|
|
| (68 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {| class="wikitable" | + | [[File: India+China+Brazil add up to 50% of US energy use.jpg|India+China+Brazil add up to 50% of US energy use; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=22_01_2016_012_016_002&type=P&artUrl=STATOISTICS-INDIACHINABRAZIL-ADD-UP-TO-50-OF-US-22012016012016&eid=31808 ''The Times of India''], January 22, 2016|frame|500px]] |
| | + | [https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/14/what-is-the-difference-between-power-and-energy/ ''' What Is the Difference Between Power and Energy? ''' Experts at QUEST explain:] |
| | + | |
| | + | |
| | + | The word “energy” is used to describe many different things—how we heat and cool our homes, how we fuel cars. Energy isn’t something that can be seen or felt, but you can see and feel the effects when energy is transferred from one place to another. |
| | + | |
| | + | Energy is what makes change happen and can be transferred form one object to another. Energy can also be transformed from one form to another. |
| | + | |
| | + | Power is the '''rate at which energy is transferred.''' It is not energy but is often confused with energy. The watt is the most commonly used unit of measure for power. It measures the '''rate of energy transfer.''' |
| | + | |
| | + | A watt equals a joule per second. If a smart phone uses five joules of energy every second, then the power of the phone is five joules per second, or five watts. |
| | + | |
| | + | |
| | + | Indpaedia has separate pages on |
| | + | |
| | + | [[Energy: India ]] and |
| | + | |
| | + | [[Power: India, 1]]/ [[Power: India, 2 (ministry data)]] |
| | + | |
| | + | |
| | + | {| class="wikitable" |
| | |- | | |- |
| | |colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%"> | | |colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%"> |
| Line 6: |
Line 26: |
| | After the formal launch of their online archival encyclopædia, <br/> readers who wish to update or add further details can do so on <br/> a ‘Part II’ of this article. </div> | | After the formal launch of their online archival encyclopædia, <br/> readers who wish to update or add further details can do so on <br/> a ‘Part II’ of this article. </div> |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | [[Category:India|E]] | + | [[Category:India |E]] |
| − | [[Category: Economy-Industry-Resources |E]] | + | [[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources |E]] |
| − | [[Category:Name|Alphabet]] | + | [[Category:Government |E]] |
| | [[Category:Name|Alphabet]] | | [[Category:Name|Alphabet]] |
| | | | |
| − | ==The source of this article==
| + | [[File:energy1.jpg|Energy reserves among the top five nations|right|frame|500px]] |
| | + | [[File:energy2.jpg|Energy reserves of the top five nations of the world, compared with India|frame|500px]] |
| | + | |
| | + | =The source of this article= |
| | + | |
| | + | [[File: Number of large dams in states (top ten).jpg|Number of large dams in states (top ten); Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=19_02_2016_019_007_010&type=P&artUrl=As-dams-age-govt-mulls-safety-bill-19022016019007&eid=31808 ''The Times of India''], February 19, 2016|frame|500px]] |
| | + | |
| | + | |
| | + | [[File: Thermal power in India, state-wise, whether in the private sector or public sector (state, central), as in Sept 2015.jpg| Thermal power in India, state-wise, whether in the private sector or public sector (state, central), as in Sept 2015; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=05_11_2015_009_009_004&type=P&artUrl=STATOISTICS-GENERATING-CARBON-05112015009009&eid=31808 ''The Times of India''], November 5, 2015|frame|500px]] |
| | + | |
| | ''' INDIA 2012 ''' | | ''' INDIA 2012 ''' |
| | | | |
| Line 26: |
Line 55: |
| | GOVERNMENT OF INDIA | | GOVERNMENT OF INDIA |
| | | | |
| − | =Energy= | + | =Significance= |
| | ENERGY is an essential input for economic development and improving the quality | | ENERGY is an essential input for economic development and improving the quality |
| | of life. Development of conventional forms of energy for meeting the growing energy | | of life. Development of conventional forms of energy for meeting the growing energy |
| Line 34: |
Line 63: |
| | attention. Nuclear energy development is being geared up to contribute significantly | | attention. Nuclear energy development is being geared up to contribute significantly |
| | to the overall energy availability in the country. | | to the overall energy availability in the country. |
| − | =POWER=
| |
| − | Power development in India commenced at the end of the 19th century with the
| |
| − | commissioning of electricity supply in Darjeeling during 1897, followed by the
| |
| − | commissioning of a hydropower station at Sivasamudram in Karnataka during 1902.
| |
| − | In the pre-Independence era, the power supply was mainly in the private sector,
| |
| − | that too restricted to the urban areas. With the formation of State Electricity Boards
| |
| − | during Five-Year Plans, a significant step was taken in bringing about a systematic
| |
| − | growth of power supply industry all over the country. A number of multi-purpose
| |
| − | projects came into being, and with the setting up of thermal, hydro and nuclear
| |
| − | power stations, power generation started increasing significantly.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Ministry of Power is primarily responsible for the development of electrical
| |
| − | energy in the country. The Ministry is concerned with perspective planning, policy
| |
| − | formulation, processing of projects for investment decisions, monitoring of the
| |
| − | implementation of power projects, training and man-power development and the
| |
| − | administration and enactment of legislation with regard to thermal and hydro power
| |
| − | generation, transmission and distribution. In all technical matters, the Ministry of
| |
| − | Power is assisted by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The construction and operation of generation and transmission projects in the
| |
| − | Central sector are entrusted to Central Sector Power Corporations, viz.,
| |
| − |
| |
| − | the National
| |
| − | Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC),
| |
| − |
| |
| − | the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation
| |
| − | (NHPC),
| |
| − |
| |
| − | the North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO), and
| |
| − |
| |
| − | the Power
| |
| − | Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Power Grid is responsible for all
| |
| − | the existing and future transmission projects in the Central Sector and also for the
| |
| − | formation of the National Power Grid.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Two joint-venture power corporations,
| |
| − | namely, Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) (formerly known as NJPC) and Tehri Hydro
| |
| − | Development Corporation (THDC) are responsible for the execution of the Nathpa
| |
| − | Jhakri Power Project in Himachal Pradesh and Projects of Tehri Hydro Power
| |
| − | Complex in Uttarakhand respectively.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Three ''' statutory bodies,''' i.e., the Damodar
| |
| − | Valley Corporation (DVC), the Bhakra-Beas Management Board (BBMB) and Bureau
| |
| − | of Energy Efficiency (BEE), are also under the administrative control of the Ministry
| |
| − | of Power.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Programmes of ''' rural electrification ''' are provided financial assistance by
| |
| − | the Rural Electrification Corporation (REC).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Power Finance Corporation (PFC)
| |
| − | provides term-finance to projects in the power sector.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The ''' autonomous bodies '''
| |
| − | (societies), namely, Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) and the National Power
| |
| − | Training Institute (NPTI) are also under the administrative control of the Ministry
| |
| − | of Power.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | A Power Trading Corporation has also been incorporated primarily to
| |
| − | support the Mega Power Projects in private sector by acting as a single entity to
| |
| − | enter into Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Capacity Addition==
| |
| − | Based on the 10th Plan actual capacity addition of 21,180 MW and preparedness of
| |
| − | projects, the Planning Commission had initially fixed a capacity addition target of
| |
| − | 78,700 MW during the 11th Plan to meet the power requirement of the country. This
| |
| − | comprised hydro, thermal and nuclear capacity of 15,627 MW, 59,693 MW and
| |
| − | 3,380 MW respectively. The Central Sector was to contribute 36,874 MW (Thermal
| |
| − | 24,840 MW), the State Sector 26,783 MW (Thermal 23,301 MW) and Private Sector
| |
| − | 15,043 MW (Thermal 11, 552 MW) in the 11th Plan. Keeping in view the stage and
| |
| − | pace of construction of power generation projects and their likelihood of
| |
| − | commissioning during the remaining period of the 11th Plan, this has been revised
| |
| − | to 62,374 MW by the Planning Commission at the time of Mid-Term Appraisal
| |
| − | comprising 8, 237 MW Hydro, 50,757 MW Thermal and 3,380 MW Nuclear projects
| |
| − | with 21,222 MW in Central Sector, 21,355 MW in State Sector and 19,797 MW in
| |
| − | Private Sector.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Up to 31st May, 2011, 35,747 MW of capacity has been added in the 11th Plan
| |
| − | comprising 10,450 MW in Central Sector, 12,971 MW in State Sector and 12,326
| |
| − | MW in Private Sector. This is 169% of the total capacity added during the 10th Five
| |
| − | Year Plan.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The installed power generation capacity has increased from about 1,400 MW
| |
| − | in 1947 to 1,74,361 MW as on 30.04.2011 comprising 37,567 MW hydro, 1,13,559
| |
| − | MW thermal including gas and diesel, 4780 MW Neclear based power plants and
| |
| − | 18,455 MW from renewable energy sources including wind.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Power Generation==
| |
| − | Power generation during 2010-11 was 811.14 BU comprising 665.01 BU Thermal,
| |
| − | 114.26 BU from Hydro, 26.27 BU from Nuclear and 5.61 BU import from Bhutan.
