JUL 4 Nehru may visit Tibet in September. (Ken Herold)

JUL 28 Nehru cancels plans to visit Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG Chushi Gangdrug force of 500 ambushed on way to Tibetan Government arsenal at Shang Ganden Choekor. Three-day battle costs 200 PLA and 40 rebel lives. (Ken Herold)

AUG 2 Nepal press describes revolt against PLA troops. Many Tibetans flee. (Ken Herold)

AUG 3 Increased attacks on Chinese. Tibetans deny full-scale revolt. India has no comment. (Ken Herold)

AUG 6 Mass revolt and killings are exaggerated, but Tibetan resistance is strong. (Ken Herold)

AUG 10 Secret team sent from Henan province to search for atomic bomb test site in Gansu and Xinjiang. (Ken Herold)

AUG 26 Dalai Lama warning on secret Nationalist agents. (Ken Herold)

SEP 20 Nehru welcomed by Chinese officials at Yatung on way to Bhutan. (Ken Herold)

OCT 3 Nehru admits unrest in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 12 Khampas cut main road to China. (Ken Herold)

OCT 19 Khampas cut road to China. (Ken Herold)

NOV 24 Nepal envoy to Tibet Col. Basneyet en route to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

DEC 14 India press reports successes of Khampas against PLA. (Ken Herold)

DEC 20 Nepal says Khampas entering that country. (Ken Herold)

1959

JAN Main Chinese base at Tsethang has more than 10,000 PLA troops. (Ken Herold)

JAN 2 Peking radio says Panchen Lama and Dalai Lama pledge to make Tibet a Chinese Communist state in statement to Mao. (Ken Herold)

JAN 4 Nationalist China aide says anti-Communist revolt spreading in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 22 Classified memo from CIA Director Dulles to Eisenhower on covert actions in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB Small and only CIA arms drop to rebels in Lhoka. (Ken Herold)

FEB 8 4,000 rebels begin march to PLA Tsethang base. (Ken Herold)

FEB 11 Rebels, joined by monks from Sera, Ganden and Drepung, begin siege of Tsethang, securing all of Lhoka and points from Lhasa to the Tsangpo. (Ken Herold)

FEB 18 Nepalese ousted from Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB 24 Nehru confirms China occupies Indian territory in Uttar Pradesh. (Ken Herold)

MAR 1 Dalai Lama invited to attend future theatrical performance at Chinese military compound at Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

MAR 1 Dalai Lama passes final exams(Doctor of Metaphysics). (Ken Herold)

MAR 2 New Delhi Statesman says coup will occur in Lhasa and Dalai Lama will flee on March 17th. (Ken Herold)

MAR 3 Classified memo from Dulles to Eisenhower on covert actions in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 5 Dalai Lama's procession to Norbulingka. (Ken Herold)

MAR 7 Gen. Tan asks Dalai Lama to set date for attendance at show to be held at PLA headquarters in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

MAR 8 Dalai Lama refuses invitation to visit China under fear he will be held hostage until uprisings end. (Ken Herold)

MAR 9 Dalai Lama's bodyguard informed by PLA that Dalai Lama would enter PLA camp unguarded and unattended. Peking Radio announces Dalai Lama will be attending upcoming Chinese National Assembly meeting, although he has not agreed to attend. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 30,000 Tibetans surround Dalai Lama's summer residence at Norbulingka and force announcement cancelling visit to PLA camp. Thousands rally against Chinese occupation in Lhasa. United Amdo-Kham-Central Tibet rebel movement destroys 17-point agreement of 1951. (Ken Herold)

MAR 11 PLA masses heavy artillery around Lhasa. New Tibetan popular government declares independence from China. (Ken Herold)

MAR 12 Women of Lhasa openly declare independence of Tibet to PLA troops. (Ken Herold)

MAR 15 PLA troops maneuver near Norbulingka on scouting mission, but hundreds of Tibetan troops on guard hold their fire. (Ken Herold)

MAR 16 Tibet Government learns of Chinese artillery movements. (Ken Herold)

MAR 16 General Dan and collaborator Ngabo send letters to Dalai Lama indicating PLA would begin shelling the Norbulingka. (Ken Herold)

MAR 17 Tibet Government consults with popular uprising leaders on plans to evacuate Dalai Lama. Tibetan army and rebel forces clear route towards the southeast. (Ken Herold)

MAR 17 Outbreak of fighting. Dalai Lama secretly escorted out of Norbulingka and south of Lhasa by Tibetan loyalists.(Members of escape party listed (Ken Herold)

MAR 18 Dalai Lama passes Namgyalgang, meets Khampa leader Wangchug Tsering, crosses Che-la and the Tsangpo to Kyeshong, and stays the night at Ra-me monastery. (Ken Herold)

MAR 19 Dalai Lama travels to Dophu Choekhor, next four days makes way to Chenye, where he hears VOA broadcast report unrest in Lhasa and his whereabouts unknown(Ken Herold)

MAR 19 Public meeting and march by women of Lhasa denouncing Chinese occupation. (Ken Herold)

MAR 20 China declares martial law. Norbulingka shelled by PLA and then searched for Dalai Lama. Artillery pounds the Potala, Sera monastery and Chokpori medical college. [(Ken Herold)

MAR 21 Ramoche Cathedral taken by PLA and Chakpori medical college destroyed. (Ken Herold)

MAR 21 London press reports serious fighting in Tibet. Khambas repel Chinese attack on Norbulingka and Tibetans take Chinese military command at Shuktilingka. Tens of thousands of Lhasans take refuge in Central Cathedral. (Ken Herold)

MAR 21 New Delhi report says Lhasa population joins Khampa rebels in battle. India estimates 50,000 Chinese and 15,000 Tibetans killed in months of fighting. Dalai Lama's whereabouts unknown, his pending arrest linked to revolt. Dag Hammarskjold in Delhi with Nehru. (Ken Herold)

MAR 22 Tsuglakhang Cathedral shelled and captured, tens of thousands killed and tens of thousands imprisoned. Ngabo announces Chinese military have taken control of Lhasa. Chinese documents captured in 1966 show 87,000 Tibetans killed in revolt according to China's own count. (Ken Herold)

MAR 22 India says communications cut off with Lhasa. Mass demonstrations on 11th, thousands shouting "we are an independent nation!" Revolt began on 13th. India fears influx of refugees. Dalai Lama may seek asylum in Indian Consulate in Lhasa or rebels may ask Nehru for aid. India press condemns China and says revolt is widespread. "Antuk Guonpo-Tashi" a trader from "Litang" identified as rebel leader.(Ken Herold)

MAR 23 India says area near its Consulate in Lhasa is quiet, although the main area of the city is well away to the west. Dalai Lama whereabouts still unknown. Notable Indians concerned for his safety doubt China would risk harming him. Indian press 'regrets' Nehru attitude. (Ken Herold)

MAR 23 Dulles letter to Eisenhower on covert action in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 24 Nehru tells Parliament his concern for Dalai Lama, but assures China no interference and asks China to respect Indians and their property. China moving mass of settlers to Tibet. Khampas take Gyantse. Review of India's long history with Tibet and failure of China to respect Tibet autonomy. Tibetans in Kalimpong say revolt is spreading and Dalai Lama safe. 10,000 in India plan to urge Nehru to intercede. Nationalist China weighs support for rebels. U.S.-China ambassadorial meeting in Warsaw.(Ken Herold)

MAR 25 Dalai Lama's brother Thubten Jigme Norbu in Seattle says China killed thousands opposed to Communism, that 90% of Tibet resists. Lhasa revolt resumes, some Tibetans in Kalimpong pessimistic. Indian dilemma reported. Chinese silence noted. (Ken Herold)

MAR 26 Chinese opened fire in Lhasa on the 10th. Tibetans denounce treaty imposed in 1951, proclaim independence and demand Chinese leave. China confirms revocation of treaty. India says revolt is widespread and Tibet army has joined rebellion. India agents say Lhasa fighting ended. Dalai Lama left Lhasa before uprising. U.K. says Chinese suzerainty over Tibet contingent upon Tibet autonomy. Eisenhower news conference transcript. Kalmuck Buddhists in U.S. protest against China. (Ken Herold)

MAR 27 Nationalist China pledges support for rebels should fighting continue. Undersecretary State Herter condemns China saying pact to respect autonomy broken. State Dept. negative on Nationalist statements which might bring accusation U.S. stirred revolt. Dalai Lama among Khampa rebels. Lhasa fighting reported eased. American Buddhists protest against China to U.N., State Dept., Nehru and others. (Ken Herold)

MAR 28 Dalai Lama hears Chou radio broadcast the illegal dissolving of the Tibetan Government. Peking claims Dalai Lama has been abducted by rebels against his will. (Ken Herold)

MAR 28 Dalai Lama hears Chou while at E-Chhudhogyang, crosses Tag-la and reaches Shopanup and Lhuntse Dzong. (Ken Herold)

MAR 28 2,000 dead in Lhasa revolt. India border closed. Lhasa under curfew. Peking radio reports Dalai Lama at-large and say his advisers will be punished. Two Tibetan Cabinet ministers urge cooperation with China. U.S. Buddhists protest at U.N. and welcome Nationalist pledge to help Tibet. Tibetans in New Delhi to plead for Nehru's support. India Parliament divided on issue. Chinese in Tibet urge neutrality for Nepal. Taiwan legislature urges Tibet military aid. (Ken Herold)

MAR 28 U.S. State Dept. says China trying to destroy the historical autonomy of the Tibetan people and accuses it of 'barbarous intervention'. (Ken Herold)

MAR 29 22-year-old Panchen Lama wires support for China's actions to Mao and Chou. (Ken Herold)

MAR 29 Chou En-Lai dissolves Dalai Lama Government and names Panchen Lama as Government head under Chinese military control. PCART reshuffled. China says Lhasa revolt crushed on the 23rd after two days of fighting. U.S. State Dept. says China act "barbarous" against Tibet autonomy in 1951 pact and that Panchen Lama has never been primary religious leader. Panchen Lama called puppet of Chinese since 1948. History of China-Tibet relations and rivalry of Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. China says fighting subsiding throughout country and that Nationalists air-dropped aid to Tibetans, say rebels spread rumors Dalai Lama would be held after theatrical performance. Tibetan authority in Japan says Dalai Lama is with Khampas in S Tibet. Drepung was target of PLA troops. Nationalists say they sent mission to meet with rebel leaders. Tibetan exiles in New Delhi not met officially and wait to ask Nehru aid. Indira Gandhi says India cannot help much. J. Narayan critical of Nehru inaction. Hindu group demands Nehru bring issue to U.N. (Ken Herold)

MAR 30 Dalai Lama suffers dysentery while at Mangmang near India border. (Ken Herold)

MAR 30 Peking radio says PLA troops were ordered to take punitive action against Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

MAR 30 China says India allowed revolt leaders to use Kalimpong as plan base, India denies charge.China says rebel leader is former premier Lokongwa now in New Delhi. Lokongwa says revolt was opposition to communist attack on religion. India public opinion builds against China. China only controls area 20-30 miles south of Lhasa. China reports capture of 4,000 Tibetans. Tibetans say 5,000 died in Lhasa uprising. Dalai Lama injured in fall during flight. Peking radio alleges letters show Dalai Lama was abducted from Lhasa and tried to forestall revolt. Chiang Kai-shek calls for aid to Tibet rebels. East Berlin press says 20,000 Khampas fight Chinese. Pravda says 20,000 rebels have been defeated. Demonstrations at Chinese Embassy in New Delhi. (Ken Herold)

MAR 31 Dalai Lama enters India and life in exile. (Ken Herold)

MAR 31 Lhasa still in turmoil. China paratrooping in southern Tibet in effort to capture Dalai Lama. Lhasa diplomats restricted. Nehru tells Parliament: China reneged on autonomy promise, expresses sympathy for Tibetans; questions authenticity of letters of Dalai Lama; reports damage to Lhasa monasteries; says revolt is not new but part of Khampa three-year war; won't be pinned down on refugee policy, but does not foresee large influx from Tibet. Dalai Lama near India border and uninjured, China ordered him taken alive. Panchen Lama wired full support to Peking accepting appointment until return of Dalai Lama and praises China for guidance. Hindus demonstrate in Bombay at China consulate. (Ken Herold)

APR 1 Nehru assures Tibet delegation he will act in diplomatic channels, but rules out direct steps. Lokongwa hopes Tibet case goes to U.N. and denies Dalai Lama wrote letters to Chinese military opposing rebels and claiming abduction. Neutral Asian nations upset at Chinese actions in Tibet. India press urges Government aid Tibet. British diplomats say China failed to undermine Dalai Lama. Taiwan legislature urges U.S. action. Ambassador Lodge criticizes China. Lokongwa details conference with Nehru: India will probably grant asylum to Dalai Lama; 50,000 PLA troops searching for him; Tibet monastery Rongbuk under PLA siege. Peking press says PLA has put down uprising in Lhasa area, repeats charge India allowed Kalimpong as spy center, and welcomes Nehru's March 23rd statement that India will not interfere in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 2 Menon rebukes China on Kalimpong accusation, blames India communist party, and says India probed China's July1958 complaints about Kalimpong and found them lacking.PLA forces thousands of Tibetans into labor. China rushes more troops to fight Khampas. Tighter control on Indian consulate in Lhasa. Anxiety rises over safety of Dalai Lama. Peking concedes fighting continues. Thubten Jigme Norbu calls for prayers for Tibet and does not know whereabouts of his brother. Nationalists again urge Taiwan Government to act, Taiwan students offer to join rebels. (Ken Herold)

APR 2 U.S. receives from Tibet request for weapons for 30,000 men. U.S. policy is to allow Tibetan refugee problem to pressure India.(Ken Herold)

APR 3 Peking radio says Dalai Lama has reached India "under duress," says India officials from Towang to meet him, and warn against outside interference on Tibet. Nehru confirms arrival. Dalai Lama asks for sanctuary. Nehru pleads Parliament restraint and denies China wanted search or move of Lhasa consulate. Dalai Lama has been granted asylum. Press denied permission to meet Dalai Lama. PLA launches major attack southeast of Lhasa using heavy artillery. Nationalists report heavy fighting at Heiho. Thubten Jigme Norbu says Dalai Lama will continue struggle for Tibet. U.N. Secretary General Hammarskjold press conference remarks on Tibet case. AFL-CIO boss Meany urges free world support of Tibet. B.S. Gulani letter warns of Chinese plans to colonize Tibet.(Ken Herold)

APR 4 Nehru officially confirms Dalai Lama's arrival and political asylum in statements to Parliament. Lokongwa says the Government of Tibet now resides in exile in India. U.S. State Dept. expresses pleasure at report on Dalai Lama. Dalai Lama's 15-day trek out of Tibet is described, with Chinese planes overhead much of the time. Comments by Vatican, Moscow, Nepalese Congress Party in press.(Ken Herold)

APR 5 Panchen Lama arrives at Lhasa under heavy Chinese military escort. (Ken Herold)

APR 5 Nehru hopes for good relations with China in news conference, but cannot ignore situation in Tibet. Chiang Kai-shek pledges all possible aid to Tibetans. Indian communists loss of prestige. Battle for control of southeast Tibet, 10,000 Tibetans dead. Taiwan offers refuge to Dalai Lama and its press attacks mainland China. Chairman Weir says SEATO not affected directly. Church World Service supports refugees. China suppresses Tibet for strategic and political reasons. (Ken Herold)

APR 6 Nehru says Dalai Lama exercises no political authority, hopes Tibet can regain autonomy, and wants good relations with China while being sympathetic with Tibet. Dalai Lama cheered in Towang. Panchen Lama arrives in Lhasa to replace Dalai Lama as PCART chair. Taiwan press says 10,000 PLA revolt and join rebels in Sikang Province. New Delhi demonstrations against China. U.S.S.R. press blames "imperialist agents" for revolt. Sulzberger lauds Khampas and pans Nehru's neutrality. (Ken Herold)

APR 7 Dalai Lama at Towang monastery to meet Menon. World Council of Churches repeats plea for refugee aid.(Ken Herold)

APR 7 U.K.'s SEATO representative instructed to play down any resolution on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 8 PLA sends 20,000 troops south from Lhasa to battle rebels in Lhoka. (Ken Herold)

APR 8 Nehru to discuss Dalai Lama's return to Tibet. Taiwan says revolt widening to Sikang and Tsinghai provinces.(Ken Herold)

APR 8 Discussion of Tibet at SEATO meeting in New Zealand. U.S. delegation instructed to strongly condemn Chinese Communists. (Ken Herold)

APR 9 PCART begins process of partitioning Tibet and placing total political control under the military. (Ken Herold)

APR 9 Dalai Lama followers name provisional Government in Tibet to fight for independence, issue manifesto and appeals to India for recognition and mediation of war. Peking confirms resistance continues in Panchen Lama statement. Dalai Lama en route to Bomdila. Peking publishes letters from Dalai Lama in Lhasa saying "reactionary evil elements" endanger him. Washington observers cite Peking statements and see end to revolt. (Ken Herold)

APR 10 Peking radio admits Tibetan rebellion active in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

APR 10 Taiwan says 200,000 fighting PLA in Sikang and Szechuan. India press says battles in Tsinghai and Sikang. Chamdo cut off, PLA convoys ambushed by Khampas who are short of supplies and arms. Nehru rejects demands to open India to refugees. Panchen Lama leaves Lhasa for Peking. Ceylon official attacks China. (Ken Herold)

APR 11 Peking says Sikang rebels fighting since 1952, admits Tibetan revolt cannot be defeated in short term. Rebels hiding in mountain bases. Dalai Lama arrives at Bomdila. Indian U.N. delegate Jha comments on effect of China action for other Asian nations. (Ken Herold)

APR 12 U.K. MP Brockway plan suggests Asian nations jointly push China on autonomy issue. Puppet regime in Tibet urges cooperation with China. Taiwan press reports Mongolian rebels supply Tibetans with arms. Pres. Eisenhower confers with CIA director Dulles on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 13 Panchen Lama feasted in China. Dalai Lama greeted in Bomdila by Buddhists and Menon. U.S. Sen. Mansfield urges U.S. recognition of Dalai Lama Government-in-exile. American Emergency Committee for Tibetan Refugees formed. Professor's letter to NYT says Tibet part of China.(Ken Herold)

APR 14 Dalai Lama to reside at Musoorie, invited to U.S. by Marchais Center(NY). Burmese official says China should allow Tibet total independence. (Ken Herold)