| |
| − | The target of power generation for the year 2010-11 was fixed at 855 BU. The Plant
| |
| − | Load Factor (PLF) has shown a steady improvement over the years and has improved
| |
| − | from 52.8 per cent in 1990-91 to 77.53 per cent in 2009-10 and reduced to 75.08% in
| |
| − | 2010-11.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==50,000 MW Hydro Electric Initiative==
| |
| − | Under the 50,000 MW Initiative launched by the Government in 2003-04, 162 hydroelectric
| |
| − | projects spread in 16 states for the purpose of preparation of Preliminary
| |
| − | Feasibility Reports (PFRs) were taken up by CEA as nodal agency. The PFRs were
| |
| − | completed in September 2004 for all these projects with an installation of 47,930
| |
| − | MW.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | As a follow up of preparation of PFRs, preparation of DPRs for these schemes
| |
| − | had been taken up, thereby providing a shelf of projects for execution in the near
| |
| − | future.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Out of 162 schemes (47930 MW), DPRs for 28 schemes (10093 MW/Revised
| |
| − | capacity 9594 MW) have already been prepared (upto April,2011). The work of
| |
| − | Survey & Investigation is under progress for another 31 schemes (17093 MW).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Hydro Capacity Addition during 12th Plan==
| |
| − | To meet the requirement of additional capacity during the 12th Plan (2012-17), a
| |
| − | shelf of 87 candid hydro projects having aggregate capacity of 20334 MW (excluding
| |
| − | slippages from 11th Plan) was prepared. The no. of projects have been reduced due
| |
| − | to merger and deletion of some projects and change in installed capacity during
| |
| − | S&I and preparation of DPR. With the incorporation of the above changes, 83 projects
| |
| − | (22011 MW, excluding slippages from 11th Plan) have been identified as candidate
| |
| − | projects for benefits during 12th Plan.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Setting up of Ultra Mega Power Project==
| |
| − | Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs) are being promoted with a view to providing
| |
| − | power to all at a reasonable rate and ensuring fast capacity addition by the Central
| |
| − | Government as an initiative facilitating the development of Ultra Mega Power
| |
| − | Projects (UMPP) of 4000 MW capacity each under tariff based international
| |
| − | competitive bidding route. Project specific Shell Companies (Special Purpose
| |
| − | Vehicles) as 100% subsidiries of Power Finance Corporation Limited have been
| |
| − | created for carrying out developmental work consisting of the tie up of inputs/
| |
| − | clearances and the bidding process for selection of developers for the UMPPs.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | So far, four UMPPs, namely, Sasan in M.P., Mundra in Gujarat, Krishnapatnam
| |
| − | in Andhra Pradesh and Tilaiya in Jharkhand have been awarded and transferred to
| |
| − | the developers selected through tariff based competitive bidding. Two units of 800
| |
| − | MW each of Mundra UMPP are expected to be commissioned in 11th Plan.
| |
| − | The request for Qualification (RFQ) bids have been issued for the UMPPs
| |
| − | proposed in Chhattisgarh and Odisha. In regard to UMPP in Tamil Nadu and second
| |
| − | UMPP of Andhra Pradesh, the sites have been finalized and the project development
| |
| − | work is in advanced stage.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==CENTRAL ELECTRICITYAUTHORITY==
| |
| − | Central Electricity Authority (CEA), a statutory organisation constituted under
| |
| − | Section 3(1) of the Electricity Supply Act, 1948 which has been superseded by Section
| |
| − | 70 (1) of Electricity Act, 2003, plays an important role in formulating policies and
| |
| − | programmes for power development in the country and in planning and
| |
| − | coordinating various development activities in the Power Sector. The CEA advises
| |
| − | the Central Government on matters relating to the National Electricity Policy,
| |
| − | formulates short-term and perspective plans for development of the electricity
| |
| − | system and coordinates the activities of the planning agencies for optimal utilisation
| |
| − | of resources to subserve the interests of national economy and to provide reliable
| |
| − | and affordable electricity for all consumers.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Under the Electricity Act, 2003, the CEA makes regulations/standards on
| |
| − | matters such as construction of electrical plants, electric lines and connectivity to
| |
| − | the grid, installation and operation of meters, concurrence of hydro-electric schemes,
| |
| − | safety and grid standards. It also specifies measures relating to safety with respect
| |
| − | to electricity supply. This will inculcate higher efficiency in all fields of the power
| |
| − | sector.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The CEA is responsible for the concurrence of hydro power development
| |
| − | schemes of the Central, State and Private sectors taking into consideration the best
| |
| − | ultimate development of the river or its tributaries for power generation, consistent
| |
| − | with the requirement of drinking water, irrigation, navigation, flood control or for
| |
| − | other public purposes. It also makes studies for the optimum location of dams and
| |
| − | other river works keeping in view the norms regarding dam design and safety.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | It promotes and assists in the timely completion of schemes and projects for
| |
| − | improving and augmenting the electricity system by carrying out a close monitoring
| |
| − | of the construction of generation and transmission projects to ensure their timely
| |
| − | completion by identifying bottlenecks and problem areas and initiating remedial
| |
| − | measures/actions. It lays stress on improving the performance of existing power
| |
| − | stations through better O&M practices, renovation and modernisation and life
| |
| − | extension programmes. It is also charged with the responsibility of monitoring
| |
| − | schemes/projects for their timely completion.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Collection and recording the data concerning the generation, transmission,
| |
| − | trading, distribution and utilisation of electricity and carrying out studies relating
| |
| − | to cost, efficiency, competitiveness, etc., are important functions of the CEA. It makes
| |
| − | public from time to time information secured under the Electricity Act, 2003 and
| |
| − | provides for the publication of reports and investigations.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The CEA advises Central Government, State governments and Regulatory
| |
| − | Commissions on all technical matters relating to generation, transmission and
| |
| − | distribution of electricity. It also advises State Governments, licensees or generating
| |
| − | companies on such matters which shall enable them to operate and maintain the
| |
| − | electricity system under their ownership or control in an improved manner and
| |
| − | where necessary, in coordination with any other Government, licensee or the
| |
| − | generating company owning or controlling another electricity system.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The CEA plays a lead role in promoting an integrated operation of Regional
| |
| − | Grid systems and the evolution of a National Grid. The Eastern, North-Eastern and
| |
| − | Western regions have been integrated and are operating in a synchronous mode.
| |
| − | The Eastern Region is connected with the Northern as well as the Southern Region
| |
| − | through HVDC back-to-back links. Similarly, the Western Region is also connected
| |
| − | with the Northern and the Southern Regions through the same arrangements. The
| |
| − | CEA facilitates exchange of power within the country from surplus to deficit regions
| |
| − | and with neighbouring countries for mutual benefits.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | It promotes research in matters affecting the generation, transmission,
| |
| − | distribution and trading of electricity; carries out, or causes to be carried out, any
| |
| − | investigation for the purposes of generating or transmitting or distributing electricity
| |
| − | and promotes measures for advancing the skills of persons engaged in the electricity
| |
| − | industry. It actively participates in power supply restoration process in case of
| |
| − | occurrence of unfortunate incidents of destruction caused due to drought/cyclone/
| |
| − | floods/tsunami, etc., in various parts of the country.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The CEA makes a significant contribution to a number of professional fora in
| |
| − | India as well as abroad like the Conference International Des Grands Research
| |
| − | Electriques (CIGRE), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the Central Board of
| |
| − | Irrigation and Power (CBI&P), etc. The CEA renders consultancy services in the
| |
| − | planning and design of hydro, thermal and transmission projects.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==THE ELECTRICITY ACT, 2003==
| |
| − | The provisions of this Act have been brought into force with effect from 10 June
| |
| − | 2003 (with this, the Indian Electricity Act, 1910, the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948
| |
| − | and the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 stand repealed). The main
| |
| − | features of the Act are as follows:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (i) Generation has been delicensed and captive generation freely permitted.
| |
| − | Hydro projects would, however, need concurrence from the Central Electricity
| |
| − | Authority.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (ii) No licence required for generation and distribution in rural areas.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (iii) Transmission Utility at the Central as well as State level, to be a government
| |
| − | company – with responsibility for planned and coordinated development of
| |
| − | the transmission network. Provision for private licensees in transmission.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (iv) Open access in transmission with provision for surcharge for taking care of
| |
| − | current level of cross subsidy with the surcharge being gradually phased out.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (v) Distributing licensees would be free to undertake generation, and generating
| |
| − | companies would be free to take up distribution.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (vi) The State Governments are required to unbundle the SEBs. However, they
| |
| − | may continue with them as distribution licensees and State Transmission
| |
| − | Utilities.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (vii) Setting up of the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) made
| |
| − | mandatory.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (viii) An Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals against the decision of the CERC and
| |
| − | SERCs.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (ix) The SERCs are required to permit open access in distribution in phases with
| |
| − | surcharge for current level of cross subsidy to be gradually phased out along
| |
| − | with cross subsidies and obligation to supply.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (x) Metering of electricity supplied made mandatory.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (xi) Provisions relating to theft of electricity made more stringent.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (xii) Trading as a distinct activity recognised with the safeguard of the Regulatory
| |
| − | Commissions being authorised to fix ceilings on trading margins, if necessary.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (xiii) For rural and remote areas, stand-alone systems for generation and
| |
| − | distribution permitted.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (xiv) Thrust to complete rural electrification and provide for management of rural
| |
| − | distribution by panchayats, cooperative societies, non-government
| |
| − | organizations, franchisees, etc.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (xv) The Central Government to prepare a National Electricity Policy and Tariff
| |
| − | Policy.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (xvi) The Central Electricity Authority to prepare a National Electricity Plan.
| |
| − | Appellate Tribunal for Electricity
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Central Government established Appellate Tribunal for Electricity under the
| |
| − | Section, 110 of the Electricity Act, 2003 on 7 April 2004. The headquarters of the
| |
| − | Appellate Tribunal is at Delhi. The Appellate Tribunal will hear appeals against
| |
| − | orders of the Regulatory Commissions/ Adjudicating Officers.
| |
| − | ==National Electricity Policy==
| |
| − | The National Electricity Policy has been notified by the Government under the Act.
| |
| − | Competitive bidding guidelines have been issued by the Government. The Tariff
| |
| − | Policy has been notified.
| |
| − | ==Anti-Theft Legislation==
| |
| − | The States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West
| |
| − | Bengal, Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat, Bihar, and Punjab have passed/drafted antitheft
| |
| − | laws.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | As per the provisions of Section 153 of the Electricity Act, 2003, special courts
| |
| − | dealing with power theft have been set up in the States of Assam, Andhra Pradesh,
| |
| − | Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka,
| |
| − | Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab,
| |
| − | Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand,West Bengal
| |
| − | and Delhi.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Redressal of Grievances of Consumers and Appointment of an Ombudsman==
| |
| − | As per the provisions of the Electricity Act, 2003, every distribution licensee shall
| |
| − | have to establish a forum for redressal of grievances of the Consumers in accordance
| |
| − | with the guidelines as specified by the State Electricity Regulatory Commission.
| |
| − | Consumer Grievances Redressal Forums have been established in 24 States by the
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Distribution Companies as per Section 42 (5) of the Act. Every State Electricity
| |
| − | Regulatory Commission shall appoint or designate an Ombudsman as per Section
| |
| − | 42(6) of the Act. Any consumer who is aggrieved by the non-redressal of his
| |
| − | grievances may make a representation for the redressal of his grievances to the
| |
| − | Ombudsman. So far, 24 State Electricity Regulatory Commissions have appointed
| |
| − | or designated an Ombudsman.
| |
| − | ==ACCELERATED POWER DEVELOPMENT AND REFORMS PROGRAMME==
| |
| − | In order to improve sub-transmission and distribution system including reduction
| |
| − | of Transmission & Distribution losses, Central Government had given support in
| |
| − | the 10th plan in the form of APDRP scheme. There were two components of the
| |
| − | scheme—investment component to support capital investment and an incentive
| |
| − | component for actual cash loss reduction. Upto November 2009, total investment
| |
| − | component of Rs 7675.51 crore and total incentive component of Rs 2879.73 crore has
| |
| − | been released under APDRP.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The present status of restructured APDRP for 11th Plan is as follows:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Re-structured APDRP for 11th Plan===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the 'Restructured
| |
| − | APDRP' for11th Plan as a Central Sector Scheme in its meeting held on 31 July 2008.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The focus of the programme is on actual, demonstrable performance in terms of
| |
| − | AT&C loss reduction. The aim of the scheme is to reduce the AT&C losses up to 15
| |
| − | per cent in project areas.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Projects under the scheme to be taken up in two parts.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Part-A is the projects
| |
| − | for establishment of baseline data and IT applications for energy accounting/
| |
| − | Auditing & IT based consumer service centres and
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Part-B is regular distribution
| |
| − | strengthening projects.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The programme size is Rs51,577 crore. Expected investment in Part-A (Baseline
| |
| − | System) would be Rs10,000 crore and that in Part-B would be Rs 40,000 crore.
| |
| − | Power Finance Corporation (PFC) is the nodal agency for operationalising
| |
| − | the programme.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | To facilitate the state utilities for expediting the implementation of R-APDRP,
| |
| − | Ministry finalized the model DPRs, empanelled the IT Consultants, IT implementing
| |
| − | Agencies, finalized the model Request of Proposal (RFP) for appointment of above
| |
| − | consultants and agencies.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Present Status of R-APDRP===
| |
| − | Under Part-A of R-APDRP, 1403 projects at an Est cost of Rs 5167.87 crore have been
| |
| − | approved for 29-States/UTs and Rs. 1450.11 Crore have been disbursed till date.
| |
| − | Part-A SCADA projects for 28 towns of 6 states have also been sanctioned at
| |
| − | an Est. Cost of Rs. 669.10 crore and Rs. 154.52 crore have been disbursed.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Under Part-B of R-APDRP, 832 projects at the cost of Rs. 15974.56 crore have
| |
| − | been approved for 14 States and Rs. 2236 crores have been disbursed.
| |
| − | (Source : RAPDRP web site)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Selection of Sites for Thermal Power Projects===
| |
| − | In the context of the need to set up additional thermal power stations to meet the
| |
| − | power requirements of the country up to the year 2012, and beyond, the CEA had,
| |
| − | in September 2001, constituted a committee under the Chairmanship of Member
| |
| − | (Thermal) and consisting of members from different Ministries/Deptts./SEBs, etc.,
| |
| − | for selection of sites for large coastal/Pithead and other Thermal Power Stations.
| |
| − | As the process of selection of sites is of continuous nature, the above mentioned
| |
| − | Committee has been converted into a Standing Committee.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Teams consisting of the
| |
| − | members of the Committee from the CEA, Planning Commission, MoE&F, CMPDI,
| |
| − | Railways, etc., are being constituted for visiting from time to time the sites tentatively
| |
| − | identified by the State agencies. These teams also interact with various State/Central
| |
| − | departments for assessing the availability of various inputs like land, water,
| |
| − | fuel, etc.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Based on the site visits of the Site Selection Committee and also reports obtained
| |
| − | by CEA with assistance of CMPDI/NRSA through satellite mapping, a large shelf
| |
| − | of potential sites has been created. Many sites from this shelf have been identified
| |
| − | for benefits during the 11th Plan.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN POWER SECTOR=
| |
| − | Hydro Power Policy, 2008 lays emphasis on increasing private investment in power
| |
| − | development. The State Governments have offered a number of hydro-electric
| |
| − | schemes for development in private sector. The present status (as on 30.04.2011) of
| |
| − | participation of private sector in hydro power development (H.E. Projects having
| |
| − | installed capacity above 25 MW) is as under:
| |
| − | ===Table===
| |
| − | S. No. Status of Schemes No. Capacity (in MW)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 1. Under Opeeration 9 1459
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2. Under Construction 17 6531
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Allotted to Pvt. Sector which are yet 119 37613.5
| |
| − |
| |
| − | to be taken up for Construction
| |
| − | ====Table ends====
| |
| − | ==THERMAL GENERATION PROJECTS==
| |
| − | With the enactment of Electricity Act, 2003, a whole new system was evolved where
| |
| − | private players were invited to be an active participant in the power sector. The
| |
| − | Electricity Act, 2003 has created a legal framework for development of electricity
| |
| − | supply industry through liberalized generation, market development and providing
| |
| − | non-discriminatory open access to the generators and consumers. In order to achieve
| |
| − | these objectives, the Government has issued National Electricity Policy and Tariff
| |
| − | Policy. In order to facilitate procurement of power through competitive bidding,
| |
| − | the Government has issued guidelines for tariff based competitive bidding.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The
| |
| − | Standard Bid Documents for procurement of power under long term and medium
| |
| − | term PPAs have been notified for Case I and Case II bidding. The Government has
| |
| − | also set up Special Purpose Vehicle under Power Finance Corporation (PFC) for
| |
| − | collective procurement of power on behalf of the distribution utilities by inviting
| |
| − | tariff based bids for supplying power from ultra mega power projects. Procurement
| |
| − | of power through tariff based bidding does not require any upfront capital
| |
| − | investment by the Government and the responsibility of mobilizing financial
| |
| − | resources and technical resources for operating generating facilities rests with the
| |
| − | projects developer/independent power producer.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The private sector has responded enthusiastically to the opening up of the
| |
| − | power market and a substantial amount of generating capacity is coming up through
| |
| − | IPPs in coal, lignite, gas and hydro power projects. Government of India is making
| |
| − | its best efforts to facilitate this process to help the independent power producers to
| |
| − | overcome various challenges in the way of project implementation. The private
| |
| − | sector contributed 2,670 MW to generation capacity during period 2002-07. Since
| |
| − | then, capacity of 11041 MW has been commissioned till 31.3.11 and another about
| |
| − | 9253 MW capacity is under construction and likely to be commissioned by 2012.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The private sector is likely to contribute substantial generating capacity during 12th
| |
| − | Plan period (2012-17).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Transmission Sector==
| |
| − | Efforts are being made to bring competition in development of inter-State
| |
| − | transmission system through private sector participation. In this direction, two
| |
| − | schemes namely - 'Western Region System Strengthening-II-B' and 'Western Region
| |
| − | System Strengthening II-C' were taken up for implementation through 100 per cent