APR 14 Nepal Foreign Ministry says Chinese forces damaged Nepal Consulate in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

APR 15 Panchen Lama hailed in Peking, Chou says revolt basically put down. Media flocks to Tezpur India to meet Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

APR 16 PLA siege of Tibetan monasteries. (Ken Herold)

APR 17 A.W. Harriman and Rep. Bowles oppose U.S. recognition of Tibetan Government-in-exile. PLA setback in Nagartse, new offensive in southeast Tibet. China says Tibetans increasingly oppose revolt. (Ken Herold)

APR 18 Panchen Lama at People's Political Consultative Conference in Peking. (Ken Herold)

APR 19 Dalai Lama statement at Tezpur: China broke all promises on autonomy; broke 1951 pact; he left Tibet freely; 10,000 Lhasans kept him from attending theater show at PLA camp from fear he would be made captive. Chou En-lai claims: Dalai Lama was abducted to India; only 20,000 Tibetans rebelled and were defeated; welcomes Nehru on non-interference; Tibet now under control of Chinese PCART which was welcomed by Tibetans and pledges social reforms; hopes India relations continue good. New Nepal leader Koirala says no rift with China over Tibet. Effects of China acts on Asian nations discussed in press, negative effect seen on China.(Ken Herold)

APR 20 Thousands go to Siliguri to see Dalai Lama. Indian press attack China. (Ken Herold)

APR 21 Rebel leader Gompo Tashi orders rebel NVDA to leave Lhoka district after successfully guarding Dalai Lama's escape route and under strong PLA attack. (Ken Herold)

APR 21 Nehru tells Parliament Dalai Lama not free to conduct political affairs, refutes Chinese charge that rebellion was organized from Kalimpong. Dalai Lama arrives in Musoorie. Peking attacks his Tezpur statement and repeats claim he was abducted. Panchen Lama says Tezpur statement not freely given. India responds to Chou claim that border needed clarification by saying it is well defined and not subject to negotiation. (Ken Herold)

APR 22 Panchen Lama joint chair at National People's Congress in Peking. Dalai Lama begins residence in exile. Sherpas claim PLA troops attack Nepal villages in pursuit of rebels.(Ken Herold)

APR 23 Possible NSC meeting agenda item of CIA training for Tibetans at Camp Hale, Colorado. (Ken Herold)

APR 23 Menon denies Indian Government role in Tezpur statement. Dalai Lama reasserts freedom of his statement. Nehru denies Indian consul was arrested in Lhasa revolt. Panchen Lama insists Dalai Lama was and is being held against his will. Nehru tells Parliament China has not replied to Indian protest at new Chinese maps showing large parts of India as Chinese territory.(Ken Herold)

APR 24 U.S. Secretary McElroy criticizes China. Peking radio says PLA has broken rebel hold in SE Tibet with 2,000 casualties and sealed off Himalayan border. India deports Prince Peter of Greece for his March 29th statement that India helped China take Tibet in 1950. Nehru meets Dalai Lama in Musoorie. Socialist International in London condemns China.(Ken Herold)

APR 25 Nehru confers with Dalai Lama, says first concern is good ties with China, hopes Dalai can return to Tibet some day. Dalai Lama says letters from Lhasa events were genuine but tactic to avoid reprisals by China. Nehru invites any Peking representative to see freedom of Dalai Lama. Peking propaganda campaign against Indian 'expansionists' intensifies. N.Y. Marchais Center offered sanctuary to Dalai Lama. Sulzberger anti-communist piece in NYT. (Ken Herold)

APR 26People's Congress in Peking loudly anti-Indian. India strengthens border on news of new fighting in Lhasa. China bolsters border. (Ken Herold)

APR 27 Peking press attacks critics of invasion. PLA planes bomb rebels in southern Tibet as more refugees enter India. (Ken Herold)

APR 28 Nehru tells Parliament: China using 'cold war' language; India deplores use of force against Tibet and her loss of autonomy; denies Indian role or designs in Tibet revolt; Chou promised in 1956 that Tibet would not be forced to be communist; hopes to silence India critics. Truman urges Nehru to fight communism. Peking Daily says Dalai Lama will return to Tibet. Opposition to invasion by five Asian nations.(Ken Herold)

APR 29 People's Congress in Peking resolves to build a socialist Tibet. Panchen Lama declines Nehru invitation to meet Dalai Lama in India. (Ken Herold)

APR 30 NSC meeting discussion on Tibet: Tibetan revolt might pressure India to cooperate with Pakistan(Ken Herold)

APR 30 Indian northern border insecure, India may try rapprochement with Pakistan. (Ken Herold)

MAY By the end of the month, 3,700 Tibetans are forced into slave labor at Nachen Thang hydroelectric plant east of Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

MAY New CIA project to air-drop Tibetan fighters into occupied Tibet to join NVDA troops. (Ken Herold)

MAY 1 Peking stirs anti-India feeling. Nehru confers with Nepal's king Mahendra. (Ken Herold)

MAY 2 7,000 Tibetans refugees to be housed at Misamari, India. U.S.S.R. quiet on China-India tensions. U.S. State Dept. would not send official invitation to Dalai Lama to come to Marchais Tibet Center.(Ken Herold)

MAY 3 China intensifies indoctrination campaign in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 4 President Eisenhower approves NSC action: U.S. should promote India-Pakistan cooperation in light of Tibetan revolt. (Ken Herold)

MAY 4 Chinese May Day campaign against India continues. (Ken Herold)

MAY 5 China admits ferocity and success of Tibetan attacks during revolt. (Ken Herold)

MAY 5 Nehru defends grant of asylum to Tibetans, criticizes Chinese acts and accusations. (Ken Herold)

MAY 6 Peking radio admits Tibetans directly attacked a PLA base during revolt. (Ken Herold)

MAY 6 Eisenhower news conference, expresses sympathy for Nehru, no comment on U.S. aid to India in light of border threat. (Ken Herold)

MAY 7 China calls for good relations, says India need not fear Chinese control of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 8 Panchen Lama confers with Mao in Peking. American Emergency Committee sends medical aid to Tibetan refugees in India. (Ken Herold)

MAY 9 Nehru attacks China's 'war-like statements', Chinese maps show Indian territory as Chinese, China mistaken in destroying Tibetan social order. (Ken Herold)

MAY 10 Indian Congress Party supports Nehru. PLA machine-guns fleeing Tibetans. Nehru asks medical supplies for refugees. (Ken Herold)

MAY 11 Many sick and wounded refugees reach Bomdila, estimates total 9,000 refugees. (Ken Herold)

MAY 12 U.S.S.R. troops aided China in suppressing revolt. (Ken Herold)

MAY 13 Refugees estimated at 11,500. (Ken Herold)

MAY 14 Refugees reaching Indian aid station. (Ken Herold)

MAY 16 Dalai Lama letter thanks Taiwan for support. (Ken Herold)

MAY 17 Dalai Lama asks Buddhists to pray for Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

MAY 18 Indian Ambassador to U.N. Jha says India will remain non-aligned. (Ken Herold)

MAY 19 Indian outcry on Tibet waning. (Ken Herold)

MAY 22 Dalai Lama acknowledges invitation from Marchais Center. (Ken Herold)

MAY 23 Dalai Lama celebrates 2,503rd anniversary of Buddha's birth. (Ken Herold)

MAY 24 H. Harrer article on Tibet under Chinese rule. Report on refugee needs. (Ken Herold)

MAY 25 India puzzled at presence of seven PLA troopers with Tibetan refugees at Misamari. (Ken Herold)

MAY 26 NSC discusses U.S.-South Asia policy: U.S. might use Tibet revolt to strengthen India-Pakistan cooperation. (Ken Herold)

MAY 26 Panchen leaves Peking for Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 30 China building air bases in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 31 Peking radio says 515 Tibetans held since March are released. A.F.S.C. seeks aid for refugees. (Ken Herold)

JUN 1 Taiwan says 2,600 PLA killed in May 22nd battle southwest of Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUN 3 Advertisement asks Americans for aid to refugees. (Ken Herold)

JUN 6 Indian lawyer B. Trikamdas sees evidence of genocide against Tibetans. International Commission of Jurist's investigation shows 65,000 Tibetans killed. China has systematic policy to destroy Tibetan Buddhism. Artillery destruction of Dalai Lama's summer residence in Lhasa.(Ken Herold)

JUN 7 Dalai Lama says Tibet under torture. Peking denounces I.C.J. findings. (Ken Herold)

JUN 13 Nehru condemns nations not practicing 'peaceful coexistence' meaning China. (Ken Herold)

JUN 15 Joint India-Nepal statement at end of Nehru visit says no country should be dominated by another. (Ken Herold)

JUN 19 U.S. ambassador to India Bunker says India will not divert from non-alignment in spite of very strong reaction to Tibetan events. (Ken Herold)

JUN 21 Dalai Lama news conference: China engaging in genocidal campaign against Tibetan race and culture; 1951 pact was forced on Tibet and broken by China; he wants to aid rebels in peaceful means. India questions 30 Chinese among refugees. (Ken Herold)

JUN 22 Tibetan statesman Tsarong Sawang dies in Chinese prison. Nepal consul cannot visit eight Nepalese imprisoned by China in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 24 Dalai Lama talks with Indian socialist leader J. Narayan, who backs Tibet self-government. (Ken Herold)

JUL 1 India won't recognize Dalai Lama as head of Tibet Government. Peking claims new program for 'reforms' and land redistribution targeting monasteries and temples. Loyalty to Dalai Lama to be punished.(Ken Herold)

JUL 6 Dalai Lama opposes rebel violence. (Ken Herold)

JUL 7 Due to Chinese suppression of Tibet, Burma decides to accept U.S. aid after six-year ban. (Ken Herold)

JUL 8 International Commission of Jurists to probe human rights abuses in Tibet. Nehru doubts U.N. can resolve Tibet crisis as Communist China not a member, he reasserts Dalai Lama not head of Tibet Government. (Ken Herold)

JUL 11 Narayan urges U.N. debate, opposes Indian policy. (Ken Herold)

JUL 12 Peking publishes English language book justifying Tibet invasion. Asian nations cool to China after repression of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 14 Refugees being slowly resettled in Himalayas, Sikkim, Bhutan, but most relief aid is coming from U.S. CARE director Meeker seeks U.S. interest in Tibetan scholars. (Ken Herold)

JUL 16 Denver Post reports Camp Hale re-opening for unspecified 'atomic tests'(covert training of Tibetans in U.S.). (Ken Herold)

JUL 21 I.C.J. urges U.N. investigation of genocide evidence. Indian socialists say China intends to undermine and annex Himalayan border states. (Ken Herold)

JUL 26 First large-scale thamzing, or struggle sessions, begun in Lhasa as public show trials of important prisoners. (Ken Herold)

AUG 6 Khampa weapons seized at Nepal border. Nepal fears communist infiltration. (Ken Herold)

AUG 7Nehru says China violates spirit of 1954 pact on Tibet. Rebels still active.(Ken Herold)

AUG 14Nehru says China forces in Tibet very large, assumes China accepts McMahon line. (Ken Herold)

AUG 17 Rebels kill four PLA soldiers and injure others. (Ken Herold)

AUG 19 China has arrested Panchen Lama for organizing uprising. (Ken Herold)

AUG 20Nehru denies Chinese troops in India and occupy Bara Hoti plateau. (Ken Herold)

AUG 21 NSC 5909/1 adopts new U.S. policy on South Asia: refers to establishment of "complete Chinese Communist control over Tibet." (Ken Herold)

AUG 22 Times of India reports two Chinese troop border violations. (Ken Herold)

AUG 23 Nepal says 550 Tibetan refugees enter since revolt. International Commission of Jurists Inquiry Committee seeks Chinese permission to enter Tibet to study charges of genocide. (Ken Herold)

AUG 24Bhutan upset at China massing troops on border. Sikkim also threatened. (Ken Herold)

AUG 25 Dalai Lama statement: 80,000 Tibetans died in revolt; Panchen Lama arrested; China exterminating Tibetans and using torture. Menon says situation in Tibet getting worse. Nehru confirms China controlling pilgrims. (Ken Herold)

AUG 26 Nehru will defend Bhutan and Sikkim if invaded by China. (Ken Herold)

AUG 27Assam denies incursion by PLA troops at Nathu La. (Ken Herold)

AUG 28 Australian MP Haworth and Austrian MP Sturgkh condemn Chinese occupation of Tibet. Times of India reports India-China border clash. American Bar Association deplores Chinese actions and urges U.N. inquiry.(Ken Herold)

AUG 29Nehru confirms Chinese border attack, that many have happened in past and India will defend her borders. U.S. officials study situation. Congressmen urge U.N. action.(Ken Herold)

AUG 30 India militarizes Tibet border guard and will press PLA withdraw from Longju. 40,000 PLA troops on Tibetan border. Pres. Eisenhower concerned.(Ken Herold)

AUG 31 Dalai Lama appeals to U.N. and non-communist nations to support Tibet and says conditions worsening. Indian and Chinese representatives clash in Cairo at Asian-African Conference. U.N. observers say Dalai Lama hopes for Security Council action. (Ken Herold)

SEP-OCT Hundreds of Tibetan prisoners from the Norbulingka transported by China to Golmo prison labor camps. (Ken Herold)

SEP According to a 24 July 1992 Senate Memo, a U.S. State Department spokesman says the U.S. has never recognized Chinese Communist sovereignty over Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP China imprisons 3,000 Tibetans, mostly monks from Sera and Drepung monasteries, at Drapchi Prison. (Ken Herold)

SEP 1 400 PLA troops hold Bhutan territory. U.S. supports Dalai Lama effort and is concerned for Bhutan. Nehru rejects proposal to bomb Chinese road in Ladakh.Incursions in Siang and Lohat areas of Northeast Frontier. (Ken Herold)

SEP 2 Indian ambassador in U.S. says ties with China do not mean India will allow border violations. Dalai Lama in New Delhi plans world tour for Tibetan independence. Indian press reports more border incursions by PLA.(Ken Herold)

SEP 3 Dalai Lama confers with Nehru. U.S. Navy units on alert. Yugoslavia condemns Chinese aggression. (Ken Herold)

SEP 4PLA incursions into India, Sikkim and Bhutan continue. Indian troops posted at Nathu La and Jelap La. Dalai Lama confers with representatives of many nations.(Ken Herold)

SEP 5 Nehru statements: China blames India for border aggression; India won't be bullied; defeats Parliament move to urge U.N. action on Chinese occupation of Tibet; U.N. debate will not help Tibetans; wants friendship with China. China invades three areas of Ladakh and holds Minsar. (Ken Herold)

SEP 6 Dalai Lama to ask U.N. Secretary General Hammarskjold to hear Tibet issue and will send Tibetan representatives to U.N. to urge consideration of El Salvador's 1950 motion. Chinese actions divisive at U.S.-U.S.S.R. talks. (Ken Herold)

SEP 7 U.S. may talk with Khrushchev on Chinese moves during upcoming U.S. visit. (Ken Herold)

SEP 8 Nehru reports to Parliament on border dispute and differs with Dalai Lama on appeal to U.N. Chou En-lai repudiates McMahon line. (Ken Herold)

SEP 9 Dalai Lama's letter to U.N. Secretary General(Ken Herold)

SEP 9 India disputes Dalai Lama on status of Tibet by asserting it is part of China. (Ken Herold)

SEP 10 Chou statements: denies aggression; disputes McMahon line or Ladakh boundaries; Britain to blame for past expansion towards Tibet; China recognizes India as protector of Bhutan and Sikkim. Dalai Lama makes formal plea to U.N. for immediate aid and says China not only invaded Tibet but brutalizes Tibetans. U.S.S.R. deplores border situation. Britain denies Chou allegation. Times of India says PLA attack on August 25th at Longju confirmed. (Ken Herold)

SEP 11 U.S. backs Dalai Lama at U.N., but still claims Chinese 'suzerainty' over Tibet. Nehru urges peaceful settlement of border dispute. (Ken Herold)

SEP 12 Chou urges peaceful settlement of border. Dalai Lama's brother Thupten Jigme Norbu reports to U.N. representative Lindt on refugees. (Ken Herold)

SEP 13India reinforces border again, concedes Eastern Ladakh border is unsettled, but still asserts McMahon line as legal boundary. Dalai Lama's brother Gyalo Thondup to go to U.N. Anti-India rallies in Chinese cities. (Ken Herold)

SEP 14 Vice Pres. Nixon says Khrushchev approves Chinese aggression as power play in U.S. visit, but Sen. Mansfield says U.S.S.R. urged China to settle border. Chen Yi says China never accepted McMahon line, that Dalai Lama breaking conditions of asylum not to be political. Committee of One Million urges U.N. aid to Tibetans. Nehru confers with U.S.S.R. Ambassador Benediktov and with Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

SEP 16 Bhutan to build roads to India to counter China threat. (Ken Herold)

SEP 17Chinese communist party press urges India halt Dalai Lama actions. (Ken Herold)

SEP 18 Secretary Herter and Secretary Lloyd oppose China at U.N. (Ken Herold)

SEP 19 Nepal says PLA troops cross northern border. (Ken Herold)

SEP 20 Indian opposition to Chinese admission to U.N. noted as new policy.(Ken Herold)

SEP 21 Taiwan says rebel leader Chama Ngawang in Taipei for report to Chiang Kai-shek. (Ken Herold)

SEP 22 U.S. Asst. Secretary Robertson says at U.N. that China killed thousands of Tibetans. Ireland and Britain join criticism. PLA troops in Sikkim in pursuit of rebels, 15,000 PLA troops on border. (Ken Herold)

SEP 23 Panchen Lama leaves for Peking. New rebel attack in Lhasa. Secretary Herter sees appeal to U.N. (Ken Herold)

SEP 24 50,000 rebels in new fighting against PLA. Chinese atrocities described. (Ken Herold)

SEP 25 NSC 5913/1 adopts U.S. policy on the Far East: Tibet mentioned as a fait accompli and not enumerated as an independent nation. (Ken Herold)

SEP 25 Irish Minister Aiken urges Asian and African nations to back U.N. resolution against China. (Ken Herold)

SEP 26 Marshall Chu Teh celebrates Panchen Lama in Peking. (Ken Herold)

SEP 27 Gyalo Thondup departs India for U.N. talks. (Ken Herold)