| |
| − | private participation. The process of selection of the private sector company was
| |
| − | coordinated by PGCIL under directions of CERC. The Transmission Service
| |
| − | Agreement (TSA) for the schemes have been signed and the schemes are being
| |
| − | implemented by Reliance Power Transmission Limited.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | For encouraging and streamlining the process of private sector participation,
| |
| − | Government of India brought out 'Guidelines for encouraging competition in
| |
| − | development of Transmission projects', 'Guidelines for Tariff based Competitive
| |
| − | bidding for Transmission services', Standard Request for Qualification (RFQ)
| |
| − | document for selection of transmission Service provider, and TSA. An Empowered
| |
| − | Committee for selection of projects and monitoring their implementation was also
| |
| − | constituted.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Power Finance Corporation (PFC) and Rural Electrification Corporation (REC)
| |
| − | have been nominated as nodal agencies to act as Bid Process Coordinators (BPC)
| |
| − | for the selection of Transmission Service Providers.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | LoIs have been issued to the successful bidders for :
| |
| − |
| |
| − | l Transmission system enabling import of NER/ER Surplus power by NR.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | l North Karanpura Transmission System.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | l Talchar-II Transmission scheme.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | RFQs have been issued for three transmission projects, namely :
| |
| − |
| |
| − | l System Strengthening for WR.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | l System Strengthening Commission for WR & NR, and
| |
| − |
| |
| − | l Transmission system associated with Krishnapattanam - UMPP -
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Synchronous inter connection between SR & WR.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Revised Mega Power Policy==
| |
| − | Mega Power Policy was introduced in November 1995 for providing impetus to
| |
| − | development of large size (mega) power projects in the country and derive benefit
| |
| − | from economies of scale. These guidelines were modified in 1998 and 2002 and
| |
| − | were last amended in April 2006 to encourage power development in Jammu &
| |
| − | Kashmir and the North-Eastern region.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | However, in the wake of several important statutory and policy level changes
| |
| − | in the power sector, Ministry of Power revisited some of the provisions of the Mega
| |
| − | Power policy in December 2009.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The modified policy seeks to rationalize the procedure for grant of mega
| |
| − | certificate and facilitate quicker capacity addition. The mega power policy would
| |
| − | have positive impact in the form of lower generation cost and resultant cost of power
| |
| − | purchased by distribution utilities and has liberalized many provisions including
| |
| − | aligning the requirements of PPA as per National Electricity Policy and National
| |
| − | Tariff Policy.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Automatic approval for FDI==
| |
| − | Automatic approval (RBI route) for 100 per cent foreign equity is permitted in
| |
| − | generation, transmission, and distribution and trading in power sector without any
| |
| − | upper ceiling on the quantum of investment.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | As per information received from Central Electricity Authority (CEA), power
| |
| − | projects totalling to 15043 MW (Thermal: 11552 MW and Hydro : 3491 MW) in
| |
| − | private sector have been targeted for commissioning during the 11th Plan. Out of
| |
| − | the above, a thermal capacity addition of about 5920 MW has been achieved till 1
| |
| − | April, 2010.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS AND OTHER ORGANISATIONS=
| |
| − | ===National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd.===
| |
| − | NHPC Limited (earlier known as National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd.)
| |
| − | is a Schedule "A" Mini Ratna enterprise of the Government of India with an
| |
| − | authorised share capital of Rs 15,000 crore and an investment base of more than Rs
| |
| − | 36,250 crore. NHPC was set up in 1975 and has now become the largest organization
| |
| − | for hydro power development in India, with capabilities to undertake all the activities
| |
| − | from conceptualization to commissioning of Hydro Projects.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The main objects of
| |
| − | NHPC include, to plan, promote and organize an integrated and efficient
| |
| − | development of power in all its aspects through conventional and non-conventional
| |
| − | Sources in India and abroad and transmission, distribution, trading and sale of
| |
| − | power generated at stations. The Company is also listed with the Bombay Stock
| |
| − | Exchange and National Stock Exchange. NHPC has signed an MoU with Rural
| |
| − | Electrification Corporation Ltd. (REC) for accelerated electrification of one lakh
| |
| − | villages and provide connection to one crore households and with the Ministry of
| |
| − | Rural Development for development and maintenance of rural access roads in six
| |
| − | districts of Bihar. Works are in progress on these schemes.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | NHPC has so far commissioned 13 hydroelectric projects with an aggregate
| |
| − | installed capacity of 5,175 MW which includes 2 projects with total installed capacity
| |
| − | of 1,520 MW in Joint Ventue with Govt. of Madhya Pradesh. In addition to above,
| |
| − | NHPC has commissioned 3 projects namely Kalpong (5.25 MW) in Andaman &
| |
| − | Nicobar Islands, Sippi (4 MW) and Kambang (6 MW) in Arunachal Pradesh on
| |
| − | turnkey deposit basis. NHPC has also commissioned 2 projects, viz. Devighat in
| |
| − | Nepal with a capacity of 14.1 MW and Kurichu in Bhutan with a capacity of 60 MW
| |
| − | the aggregate capacity of 74.1 MW on deposit / turnkey basis.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITED==
| |
| − | The NTPC Ltd. (formerly National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.) was
| |
| − | incorporated in November 1975 with the objective of planning, promoting and
| |
| − | organising an integrated development of thermal power in the country. The company
| |
| − | has now been renamed as NTPC Ltd. In line with the changes taking place in the
| |
| − | business portfolio of the company that transformed the company into an integrated
| |
| − | Power Company, it has now a presence across the entire energy value chain.
| |
| − | NTPC Limited, a schedule 'A' Navratna company of the Government of India,
| |
| − | is the single largest power generator in India with comprehensive in-house
| |
| − | capabilities in building and operating power projects.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | NTPC generation capacity
| |
| − | was 18.82 per cent of country's installed capacity as on 31 March 2009. NTPC
| |
| − | accounted for 28.60 per cent of the entire electricity generated in the country during
| |
| − | the year 2008-09. Current operating capacity of NTPC is 30644 MW comprising
| |
| − | 25209 MW coal based stations and 5,435 MW gas based stations. This capacity also
| |
| − | includes 2,294 MW under joint ventures. Another 17930 MW generating capacity
| |
| − | is under construction, including 3 hydro projects. During the year 2009-10 (up to 30
| |
| − | November 2009), a record generation of 1,40,831 million units was achieved,
| |
| − | registering an increase of 7.25 per cent over generation of 1,31,312 million units
| |
| − | during same period in 2008-09.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | During the year 2009-10 (up to 30 November 2009) thirteen NTPC coal stations
| |
| − | achieved more than 85 per cent PLF, including eight above 90 per cent and two
| |
| − | above 95 per cent; Dadri (Coal) (98.91 per cent), Korba (95.89 per cent), Unchahar
| |
| − | (94.61 per cent), Simhadri (94.34 per cent), Vindhyachal (94.14 per cent), Tanda (92.24
| |
| − | per cent), Rihand (92.05 per cent), Ramagundam (91.67 per cent), Sipat (89.92 per
| |
| − | cent), Singrauli (88.58 per cent), Badarpur (87.51 per cent), Talcher (Kaniha) (85.67
| |
| − | per cent) and Talcher (Thermal) (85.92 per cent).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | During the year 2009-10 (April to September 2009), NTPC recorded a total
| |
| − | income of Rs 24302.75 crore(audited), and net profit after tax of Rs 4,345.57 crore
| |
| − | (audited), registering an increase of 17.62 per cent and 13.25 per cent respectively
| |
| − | over the same period last year. During the year 2009-10 (till November 2009), 500
| |
| − | MW generation capacity was commissioned comprising one unit of 500 MW (unit
| |
| − | No. 7) at Kahalgaon-II. The company is at present implementing eighteen power
| |
| − | projects with a capacity of 17930 MW.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | An MOU has been signed amongst NTPC and the Govt. of Chattisgarh for
| |
| − | setting up 4000 MW Lara Power Project in the State of Chattisgarh as a regional
| |
| − | power project of NTPC. An MoU has been signed amongst NTPC Ltd., Govt. of
| |
| − | Madhya Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Power Trading Co. Ltd. for setting up 2,640
| |
| − | MW Gadarwara Power Project in Narsinghpur District of MP as a Regional Power
| |
| − | Project of NTPC. Mining Plan for Dulanga (7 MTPA) coal blocks has been approved
| |
| − | by MOC whereas for Talaipalli coal block (18 MTPA), the same has been submitted
| |
| − | to MOC for approval.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Twenty Year Fuel Supply Agreements (FSAs) have been signed with subsidiary
| |
| − | coal companies of Coal India Limited (CIL) for long term coal supply to NTPC coal
| |
| − | based power stations. Joint venture Agreement (JVA) has been signed between
| |
| − | NTPC and CIL for promotion of one or more JV(s) for jointly undertaking the
| |
| − | Development, Operation & Maintanance of Coal Blocks (Brahmini and Chichro-
| |
| − | Patsimal in Jharkhand) and integrated Power Projects.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Government of India has allotted 4.46 MMSCMD of KG D6 gas for its existing
| |
| − | gas-based power plants in NCR. NTPC has also sought allocation of 35.5 MMSCMD
| |
| − | of KG D6 gas for setting up 7000 MW of expansion/new gas based power stations.