SEP 28PLA troops take more Indian territory and take goods near Uttar Pradesh. 1,044 refugees cross into Nepal since March revolt. Ireland and Malaya to urge U.N. debate on Tibet. Taiwan will not oppose debate. (Ken Herold)

SEP 29India builds 70-mile road to Niti Pass near area claimed by China. Ireland and Malaya move Tibet issue to agenda. India publishes a new political map of border with Tibet, says 40,000 square miles are disputed with China holding a million people. Nehru critical again of China.(Ken Herold)

OCT 1 Nepal reports PLA incursions. (Ken Herold)

OCT 5Nehru letter to Chou demands PLA withdraw from Indian land prior to border talks. Nepal to post border troops. (Ken Herold)

OCT 6 Malaya minister attacks Chinese colonialism in Tibet, Gyalo Thondup arrives at U.N. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 U.S.S.R. U.N. representative says plot behind so-called Tibet question. Menon says China must pull back troops before border talks. Pakistan sees new Chinese maps showing Pakistani-held Kashmir areas as part of China. Sulzberger says China acted out of fear of a hostile Tibet Government. (Ken Herold)

OCT 8Chou down-plays differences in response to Nehru. Aiken of Ireland replies to Kuznetsov of U.S.S.R.(Ken Herold)

OCT 9 Gyalo Thondup news conference: U.N. mediation with China is Tibet's only hope. Nehru says India will resist further Chinese advances into India. (Ken Herold)

OCT 10 U.N. votes debate on Chinese violation of human rights. (Ken Herold)

OCT 11 Communist opposition to debate on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 12 Gyalo Thondup statements: appeals to Asian and African nations to support Tibet; U.S.S.R. misrepresents issues; asks U.N. help to restore 1914-51 status of Tibet. Menon cites Chinese border incursions. (Ken Herold)

OCT 13 U.N. General Assembly votes to discuss Tibet. India listed as not voting. Draft resolution notes grave concern for human and religious freedom in Tibet. Dalai Lama pleased by U.N. action. China continues to restrict border traffic with India and Kashmir into Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 15 Panchen Lama claims Tibet undergoing democratic reforms. China attacks U.N. interference. Gyalo Thondup news conference, says China turning Tibet into major military base. China-India troops face-off at Khinzemane.(Ken Herold)

OCT 16 Lop Nur Nuclear Weapons Test Base formally established north of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 16 200 U.S.S.R. military and engineering advisors on Tibet border. (Ken Herold)

OCT 19 Dalai Lama sets up provisional Government to wage guerilla warfare. Gyalo Thondup describes new regime. (Ken Herold)

OCT 21 Aiken urges China to negotiate with the Dalai Lama. U.S., Malaya, New Zealand, Pakistan, and Latin American nations support Tibet resolution. India says 100 refugees enter in past two months. Chinese survey beyond Sikkim and Bhutan borders. PLA troops withdraw from Longju outpost. (Ken Herold)

OCT 22U.N. votes 45-9 to express grave concern over human rights abuses in Tibet. U.S. votes yes, U.K. abstains in puzzling display of doubt over her recognition of Tibet as an independent nation. India likewise does not support Tibet. Panchen Lama says U.S. interferes in Tibet. Pakistan says it will defend borders but at present has no dispute with China. (Ken Herold)

OCT 24India says 17 killed in border fight 40 miles inside southern Ladakh. China blames India for attacks and accuses U.S. of pressuring for U.N. vote interfering in internal affairs. Pakistani President says China road-building is military threat to India and Pakistan. Gyalo Thondup and Thubten Jigme Norbu praise aid to refugees. (Ken Herold)

OCT 25 Nehru again warns China, acknowledges new fighting in Ladakh where snowfall halts Indian move to reinforce troops. U.S. Undersecretary of State Dillon deplores Chinese aggressiveness. Nepal says 1,607 refugees enter since March.(Ken Herold)

OCT 26 Malaya denies following U.S. and U.K. line in U.N. debate on Tibet. Growing Indian anger over Chinese actions in press. India shifts troops to northern frontier. (Ken Herold)

OCT 27China claims Indian patrol fired on PLA in Ladakh, has ten captives and nine bodies in offer to return. (Ken Herold)

OCT 28 India accepts offer. PLA troops at Chushul airstrip built by India. (Ken Herold)

OCT 29China agrees to negotiate with Nepal on Tibet border. Nehru's staunch path of nonalignment. (Ken Herold)

OCT 30 Neutralist Asian nations criticize Peking actions. (Ken Herold)

OCT 31 China demands larger territory in Northeast frontier of India, says troops will enter unless India cedes large area. (Ken Herold)

NOV 1 Indian army takes direct control of frontier with Tibet. Khrushchev hopes for peaceful settlement of crisis. Lowell Thomas, Jr.'s book Silent War in Tibet reviewed.(Ken Herold)

NOV 2 India prepares for war with China in defense of border with Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 3 Indian army enters areas claimed by China. (Ken Herold)

NOV 5 India restates demand that China withdraw troops prior to talks. (Ken Herold)

NOV 6 Nehru downplays possible war with China, hopes to discuss situation with Pres. Eisenhower during his visit to India. (Ken Herold)

NOV 8 PLA planning stay through winter in Ladakh. (Ken Herold)

NOV 9 Khrushchev in Peking says disputed area remote and of no value, hopes for peaceful settlement. India officially notifies China that border situation is critical, repudiates Chinese statement of October 26th.(Ken Herold)

NOV 10 Chou proposes conference with Nehru and plan which would cede large area of Ladakh to China. Indira Gandhi attacks Chinese plan, sees threat to Bhutan. Nehru says plan to China advantage. (Ken Herold)

NOV 11 Nehru rejects Chinese territorial claims. China massing troops in Tibet on Sikkim and Nepal borders. India seeks helicopters to patrol frontier. (Ken Herold)

NOV 12 Border dispute to be major topic of Nehru-Eisenhower talks. Nehru sees armed force may be necessary since China has increased claims to Indian territory. Ladakh anti-Chinese. (Ken Herold)

NOV 13U.S. Secretary Herter news conference: U.S. has no position on border dispute; U.S. has insufficient evidence on which to decide issue; presumes India correct; later condemns Chinese use of force. Chou set to exchange McMahon line for land in Ladakh. Indians upset at U.S. position. (Ken Herold)

NOV 14 China confiscates monastic lands in Tibet. Herter tries to assure India that he did not intend to show U.S. support for Chinese aggression. China prepared to release captive Indians. Former President Truman says Nehru wants peace. (Ken Herold)

NOV 15 Dalai Lama with International Commission of Jurists repeats that China is killing Tibetans. I.C.J. holding hearings with refugees in New Delhi. India puzzled and surprised at Herter statements on U.S. policy.China releases captives and remains of dead Indians. (Ken Herold)

NOV 16 Herter statement published widely in India. Parliament to debate border issue. (Ken Herold)

NOV 17 Nehru issues White Paper on territorial claims, rejects Chou plan. (Ken Herold)

NOV 18 Dalai Lama seeks talk with Eisenhower. China built airbase in occupied Ladakh. (Ken Herold)

NOV 19 China increases propaganda on Chou plan. Nehru rejects talks until PLA withdrawal. Dorji of Bhutan supports Indian stance. (Ken Herold)

NOV 20Nehru says violation of Bhutan and Sikkim would be declaration of war, says Nepal sympathetic to India, and denies Chinese airbases at Chushul or Ladakh. China again says U.S. hampers settlement.(Ken Herold)

NOV 21 Nehru rejects Chou plan before Parliament, suggests mutual withdrawal with China going first. 40,000 square miles at issue. (Ken Herold)

NOV 22 Nehru calls up reserve forces. China not likely to back down. (Ken Herold)

NOV 23 Tito upset at Chinese actions, supports Nehru. (Ken Herold)

NOV 24 China claims it allowed Dalai Lama to escape even though it could have killed him. (Ken Herold)

NOV 25 Nehru calls for national unity in Parliament, says he will try to avoid war but is prepared for conflict. (Ken Herold)

NOV 28 India restricts Chinese in Kalimpong and watches 10,000 Chinese in India. Nehru pledges to defend Nepal. (Ken Herold)

NOV 29 Nehru sees crisis near. (Ken Herold)

DEC By month's end slave labor population at Nachen Thang hydro plant up to 8,000. (Ken Herold)

DEC 2 PLA moves into three important areas of Nepal. (Ken Herold)

DEC 3 Eisenhower news conference: he will discuss border situation with Nehru. (Ken Herold)

DEC 4 U.N. Security Council asked to preserve Kashmir frontier and halt India-China split of Ladakh. (Ken Herold)

DEC 6Nepal hopes for peaceful settlement as friend to both India and China. U.S. officials press Dalai Lama not to meet with Eisenhower, claim India would be embarrassed. (Ken Herold)

DEC 7Disguised Chinese agents in Nepal. (Ken Herold)

DEC 9 Nehru sees long-term crisis and need for military readiness. (Ken Herold)

DEC 11 U.S. Rep. Judd says Tibetan refugees in good shape but need long-term aid. Menon says India has asked China to halt violations of airspace. (Ken Herold)

DEC 12 Eisenhower links Chinese threat to availability of U.S. forces. (Ken Herold)

DEC 13 U.S.-India ties strengthened due to Chinese acts. (Ken Herold)

DEC 14 Eisenhower did not discuss military aid to India with Nehru. (Ken Herold)

DEC 15 Gen. Chang Kuo-hua says resistance in Tibet only handful of reactionaries. (Ken Herold)

DEC 16Heavy PLA troop concentrations along Nepal-Tibet border. (Ken Herold)

DEC 19 Chou proposes December 26th meeting with Nehru, holds to Chinese claim to part of Ladakh. U.S.S.R. embarrassed by Chinese actions and hopes East-West tensions won't be stressed.(Ken Herold)

DEC 21 Nehru says favorable Indian reception of Eisenhower due in part to border dispute, sees long crisis. (Ken Herold)

DEC 22 Nehru rejects Chou offer but Parliament overrules and begins debate. Chinese in Calcutta loyal to India seek exemption from restrictions. Chinese military advantage described. Nepal reports two border incursions by PLA. (Ken Herold)

DEC 23 Nehru rejects plan to oust Chinese from Eastern Ladakh by force, says war would last indefinitely and backs talks. (Ken Herold)

DEC 24 China pressures Nepal on defense pact. (Ken Herold)

DEC 25 New PLA troops massing on Tibet border. (Ken Herold)

DEC 27Nepal says no invasion, but Chinese have infiltrated agents into Nepal and massed troops in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 30 New Chou letter to Nehru. Nepal to aid Tibetans in Kathmandu valley. Head lama of Rongbuk monastery escapes with his brother after battle with PLA troops. (Ken Herold)

1960

1960 Tibetans establish guerilla base at Mustang in Nepal. (Ken Herold)

1960 CIA-trained team equipped with radio is air-dropped into Qinghai province from Thailand to report on local resistance movement. (Ken Herold)

1960 Bird Air begins supporting U.S. covert actions in Asia, including those involving opium. Operations chief R.L. Brongersma has flown secret airdrops into Tibet with the CIA's CAT. (Ken Herold)

JAN 2 13,000 Tibetan refugees in India. (Ken Herold)

JAN 3 Review of Frank Moraes' book The Revolt in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB Secretary of State Herter strongly asserts U.S. support for Tibetan self-determination. (Ken Herold)

FEB Construction begins on plutonium reactor at Jiuquan Atomic Energy Complex north of Amdo in Gansu. (Ken Herold)

FEB 1 First Tibetan refugees arrive at Bylakuppe in Mysore state, India. (Ken Herold)

FEB 4 Probable NSC discussion of Tibet covert plans from earlier 5412 Group meeting on Tibet attended by Eisenhower, Gray, Herter, Dulles, Cabell, and D. FitzGerald. (Ken Herold)

FEB 5 Dalai Lama's gold holdings in Calcutta bank. (Ken Herold)

FEB 10 India says 2,611 refugees enter between Nov 1st and Jan 17th. (Ken Herold)

FEB 27 Dalai Lama to spend over $1 million on Tibet relief and supporting Tibet's cause before U.N. (Ken Herold)

MAR 1 Dalai Lama thanks U.S. for U.N. support. Herter reply says U.S. backs Tibetan self-determination. (Ken Herold)

MAR 5 Dalai Lama selling assets at $1.7 million. (Ken Herold)

MAR 6 Peking attacks U.S. position. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 Dalai Lama says Tibetan refugees must concentrate on settlement and preservation of the Tibetan culture. (Ken Herold)

MAR 11India protests to China on treatment of Indians in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 17 Dalai Lama agrees to move Tibetan government to Dharamsala, India. (Ken Herold)

APR First generator officially opened at Nachen Thang hydro plant. (Ken Herold)

APR Ground-breaking for uranium hexaflouride plant in Gansu. (Ken Herold)

APR 10 Afro-Asian Convention on Tibet opens in New Delhi, Dalai Lama describes situation and asks for aid. (Ken Herold)

APR 11 Convention charges China with genocide and aggression. (Ken Herold)

APR 12 Convention backs Tibetan right to self-determination, China attacks statement. (Ken Herold)

APR 15 Dalai Lama may go to U.N. to appeal Tibet's case, praises help from India on refugees. (Ken Herold)

APR 29 Dalai Lama leaves Musoorie for new quarters at Dharamsala. (Ken Herold)

APR 30 Chou press conference in New Delhi including discussion on the Tibetan border. (Ken Herold)

MAY 1 CIA U-2 reconnaissance plane downed deep inside U.S.S.R., kills U.S.-U.S.S.R. summit talks in Paris and leads Eisenhower to cancel C-130 supply flights to Tibetan rebels. (Ken Herold)

MAY 6 Battle for control of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 12 Mass defection of PLA troops in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 15 Rockefeller Foundation grant to bring Tibetan scholars to U.S. and international centers. (Ken Herold)

MAY 17 Opening of Nursery for Tibetan Refugee Children in India. (Ken Herold)

JUN 3 Heavy fighting in southern Tibet between rebels and PLA after desecration of monasteries and forced labor. New rebellion in western Tibet. India says reports are exaggerated. (Ken Herold)

JUN 4 Tibet vast military camp, Tibetans forced to build roads and airbases. Panchen Lama under military watch and suspicion by Chinese. 3,000 rebels in a southern Tibet battle, 800 deaths. (Ken Herold)

JUN 8 Mutiny among PLA troops in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 10 China denies Panchen Lama has left Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 11 Tibetans take PLA garrison at Shekar and fight at Saka. (Ken Herold)

JUN 15Many Nepali traders killed by PLA at Shekar. China warns Hindu pilgrims against travel to Tibet holy places. (Ken Herold)

JUN 16 Rebels fighting PLA at Nagarjong. (Ken Herold)

JUN 20 I.C.J. report: China guilty of genocidal campaign against Buddhism in Tibet; Tibetan children have been kidnapped to China; China has violated Tibetan social and economic rights and has killed many outside of military actions. (Ken Herold)

JUN 23Nepal says PLA losing battle in Parkha area. (Ken Herold)

JUN 24New fighting in Lake Manasarowar area, PLA sends in reinforcements. 1,000 more refugees flee to India. (Ken Herold)

JUN 29 China confirms new uprisings. (Ken Herold)

JUL China disbands Tibetan administration of Shigatse. (Ken Herold)

JUL 11 PLA retakes Shekar Dzong. (Ken Herold)

JUL 12 5,000 more refugees flee to Nepal. (Ken Herold)

JUL 23 Refugee lama says China starved more than 1,000 lamas to death in concentration camp in 1959. (Ken Herold)

JUL 26 PLA massacred 3,000 Tibetans fleeing to Nepal in Mustang area June 25th to 26th. (Ken Herold)

AUG Plutonium reactor construction suspended at Jinquan to concentrate efforts at Lanzhou diffusion plant, the "Oak Ridge" of China. [LL, 113](Ken Herold)

AUG 8 I.C.J. publishes evidence upon which its report of genocide and human rights violations by China was based. (Ken Herold)

AUG 21 Malaya and Thailand urge U.N. debate on oppression of Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

AUG 25 U.S. National Reconnaissance Office established in top secret to control spy-satellite operations, including those over Tibet and China. (Ken Herold)

SEP 2 First meeting of Commission of Tibetan People's Deputies, birth of the exile government's democratic parliament. (Ken Herold)

SEP 2 Dalai Lama's letter to U.N. Secretary General. (Ken Herold)

SEP 4 Peking confirms 1,000 Tibetan youths studying Communism. (Ken Herold)

SEP 10 China has expelled all U.S.S.R. advisors from Tibet, 300 have left. (Ken Herold)

SEP 11 Narayan of India says Dalai Lama may send delegation to U.N. to urge Tibetan self-determination, urges Nehru to speak out on issue of Tibetan freedom under moral obligation. (Ken Herold)

SEP 17 Dalai Lama to send three to U.N. General Assembly with plea for action. (Ken Herold)

SEP 23 U.N. decides to discuss Tibet issue, U.S.S.R. opposed, but U.S. supports. (Ken Herold)

SEP 25 Panchen Lama to go to Peking. (Ken Herold)

SEP 29 Dalai Lama's letter to U.N. Secretary General documenting Tibetan independence. (Ken Herold)

SEP 30 3,500 refugees flee to Sikkim recently. (Ken Herold)

OCT 2 China disrupts Nepal-Tibet trade. Dalai Lama letter to Hammarskjold urges U.N. to liberate Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 11 U.N. General Assembly votes Tibet issue on agenda, U.S.S.R. objects. (Ken Herold)

OCT 24 Gyalo Thondup says Asian and African nations studying resolution condemning China and that thousands of Tibetans are dying under forced labor. (Ken Herold)

NOV 8 J.J. Singh urges U.N. to condemn China for Tibet oppression. (Ken Herold)

NOV 19 Prof. Tieh-Tseng Li claims Tibet legal part of China.(Ken Herold)

DEC PLA seizes 4,000 monks of Panchen Lama's monastery Tashilhunpo at Shigatse.(Ken Herold)

DEC 6 Ireland and Taiwan urge U.N. discuss Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 13 U.S. intelligence forecasts Chinese plutonium production by late 1962. (Ken Herold)

1961

JAN 12 More than 4,000 fleeing Tibetans killed by PLA troops in Lhasa area. (Ken Herold)

FEB 15 Panchen Lama returns to Lhasa after five months in China. (Ken Herold)