| |
| − | This is in addition to 12 MMSCMD of gas at USD 2.34/ MMBTU sought by NTPC
| |
| − | for taking up expansion of Kawas and Gandhar projects. As per provisional results
| |
| − | of NELP-VIII bidding of GOI declared by DGH, NTPC along with ONGC and other
| |
| − | consortium partners have won 3 petroleum blocks.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | NTPC has also won a Block in the Cambay basin with 100 per cent participating
| |
| − | interest as Operator. During the year 2009-10 (till November 2009), NVHN has traded
| |
| − | 3201 MUs of power and has transacted business with more than 30 State/
| |
| − | Distribution Utilities.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Joint Venture Company National High Power Test Laboratory Ltd. (NHPTL),
| |
| − | with PGCIL, NHPC and DVC, has been formed for setting up a High Power Test
| |
| − | Laboratory for short circuit testing. Joint venture company Energy Efficiency Services
| |
| − | Limited (EESL), with PFC, PGCIL and REC, has been formed to carry on and promote
| |
| − | the business of energy efficiency and climate change including manufacture and
| |
| − | supply of energy efficiency services and products.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==RAJIV GANDHI GRAMEEN VIDYUTIKARAN YOJANA==
| |
| − | "RGGVY - scheme of Rural Electricity Infrastructure and Household Electrification"
| |
| − | was launched in March 2005 with approved capital subsidy of Rs. 5000 cr during the
| |
| − | 10th plan for implementation of Phase I of the scheme. The scheme was further
| |
| − | continued in 11th Plan for attaining the goal of providing access to electricity to all
| |
| − | households, electrification of about 1.15 lakh un-electrified and electricity
| |
| − | connections to 2.34 cr BPL households, with approved capital subsidy of Rs. 28000 cr.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The scheme merges erstwhile "Accelerated Electrification of one lakh Villages and
| |
| − | One Crore Households" and "Minimum Needs Programme" for rural electrification.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ''' Highlights of the Scheme '''
| |
| − |
| |
| − | • Ninety per cent capital subsidy is provided for overall cost of the projects
| |
| − | under the scheme.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | • The States will finalize their Rural Electrification Plans in consultation with
| |
| − | Ministry of Power and notify the same within six months. Rural Electrification
| |
| − | Plan will be a road map for Generation, Transmission, Sub-Transmission and
| |
| − | Distribution of electricity in the State which will ensure the achievement of
| |
| − | objective of the scheme.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | • The scheme would be implemented through the Rural Electrification
| |
| − | Corporation (REC).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | • For projects to be eligible for capital subsidy under the scheme, prior
| |
| − | commitment of the States would also be obtained before sanction of projects
| |
| − | under the scheme for:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | • Deployment of franchisees for the management of rural distribution in
| |
| − | projects financed under the scheme, and
| |
| − |
| |
| − | • Guarantee by State Govt. for a minimum daily supply of 6-8 hours of
| |
| − | electricity in the RGGVY network with the assurance of meeting any
| |
| − | deficit in this context by supplying electricity at subsidized tariff as
| |
| − | required under the Electricity Act, 2003.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ''' Scope of the Scheme '''
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Under the scheme, projects could be financed with capital subsidy for provision
| |
| − | of:-
| |
| − |
| |
| − | • Rural Electricity Distribution Backbone (REDB)
| |
| − | Provision of 33/11 KV (or 66/11 KV) sub-stations of adequate capacity and
| |
| − | lines in blocks where these do not exist.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | • Creation of Village Electrification Infrastructure (VEI)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | - Electrification of un-electrified villages.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | - Electrification of un-electrified habitations with a population of
| |
| − | above 100.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | - Provision of distribution transformers of appropriate capacity in
| |
| − | electrified villages/habitation(s).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | • Decentralized Distributed Generation (DDG) and Supply
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Decentralized distribution-cum-generation from conventional or renewable
| |
| − | or non-conventional sources for villages where grid connectivity is either not
| |
| − | feasible or not cost effective.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | • Remote villages covered for financing under MNRE not included.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | • Rural Household Electrification of Below Poverty Line Households:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | - Electrification of un-electrified Below Poverty Line (BPL) households
| |
| − | would be financed with 100% capital subsidy as per norms of Kutir Jyoti
| |
| − | Programme in all rural habitations.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | - Households above poverty line would be paying for their connections
| |
| − | at prescribed connection charges and no subsidy would be available for
| |
| − | this purpose.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Franchisees===
| |
| − | In order to maintain the infrastructure being created and to provide uninterrupted
| |
| − | quality power, deployment of franchisee system has been made mandatory in the
| |
| − | scheme.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Management of rural distribution will be through franchisee, who can be Non-
| |
| − | Governmental Organizations (NGOs), user associations, cooperatives or individual
| |
| − | entrepreneurs. The Panchayats will be associated. Panchayati Raj institutions will
| |
| − | have an important role of overseeing in advisory capacity, the delivery of services
| |
| − | by the franchisees according to their identified responsibilities. The state
| |
| − | governments can also consider giving the responsibility of franchisees to the
| |
| − | Panchayati Raj institutions.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | All the states have been asked to have input based franchisee system. In case
| |
| − | of the input based franchisee, the input energy into the area covered by the franchisee
| |
| − | is measured by the utility and the target for revenue collection are set based on the
| |
| − | collections made as a percentage of the input energy supplied to the consumers
| |
| − | beyond the point of metering by the utility. Input based franchisee will make
| |
| − | franchisee accountable for loss reduction and will therefore try to reduce theft in
| |
| − | the system. A major achievement of the scheme is that for the first time, commercial
| |
| − | aspect is being considered and fully addressed.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Revenue Sustainability===
| |
| − | Based on the consumer mix and the prevailing consumer tariff and likely load, the
| |
| − | Bulk Supply Tariff (BST) for the franchisee would be determined after ensuring
| |
| − | commercial viability of the franchisee. Wherever feasible, bidding may be attempted
| |
| − | for determining the BST. This BST will be fully factored into the submissions of the
| |
| − | state Utilities to the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) for their
| |
| − | revenue requirements and tariff determination.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The State Government under the Electricity Act is required to provide the
| |
| − | requisite revenue subsidies to the State Utilities if it would like tariff for any category
| |
| − | of consumers to be lower that the tariff determined by thee SERC.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | While administering the scheme, prior commitments may be taken from the
| |
| − | State Government regarding-
| |
| − |
| |
| − | - Determination of bulk supply tariff for franchisees in a manner that
| |
| − | ensures their commercial viability.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | - Provision of requisite revenue subsidy by the State Government to the
| |
| − | State Utilities as required under the Electricity Act.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Release of Capital Subsidy===
| |
| − | The capital subsidy for eligible projects under the scheme would be given through
| |
| − | REC and projects shall be implemented fulfilling the conditionality. In the event
| |
| − | projects are not implemented satisfactorily in accordance with the conditionalities
| |
| − | of RGGVY, the capital subsidy could be converted into interest bearing loans.
| |
| − | CPSU's Services
| |
| − |
| |
| − | With a view to augment the implementation capacities for the programme,
| |
| − | REC has entered into MOUs with NTPC, POWERGRID, NHPC and DVC to make
| |
| − | available CPSUs' project management expertise and capabilities to states wishing
| |
| − | to use their services.
| |
| − | ==TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, CAPACITY BUILDING, MIS ETC.==
| |
| − | Upto 1 per cent of the total subsidy under the scheme would be used for associated
| |
| − | works/efforts of the programme.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Project approved===
| |
| − | Based on the DPRs received from States, the Monitoring Committee on RGGVY in
| |
| − | the MOP has accorded approval to 235 projects for execution during 10th plan and
| |
| − | 338 projects for execution during Phase-I of 11th plan.
| |
| − | ====Table====
| |
| − | Summary of projects approved under RGGVY
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Project No. of Outlay Un-Electrified Intensive BPL
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Projects in Rs cr Villages Electrification HHs
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (Sanctioned of Villages covered
| |
| − | cost)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Approved under 10th Plan 235 9732.90 68763 111936 8310366
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Approved under 11th Plan 338 16616.13 49736 243031 16334651
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Total 573 26349.03 118499 354967 24645017
| |
| − | ====Table ends====
| |
| − | i) Three tier quality control mechanism under RGGVY
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Project under RGGVY scheme is subjected to a three-tier quality control
| |
| − | mechanism.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The first tier of quality assurance is achieved by Project Implementing Agency
| |
| − | (PIA). The PIA will engage a third party inspection agency who will ensure
| |
| − | that all the materials to be utilized and the workmanship conform to the
| |
| − | proscribed specification. The inspection will cover approximately 50% villages
| |
| − | on random sample basis for each project.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The 2nd tier of quality control is ensured by REC, the nodal agency of RGGVY
| |
| − | scheme by appointing the REC quality monitors (RQM) who will conduct
| |
| − | quality check at pre-shipment stage at the vendors' outlets of major material
| |
| − | and 10% villages on random sample basis.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The final tier of quality control will be assured by engagement of independent
| |
| − | evaluators by MOP for evaluation, at random, of supply erection under the
| |
| − | programme. These independent evaluators, designated as National Quality
| |
| − | Monitor (NQM) will cover 1% of the villages.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ii) Target for the year 2011-12
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The target for electrification of villages is 14,500 un-electrified villages and
| |
| − | release of connections to 52 lakh BPL households during the year 2011-12. The
| |
| − | targets for electrification of 2010-11 was 17,500 un-electrified villages and
| |
| − | release of connections to 47 lakh BPL households and against these targets,
| |
| − | the achievement was electrification of 18,306 un-electrified villages and release
| |
| − | of connections to 58.83 lakh BPL households.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ii) Electrification Progress achieved
| |
| − |
| |
| − | As a result of regular review and follow up, village electrification programme
| |
| − | has gained momentum in the country. During the year, as on 31.5.2011, 1016
| |
| − | un-electrified villages have been electrified and connections to 4.24 lakh BPL
| |
| − | households have been released.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Cumulatively, under RGGVY, electrification works in 97578 un-electrified
| |
| − | villages have been completed and free electricity connections to 164.04 lakhs
| |
| − | BPL households have been released as on 31.5.2011..
| |
| − |
| |
| − | iv) Disbursement of funds
| |
| − |
| |
| − | As on 31.5.2011, Rs. 25448.7 crore which include 10% loan component of REC,
| |
| − | have been released to the States/Implementing Agencies.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==RURAL ELECTRIFICATION CORPORATION LIMITED==
| |
| − | Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (REC) was incorporated as a company
| |
| − | under Companies Act, 1956 in 1969 with the main objective of financing rural
| |
| − | electrification schemes in the country. The expanded mandate of REC includes
| |
| − | financing of all projects including transmission and generation without any
| |
| − | restriction on population, geographical location or size. REC is a public financial
| |
| − | institution under Section 4A of the Companies Act, 1956. REC is also registered as a
| |
| − | Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) under Section 45 IA of the RBI Act, 1934.
| |
| − | REC is a "Navratna" company.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | REC has grown over the years to be a leading financial institution in power
| |
| − | sector. Besides attending to its core objectives of financing schemes for extending
| |
| − | and improving the rural electricity infrastructure, REC is presently funding large/
| |
| − | mega generation projects, and transmission and distribution projects, which are
| |
| − | critical to the projected addition of installed capacity during the Tenth and Eleventh
| |
| − | Plans. REC is also the Nodal Agency for implementation of Rajiv Gandhi Grameen
| |
| − | Vidyutikaran Yojana—a scheme of Rural Electricity infrastructure and Household
| |
| − | Electrification launched by the Government of India in April 2005, for attainment
| |
| − | of the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) goal of providing access
| |
| − | to electricity to all households in five years.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In the Annual MOU signed with Ministry of Power, REC has been consistently
| |
| − | rated as "Excellent" in performance from the fiscal 1994 to 2008.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Authorised and Paid-up Share Capital of the Company are Rs 1200 crore
| |
| − | and Rs 858.66 crore respectively as on 31 March 2009. The amount mobilized from
| |
| − | the market during the year 2008-09 was Rs 14894.89 crore. The domestic debt
| |
| − | instruments of REC continued to enjoy "AAA" rating—the highest rating assigned
| |
| − | by CRISIL, CARE ICRA, and FITCH. REC also enjoys International Credit rating
| |
| − | equivalent to sovereign rating of India from International Credit Rating Agency
| |
| − | Moody's and FITCH which is "Baa3" and "BBB" respectively.
| |
| − | ==POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED==
| |
| − | The Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) was incorporated as
| |
| − | a Government enterprise on 23 October, 1989 for establishment of operation of
| |
| − | regional and national power grids to facilitate transfer of power within and across
| |
| − | the regions with reliability, security and economy and on sound commercial
| |
| − | principles. POWERGRID was notified as the Central Transmission Utility (CTU) of
| |
| − | the country w.e.f. 1998. Further, Government of India conferred the status of
| |
| − | 'Navratna" on POWERGRID w.e.f. 1 May 2008.
| |
| − | ====Table====
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2010-
| |
| − | 11*
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * Upto 15.02.2011
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 14,433
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2006-
| |
| − | 07
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2007-
| |
| − | 08
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2008-
| |
| − | 09
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2009-
| |
| − | 10
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2001-
| |
| − | 02
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2002-
| |
| − | 03
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2003-
| |
| − | 04
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2004-
| |
| − | 05
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2005-
| |
| − | 06
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 4,118
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2,626
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 3,352
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 3,884
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 9,819
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 28,706
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 12,065
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 18,374
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 9,301
| |
| − | ====Table ends====
| |
| − | ==Prrooggrreessss ooff RRuurraall EElleeccttrriiffiiccaattiioonn==
| |
| − | Villages Electrified
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (Cumulata ive)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The year 2008-09 has been year of impressive financial performance. Gross
| |
| − | Turnover for the year grew by about 38 per cent to Rs 7,029 crore. Similarly, Profit
| |
| − | after Tax during the year increased to Rs 1,691 crore from Rs 1,448 crore in FY 2007-08,
| |
| − | thereby registering a growth of about 17 per cent. The company's gross asset base at
| |
| − | the end of the financial year 2008-09 stood at Rs 40,319 crore as against Rs 35,417 crore
| |
| − | at the end of last financial year, an increase of about 14 per cent. At the end of FY
| |
| − | 2008-09, the company has a net worth of Rs 14,618 crore and capital employed of Rs
| |
| − | 28,430 crore. There has been an impressive growth in the earning potential of the
| |
| − | company, which is reflected by the steady growth of return on Net Worth from the
| |
| − | level of 5.63 per cent in 1992-93 to 11.57 per cent in 2008-09. During FY 2009-10 till
| |
| − | September 2009, POWERGRID achieved a turnover of about Rs 3, 646 crore
| |
| − | (provisional) and Net Profit of Rs 1,007 crore (Provisional). Total fixed assets of the
| |
| − | company have grown to Rs 41,036 crore (Provisional) till September 2009.
| |
| − | ==DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID==
| |
| − | A national power grid in the country is being developed in a phased manner. All
| |
| − | the regional grids have already been inter-connected and total transmission capacity
| |
| − | of inter-regional transmission system, as on 31-03-2011 was 20750 MW. At present,
| |
| − | except Southern Region, all the other four regions are inter-connected in synchronous
| |
| − | mode and are operating in parallel.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Total inter-regional transmission capacity by the end of 9th Plan was 5750
| |
| − | MW. During 10th Plan, i.e., 2002-07, a total of 8300 MW of inter-regional capacities
| |
| − | were added. Thus, total inter-regional transmission capacity by the end of 10th
| |
| − | Plan was 14050 MW.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | During 11th Plan, i.e., 2007-12, inter-regional transmission systems of 17600
| |
| − | MW capacity have been planned and it is expected that, by end of 11th Plan, total
| |
| − | inter-regional transmission capacity of the National Power grid would be increased
| |
| − | to 31650 MW. Out of the programme for 11th Plan, 2400 MW capacity was added
| |
| − | during 2007-08, 3300 MW during 2008-09 and 1000 MW during 2009-10. Barh-Balia
| |
| − | 400 kv D/C line of 1600 MW capacity has been completed during 2010-11, but is yet
| |
| − | to be commissioned.
| |
| − | ==POWER FINANCE CORPORATION LIMITED (PFC)==
| |
| − | The Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFC) is a leading Power Sector Financial
| |
| − | Institution and a Non-Banking Financial Company, providing fund and non-fund
| |
| − | based support for the development of the Indian Power Sector. Occupying a key
| |
| − | position in the Government of India's plan for the power sector, PFC performs a
| |
| − | major role in channelizing investment into the power sector and functions as a
| |
| − | dedicated agency for its development.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | PFC is a Schedule-A, Navratna CPSE in the
| |
| − | Financial Services Sector, under the administrative control of the Ministry of Power,
| |
| − | with 89.78 per cent shareholding of the Government of India. Its registered and
| |
| − | corporate offices are at New Delhi. PFC was incorporated on 16 July 1986, under
| |
| − | the Companies Act, 1956, as part of Government of India's initiative to enhance
| |
| − | funding of power projects in India, with an objective to provide financial resources
| |
| − | and encourage flow of investments to the power and associated sectors, to work as
| |
| − | a catalyst to bring about institutional improvements in streamlining the functions
| |
| − | of its borrowers in financial, technical and managerial areas to ensure optimum
| |
| − | utilization of available resources, to mobilize various resources from domestic and
| |
| − | international sources at competitive rates, to strive for upgradation of skills for
| |
| − | effective and efficient growth of the sector, and to maximize the rate of return through
| |
| − | efficient operations and introduction of innovative financial instruments and services
| |
| − | for the power sector.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | PFC draws upon its vast knowledge of the power sector and its financing
| |
| − | expertise to provide tailor-made products and services to its clients. In addition,
| |
| − | PFC provides technical, management advisory and consultancy services related
| |
| − | activities through its subsidiary company, namely, PFC Consulting Limited. PFC's
| |
| − | clients include the Power Utilities of State, Central and Private Sector. These clients
| |
| − | are involved in various aspects of the Power Sector in India, including generation,
| |
| − | transmission and distribution, and other related activities.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | PFC's priorities include not only accelerating the pace of existing business of
| |
| − | funding generation, transmission and distribution projects, but also to explore the
| |
| − | new opportunities available in the sector. With this philosophy, PFC has around
| |
| − | half-a-dozen strategic business units, focusing on different business segments—
| |
| − | conventional lending to generation, transmission and distribution projects;
| |
| − | consortium lending to generation, transmission and distribution projects; lending
| |
| − | to power equipment manufacturers and fuel producers and suppliers, renewable
| |
| − | energy and CDM, equity funding through Power Equity Capital Advisor Pvt Ltd.