MAR 7 U.S. supports U.N. debate on human rights in Tibet, U.S.S.R. opposes. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 Dalai Lama urges U.N. to help restore independence for Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 12 Taiwan reports Tibetan rebels plan spring offensive. (Ken Herold)

MAR 21 Ten Tibetans publicly executed include some Tashilhunpo monks. [(Ken Herold)

MAR 26 Book Tibet is My Country by Thubten Jigme Norbu. (Ken Herold)

MAR 27 New U.S. Ambassador to India, John Kenneth Galbraith, briefed on CIA operations in India(perhaps including Tibet) by Richard Bissell. (Ken Herold)

MAR 27 Sen. Keating urges U.S. U.N. representative Stevenson to press for Tibet and Hungary on the U.N. agenda. (Ken Herold)

APR 2 Radio Lhasa says Tibet will endure five more years of 'democratic revolution.' (Ken Herold)

APR 3 2,000 Khampas killed or captured by PLA troops in western Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 6 U.S. rejects U.S.S.R. move to end U.N. debate on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 12 Malaya, Thailand and Ireland sponsor resolution on human rights and freedoms. (Ken Herold)

APR 16 Dalai Lama asks India for more aid for refugees, $1.5 million to date. (Ken Herold)

APR 16 Kennedy approves CIA invasion at Bay of Pigs in Cuba despite uproar at U.N. Serious loss of U.S. credibility at U.N. while Tibet issue is pending. (Ken Herold)

APR 23 Flemming book on U.K. invasion of Tibet in 1904 reviewed. (Ken Herold)

JUN 1,400 of 1,700 prisoners at Drapchi prison have perished from starvation since November of 1960. (Ken Herold)

JUL 2 India plan to aid 7,000 Tibetan refugees in Sikkim. (Ken Herold)

AUG 13 Swiss take in 16 Tibetan children refugees. (Ken Herold)

AUG 19 Tibet issue raised in U.N. by Malaya and Thailand. (Ken Herold)

SEP Panchen Lama invited to Peking; thousands of Tibetans dying of starvation; Mao promises to improve the situation, but the Panchen Lama is demoted for speaking out. (Ken Herold)

SEP 4 U.S. law prohibits foreign assistance to 'communist' countries; included are the People's Republic of China and Tibet, separately. (Ken Herold)

SEP 23 Chinese nuclear reactors posited at Sian, Chungking, Peking and in Manchuria. ICBM launch site reported at Lanzhou. Times of India reports chain of rocket launch pads along Tibet-Nepal border. (Ken Herold)

SEP 24 8,000-10,000 Tibetan refugees in Nepal. (Ken Herold)

SEP 26 U.N. General Assembly votes to debate Tibetan rights over U.S.S.R. opposition. (Ken Herold)

OCT Tibetan Medical Center founded in India by Dr. Yeshi Dhonden, one of only three Lhasa-trained physicians to escape. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 Dalai Lama says China jets gunned 600 refugees. (Ken Herold)

OCT 12 September battle in western Tibet, PLA killed 40 Khampas. (Ken Herold)

OCT 26 Swiss pilot project to settle 23 Tibetan refugees. (Ken Herold)

NOV 7 Heavy battles between Khampas and PLA troops. (Ken Herold)

NOV 17 Guerilla war against Chinese in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 29 Nepal says more refugees enter. (Ken Herold)

DEC 1 U.S. U.N. Ambassador Stevenson denounces China for aggression in Tibet, Korea and Vietnam. (Ken Herold)

DEC 6 Nehru says China wants new treaty on Tibet,1954 agreement ends June 1962. (Ken Herold)

DEC 8 Colorado Springs Gazette reports 47 American citizens held at gunpoint by U.S. Army to preserve secrecy of CIA-training for covert Tibet operation at Camp Hale. Secretary McNamara personally asks New York Times not to print story. (Ken Herold)

DEC 14 El Salvador, Malaya, Ireland, Thailand urge U.N. action on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 20 U.S. Ambassador Plimpton claims China wiping out Tibetans. Resolution demands end of China policy against Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

DEC 21 U.N. passes Tibet resolution with U.S. support. (Ken Herold)

DEC 25 Mrs. O. Thondup interviewed on situation in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1962

JAN 7 China makes occupied-Tibet a separate customs area with posts on southern Tibet border. (Ken Herold)

JAN 12 Khampas kill 10 PLA troops. (Ken Herold)

JAN 22 240 dead in battle between Khampas and PLA. (Ken Herold)

FEB 3Denial [presumably by US] that aircraft dropping arms to Khampas in northern Nepal. India worried about potential PLA strike inside Nepal. (Ken Herold)

MAR 4 Sikkim says refugee flow ends. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 Dalai Lama asks for aid for refugees, will visit Mysore settlement. (Ken Herold)

MAR 24 Nehru opposes China plan for new treaty not dealing with border. (Ken Herold)

MAR 26 Dalai Lama confers with Nehru. (Ken Herold)

MAY 3 Four exiled Tibetan Buddhist monks arrive in U.S. (Ken Herold)

MAY 15 First launch of U.S. ELINT satellites capable of surveying Chinese radio, radar transmissions and missile test telemetry, and also monitoring Chinese occupation troops in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 27 China claims reforms completed in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 2India not to renew trade agreement with Tibet due to border dispute with China. (Ken Herold)

JUN 7 China-India treaty expires, Nehru pledges peaceful coexistence. (Ken Herold)

JUL 1China breaks radio link to Indian consulate in Lhasa, only radio link from Tibet to non-Communist nations. (Ken Herold)

JUL 29 Books reviewed: Dalai Lama's My Land and My People, H.E. Richardson's A Short History of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 10 Panchen returns to Tibet from another trip to China. (Ken Herold)

AUG 29 U-2 over Cuba finds SAM sites used to protect nuclear missiles, displaying capability to detect military sites in China and Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 9 India decides to fight for Chinese-occupied Thagla Ridge area. (Ken Herold)

OCT Second generator officially opened at Nachen Thang hydro plant, hundreds of Tibetans having died from starvation and exhaustion due to forced labor there. [JA, 232](Ken Herold)

OCT 4 Rahman of Malaya charges China with genocide and human rights violations against Tibetans to U.N. (Ken Herold)

OCT 10 Chinese and Indian troops fight near Dhola. (Ken Herold)

OCT 17 China prepares for offensive all along Tibetan border with India. (Ken Herold)

OCT 18 U.S. ambassador Galbraith flies to Washington after meeting with Nehru. (Ken Herold)

OCT 20 China launches full-scale offensive. (Ken Herold)

OCT 23 Major Indian offensive fails, forces retreat and abandon Tawang. [(Ken Herold)

OCT 29 U.S. agrees to supply weapons to India. (Ken Herold)

NOV 3 U.S. weapons begin arriving in India. (Ken Herold)

NOV 4 China claims to have restored Norbulingka and some monasteries. (Ken Herold)

NOV 13 CIA helps India form all-Tibetan secret commando group called Special Frontier Force, under code-name Establishment 22. CIA to NVDA assistance henceforth worked directly from New Delhi with special radio base in Orissa, India. (Ken Herold)

NOV 20 China declares unilateral cease-fire after successful offensive and after Nehru makes urgent request for aid from U.S. and U.K. (Ken Herold)

DEC 2 Discovery of intact Dalai Lama library in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

DEC 26 China-Pakistan border agreement planned showing Pakistani control of Kashmir, claimed by India. (Ken Herold)

1963

MAR China begins moving research and development effort for atomic bomb from Beijing to Qinghai(Amdo) complex. (Ken Herold)

MAR 2 China-Pakistan border agreement signed with India protest. (Ken Herold)

MAR 8 Peking editorial reinterprets 1949 statement on international treaties so as to show current Chinese claims to the fullest extent of the Manchu Empire in 1840(including Tibet). (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 Dalai Lama announces new constitution, drawing heavily on the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. (Ken Herold)

MAR 30 China claims India using Tibetans and Dalai Lama in India to interfere in China's internal affairs. Swiss to admit 1,000 Tibetan refugees. (Ken Herold)

MAY 24 U.S. pledges long-term military aid to India for defense against Chinese attack through Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 30Nehru warns of Chinese military build-up in Tibet.(Ken Herold)

SEP 1 Swiss to admit another 1,000 Tibetan refugees. (Ken Herold)

SEP 7 Xinjiang and Tibet described as colonial possessions of China. (Ken Herold)

NOV 20 China successfully tests atomic bomb implosion without nuclear component. (Ken Herold)

DEC Lanzhou plant succeeds in making weapons-grade uranium. (Ken Herold)

DEC 8 Gyalo Thondup seeks United Nations aid, says Tibetans resist Chinese. (Ken Herold)

DEC 26 India sees Chinese military shift from Tibet to Xinjiang. Fighting continues in Tibet and more refugees enter India. (Ken Herold)

DEC 29 Letter to editor urges U.S. and India to push for Chinese withdrawal from Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1964

JAN 17 Dalai Lama's brother Lobsang Samden interviewed in Vienna: More than 6,000 Tibetans sterilized by force; thousands starved by China in effort to destroy Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

FEB 16 100 Tibetans turned away from Indian border. (Ken Herold)

MAR Panchen Lama arrested in Lhasa after publicly supporting the Dalai Lama and Tibetan independence. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 Dalai Lama says China using torture against Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

MAR 27China says India inciting rebellion in Tibet by supporting Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

MAR 30 U.S. Tibet Office in New York City planned. (Ken Herold)

MAY 17 Dalai Lama will meet Nehru to plan aid for 70,000 Tibetan refugees in India. (Ken Herold)

MAY 24 Dalai Lama to tour Asian Buddhist nations. (Ken Herold)

MAY 27 Nehru dies in New Delhi. (Ken Herold)

JUN 17 Gen. Chang Kuo-hua was ousted in February, top Chinese commander in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 4 50 more Tibetan refugees enter Ladakh. (Ken Herold)

JUL 15 Dalai Lama's representative arrested in Nepal along with two aides. (Ken Herold)

JUL 19 Chinese censorship halting news from Tibet. China claims rebellion stopped. (Ken Herold)

AUG 17-day trial of the Panchen Lama by Chinese in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

AUG 18 10,100 Tibetan refugees estimated in Nepal. (Ken Herold)

AUG 28 Lhasa demonstrations by more than 1,000 Tibetan students in early July.(Ken Herold)

AUG 30 Nepal confirms fight mid-August between Khambas and Nepali troops at Mugu. (Ken Herold)

AUG 31 Nicaragua, El Salvador and Philippines urge U.N. debate on Tibet as situation worst since 1961 resolution. (Ken Herold)

SEP 2 U.S.S.R. press condemns Chinese map(by Liu Pei-Hua) showing 1840 boundaries(of presumed vassalage, not actual control) for current PRC territory, absorbing Tibet and Mongolia as well as vast tracts of India, Far and Southeast Asia. (Ken Herold)

NOV 26 Yale University library receives works of Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

DEC 14 Times of India says China offering nuclear weapons specialists to Indonesia. (Ken Herold)

DEC 14 Chang Kuo-hua reports rebellion continues in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 17 Peking for the first time brands the Dalai Lama as a traitor and removes him from the title as Chairman of PCART. (Ken Herold)

DEC 19 China now claims Dalai Lama led rebellion. (Ken Herold)

DEC 21 Chou announces Panchen Lama has also been stripped of title in PCART. Though he is allowed to remain a member, he has not been seen in public for some time. (Ken Herold)

DEC 31 Chou says Panchen Lama deposed as 'ruler of Tibet' for betraying China. (Ken Herold)

1965

1965 Dalai Lama publishes An Introduction to Buddhism in Switzerland. (Ken Herold)

JAN 13 I.C.J. reports continued persecution of Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

JAN 18 China says India has sent spy planes over its territory. (Ken Herold)

? threatened to kill Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

FEB 19 PLA defector describes terror and repression in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 18 Philippines wants U.N. debate on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 21 Dalai Lama says thousands killed in recent uprising, urges worldwide help through United Nations. (Ken Herold)

JUN 24 China to announce new government over Tibet called 'self-rule'. (Ken Herold)

JUN 25 Experts say China to retain absolute control over Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 29 China bans international news media from Lhasa during change of occupation government. (Ken Herold)

JUL China radio in Lhasa claims to have crushed Tibetan rebellion. (Ken Herold)

JUL 12 Guerilla offensive against PLA by Khampa rebels. (Ken Herold)

AUG 7 India-Pakistan fighting in Kashmir.(Ken Herold)

SEP 1 First People's Council of the new Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR) meets in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

SEP 3 China announces it is freeing three Tibetan prisoners. (Ken Herold)

SEP 7China denounces Indian aggression in Pakistan and pledges full support for Pakistan as fighting intensifies in Kashmir. (Ken Herold)

SEP 9 First Tibetan People's Congress established by China announces plans. (Ken Herold)

SEP 10 Dalai Lama arrives at Bylakuppe settlement, now housing 3200 Tibetan refugees. He stays for ten days, then visits Mysore, Ootamacund and Madras. two bombs have meanwhile fallen on Dharamsala. (Ken Herold)

SEP 10 Ngabo Ngawang Jigme is elected 'leader' of Tibet by Chinese-dominated electors. China says he replaces Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

SEP 16China gives India ultimatumover Kashmir fighting. U.S. sides with India and warns China against involvement. (Ken Herold)

SEP 22 Pakistan joins India in accepting cease-fire demanded by U.N. in war over Kashmir and in accepting U.S.S.R. offer to mediate. (Ken Herold)

SEP 23 Philippines sets Tibet as agenda item at U.N. over U.S.S.R. protest that Tibet is part of China. (Ken Herold)

OCT 27 Minister Chagla wants India to reconsider 1954 pact recognizing China's sovereignty over Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 15 Taiwan says 300,000 troops ordered into Tibet. Ireland urges China negotiate with Dalai Lama. At the U.N. the Philippines, India, Ireland and Thailand say Tibetans being ruthlessly repressed by China. (Ken Herold)

DEC 18 By a 43-26-22 vote, U.N. General Assembly adopts resolution supporting human rights and freedoms of the Tibetan people. (Ken Herold)

1966

MAY Tibetan Government in Exile sees separation of its legislature from administration with the election of people's deputies. (Ken Herold)

JUL 5 China tightens control, seals border of Tibet. Strict curbs on lamas and monasteries to keep youth away. (Ken Herold)

AUG 25 Cultural Revolution begins in Tibet: Lhasa's Central Cathedral, the Tsuglakhang, is invaded by Red Guards and hundreds of rare and priceless items are destroyed. (Ken Herold)

AUG 25 Red Guard in Lhasa ransacks Central Temple. (Ken Herold)

DEC 12 London press says Tibetan rebels have killed over 5,000 PLA troops in recent battles. (Ken Herold)

DEC 22 Red Guards prepare to seize power from Communist bureaucrats in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1967

Early in the year, China completes railway system, transport airbase and bomber station for Lop Nur Nuclear Base. (Ken Herold)

JAN 10 Red Guards seize Tibet Daily, official newspaper of Chinese colonists in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 21 Chang Kuo-hua forced to flee Tibet during left-wing purges. (Ken Herold)

JAN 25 Red Guards proclaim takeover of Central Committee of TAR and attempt coup in PLA leadership in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB 12 Taiwan says anti-Mao PLA units have seized control of Tibet in battles. (Ken Herold)

FEB 15 Lhasa controlled by anti-Mao troops led by Chang Kuo-hua and Chang Tsai-wang. (Ken Herold)

FEB 17 Red Guard-Army battle in Kantse District. (Ken Herold)

FEB 18 Peking sends three divisions to Tibet to suppress anti-Mao rebellion in PLA. (Ken Herold)

MAR 3 Tibet Daily reports PLA has ousted Red Guards and taken control of Lhasa. Martial law soon declared. (Ken Herold)

MAR 21 Maoist troops regain control of police, press and banks in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 6 Peking orders the PLA to cease repression of Red Guards. [JA, 285](Ken Herold)

JUN 8 Red Guards resume battle for control of Communist regime in Tibet with full-scale war among the Chinese colonists lasting throughout the year. (Ken Herold)

AUG 20 Moscow radio reports fighting by Tibetan rebels in Lhasa. AUG 25 Great Northern Paper Company of U.S. hires six Tibetan refugees as lumberjacks in test project. (Ken Herold)

AUG 28 Hundreds of Tibetan refugees enter India relating new Red Guard campaign of terror to destroy all religious freedom in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 10 Continued factional Red Guard fighting in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 25 Dalai Lama visits Japan through October 19th. (Ken Herold)

NOV 11 Dalai Lama visits Thailand for four days. (Ken Herold)

NOV 21 Dalai Lama hopeful in spite of worst year for occupied Tibet since invasion. Chinese try to eradicate all Buddhist practice in country. (Ken Herold)

1968

JAN Red Guard battles in Lhasa disrupt food distribution and tens of thousands of Tibetans die in five-year period of starvation. (Ken Herold)

JAN 20 Letter says U.S. has abandoned Tibet for political purposes, urges U.S. to invite Dalai Lama to U.S. (Ken Herold)

JUN 7 Two Chinese and 12 Tibetans killed in Lhasa protest. (Ken Herold)

SEP 5 Red Guards finally establish a Cultural Revolution Committee in Tibet, although Peking has disarmed factions fighting continues. Most of Tibet's 6254 monasteries are systematically looted and destroyed, the plunder sent to China. Religion is outlawed and thousands of religious and other books are burned. (Ken Herold)

SEP 7 China reports new revolutionary committee for Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 4 Chinese fighting Chinese in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV Tibetan settlements in Switzerland. (Ken Herold)

DEC Radio Peking portrays the Dalai Lama as a bandit and traitor(Ken Herold)

DEC 31 Tibetans attack Chinese Embassy in New Delhi over China's harassment of author of book Revolt in Tibet, Frank Moraes. (Ken Herold)

1969

1969 Dalai Lama publishes Happiness, Karma, and Mind in U.S. (Ken Herold)

JAN 4 China demands compensation from India for Tibetan attack on embassy. (Ken Herold)

JAN 12 Khentse Rinpoche installed as six-year-old reincarnate lama from Bhutan. (Ken Herold)

JAN 26 Books reviewed: A Cultural History of Tibet by David Snellgrove and Hugh Richardson; Thubten Jigme Norbu and Colin Turnbull's Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB 13 U.S. satellite reconnaissance photos of Tibet and map files from German Nazi General Hemmerich's collection(confiscated by the U.S. Army), including Swedish explorer Sven Hedin's vport on southern Tibet, being compiled by NASA into latest maps of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 12 Dalai Lama urges Tibetan refugees to preserve their Buddhism, marking ten-year exile. (Ken Herold)