| |
| − | (PECAP).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | PFC's long term borrowings programme has been rated at 'Baa3' by Moody's,
| |
| − | 'BBB' by Standard & Poor's and 'BBB-' by FITCH which is at par with India's
| |
| − | Sovereign Rating. Further, CRISIL and ICRA have assigned 'AAA' and LAAA' rating
| |
| − | respectively to PFC.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====Performance Highlights====
| |
| − | PFC issued sanctions for Rs 37,065 crore of loans and grants during the financial
| |
| − | year 2009-10 up to 30 November 2009, as compared to Rs 28,660 crore sanctioned
| |
| − | during similar period of the last year (2008-09). An amount of Rs 12,672 crore was
| |
| − | disbursed during the same period to State, Central and Private Sector entities,
| |
| − | compared to Rs 12,062 crore disbursed during similar period last year (2008-09).
| |
| − | With this, cumulative sanction of Rs 2,56,613 crore and Disbursement of Rs 1,25,792
| |
| − | crore of loans and grants have been made by the Company as on 30 November
| |
| − | 2009.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Nodal Agency for Government Schemes==
| |
| − | PFC is a key agency in various Government of India Power Sector schemes and
| |
| − | programmes and has implemented and/or is implementing schemes like
| |
| − | Restructured Accelerated Power Development & Reform Program (R-APDRP),
| |
| − | Accelerated Generation & Supply Programme (AG&SP), Distribution Reform,
| |
| − | Upgrades and Management (DRUM) and Delivery through decentralized
| |
| − | Management (DDM).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In addition, Government of India has designated PFC as the
| |
| − | nodal agency to develop Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs) based on tariff based
| |
| − | competitive bidding process, each project having a capacity of around 4000 MW
| |
| − | and requiring an investment of about Rs 20,000 crore. In this regard, PFC has
| |
| − | successfully awarded 4 UMPPs through tariff based competitive bidding process.
| |
| − | PFC has also been designated as the nodal agency for development of
| |
| − | Independent Transmission Project (ITP) based on tariff based competitive bidding
| |
| − | process and is presently handling ITP.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Power Lenders' Club==
| |
| − | PFC has also established the 'Power Lenders' Club' which consists of 18 banks and
| |
| − | includes major financial institutions like HUDCO and LIC.
| |
| − | ==Power Exchange==
| |
| − | In 2008-09, PFC had participated in the equity of Power Exchange India Limited
| |
| − | (PXI), a company promoted by NSE and NCDEX. PFC has became Professional
| |
| − | Clearing Member (PCM) of Power Exchange to support the activities of trading
| |
| − | members. PFC, NTPC, NHPC and TCS have promoted "National Power Exchange
| |
| − | Limited", a company incorporated under The Companies Act, 1956, with an
| |
| − | authorized capital of Rs 50 crore.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==SATLUJ JAL VIDYUT NIGAM LTD.==
| |
| − | The Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited-SJVN (formerly NJPC) was established on 24
| |
| − | May 1988 as a joint venture of the Government of India (GOI) and the Government
| |
| − | of Himachal Pradesh (GOHP) with equity participation in the ratio of 75:25
| |
| − | respectively, to plan, investigate, organize, execute, operate and maintain Hydroelectric
| |
| − | power projects. SJVN is a "Schedule-A" Mini Ratna company. The present
| |
| − | authorized share capital of SJVN is Rs 4500 crore.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | SJVN is committed for generating reliable and eco-friendly power by means
| |
| − | of state -of-the-art technology, excellence in engineering and continued improvement
| |
| − | in quality management. SJVN, an IT savvy corporation, has established and is
| |
| − | following sound business, financial and regulatory policies.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | SJVN having commissioned the 1500 MW Nathpa Jhakri HE Project, is
| |
| − | endowed not only with the state-of-the-art technology and know-how to tackle the
| |
| − | Himalayan Geology but has also developed the requisite knowledge and capability
| |
| − | to conceptualize, optimize and develop the power potential of hydro-power
| |
| − | development schemes of all sizes.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In pursuit to expansion of the Corporation by acquiring new projects for
| |
| − | development, the Corporation expanded its base from a single project to a multi
| |
| − | project and thereafter from presence in a single state to a pan-Indian Corporation
| |
| − | and established its footprint in the neighbouring countries of Nepal and Bhutan.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station - NJHPS (1500 MW) was the first
| |
| − | project undertaken by SJVN for execution, and all its six units of 250 MW each were
| |
| − | commissioned and are under commercial operation since 18 May 2004. Since its
| |
| − | commissioning, NJHEPS has generated total of 35432.37 MUs (Gross Energy
| |
| − | Generation) up to 31 December 2009 and SJVN has paid a total dividend of Rs 1181.59
| |
| − | crore.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The corporation proposes to develop Rampur HE Project as CDM Project for
| |
| − | obtaining Carbon Finance. The preliminary estimates show that the execution of
| |
| − | this Project shall result into Emission Reductions (ERs) of 1.4 million per annum
| |
| − | resulting in saving of 1.4 million tonnes of CO2 per year.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | SJVN has been fully aware of the importance of both environmental,
| |
| − | resettlement and rehabilitation issues. SJVN has adopted an environment,
| |
| − | resettlement and rehabilitation policy which reiterates the company's commitment
| |
| − | to sustainable development which is within the carrying capacity of the eco-system
| |
| − | and which also promotes the improvement of the quality of life.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | For its outstanding contribution to environment protection SJVN has been
| |
| − | awarded with Green Tech Award, Golden Peacock Eco Innovation Award, etc.
| |
| − | Consultancy Services
| |
| − |
| |
| − | SJVN has experience of corporate and project planning, design, engineering,
| |
| − | construction management, erection and commissioning, contracts management,
| |
| − | project management, human resource management, financial management and
| |
| − | commercial management of India's largest hydro-electric project. To effectively utilize
| |
| − | the in-house expertise and the experience gained, a dedicated consultancy division
| |
| − | has been established for providing consultancy services to national and international
| |
| − | organizations.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==NATIONAL POWER TRAINING INSTITUTE==
| |
| − | National Power Training Institute (NPTI), a registered society under Ministry of
| |
| − | Power, Government of India is committed to the development of Human Resources
| |
| − | in power sector for the past four decades.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | NPTI with its corporate centre at Faridabad operates eight institutes all over
| |
| − | the country. It has five regional institutes located at Neyveli (Tamil Nadu), Durgapur
| |
| − | (West Bengal), Badarpur (New Delhi), Nagpur (Maharashtra) and Guwahati (Assam)
| |
| − | and two specialized centres viz., Power Systems Training Institute (PSTI) & Hot
| |
| − | Line Training Centre (HLTC) at Bengaluru, Centre for Advanced Management and
| |
| − | Power Studies (CAMPS) at Faridabad (Haryana). NPTI (NE-R) is at present
| |
| − | operating from temporary site at Narangi complex of ASEB, Guwahati, and the
| |
| − | full-fledged training institute, as sanctioned by the Government of India at a cost of
| |
| − | Rs 18.29 crore, is in the advanced stage of completion at Kahilipara, Guwahati. The
| |
| − | Government of India has also sanctioned a scheme for setting up of Hydro Power
| |
| − | Training Centre at Nangal at an estimated cost of Rs 14.75 crore which is under
| |
| − | implementation.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Institutes of NPTI are will equipped with Hi-Tech infrastructural facilities
| |
| − | for conducting different courses on technical as well as management subjects
| |
| − | covering the needs of thermal, hydro and nuclear power plants, Transmission &
| |
| − | Distribution Systems, and Energy related fields of the Indian Power and allied energy
| |
| − | sectors. It has high fidelity, real-time full scope 500 MW & 210 MW Fossil Fuel Fired
| |
| − | Power Plant Training Simulators at its various institutes imparting off-job specialized
| |
| − | skills to operation personnel across the country. Also a 430 MW CCGT Replica
| |
| − | Simulator has been commissioned at NPTI Corporate Office, Faridabad.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | A Geographical Information System (GIS) Resource Centre for training and
| |
| − | consultancy in the areas of GIS based electricity Distribution Network Planning
| |
| − | and Management has been set up at NPTI Corporate Office, Faridabad.