MAR 30 China tightens Tibet border amid reports of border clashes with U.S.S.R. (Ken Herold)

APR 8 Taiwan says its agents fighting PLA along with 3,000 Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

SEP 12 Panchen Lama has been imprisoned in China since 1964. (Ken Herold)

SEP 13 India says China moving nuclear weapons facilities to northern Tibet due to battles with U.S.S.R. (Ken Herold)

SEP 16 London press report U.S.S.R. may strike Lop Nur nuclear base. [CQ1, 187](Ken Herold)

NOV 16 Continued battle for control of Tibet by rival PLA factions. (Ken Herold)

DEC 19 20,000 Tibetan and Chinese prisoners forced to labor on jet airbase in southeast Tibet. China building network of military roads and war materials throughout country. (Ken Herold)

DEC 21 Reports from India speculate on status of Panchen Lama, probable he was tortured and beaten by Chinese. (Ken Herold)

1970

JAN 25 Availability of Tibetan art treasures in Darjeeling, Nepal, Singapore, Hong Kong and Bangkok. (Ken Herold)

JUL 27 Radio Lhasa reports suppression of local armed uprising. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 Start of unprecedented week-long debate in Dharamsala sees the founding of the Tibetan Youth Congress and its criticism of the Cabinet in exile. (Ken Herold)

1971

JUL 17 Kissinger tells India that U.S. would not oppose China if China joined Pakistan in war with India. (Ken Herold)

AUG Following Kissinger trip [to China], CIA suspends all support for Tibetans at Chinese request. [JA, 125](Ken Herold)

OCT Special Frontier Force of 5,000 Tibetan troops spearhead Indian attack in Bangladesh fighting. (Ken Herold)

NOV Founding of Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamsala, India. (Ken Herold)

DEC 3 West Pakistan launches surprise attack on India, India reprises and within weeks India forces East Pakistani surrender. (Ken Herold)

1972

1972 Dalai Lama visits Thailand, publishes Opening of the Wisdom Eye in U.S. (Ken Herold)

JAN 22 Dalai Lama reports Tibetan uprising in Beru area of eastern Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB 17 President Nixon leaves for China despite not having assurances that he would actually meet with Mao. (Ken Herold)

FEB 27 Shanghai Communiqué announces U.S. policy shift away from Taiwan. (Ken Herold)

JUL Struggle for the Restoration of Tibet's Rightful Independence popular organization founded in Dharamsala. (Ken Herold)

JUL 27 China protests U.N. assistance to Tibetan refugees at Geneva meeting. (Ken Herold)

SEP 24 Dalai Lama's aid for Tibetan refugees. (Ken Herold)

OCT 8 P. Thonden describes life in India and the U.S. for exiled Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

1973

SEP 29 At the onset of the first trip outside Asia by a Dalai Lama, His Holiness meets with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican. (Ken Herold)

SEP 30 Dalai Lama visits Switzerland through October 6th.(Ken Herold)

OCT 7 Dalai Lama two day visit to the Netherlands. (Ken Herold)

OCT 9 Dalai Lama to Belgium and Ireland. (Ken Herold)

OCT 10 Dalai Lama visits Norway through the 13th, receives the Palketta Award. (Ken Herold)

OCT 13 Dalai Lama in Sweden through the 17th. (Ken Herold)

OCT 17 Dalai Lama visits Denmark through the 20th.(Ken Herold)

OCT 20 Dalai Lama in Britain until the 30th. (Ken Herold)

OCT 30 Dalai Lama visits West Germany through November 5th. -(Ken Herold)

NOV Mao demands Nepal shut down Tibetan guerrilla base at Mustang. (Ken Herold)

NOV 5 Dalai Lama in Austria. (Ken Herold)

1974

1974 Dalai Lama visits Switzerland and Tibetan settlements in southern India. (Ken Herold)

JUN 11 Reports on negotiations between Dalai Lama and China, China acknowledges support for Dalai Lama in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG NVDA bases in Mustang surrender or are destroyed by Nepalese troops in cooperation with PLA forces in Tibet(Ken Herold)

SEP 11 China will not recognize Indian ‘annexation’ of Sikkim, which it had condemned as colonial expansion. (Ken Herold)

SEP 29 TASS accuses China of making Tibet a huge military base, threatening neighboring countries. (Ken Herold)

1975

1975 Dalai Lama publishes Buddhism of Tibet and Key to the Middle Way in U.S. and Britain. [D2, 157](Ken Herold)

1975 China begins launching spy-satellites from Shuang-Cheng-Tzu Space Center. (Ken Herold)

MAY 24 Dalai Lama addresses Buddhist leaders' conference in Darjeeling, India. (Ken Herold)

AUG 8 Chinese liaison office in U.S. asks State Dept. to prevent arrival in U.S. of Tibetan cultural group. (Ken Herold)

SEP 24 State Dept. rejects China on Tibetan visit. (Ken Herold)

OCT 14 China protests new Office of Tibet in New York, which legally registered with State Dept. as agent of Dalai Lama. U.S. rejects complaint. (Ken Herold)

1976

MAY 20 India and China resume trade.(Ken Herold)

JUL 24 India and China resume relations after 14 years. (Ken Herold)

SEP Neither Dalai Lama nor Tibetan Government in Exile have contact with Peking until after death of Mao. (Ken Herold)

DEC 10 U.N. appeal to recognize leadership of Dalai Lama in Dharamsala. (Ken Herold)

DEC 19 U.S. KEYHOLE electronic spy satellite launched; designed to decrease U.S.reliance on overseas NSA bases, such as those in and around China and Tibet. (Ken Herold)

1977

1977 George Bush, after Chinese-led tour of Lhasa, writes article in Newsweek criticizing Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 India's internal secret service subverts planned demonstration at Chinese embassy in Delhi by the Tibetan Youth Congress, hundreds of Tibetans arrested. (Ken Herold)

MAR 20 Start of 10-day hunger strike by the newly-formed Tibetan People's Freedom Movement demanding implementation of U.N. resolution on Tibet; strike ends with turmoil in Dharamsala and failure of India's just-elected Janata Party to keep promises to openly support Tibet's cause. (Ken Herold)

APR Ngapo Ngawang Jigme says China would welcome the return of the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

MAY 2 Dalai Lama invited back to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 17 India says Tibet is part of China. (Ken Herold)

OCT 23 State Dept. blocking proposed trip to U.S. by Dalai Lama so as not to offend China. (Ken Herold)

1978

FEB 5 Deng says China slow to allow foreigners into Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB 18 U.S. and Canadian citizens from Tibet campaign to remove "China" from their passports. (Ken Herold)

FEB 25 China releases the Panchen Lama after 14 years in Qin Cheng Prison near Peking. (Ken Herold)

FEB 25 Panchen Lama attends Peking conference. (Ken Herold)

MAR 3 China publishes interview with Panchen Lama on his life since 1964. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 Dalai Lama calls on China to permit unrestricted access to Tibet by foreigners and freedom of travel for Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

MAR 13 Prof. Tung letter disputes Tibet's status as independent in 1940s. (Ken Herold)

MAR 30 Tinley N. Akar disputes Tung letter. (Ken Herold)

APR Tibetan Youth Congress calls for an internationally-authorized referendum in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 17 Prime Minister Desai admits India-U.S. intelligence team planted a nuclear-powered spy device in the Himalayas in 1966 to monitor Chinese nuclear tests at Lop Nur. (Ken Herold)

MAY 5 India Minister Vajpayee restates policy that India says Tibet is part of China. (Ken Herold)

JUN China permits Tibetans to contact and visit exiles abroad. (Ken Herold)

JUN 2 Marchais Center on Tibetan Art to show photos of Tibet in 1942 taken by Tolstoi and Dolan. (Ken Herold)

OCT 4-9 Dalai Lama visits Japan. (Ken Herold)

OCT 25 Dalai Lama sees China losing control of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV China releases 34 prisoners who had been administrators in the former Tibetan Government. (Ken Herold)

NOV 15 China releases 24 former Tibetan officials from prison with ten others. (Ken Herold)

NOV 16 China frees 24 Tibetans imprisoned for 19 years. (Ken Herold)

NOV 17 Dalai Lama praises release of Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

DEC 29 Panchen Lama in Peking says Dalai Lama should return from exile. (Ken Herold)

1979

1979 Dalai Lama U.S.S.R. and the U.S. and receives honorary doctorate of humanities from Seattle U. and U. of Oriental Studies, Los Angeles. He receives medal from Asian Buddhist Committee for Peace. (Ken Herold)

JAN 1 U.S. officially recognizes the People's Republic of China. Panchen Lama calls for the Dalai Lama and other Tibetans to return to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 6 U.S. Tibet Committee director Trinley tells of Tibetan struggle. (Ken Herold)

JAN 8 Radio Lhasa announces formation of a reception committee to welcome returning Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

JAN 30 Dalai Lama ready to negotiate with China over occupied Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 31 Dalai Lama tells reporters in Calcutta he is trying to contact the Chinese Embassy. (Ken Herold)

FEB 1 U.S. formally recognizes the People's Republic of China. Panchen Lama calls for the return of the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

FEB 3 Hadley describes 100,000 Tibetan refugees. (Ken Herold)

FEB 3 Dalai Lama calls for China to open Tibet to world. (Ken Herold)

FEB 7 First group of Tibetan exiles to visit Tibet in 20 years. Dalai Lama welcomes first-hand account of conditions. (Ken Herold)

FEB 11 Dalai Lama declines Chinese invitation to visit Tibet under present terms. (Ken Herold)

MAR 8 India and China discuss Tibet as part of China. China may consider permittingIndians to visit Kailash and Lake Mansorova[r]. (Ken Herold)

MAR 9 Dalai Lama says struggle for free Tibet will continue and that Tibetan youth understand Tibet is their nation. (Ken Herold)

MAR 19 China frees 376 Tibetan prisoners on March 17th in "leniency". (Ken Herold)

APR 15 China news says Tibetans will be compensated for lands seized in 1959. (Ken Herold)

APR 18 Former monk imprisoned for 21 years: Tibetan resistance against Chinese rule is strong; Tibetans cannot go to monasteries without permits; demands free movement for Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

APR 19 Fifteen Tibetan refugees to visit Tibet to study situation there. (Ken Herold)

APR 30 Formation of a communist party among Tibetans in exile in India. (Ken Herold)

MAY 1 Tibetan Youth Congress president Losang Jinpa says India has ignored the national struggle of Tibet while supporting Namibia, the PLO and South African independence. (Ken Herold)

MAY 3 Bhutan and Dalai Lama's representatives discuss Tibetan refugees in Bhutan. China completes first 700-km rail link from Chinghai province towards Lhasa, high-grade zinc and lead deposits discovered along route. (Ken Herold)

MAY 10 Dalai Lama tells French television he is wary of new Chinese liberalization as her leaders have been unpredictable(Ken Herold)

MAY 20 Exile trip to Tibet abandoned when China suddenly insists the group apply for visas as Chinese nationals(Ken Herold)

MAY 28 Dalai Lama says he plans to visit Mongolia to attend the Asian Buddhist Conference in June, but will not ask Soviet help in freeing Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 2 Khampa rebel released from 13-year imprisonment by China says armed resistance to Chinese occupation is strong throughout the country. (Ken Herold)

JUN 9 Dalai Lama plans to visit the United States in September but is encountering State Dept. discouragement. Covert aid to Tibetan rebels said to have ended with secret Kissinger trip to Peking in 1971. (Ken Herold)

JUN 12 Dalai Lama visits Mongolia.(Ken Herold)

JUN 13 Dalai Lama begins visit to U.S.S.R. and Mongolia. (Ken Herold)

JUN 21 Dalai Lama hails Carter-Brezhnev summit as step towardspeace. (Ken Herold)

JUN 26 Dalai Lama welcomes improved relations between China and India as a benefit to solving Tibet issue. (Ken Herold)

JUL 2 Dalai Lama says a "federation" with China might be possible if it would lead to happiness for six million Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

JUL 7 Dalai Lama says Tibet would probably have a socialist government following a Buddhist philosophy if he ever returns to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUL 13 Vice Chairman of National People's Congress Ngapo Ngawang Jigme in Peking asks Dalai Lama to return to China. (Ken Herold)

JUL 13 Dalai Lama arrives in Geneva for medical treatment. (Ken Herold)

JUL 17 Tibetan Youth Congress urges international effort to bring self-determination and freedom to Tibet(Ken Herold)

JUL 19 Dalai Lama allows for possible role of Marxism in future in Tibet, but says Tibetans suffer under Chinese occupation. (Ken Herold)

JUL 19 China appears to admit power of Buddhism in Tibet despite destroying 2,454 monasteries and reducing ranks of monks from 110,000 to 2,000. (Ken Herold)

JUL 20 Description of Tibet after two decades of Chinese occupation. (Ken Herold)

JUL 22 Dalai Lama says he welcomes liberalization under new Peking leadership, but situation in occupied-Tibet still remains unsatisfactory. (Ken Herold)

JUL 22 Description of Chinese method of buying good will in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 23 China opening Tibet to tourism at high cost. (Ken Herold)

JUL 26 Lhasa described. (Ken Herold)

JUL 29 Chinese assigned to Tibet said to be unhappy. (Ken Herold)

AUG 2 First Tibetan delegation leaves New Delhi for Hong Kong on way to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 2 Tibet envoys arrive for talks with China. Party includes Lobsang Samten, elder brother of the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

AUG 3-6 Dalai Lama visits Greece. (Ken Herold)

AUG 3 Balraj Madhok, president of Indo-Tibetan Friendship Society urges India to work towards Tibet as a zone of peace. (Ken Herold)

AUG 6 Dalai Lama in Switzerland through September 10th. (Ken Herold)

AUG 8 Dalai Lama's representative asks India to grant asylum to 4,000 Tibetan refugees in Bhutan who are threatened with return to Chinese-controlled Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 9 Trinley comments on recent series of articles on Tibet by Fox Butterfield. (Ken Herold)

AUG 16 Dalai Lama to visit U.S. next month. (Ken Herold)

AUG 27 Tibetan delegation has been in China for past three weeks for talks with Peking leaders. (Ken Herold)

AUG 28 Tibetan delegation leaves Lanzhou heading for Amdo. (Ken Herold)

SEP 2 China says Tian Bao replaces Ren Rong as leader of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 3 Tibetan Youth Congress appeals to the U.S. to help resolve the Tibet question. (Ken Herold)

SEP 4 Dalai Lama visits the U.S. through October 20th. (Ken Herold)

SEP 4 Dalai Lama arrives in New York in first visit to U.S., but the U.S. Government requests his seven-week trip be as religious head and not as exiled leader of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 4 Dalai Lama arrives in New York on 49-day tour of U.S. for cause of independent Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 5 India lifts trade barriers with Tibet region. (Ken Herold)

SEP 5 Dalai Lama news conference: Recent contact with China hopeful, but doubts his return to Tibet soon; need new attitude by Chinese. (Ken Herold)

SEP 7 Tibetan festival at Marchais Center. (Ken Herold)

SEP 8 Dalai Lama says Buddhists could learn from Christian activism. (Ken Herold)

SEP 12 Dalai Lama speaks at Georgetown U. and Constitution Hall on religion and meets with members of Senate Foreign Relations Committee. (Ken Herold)

SEP 16 Dalai Lama visits New Jersey Buddhist monastery. (Ken Herold)

SEP 20 China resumes official contacts with Dalai Lama after20 years. (Ken Herold)

SEP 20 Dalai Lama at East-West conference in Houston. (Ken Herold)

SEP 21 Tibetan Youth Congress says Chinese overtures to Dalai Lama show he is a symbol of Tibetan independence for the world. (Ken Herold)

SEP 24 Editorial hopes for preservation of Tibetan culture and religion. (Ken Herold)

OCT First Tibetan delegation returns from Tibet with hundreds of rolls of film chronicling the systematic destruction of the Tibetan culture. (Ken Herold)

OCT 5 World Fellowship of Buddhists urge U.N. to let Dalai Lama address body. (Ken Herold)

OCT 9 Tibetan exile allowed to return home says Tibetans now uniformly poor under communism and severely repressed. (Ken Herold)

Buddhist monasteries in New Jersey, urging preservation of Mongol heritage. (Ken Herold)

OCT 15 Dalai Lama at St. John the Devine speaks on Buddhism. (Ken Herold)

OCT 21 Dalai Lama news conference on leaving U.S. (Ken Herold)

OCT 28 China slow to improve conditions for Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

OCT 29 Incarnations under Chinese control in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 24 China and Nepal sign protocol on Tibet-Nepal border. (Ken Herold)

NOV 25 Huang Hua signs border protocol with Nepal. (Ken Herold)

NOV 30 CIA report on Tibet(years old) says Tibetans support Dalai Lama and their religion even under pains of imprisonment and death. (Ken Herold)

DEC 5 India asked by Tibetan Youth Congress to permit refugees in Bhutan to enter India on humanitarian grounds. (Ken Herold)

DEC 9 Audrey Topping on visit to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 10 Tibetan exiles in India demonstrate against China as a U.N. member not upholding basic human rights in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 18 Bhutan defers plan to relocate 4,000 Tibetan refugees. (Ken Herold)

1980

1980 Dalai Lama visits U.S. again this year. (Ken Herold)

JAN 27 Prof. Pedersen disputes Topping report on Tibet and Topping replies.(Ken Herold)

APR 7 Tourists to enter Tibet from Nepal in fall of 1980. (Ken Herold)

APR 7 Nepal-Tibet trade increased. (Ken Herold)

APR 24 Dalai Lama says China becoming more moderate but no trips planned to Tibet. Peking talks noted. (Ken Herold)

APR 25 Dalai Lama says China more moderate and he could envision returning to Tibet some day. (Ken Herold)

APR 30 Soviet Buddhist leader says Buddhists in the U.S.S.R. desire justice for Tibetan Buddhists. (Ken Herold)

MAY 1 Second five-member Tibetan delegation leaves Hong Kong for Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 3 Dalai Lama welcomes offer of support from U.S.S.R. official. (Ken Herold)

MAY 11 Tibet to be opened to tourists via Nepal. (Ken Herold)

MAY 14 Dalai Lama says U.S.S.R. has begun to support the Tibetan struggle. (Ken Herold)

JUN 1 Hu Yaobang touring Tibet says China to try to help Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

JUN 16 14-nation science tour of Tibet ends ten-day study. (Ken Herold)

JUN 23 Chinese Vice Premier Wan Li in new policy says Tibetan interests should be a priority. (Ken Herold)

JUL 2 Tibetan Youth Congress accuses China of luring Dalai Lama to Tibet to place him under house arrest like Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

JUL 13 Thubten Jigme Norbu, Dalai Lama's brother and a scholar at Indiana University, arrives in Peking on invitation from China. (Ken Herold)

JUL 14 Thubten Jigme Norbu in China on way to Lhasa says Dalai Lama could visit soon. (Ken Herold)

JUL 18 Canty's four-month visit to China and Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 19 China allows first foreign tourists into Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 1 Fact-finding mission visit cut short after emotional demonstration in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

AUG 1 Lhasa demonstrations during visit of Tsering Dorjee and China cuts trip short. (Ken Herold)

AUG 3 New Communist Party chief in Tibet, Yin Fatang, says Dalai Lama could possibly return to Tibet as a spiritual leader. (Ken Herold)

AUG 14 Thubten Jigme Norbu leaves Tibet after ten-day visit. (Ken Herold)

AUG 16 Tibetan exile delegation returns from three-month tour of Tibet saying Tibetans want freedom from China and 99% of monasteries destroyed. (Ken Herold)

AUG 17 Drepung permitted by China to admit monk novice. (Ken Herold)

AUG 20 China begins to admit to failure in its Tibet policies. (Ken Herold)

AUG 31 Dalai Lama possible visit to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 16 Nepal and Tibet agree to expand trade. (Ken Herold)

OCT Third delegation returns to Dharamsala. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 Dalai Lama in Rome says he is not bitter towards Chinese for two decades of repression and destruction. (Ken Herold)

OCT 8 Dalai Lama in New Delhi says Tibetan situation is bad. He plans four-week world tour. (Ken Herold)

OCT 10 Dalai Lama arrives in Canada for a 17-day visit. (Ken Herold)

OCT 15 Allman article describes changes in Tibet since Cultural Revolution. (Ken Herold)

OCT 17 Dalai Lama in Canada sees no trip to Tibet soon. (Ken Herold)

OCT 19 French President Valery Giscard d'Estaing and his wife leave Peking for first visit by a Western leader to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 22 India agrees to take 1,500 Tibetan refugees from Bhutan. (Ken Herold)

OCT 24 Dalai Lama says he will continue to live outside Tibet while Tibetans there suffer. (Ken Herold)

OCT 31 Dalai Lama visits Japan through November 13th. (Ken Herold)

MAR 3 Dalai Lama in Tokyo admires recent Chinese admission of errors in Tibet. He will return to Tibet if Tibetan people desire it. (Ken Herold)

NOV 7 Topping's book Splendors of Tibet reviewed. (Ken Herold)

NOV 18 Dalai Lama in Tokyo says while numbers of civilian Chinese in Tibet may have lowered, China was pouring military into the country, possibly due to the Afghan crisis. (Ken Herold)

DEC 17 Chinese Red Guards terrible destruction of Tibetan culture described.

1981

1981 Dalai Lama again visits the U.S. and performs first Kalachakra Initiation in the West at Madison, Wisconsin. (Ken Herold)

JAN 4 Topping book reviewed again. (Ken Herold)

FEB 15 Whittle visit to Tibet described. (Ken Herold)

APR 29 China refuses permission for the fourth Tibetan delegation to enter Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 5 Tibetan Youth Congress refutes Chinese propaganda campaign on conditions in Tibet, saying more PLA troops are being stationed there and freedom of religion does not exist. (Ken Herold)

JUN 29 Dalai Lama in Britain through July 3rd, meets with Duke of Westminster. (Ken Herold)

JUL 3-27 Dalai Lama visits Nepal. (Ken Herold)

JUL 25 Dalai Lama pleased with Chinese admissions of past errors in Tibet and apology to Tibetans, but says any return to Tibet is based upon solutions to present problems. (Ken Herold)

AUG 2 Dalai Lama's visit to New Jersey and plan to lecture at Harvard Divinity School. (Ken Herold)

AUG 11 Dalai Lama says his return is up to the Tibetan people themselves. (Ken Herold)

AUG 19 China move of Lop Nur missile base to Nagchuka in Tibet brings major Indian cities within ICBM range. (Ken Herold)

OCT 22 Chinese officials want to re-open Tibet-India border to trade, this from recent talks on pilgrimages by Indians to Kailash and Lake Mansorova. (Ken Herold)

NOV 1 Indian pilgrims to southwestern Tibet say monasteries were destroyed in Cultural Revolution. (Ken Herold)

NOV 5 Pema Gyalpo, Dalai Lama's sister, says Tibet still colonial nation even with recent Chinese liberalization campaign. (Ken Herold)

DEC 3 China setting up ICBM bases in Tibet along Indian border. (Ken Herold)

1982

FEB 27 Charlotte Salisbury describes 20 years of turmoil in Chinese-occupied Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR According to Lonely Planet's Tibet - A Travel Survival Kit, 2d(1992), Tibetans evacuated due to severe atmospheric pollution after nuclear test at Lop Nur. (Ken Herold)

APR Three member team of negotiators from Dharamsala fly to Peking for talks on future of Tibet, led by Juchen Thubten Namgyal, including Phuntsog Tashi Takla and Lodi Gyari. China presents five points regarding the status of the Dalai Lama but refuses to discuss Tibetan view. (Ken Herold)

JUL 27-29 Dalai Lama visits Malaysia. (Ken Herold)

JUL 29 Dalai Lama in Singapore through August 1st. (Ken Herold)

AUG 1-6 Dalai Lama visits Indonesia. (Ken Herold)

AUG 7-21 Dalai Lama in Australia. (Ken Herold)

SEP 11-13 Dalai Lama in the U.S.S.R. (Ken Herold)

SEP 14-26 Dalai Lama again visits Mongolia. (Ken Herold)

SEP 18 Tinley Nyandak tells of massive Chinese military build-up in Tibet with half million troops. (Ken Herold)

SEP 26-27 Dalai Lama in Hungary. (Ken Herold)

SEP 27-28 Dalai Lama at the Vatican. (Ken Herold)

SEP 28 Dalai Lama visits Spain through October 4th. (Ken Herold)

SEP 28 Dalai Lama in Rome to meet Italian leaders. (Ken Herold)

OCT 24 Dalai Lama visits West Germany through November 4th. (Ken Herold)

OCT 4-16 Dalai Lama in France. (Ken Herold)

OCT 16-25 Dalai Lama visits Italy. (Ken Herold)

1983

1983 Dalai Lama visits Switzerland, W. Germany, Austria and Turkey. (Ken Herold)

MAY 3 Chinese efforts to improve Tibetan life after disastrous ethnic policies. (Ken Herold)

MAY 20 Lhasa religious upsurge described. Dalai Lama invited to Tibet by China, but he will not go while under occupation. (Ken Herold)

SEP Executions reported in Lhasa, Shigatse and Gyantse, and arrests in Chamdo and Karze in new round of Chinese repression. (Ken Herold)

OCT 1 Lobsang Wangchuk and four others scheduled for execution, in international protest he is sentenced to 18 more years in prison. (Ken Herold)

OCT 3 Nepal Consul General says China executed five Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

OCT 16 China denies exile claim that six Tibetan dissidents killed. (Ken Herold)

DEC 25 Death of Dalai Lama's Senior Tutor, Ling Rinpoche. (Ken Herold)

1984

1984 Dalai Lama visits Japan, Britain, W. Germany and U.S., publishes Kindness, Clarity, and Insight in U.S. (Ken Herold)

FEB 26 Dalai Lama and 100,000 exiles profiled as preserving ancient culture and religion. (Ken Herold)

FEB 27 Dalai Lama critical of Chinese approach. (Ken Herold)

MAR 11 Rally for Tibetan cause at United Nations to mark 25th anniversary of rebellion and one million Tibetan dead. (Ken Herold)

MAR 18 More than 50,000 Tibetan exiles urge U.N. to demand removal of Chinese troops from Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY In contradiction of Hu Yaobang's pledge, China begins policy of massive population transfer into Tibet as 60,000 Chinese recruited and offered financial incentives to settle in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 14 Dalai Lama less likely to visit Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 23 Avedon op-ed article says 34 years of occupation and seven years of secret negotiations have resulted in 1.2 million Tibetan deaths due to Chinese policies of starvation, forced labor, and imprisonment. (Ken Herold)

SEP 7 China says Dalai Lama may send three-man delegation to Peking to plan visit to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 12 Three-member delegation to leave New Delhi for Peking on October 19th. (Ken Herold)

OCT 17 Dalai Lama cancels plan to visit Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 26 China claims 200 tons of Tibetan Buddhist relics taken during Cultural Revolution have been returned to monasteries for restoration. (Ken Herold)

1985

1985 Dalai Lama visits Switzerland, publishes Opening the Eye of Awareness in Britain. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 Lobsang Gyatso talks about situation in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 28 Nepal and China agree to allow travel through Himalayan passes. (Ken Herold)

JUL 24 91 Members of Congress sign letter to Chinese President Li supporting direct talks between China and the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. (Ken Herold)

AUG 9 Dalai Lama warns China is making massive transfer of Chinese settlers into Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 2 China marks 20 years of TAR by re-asserting sovereignty over Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 15 Lobsang Samden dies at age 53. (Ken Herold)

1986

1986 Dalai Lama visits W. Germany, Austria, Netherlands, Vatican, U.S.S.R., Italy and France, and delivers World Environmental Day message. (Ken Herold)

MAR 15 Op-ed article says lack of Western support for Tibetans adds to tragedy there. (Ken Herold)

1987

1987 Dalai Lama visits Switzerland, W. Germany and U.S., and receives Leopold Lucas Prize in W. Germany. (Ken Herold)

MAY 19 Reps. Gilman and Rose introduce H.R. 2476 condemning China for human rights abuses in Tibet and supporting Tibetan refugees. (Ken Herold)

JUN 14 Review of Chinese destruction of monasteries and how Tibetan attempts to rebuild are a sign of resistance. (Ken Herold)

JUN 18 U.S. House of Representatives unanimously expresses grave concern to China over suffering of Tibetans in Foreign Relations Authorization Act.(H.R. 1777) (Ken Herold)

JUN 23 Gargan article from Lhasa shows Tibetan opposition to Chinese settlers.(Ken Herold)

JUL 13 Gargan writes from Samye monastery, Tibet's oldest, effort to rebuild after invasion and destruction by Chinese. (Ken Herold)

AUG 24 Avedon article in Wall Street Journal supports U.S. congressional actions favoring Tibet, condemns Chinese population-transfer policy, calls for neutral Tibet for Central Asian stability. (Ken Herold)

SEP 18 China protests to U.S. on visit of Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

SEP 21 Dalai Lama presents Five-Point Peace Plan before U.S. Congress. (Ken Herold)

SEP 22 Congressional letter to Zhao Ziyang calling for China to resolve Tibetan human rights situation and respond to Dalai Lama's plan. (Ken Herold)

SEP 25 Radio Lhasa announces death sentences for two Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

SEP 27 21 monks from Drepung march in Lhasa shouting independence slogans, arrests follow. (Ken Herold)

SEP 29 Lantos condemns Chinese execution of Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

OCT 1 60 Lhasan protesters arrested. A crowd of 2,000 tries to release them from front of police station. Police fire on demonstrators with at least seven killed. [(Ken Herold)

OCT 1 China reports Lhasa protest led by monks calling for independence. May be arrests. China claims foreign involvement. (Ken Herold)

OCT 1 Representative Lantos says at least two Tibetans executed by China. (Ken Herold)

OCT 3 Thousands march for independence in Lhasa, six reported dead. China blames Dalai Lama. Review of Chinese invasion in 1950 and military rule since 1959. (Ken Herold)

OCT 4 China blames Dalai Lama for protests. Dalai Lama opposes violence. China holding two Americans in custody. (Ken Herold)

OCT 5 China imposes curfew on Lhasa, release John Ackerly and Dr. Blake Kerr. (Ken Herold)

OCT 6 Ninety Drepung monks in front of TAR government offices call for release of monks held since arrests of September 27th, armed police beat and arrest them. (Ken Herold)

OCT 6 Chinese police invade Jokhang Cathedral in Lhasa arresting at least 20 since October 1st. Nine Tibetans reported killed. Peking hard-liners behind crackdown. Drepung silenced. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 Reagan Administration supports Chinese repression of Tibet. U.S. Senate votes 98-0 to condemn China. Fourteen reported dead since October 1st demonstrations, Sixty arrests on October 6th of people shouting Dalai Lama's name. (Ken Herold)

OCT 8 Dalai Lama's news conference from Dharamsala, India: Supports Tibetan non-violent protest of Chinese rule; China cuts phone and telex from Tibet and bans entry to the territory. Editorial critical of Reagan Administration for not supporting Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 9 Chinese oust Western reporters from Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 10 Chinese police plaster walls of monasteries with posters denouncing Dalai Lama. Fourteen journalists from six nations leave Tibet. Avedon op-ed article says U.S. should oppose Chinese oppression of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 11 Tibetans protesting influx of Chinese. Recent moderate Chinese policies in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 12 Gargan article on Lhasa demonstrations, Kerr, Ackerly. (Ken Herold)

OCT 14 Human rights in Tibet subject of House Foreign Affairs subcommittee hearing. (Ken Herold)

OCT 15 West German Bundestag resolution on human rights violations by China in Tibet passes unanimously. (Ken Herold)

OCT 15 Roy denies Reagan Administration supports Chinese actions against Tibet.(Ken Herold)

OCT 17 Deng attacks U.S. Representatives and says Lantos group will not be allowed to visit Tibet. China outlaws gatherings in Lhasa and processions around Jokhang Cathedral. (Ken Herold)

OCT 18 Reagan Administration may seek to express disapproval of Tibet policy to China. (Ken Herold)

OCT 19 Yangchen of Sikkim supports editorial of October 8th. (Ken Herold)

OCT 20 Thirteen-member Tibetan delegation touring U.S. (Ken Herold)

OCT 21 California Democratic congressional delegation urges Reagan to pressure China on Tibetan rights. (Ken Herold)

OCT 28 Thirteen arrested demonstrators released. (Ken Herold)

NOV 1 Communists blame Dalai Lama for violence, he favors civil disobedience and peaceful means. (Ken Herold)

NOV 4 Lobsang Wangchuk, an Amnesty International prisoner of conscience and prominent political and religious prisoner, dies at Drapchi Prison. (Ken Herold)

NOV 10 Ganden Tri Rinpoche leads service for world peace and for all Tibetans who have died under Chinese occupation at St. John the Devine Church. (Ken Herold)

NOV 13 Kerr and Ackerly witnessed demonstrations and were held by Chinese for three days. (Ken Herold)

NOV 22 How Kerr and Ackerly were expelled from Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 24 Rep. Conyers critical of Reagan Administration for opposing Senate vote on Tibetan rights. (Ken Herold)

NOV 27 200 Tibetan students demonstrate at Rigong. (Ken Herold)

DEC 22 Foreign Relations Authorization Act becomes law, includes section on human rights violations by China in Tibet and findings by Congress that China invaded and occupied Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 26 Yulo Dawa Tsering arrested, he becomes one of Tibet's most well-known political prisoner. (Ken Herold)

1988

1988 Dalai Lama visits Italy, W. Germany, Switzerland, the Vatican, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and France, and receives Albert Schweitzer Humanitarian Award. (Ken Herold)

JAN 5 Rosenthal on interview with Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

JAN 8 Rosenthal op-ed article critical of Reagan Administration for supporting China in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JAN 9 Profile of Dharamsala Tibetan exile community and interview with the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

JAN 25 Associated Press reports more than 5,000 Tibetans imprisoned after October demonstrations, women and children included, enduring torture and starvation. (Ken Herold)

FEB 4 Uneasy calm in Tibet. Despite jailings and repression, China worried about upcoming Prayer Festival. (Ken Herold)

FEB 16 Panchen Lama disputes official Chinese report that police did not fire at protesters last October. (Ken Herold)

FEB 28 BBC reports Lhasa besieged by thousands of Chinese security forces. (Ken Herold)

MAR 5 Hundreds of Tibetans march for independence outside the Jokhang, between 8-50 killed are mostly monks. One Chinese policeman dead. Chinese police invade Jokhang beating monks, up to 1,000 Tibetans imprisoned after shops burned. (Ken Herold)

MAR 6 Riots in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

MAR 7 Three dead after monk shouts for independence at Jokhang, including one police officer. Monks had boycotted Prayer Festival. (Ken Herold)

MAR 9 Failure of Chinese policies in Tibet, editorial says Americans should be concerned for Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

MAR 13 150 Tibetans demonstrate in New Delhi. (Ken Herold)

MAR 30 According to the Christian Science Monitor, Dalai Lama will disavow campaign for Tibet if exiled activists resort to violence; Tibet communist party members reportedly oppose Beijing's repressive policies. (Ken Herold)

MAR 23 Grunfeld letter reviews U.S. and Chinese policies on Tibet, links peace to Peking-Dalai Lama talks and border negotiations. (Ken Herold)

APR 5 China says Dalai Lama can live in Tibet if he gives up call for independence. Panchen Lama describes recent protests. (Ken Herold)

APR 6 Dalai Lama rejects Chinese offer. (Ken Herold)

APR 7 Editorial supports negotiations between Dalai Lama and Chinese, says China must recognize Tibetan self-government. (Ken Herold)

APR 19 Protests continue in Tibet, U.S. officials say China severely curtailing travel into Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 8 Visitor to Tibet says at least 18 monks killed in Lhasa in March. Chinese repression intensified, fewer than ten foreigners said to be living in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUN 15 Dalai Lama's Strasbourg Proposals before European Parliament call for self-governing whole of Tibet(including U-Tsang, Kham and Amdo) in "association" with China. Negotiating team ready to meet Chinese. (Ken Herold)

JUN 16 Dalai Lama says China may handle Tibetan foreign affairs and station troops. Western experts say China has tens of thousands of troops in Tibet as buffer with India. (Ken Herold)

JUN 30 Dalai Lama signals Chinese leaders urging formal direct talks to resolve political situation in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 27 Kashag names five-member delegation for any future talks with China, headed by Tashi Wangdi and including Dutch lawyer Michael van Walt. (Ken Herold)

JUL 31 Asia Watch report on arrests and torture of Tibetans. Call for international concern. Criticism of Reagan administration. (Ken Herold)

AUG 9 Rosenthal plea for Tibet.(Ken Herold)

Congress calls for Chinese and U.S. governments to act on Dalai Lama's proposals.(Ken Herold)

SEP 23 China says talks conditional on Tibet rejecting independence and Peking will not deal with Kashag or foreigners. (Ken Herold)

SEP 25 China imposes curfew on travellers in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 30 Massive Chinese security forces close the Jokhang Temple square in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

OCT 5 Council of Europe Assembly declaration supporting Tibetan human rights. (Ken Herold)

OCT 6 Far Eastern Economic Review article on potential China-Tibet talks. (Ken Herold)

OCT 11 Senator Leahy's trip to China and especially to Lhasa in Tibet. [CR, S15501-15509] (Ken Herold)

OCT 13 Far Eastern Economic Review article on Tibet and Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

OCT 14 European Parliament resolution urges China to respect Tibetan rights.(Ken Herold)

OCT 14 New wave of refugees reportedly fleeing Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 14 Senator Helms statement on Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 19 Australian Parliament member proposal urging China to negotiate with the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

OCT 26 Dalai Lama proposes Geneva talks on Tibet for next January. (Ken Herold)

NOV Bush elected President. (Ken Herold)

NOV 13 Los Angeles Times says twenty monks arrested for truthfully answering Chinese questionnaire as to whether China should withdraw from Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 7 Communist party leader in Tibet sacked by China, stepped-up efforts to stop protests. (Ken Herold)

DEC 9 Chinese police forces increased in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

DEC 10 Tibetans celebrating International Human Rights Day and calling for independence in Lhasa are shot by Chinese forces. Tibetan Government-in-Exile says 18 dead and 130 injured. (Ken Herold)

DEC 11 Chinese troops open fire on protesters in Lhasa killing two. China claims lamas and nuns waved flags in support of independence. Media blackout prevents confirmation of story. (Ken Herold)

DEC 12 China says monk killed and 13 wounded by warning shots fired during demonstration. (Ken Herold)

DEC 19 Sixty Tibetan students march through Peking to protest police shooting in their country. (Ken Herold)

1989

Dalai Lama visits U.S. twice, Costa Rica, Mexico, France, W. Germany and Norway, and performs Kalachakra Initiation at Santa Monica, California. (Ken Herold)

JAN Proposed Geneva discussions between Tibet and China scuttled by Chinese preconditions. (Ken Herold)

JAN 2 Lhasa demonstration by hundreds of students. (Ken Herold)

JAN 3 Tibetans in India challenge Prime Min. Rajiv Gandhi's assertion of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet in December 1988 statement while he visited Peking. (Ken Herold)

JAN 27 Death of the Seventh Panchen Lama. Panchen Lama dies at age 50, crucial figure in Chinese policy towards Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB 7 Tibetan flag raised over the Jokhang. (Ken Herold)

FEB 16 Chinese leaders memorialize Panchen Lama, praise his opposition to Tibetan independence. (Ken Herold)

MAR 5 Peaceful Lhasa protest attacked by police firing into crowd and using tear-gas, beginning three days of demonstrations leaving 80-150 Tibetans and one Chinese policeman dead. (Ken Herold)

MAR 6 Hundreds stage independence rally in Lhasa, police open fire with eleven deaths. (Ken Herold)

MAR 7 U.S. questions use of police force in Lhasa, but does not file official protest. (Ken Herold)

MAR 7 China declares martial law in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 8 China imposes martial law in Lhasa as protests continue for third day. Twelve dead and more than 100 wounded. Most serious challenge to Chinese rule since 1959 uprising. ==

MAR 9 Tourists and journalists expelled from the Tibetan Autonomous Region by China. (Ken Herold)

MAR 9 Thousands of Chinese troops occupy Lhasa, Tibetans terrorized by security forces. Dalai Lama's Office issues strong protest. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 Police interrogate Tibetans. Sixteen dead. Capital Area Friends of Tibet plan demonstration in Washington D.C. Editorial says U.S. should acknowledge Dalai Lama's political standing and support cultural and religious autonomy for Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 11 Mass arrests in Lhasa. Dalai Lama asks Deng to lift martial law and attend talks on Tibet's future. (Ken Herold)

MAR 12 Chinese rule over Tibet called inept and brutal. (Ken Herold)

MAR 15 European Parliament resolution on human rights in Tibet calls for lifting of martial law and respect for a constitutionally autonomous status of Tibet. U.S. Senate Res. 82 urges China to end human rights abuses in Tibet and calls for Administration to propose a United Nations observer team to monitor situation in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 20 China unusually harsh in condemning Senate resolution on repression in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 22 Dalai Lama urges China, West, and supporters to save Tibetan culture, says non-violence only real method. (Ken Herold)

MAR 28 Foreign Min. Qian attacks Congress for criticizing policies on Tibet, wants new U.S.-China relations. (Ken Herold)

Martial law declared in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 13 Martial law preceded by several weeks of protests, signs posted in December 1988 for Tibetans to mark International Human Rights Day. (Ken Herold)

MAY 7 Concern for 14,000 Tibetan exiles in Nepal as Indian economic blockade pushes Nepal to rely more on China. (Ken Herold)

MAY 16 U.S. House Concurrent Res. 63 urges China to allow international humanitarian groups access to prisons in Tibet, urges President and Sec. of State to raise human rights violations in U.S. China policy. (Ken Herold)

JUN 4 Tienanmen Square massacre: thousands of Chinese pro-democracy demonstrators are fired on in crushing blow by Chinese military. (Ken Herold)

JUN 28 Dalai Lama in New York says Chinese actions of arrest and execution will not succeed in crushing democracy, in Tibet violent repression has not worked. (Ken Herold)

JUL 25 Rosenthal column on U.S. failure to officially meet with Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

AUG International conference on Tibet held at New Delhi. (Ken Herold)

SEP 2 Small protest by nuns in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

SEP 14 China sentences ten Tibetans to prison or death for pro-independence activities. (Ken Herold)

SEP 22 Nuns protest in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

SEP 30 Another small protest by nuns in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

OCT 8 China indignant over award, accuses Dalai Lama of breaking Chinese national unity. Dalai Lama happy award may help Tibetans and money less important. (Ken Herold)

OCT 11 Hundreds of Lhasans celebrate Peace Prize award despite martial law, also on the 12th. (Ken Herold)

OCT 13 Nobel Committee said to have selected Dalai Lama in part to bolster democracy movement in China. protest in Lhasa amid high security. (Ken Herold)

DEC 9 Chinese soldiers limit access to the Barkor. (Ken Herold)

DEC 10 Sera and Drepung monks locked in their monasteries by authorities to prevent demonstrations. (Ken Herold)

DEC 11 Dalai Lama accepts Nobel Peace Prize. Chinese Communist Party bitterly opposed. Nepal outlaws public Tibetan celebrations of award. (Ken Herold)

1990

JAN 17 China letter to U.N. Special Rapporteur on Torture denies Tseten Norgyal in prison. (Ken Herold)

JAN 19 China's U.S. Ambassador Zhu letter to Sen. Leahy says Tseten Norgyal imprisoned. (Ken Herold)

FEB U.S. State Department human rights report cites China for numerous violations in Tibet. China responds with furious indignation. (Ken Herold)

FEB 2-6 Dalai Lama given rousing welcome during five-day visit to Czechoslovakia. (Ken Herold)

MAR 11 A group of nuns protest in Lhasa, waving a Tibetan flag from the roof of the Jokhang Temple. Chinese tanks are stationed in the Jokhang square. (Ken Herold)

APR 10 Vaclav Havel renews call to support Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 24 Start of two-day public hearings on Tibet by European Parliament. (Ken Herold)

APR 25 Dalai Lama announces plan to democratize and reform Tibetan independence movement, renewing call for negotiations with China. (Ken Herold)

APR 30 Martial law lifted after thirteen months. (Ken Herold)

MAY China announces plan to expand birth control in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 7 China tightens restrictions on travel to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 12 Tibetan Government in exile elects a new Cabinet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 13 U.S. Congress declares human rights day for Tibet and China. (Ken Herold)

MAY 18 China announces it has executed two Tibetans at Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

MAY 23 European Parliament decides to send special mission to investigate human rights in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 24 Start of two-day International Convention on Tibet and Asian Peace at Tokyo, supporting Tibetan self-determination. (Ken Herold)

MAY 29 Asia Watch releases new report on repression in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN Central Conference of American Rabbis calls for President Bush to meet with the Dalai Lama and for Congress to support U.S. visas for Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

JUN A University of Illinois legal delegation visits Tibet. Chinese officials tell them Tibetans are committing sabotage against power and communication facilities. (Ken Herold)

JUN 4 China announces new population census for Tibet Autonomous Region.(Ken Herold)

JUN 8 Small demonstration in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUN 8 Lhasang Tsering and Jamyang Norbu visit Seattle as part of U.S. and Canadian tour. (Ken Herold)

JUN 16 Start of two-day Tibet conference in New York, attended by more than 200 people from over 50 support groups in North America. (Ken Herold)

JUL 8 Thirty members of parliament from 17 countriescall for Tibetan self-determination at three-day International Consultation on Tibet conference in London. Six nations have observers and the Foreign Minister of Tibet's Government in exile attends. (Ken Herold)

AUG 20 Small demonstration in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

SEP Several small demonstrations in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

SEP 21 I.C.T. reports on Chinese repression of Tibetan Buddhism in Los Angeles Times. (Ken Herold)

OCT U.S. State Department representative allowed to inspect Drapchi Prison in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

OCT 1 Chinese interference in the search for the next Panchen Lama. (Ken Herold)

OCT 7 Tibetans still desire independence after 30 years of Communist rule. (Ken Herold)

OCT 21 Taiwan reasserts sovereignty over Tibet and Mongolia. (Ken Herold)

OCT 22 Description of Fred Shapiro's visit to Tibet appears in The New Yorker.(Ken Herold)

OCT 27 Endangered Tibet environmental conference held at San Francisco. (Ken Herold)

NOV Scandinavian diplomats allowed to inspect Drapchi Prison in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

NOV 29 Congress approves and the President signs legislation providing humanitarian assistance and immigrant visas for Tibetan refugees. (Ken Herold)

DEC Dalai Lama distributes 40 million seeds at Kalachakra rite at Sarnath, India, towards restoring fruit-bearing trees. (Ken Herold)

DEC 3 Dalai Lama's North American representative Rinchen Dharlo demands a public apology for insensitive remarks by U.S. Ambassador to China James Lilley.[Later the same day Lilley acknowledged he 'blew his cool.'.](Ken Herold)

(UPI wrote on Dec. 3, 1990: At the closing session of the U.S.-China Trade Exposition in Seattle [in Dec 1990] 200 protesters gathered outside of the Seattle International Trade Center for 90 minutes, then went to the former train station to meet Lilley.

(While most of the protesters flocked to the station's main entrance, a few went to the rear where Lilley and Zhu Quizhen, the Chinese ambassador to the U.S., arrived by car.

(Zhu walked directly inside and ignored the protesters, who were shouting 'China -- Human Rights!' 'Tibet for Tibetans!' and 'Remember Tiananmen Square!'

(But Lilley suddenly wheeled toward the group and shouted, 'Were you at Tiananmen Square? I was there!'

('So what?' shot back one of the demonstrators.

(The ambassador then yelled at a Tibetan woman, saying 'What are you doing about it? I'm doing something about it!'

(Asked what he was doing, Lilley responded, 'I'm fighting,' and began stalking toward the protesters, prompting a police officer to intervene and escort the envoy inside.

( 'You're a bunch of cowards!' Lilley yelled as he looked back at the 35-year-old Tibetan woman he mistook for a Chinese. 'Go back to China and serve China!'

(The outburst left Jim Berman, 32, a Seattle employee of the U.S. Census who is married to a Tibetan, 'speechless and flabbergasted.'

('It was quite a shock,' said the visiting Tibetan, a restaurant owner from Katmandu, Nepal, who requested anonymity. 'I wasn't sure even if he was really the ambassador because that's no way for an ambassador to act.'

(Rep. John Miller, R-Wash., Sunday demanded an apology from the 62- year-old envoy and threatened to take the matter up with President Bush and Secretary of State James Baker.)

(US Ambassador to China & South Korea and Former CIA agent James Lilley was something of a loose cannonball who could offend both--indeed, all-- sides. He was a close friend of Mr. Bush's, and in 1991 he called on Beijing to rethink its traditional notions of sovereignty. [This should have gladdened the Tibetans] And he said this in Taiwan, where there was no mistaking the message. And Mr. Bush never publicly repudiated the remark.Indeed, in a rebuff to Chinese sovereignty in Tibet, Mr. Bush had received the Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibetans now under China's yoke. From The New York Times, November 13, 1991

(Lilley would later say that Tibetans were bribed to fight for American interests with money and the Dalai Lamas urine.

(In an interview, Lilley said: There was an interesting wrinkle, because, before we went to China, I arranged briefings for George Bush from the CIA and other agencies on Tibet and China. So Bush had this briefing on Tibet. We went to Tibet. The State Department took the position that Tibet was a "very sensitive issue" to the Chinese. They took the view that the Chinese were handling Tibet reasonably well, following the excessive turmoil of the Cultural Revolution. We went to Tibet, and it didn't take long to figure out that Tibet was under a Chinese army of occupation. We were taken to the usual communes and saw the happy, smiling faces of people living in them. However, Lowell Thomas was with us. He knew Tibet very well. He kept asking what happened to this, that, and the other person. All of these people were gone. There wasn't a single, live person available that he mentioned. The Jo Kang Temple in the center of Lhasa was "closed down." In effect, Tibet was a "wasteland," under a Chinese army of occupation. David Broder, a syndicated columnist for the "Washington Post," was with us. He was looking for a story. We had had this UNCLASSIFIED briefing paper from CIA, saying that things were fairly "rough." Bush gave it to David Broder who published part of it in one of his columns. The State Department was very unhappy about this. What this briefing paper said was that, although we had been taken through some of the villages, things were not very nice at all, which I think was the true story. Things still aren't very nice. That kind of "flap" worked itself into our trip to China.

(We said that we would look into some kind of restoration of the Chinese-American military relationship. They, in turn, would release several hundred prisoners, they would release Fang, and they would lift martial law in Beijing and Tibet, all of which they did.

(Then I flew out to Tibet in 1991 on a Boeing Aircraft Company plane. That was to convince the Chinese that in a two-engine plane, with one engine "out," they could still land in Lhasa [capital of Tibet, at an altitude of some 15,000 feet]. This flight proved that, even with the Ambassador on board, if one engine went out, it could still land successfully. This aircraft was a new Boeing 757, which Boeing was trying to sell to the Chinese.

(Just before 1989, there was an outbreak of riots in Tibet, which some of the British television crews picked up. There was some brutal Chinese treatment of Tibetans. Tibet at that time was pretty well "closed off" from the rest of the world. Some Scandinavians got into Tibet, but the Chinese didn't want outsiders to go there. I didn't get there until April, 1991, when we were able to make a four-day trip there. We made a visit to Drapchi Prison. We got in a visit to the countryside and met with various Tibetan leaders. We had a chance to talk with some Americans who were teaching in Tibet. The French medical missionary group, "Medecins sans frontières" [Doctors Without Borders], had people working in Tibet. We were able to take a pretty good pulse reading on what was happening.

( Q: Did we officially press the Chinese to do anything about Tibet at that time?

(LILLEY: Not much.)

1991

FEB Tibetan Government in Exile is a founding member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. (Ken Herold)

MAR 2 China orders the Barkor, circular pilgrimage route in central Lhasa, to be excavated by bulldozers. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 Start of the International Year of Tibet, Tibetan Royal Year 2118, an international effort to focus world attention on the Tibet issue. (Ken Herold)

MAR 17 Five monks arrested in Lhasa for pro-independence march. (Ken Herold)

MAR 18 Dalai Lama urges Britain to stand up to China's occupation of Tibet during second day of six-day visit. Prime Minister Major is widely criticized for refusing to meet with him. (Ken Herold)

MAR 20 Dalai Lama meets with a British government official for the first time since 1950, seeing Lord Mackay, the Lord Chancellor, Britain's senior legal officer. (Ken Herold)

MAR 22 Greenpeace reports on a plan by a U.S. company to dump municipal sewage sludge in Tibet. The proposal is later dropped. (Ken Herold)

MAR 24 Dalai Lama begins U.S. visit in Boston, with plans to stop in New York, Ohio, Texas, New Mexico, California and Washington, D.C. (Ken Herold)

MAR 28 China lodges an official protest with Britain for the Dalai Lama's recent visit there and meeting with Lord Mackay. (Ken Herold)

APR Earth Island chairman David Brower calls for international effort to restore Tibet's damaged environment. (Ken Herold)

APR 16 Historic first meeting between the Dalai Lama and a U.S. President, George Bush invites His Holiness to the White House. (Ken Herold)

APR 17 Dalai Lama is honoured at the U.S. Capitol Rotunda by Congressional leaders. The Senate adopts a resolution supporting human rights and freedom in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 18 China issues a strong protest at the official U.S. reception of the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

APR 24 China protests the new U.S. Voice of America Tibetan broadcasts. (Ken Herold)

MAY PBS in New York broadcasts Tibet in Exile, a documentary on childrens' escape from occupied Tibet and the exile community in Dharamsala. (Ken Herold)

MAY Extensive description of Tibet's situation in Vanity Fair article by Alex Shoumatoff. (Ken Herold)

MAY 5 In a letter to the editor to the Washington Post, a Chinese spokesman denies that China has forced Tibetans to practice family planning or enforced abortions or sterilizations. (Ken Herold)

MAY 20 Six Tibetan prisoners are given extra five-year sentences for raising home-made Tibetan flags while in jail. (Ken Herold)

MAY 23 Wall Street Journal reports Chinese authorities celebrate 40 years of rule over Tibet. Foreign journalists are barred from Lhasa. MAY 27 Arrests of protesters reported in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

MAY 31 China denies killing a Tibetan demonstrator. (Ken Herold)

JUN 4 More demonstrations reported in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUN 12 Lodi G. Gyari testifies before the House subcommittee on Trade concerning the extension of China's Most Favored Nation(MFN) status. (Ken Herold)

JUN 25 19 Chinese military officers killed in crash of U.S.-made helicopter in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL The Dalai Lama is profiled in Scientific American. (Ken Herold)

JUL 10 Dalai Lama leaves India for visit to the Soviet Union. (Ken Herold)

JUL 11 ABC televises its Prime Time Live segment on the Chinese repression of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 19 Dalai Lama praises glasnost after his six-day visit to the Buddhist Buryatia region. (Ken Herold)

JUL 25 Start of six-day visit to the Kalmyk Republic by the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

AUG 10 Tibetan doctor at Lhasa reportedly sentenced to 13-year jail term for copying a list of those injured and arrested in previous demonstrations. (Ken Herold)

AUG 14 Six nuns and monks demonstrate in Lhasa, reportedly becoming an almost weekly occurrence. (Ken Herold)

AUG 16 Dalai Lama meets with the Prince of Lichtenstein. (Ken Herold)

AUG 18 Description of how support for Tibet has blossomed since the Tienanmen Square massacre. (Ken Herold)

AUG 19 Dalai Lama meets with the Swiss Foreign Minister. (Ken Herold)

AUG 21 Report on the resettlement of 1,000 displaced Tibetans into the United States. (Ken Herold)

AUG 23 United Nations Human Rights Sub-Commission passes resolution criticizing China for human rights violation in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

AUG 23 European Parliament delegation finishes four-day visit to Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

SEP 2 Tibetan Government in exile announces the Dalai Lama is no longer bound by his Strasbourg proposal of 1988. He remains fully committed to a non-violent solution to Tibet's status. (Ken Herold)

SEP 5 Report of a failed 1990 uprising in southern Xinjiang province bordering Tibet and the rising hopes of Tibetans, Kazakhs and Uzbeks for independence.(Ken Herold)

SEP 9 Description of Chinese dominance over Tibetans through population transfer and forced sterilization in Qinghai. (Ken Herold)

SEP 10 Report on China's vast prison camp system or "laogai" in Qinghai, formerly Amdo province of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 20 Tibetans call for examination of Panchen Lama's body by international experts as new evidence of foul play is alleged. (Ken Herold)

SEP 23 International Campaign for Tibet issues a report documenting the large-scale relocation of Chinese civilians into eastern Tibet. (Ken Herold)

SEP 23 Report on China's cultural conquest and domination of Qinghai, formerly Tibet's Amdo province. (Ken Herold)

SEP 24 U.S. Senate and House agree that Tibet is an occupied country in new legislation. (Ken Herold)

SEP 27 Dalai Lama begins visit to Mongolia. (Ken Herold)

SEP 29 China orders the army and police in Lhasa to shoot Tibetans staging pro-independence demonstrations. (Ken Herold)

OCT 4 Dalai Lama visits Latvia. (Ken Herold)

OCT 9 Dalai Lama urges world support and pressure on China to allow his return to Tibet on a fact-finding mission. (Ken Herold)

OCT 11 China calls on the Dalai Lama to abandon Tibetan independence before a return to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 13 Dalai Lama calls for nuclear disarmament. (Ken Herold)

OCT 21 Senior Chinese diplomat calls on foreign governments to ban meetings of supporters of Tibetan independence in their own countries. (Ken Herold)

OCT 28 President Bush signs bill containing declaration by Congress that Tibet is an occupied country whose true representatives are the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan Government in exile. (Ken Herold)

OCT 31 China announces additional screening process for tourists planning to visit Tibet via Chengdu. (Ken Herold)

NOV 1 Chinese "White Paper" on human rights glosses over abuses in Tibet as China tries to take the initiative against growing world public opinion. (Ken Herold)

NOV 7 China condemns October declaration that Tibet is an occupied country as interference in her internal affairs. (Ken Herold)

NOV 8 Art review of the New York appearance of "Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet" at the I.B.M. Gallery of Science and Art. (Ken Herold)

NOV 24 Review of Chinese attempts to educate Tibetan youths sent away from Tibet to study in China. (Ken Herold)

NOV 26 U.S. House of Representatives votes to condition China's Most Favored Nation trade status upon progress in human rights and other issues, including specifically Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 2 Dalai Lama meets with British Prime Minister John Major. Kalon Tashi Wangdi, minister in the exiled Tibetan Government, also attends. (Ken Herold)

DEC 3 Dalai Lama in London outlines plans for a democratic transitional government in a future free Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 14 Li Peng limits talks with the Dalai Lama according to the Los Angeles Times. (Ken Herold)

DEC 31 Dangers of increased Chinese surveillance against foreign journalists to Tibetans cited. (Ken Herold)

1992

1992 Richard Nixon recommends the creation of a Radio Free Tibet by the U.S. in his book Seize the Moment. (Ken Herold)

1992 Al Gore cites China's armed subjugation of Tibet and its threat to Tibet's ecology in his book Earth in the Balance. (Ken Herold)

JAN 6 China reportedly moving its nuclear test site from Lop Nur to the town of Alar at the Xinjiang-Tibet border. (Ken Herold)

JAN 7 U.S. Congressional delegation visits Tibetan settlements in India and meets with the Tibetan Government in exile. (Ken Herold)

FEB 22 Jampa Tenzin, a 49-year-old monk and a symbol of the independence movement, found dead under suspicious circumstances at the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

FEB 27 Lithuanian parliamentary deputies pledge to support an aspiring Tibetan nation in international organizations and forums. (Ken Herold)

FEB 29 Tibetans and supporters rally at the White House for U.S. support of U.N. action on Tibetan human rights. (Ken Herold)

MAR 2 Jeane Kirkpatrick accuses China of genocide in Tibet in Washington Post.(Ken Herold)

MAR 3 Washington Post editorial urges U.S. to support Tibetan autonomy from China. (Ken Herold)

MAR 4 U.N. Human Rights Commission considers a resolution on Tibet at Geneva meeting, but no action is taken. The Bush Administration pushes for language supporting China's claim to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAR 18 U.S. Senate resolution unanimously urges the Bush Administration to support Tibetan human rights at the U.N. (Ken Herold)

MAR 25 Christian Science Monitor article urges U.S. to condemn Chinese repression in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 1 U.S. Congressional legislation grants $1.5 million to the Tibetan Government in exile as continuing humanitarian assistance to Tibetan refugees. (Ken Herold)

APR 6 China denies visas to two U.S. Senators to visit Tibet, saying the timing was "inconvenient." (Ken Herold)

APR 8 New York Times editorial urges further senatorial action investigating Tibetan rights. (Ken Herold)

APR 18 Dalai Lama urges Tibetan refugees about to enter the U.S. to be good ambassadors. (Ken Herold)

MAY Dalai Lama visits Australia for two weeks, drawing large crowds. He meets with Foreign Minister Evans. (Ken Herold)

MAY 11 Dalai Lama sees a free Tibet within 10 years and speaks of returning. (Ken Herold)

MAY 13 Wall Street Journal says China plans a Special Economic Zone for Tibet in the hope of attracting foreign investment. (Ken Herold)

MAY 14 Long denied refugee status, first of 1,000 Tibetans admitted to U.S. under 1990 Immigration Act. (Ken Herold)

MAY 20 Amnesty International reports use of torture by Chinese against Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

MAY 21 Tibetan monks and nuns protest for independence. (Ken Herold)

MAY 28 China opposes Dalai Lama's planned address at upcoming Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. (Ken Herold)

JUN 3 Chinese Army engaged in construction projects in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 4 Exiled Tibetans express solidarity with Chinese pro-democracy movement. (Ken Herold)

JUN 11 Monks arrested in northeastern Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 12 Dalai Lama calls for global demilitarization. Report presented at Rio Conference on environmental destruction in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUN 15 Resettlement of Tibetans at Boston described in Boston Globe. (Ken Herold)

JUN 21 Significant unrest reported in Tibetan countryside and increase in pro-independence activity. (Ken Herold)

JUN 28 China reportedly resuming contact with Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

JUL 5 Dicki Gyamcho comments on Tibetan Resettlement Project in U.S. (Ken Herold)

JUL 14 I.C.L.T. publishes report on the Relationship Between Environmental Management and Human Rights in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

JUL 28 U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee holds historic first session on Tibet, "U.S. and Chinese policies toward occupied Tibet." Current Bush administration policies are heavily criticized. (Ken Herold)

AUG 12 Congressional staff report on the condition of Tibetan exile communities and government in India and Nepal. (Ken Herold)

SEP 22 China issues "white paper" claiming ownership of Tibet and defending human rights abuses there. (Ken Herold)

SEP 28 China claims to have approved the selected of the 17th Karmapa. (Ken Herold)

SEP 29 I.C.L.T. publishes report on Environmental Conditions in Occupied Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 2 Senate fails to override veto of MFN renewal conditions for China by Bush. (Ken Herold)

OCT 5 Tibetan Youth Congress calls for end to contacts with an intransigent China. (Ken Herold)

OCT 14 In Seattle, Lodi Gyari calls on U.S. help to stop cultural genocide by China in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

OCT 23 Amnye Machen Institute plans to translate world literature into Tibetan. (Ken Herold)

NOV 3 Clinton elected President. (Ken Herold)

NOV 3 Tibet information office to open in Australia. (Ken Herold)

NOV 5 Dalai Lama congratulates Clinton as Tibetans seek favorable change in U.S. policy. (Ken Herold)

NOV 11 Israel plans to develop potassium mining in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

NOV 12 China acknowledges 4,000 political prisoners being held in Chinese jails. (Ken Herold)

NOV 15 Resettlement of Tibetans in Los Angeles described in Los Angeles Times. (Ken Herold)

NOV 20In Strasbourg, Permanent Peoples' Tribunal session and verdict on Tibet scores China for human rights violations, population transfers into Tibet, and the partition of Tibet, declaring Tibet to be under foreign domination. (Ken Herold)

NOV 25 Break by China reported in human rights dialogue with the U.S. (Ken Herold)

DEC 1 Chen Kuiyuan replaces Hu Jintao as Communist party chief in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 5 China moving major regional military headquarters to the Lhasa area of Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 7 Senators Pell and Levin make one-day visit to Tibet. (Ken Herold)

DEC 15 Resettlement of Tibetans in Chicago described in Chicago Tribune. (Ken Herold)

DEC 27 Tibet Information Network reports harsh sentences for protesting monks and nuns. (Ken Herold)

1993

FEB 14 Communists call for purge in Tibet. (Ken Herold)

FEB 21 Book reviews of Invading Tibet and Lost Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

FEB 27 Official Chinese report warns of widespread social unrest in 1993 throughout China. (Ken Herold)

MAR 4 U.S. to attach human rights conditions to renewal of China's MFN status. Christopher says Chinese treatment of Tibet is improper. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 Dalai Lama announces willingness to open peace talks with China, despite China's human rights record. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10 Geshe Tsultim Gyeltsen's column on China's 'final solution' in Tibet in Los Angeles Times. (Ken Herold)

MAR 10-11 Conference on the Work of External Propaganda on the Question of Tibet held in Beijing. Chinese plan to sow dissention in the Tibetan community in exile. (Ken Herold)

MAR 15 Fifteen monks arrested during protest. (Ken Herold)

MAR 29 Attempt by China to control Tibetan politics through religion in Christian Science Monitor. (Ken Herold)

APR U.S. State Dept. publishes Spring issue of Geographic and Global Issues Quarterly showing Tibetan demographics, including a growth rate of 18.6% from 1982-90. (Ken Herold)

APR 13 Richard Gere column critical of U.S. policy towards China over Tibet. (Ken Herold)

APR 16 Editorial says Tibet continues to suffer under Chinese rule. (Ken Herold)

APR 19 ICT reports Chinese nuclear waste in Qinghai. (Ken Herold)

APR 25 Washington Post editorial says Clinton should put Tibet ahead of Chinese trade in MFN renewal. (Ken Herold)

APR 27 Rosenthal column cites Chinese for ethnic cleansing against Tibetans. (Ken Herold)

APR 28 Clinton meets Dalai Lama and pledges help with human rights violations by China. (Ken Herold)

APR 29 Wall Street Journal report says Tibetan exiles optimistic that world now paying attention to their cause. (Ken Herold)

APR 30 Washington Post article profiles the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

MAY 2 Dalai Lama given personal tour of Monticello. (Ken Herold)

MAY 2 Reuters reports on Dalai Lama's two-week visit to Britain, which officially regards Tibet as an autonomous region within China and the Dalai Lama as leader of a self-proclaimed government in exile. (Ken Herold)

MAY 10 Clinton's difficult path regarding Tibet and MFN status for China in Wall Street Journal article. (Ken Herold)

MAY 12 Senior Chinese military, intelligence and provincial officials decide on massive transfer of Chinese settlers into Tibet. (Ken Herold)

MAY 18 Heinous Chinese persecution in Tibet is ignored by large U.S. companies according to Washington Post article. (Ken Herold)

MAY 23 European ambassadors in Tibet cancel plans in protest of arrest of dissidents by China. (Ken Herold)

MAY 25 Tibetans stage biggest protest since 1989. (Ken Herold)

MAY 28 Wall Street Journal cites China's failed cover-up of political protest in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

JUN 9 I.C.L.T. publishes report on Resolving Claims of Self-Determination: A Proposal for Integrating Principles of International Law With Specific Application to the Tibetan People. (Ken Herold)

AUG Report of U.S. trade sanctions against China for M-11 missile technology transfer to Pakistan. (Ken Herold)

AUG 24 TIN reports four Tibetan nuns arrested in Lhasa. (Ken Herold)

12 SEP Chairman of the Kashag, Kalon Tenzin N. Tethong, paid a month-long visit to USA and Canada. (Ken Herold)

18 SEP Dalai Lama on life in exile and oppression by China. (Ken Herold)

OCT 1 Dalai Lama guest speaker at informal meeting in New Delhi attended by 22 diplomats from 15 African countries sympathetic to Tibet's plight. (Ken Herold)

OCT 2 Gendun Rinchen faces death penalty for attempting to tell human rights delegation about Tibetan political prisoners. (Ken Herold)

OCT 16 U.S.-Chinese consular agreement on U.S. consulate in Tibet seen as Beijing's concession to US human rights diplomacy. Shortly thereafter, Beijing returns the remains of American military personnel killed over Tibet during the Second World War. (Ken Herold)

OCT 24 The Dalai Lama pays a three-week visit to Europe during which he visits France, Germany and the United Kingdom. (Ken Herold)

OCT 25-31 First-ever Tibet Week in Russia held in the historical city of St.Petersburg organized by the Friends of Tibet Society. (Ken Herold)

OCT 25 Dalai Lama addresses a press conference in France during which he describes the situation in Tibet, the role of media and his wish for Tibet becoming a zone of peace. He also suggests that some parts of Tibet, including old Lhasa, be declared a World Heritage and mentions that he has made such an appeal to UNESCO. (Ken Herold)

OCT 28 European Parliament tells China that their relations will only improve when Beijing provides information about political prisoners in China and Tibet in a motion passed in Strasbourg, France. (Ken Herold)

NOV 1 Dalai Lama leaves for London via Geneva to unveil a wax statue of himself at Madame Tussauds. (Ken Herold)

NOV 4 Dalai Lama officially received at the French National Assembly by its President, Mr. Philippe Seguin. (Ken Herold)

NOV 10 Jiang Zemin in an address to top Chinese leaders warns that unrest by religious and ethnic minorities will be crushed. (Ken Herold)

NOV 16 Dalai Lama received by the mayor of Paris, Mr. Jacques Chirac. Foreign Minister Alain Juppe is also present. His Holiness is also received by President Francois Mitterand in the Elysee Palace shortly before returning to Dharamsala. (Ken Herold)

NOV 19 President Clinton tells Chinese President Jiang Zemin that the U.S. is urging China to negotiate with the Dalai Lama or his representatives. (Ken Herold)

NOV 20-21 Fourth general assembly of the Allied Committee of the Peoples of Eastern Turkestan, Mongolia, Manchuria and Tibet held in Munich pledges closer cooperation in struggles against Chinese Communist oppression. (Ken Herold)

NOV 28 Interview with the Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

DEC 10 Wall Street Journal special report on China fails to mention Tibet, espousing MFN trade status over human rights concerns. (Ken Herold)

DEC 18 South China Morning Post says U.S. review of China policy tending to revoke MFN trade status due to China's lack of progress on human rights issues. China may deflect revocation by making small effort to contact Dalai Lama. (Ken Herold)

DEC 21 Wall Street Journal announces U.N. General Assembly action to establish world's first high commissioner for human rights. (Ken Herold)

DEC 28 China says it will disband Hong Kong's legislature and elected bodies after resuming control in 1997 according to Wall Street Journal article. (Ken Herold)

1994

JAN 12 Draft State Department report on human rights concludes that China has not made sufficient progress linked to renewal of MFN trade status. (Ken Herold)

JAN 23 Secretary of State Christopher urges Chinese Foreign Minister Qian towards high-level talks with the Dalai Lama. The U.S. is also seeking information on 100 Tibetan prisoners. (Ken Herold)

JAN 23 Book review section features cover photograph of a Qinghai forced labor camp. (Ken Herold)

JAN 24 U.S. says China not meeting conditions for renewal of MFN trade status. Lhasa described as being under particularly ruthless control. Despite earlier reports, U.S. permits sale of three satellites to China. (Ken Herold)

JAN 31 U.S. News & World Report says U.S. is pressuring China to release a handful of Tibetan political prisoners.(Ken Herold)

________________________________________(Ken Herold)

Readers wishing to consult more of the official Chinese point of view may want to examine the following chronologies:(Ken Herold)

Tibet: 1950-1967. Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, ==1968.(Ken Herold)

China's Foreign Relations: a Chronology of Events(1949-1988). 1st ed. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1989.(Ken Herold)

________________________________________(Ken Herold)

Tibet Justice Center would like to thank Pillsbury Madison & Sutro for support of this project. Founded in 1874, Pillsbury Madison & Sutro is a leading international law firm with more than 600 attorneys practicing virtually every area of law in seven California cities, Washington, D.C., Tokyo, and Hong Kong. Continuing to build on its tradition of service, Pillsbury remains responsive to the ever-changing needs of its clients.(Ken Herold)

© 1991, 1993, 1994 Ken Herold

All Rights Reserved

February, 1994

Acknowledgements

Pamela K. Draken

Pillsbury Madison & Sutro

Rosalynn Robinso[n]

Threshold Foundation(Ken Herold)

(Ken Herold)

(Ken Herold)