| |
| − | A facility has been created at NPTI's Hot Line Training Centre, Bengaluru for
| |
| − | Live Line Maintenance of Transmission Lines upto 400 KV (first of its kind in Asia)
| |
| − | which enables trained personnel to attend to maintenance requirements without
| |
| − | power interruptions.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Several long-term and short-term training programs in the areas of thermal,
| |
| − | hydro, transmission & distribution and management etc. are being conducted in
| |
| − | the various institutes of NPTL. Besides conducting refresher training for working
| |
| − | engineers/supervisors, NPTI conducts a large number of job-oriented educational
| |
| − | programmes also such as MBA in Power Management, B.Tech (Power) and Post
| |
| − | Graduate Diploma in Thermal Power Plant Engineering.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==CENTRAL POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE==
| |
| − | The Central Power Research Institute (CPRI), a Society registered under the
| |
| − | Societies Registration Act under the Ministry of Power, serves as National
| |
| − | Laboratory to carry out applied research in Electrical Power Engineering. It also
| |
| − | functions as an independent National Testing and Certification Authority for
| |
| − | Electrical Equipment for ensuring their reliability.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Institute, with its existence of over four decades has built sophisticated
| |
| − | facilities, both in the areas of research and testing. The important facilities include
| |
| − | 2500 MVA Short Circuit Testing with Synthetic Testing Facility at Bengaluru, Ultra
| |
| − | High Voltage Research Laboratory at Hyderabad, Short Circuit Testing Facility at
| |
| − | Bhopal, Thermal Research Centre at Koradi, Nagpur and Regional Testing
| |
| − | Laboratory at Noida, Kolkata and Guwahati.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Over the years, CPRI has built up expertise in the areas of transmission and
| |
| − | distribution systems, power quality, energy metering, energy auditing, transmission
| |
| − | line, tower design, conductor vibration studies, power systems studies, energy
| |
| − | conservation studies, transformer oil reclamation and testing, diagnostic and
| |
| − | condition monitoring and estimation of remaining life of equipment, new material
| |
| − | for power system application, Ultra High Voltage testing, short circuit testing, High
| |
| − | Voltage testing and other related fields. The Institute has set up and commissioned
| |
| − | the state- of-the-art seismic testing facility and a Real Time Digital Simulation facility.
| |
| − | CPRI offers consultancy services in these areas.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The CPRI’s laboratories are accredited under the National Accreditation Board
| |
| − | for Testing and Calibration of Laboratories (NABL), which is the national body for
| |
| − | accreditation of laboratories. CPRI has been given the membership status in the
| |
| − | group of Short Circuit Testing Liaison (STL) of Europe. CPRI laboratories are
| |
| − | approved for certain products like communication cables, LT capacitors etc., by
| |
| − | Underwriters Laboratories and Canadian Standard Association. The Institute has
| |
| − | been accredited by INTERTEKASTA, UK for testing of Low Voltage and Medium
| |
| − | Voltage equipment, Power Transformers and Power Cables.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Research and Consultancy activities have been certified for ISO-9001-
| |
| − | 2000 by NVT, KEMA. CPRI Laboratories have been recognized as Approved Test
| |
| − | House by Electrical Directorate, Kingdom of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. The
| |
| − | certification is widely accepted in the countries of Middle-East, South-East, Far-
| |
| − | East Asia and countries of Africa.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Institute works as a nodal agency for national level power system research.
| |
| − | Among the new ventures of the CPRI, the Centre for Collaborative and Advanced
| |
| − | Research (CCAR) has been established for creating infrastructure for the visiting
| |
| − | Scientists/Technologists to carry out research in the areas related to power sector. A
| |
| − | centre has been set up for utilization of industrial solid wastes to useful valueadded
| |
| − | products for the benefit of industry.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Institute has established Regional Testing Laboratories at Kolkata and
| |
| − | Guwahati to cater to testing requirements in the Eastern and North-Eastern States
| |
| − | of the country. The Institute has also established the Refrigerator & Air Conditioners
| |
| − | testing laboratory under the Standards & Labelling Programme.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | CPRI has served as Advisor-cum-Consultant under APDRP-I for three southern
| |
| − | states viz., Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Pioneering work has been done
| |
| − | for total of 9 distribution circles and 256 towns in three states. CPRI is now
| |
| − | empanelled as IT consultant for R - APDRP and is also Third Party Inspection Agency
| |
| − | for Karnataka and Kerala under the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana
| |
| − | Scheme (RGGVY).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Institute also offers Third Party Inspection Services and customized
| |
| − | Training Programmes to utilities and Industry.
| |
| − | ==NORTH-EASTERN ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION LIMITED==
| |
| − | With a need to develop the huge power potential, the North Eastern Electric Power
| |
| − | Corporation (NEEPCO) was incorporated on 2 April 1976 as a wholly owned
| |
| − | Government Enterprise under the Ministry of Power to plan, promote, investigate,
| |
| − | survey, design, construct, generate, operate and maintain power stations in the N.E.
| |
| − | region. The authorised share capital of the Corporation presently stands at
| |
| − | Rs 3,500 crore. The installed capacity of the NEEPCO is 1,130 MW comprising 755
| |
| − | MW of hydro power and 375 MW of gas based power. The Corporation currently
| |
| − | meets more than 60 per cent of the energy requirement of the North Eastern Region.
| |
| − | It is an ISO:9001:2000(Quality) ISO 14001:1996(Environment) and OHSAS-
| |
| − | 18001:1999 (Safety) Company with its Corporate Office at Shillong.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Corporation plans to add power of 107.50 MW during 11th Five Year Plan.
| |
| − | Presently, two hydro projects of 710 MW (Kameng 600 MW and Pare 110 MW) and
| |
| − | one gas based project (Tripura gas based power project, 100 MW nominal 20 per
| |
| − | cent) are under execution by NEEPCO.
| |
| − | ==BHAKRA BEAS MANAGEMENT BOARD==
| |
| − | Bhakra-Nangal Project was taken up as a joint venture of the states of erstwhile
| |
| − | Punjab and Rajasthan. On re-organisation of erstwhile Punjab State in 1966 'Bhakra
| |
| − | Management Board' was constituted on 1st October, 1967 under Section 79 of Punjab
| |
| − | Re-Organisation Act, 1966 for the administration, maintenance and operation of
| |
| − | Bhakra Nangal Project. Beas Construction Board was constituted under the Punjab
| |
| − | Re-Organisation Act, 1966 for construction of Beas Project. 'Bhakra Management
| |
| − | Board' was renamed as 'Bhakra Beas Management Board' (BBMB) w.e.f. 15 May
| |
| − | 1976 after transfer of Beas Project on its completion by Beas Construction Board.
| |
| − | Main functions of BBMB are as under:-
| |
| − |
| |
| − | i) The regulation of the supply of water for irrigation from Bhakra Nangal and
| |
| − | Beas Projects to the States of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan and also drinking
| |
| − | water supply to Delhi and Chandigarh.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ii) The regulation of the supply of power generated at BBMB Power Houses to
| |
| − | Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, HP, Chandigarh and some Common Pool
| |
| − | consumers like old HP, National Fertilizers Limited, Nangal, etc.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | iii) In the year 1999, BBMB has been entrusted with additional function of
| |
| − | providing and performing engineering and related technical and consultancy
| |
| − | services to states and other utilities.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The installed capacity of BBMB power plants is 2864.73 MW. The power
| |
| − | generation of BBMB Power Houses is being evacuated through BBMB power
| |
| − | evacuation system running into 3706 km length of 400 KV, 220 KV, 132 KV
| |
| − | transmission lines and 24 EHV sub-stations.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) was set up in March 2002 within the overall
| |
| − | framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 with the objective to spearhead
| |
| − | the improvement of energy efficiency in the economy through various regulatory
| |
| − | and promotional instruments.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | BEE is therefore engaged in institutionalizing energy efficiency services,
| |
| − | promote energy efficiency delivery mechanisms, and provide leadership for
| |
| − | improvement of energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The current programmes of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency focuses on
| |
| − | achieving energy savings that will result in avoided power generation capacity of
| |
| − | 10,000 MW during the 11th Plan period.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | With the success of mandatory labeling on the four products under the
| |
| − | Standards and Labeling scheme, BEE's several other initiatives such as the Energy
| |
| − | Conservation Building Code, Bachat Lamp Yojana. Agriculture and Municipal DSM
| |
| − | programmes, Designated Consumers and SME's, India is estimated to have saved
| |
| − | 5,000 MW in the first three years of the 11th Five Year Plan period, between 2007
| |
| − | and 2010.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | It is estimated that the avoided generation capacity will go beyond 10,000
| |
| − | MW by the end of 11th Plan, which is the target for the plan period.
| |
| − | Through implementation of its various schemes, the verified savings achieved
| |
| − | by BEE during the year 2009-10 is 2868.01 MW of avoided generation and 8720.83
| |
| − | MU of electricity saved.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Ministry of Power and Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) have prepared
| |
| − | the implementation framework for the National Mission for Enhanced Energy
| |
| − | Efficiency (NMEEE) as one of the eight national missions under the National Action
| |
| − | Plan of Climate Change (NAPCC) with the aim that this mission upscales the efforts
| |
| − | to create and sustain market for energy efficiency to unlock investment of around Rs.
| |
| − | 74,000 crores.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The mission by 2014-15, is likely to achieve about 23 million tonnes oilequivalent
| |
| − | of fuel savings-in coal, gas, and petroleum products, along with an
| |
| − | expected avoided capacity addition of over 19,000 MW. The carbon dioxide emission
| |
| − | reduction is estimated to be 98.55 million tons annually. Eight energy intensive
| |
| − | industrial sectors having about 462 designated consumers would be covered under
| |
| − | innovative scheme called Perform, Achieve & Trade (PAT). Targets to reduce specific
| |
| − | energy consumption (SEC) from the baseline value would be assigned to each
| |
| − | designated consumer which is to be achieved by March 2014.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | This scheme, alone would result in a saving of about 8.97 million tons of oil
| |
| − | equivalent by 2013-14. Apart from this, demand side management (DSM),
| |
| − | development of Super Efficient Equipment Program, Promotion of ESCOs and
| |
| − | creation of Partial Risk Guarantee fund and venture capital fund would be made
| |
| − | operational under various components of NMEEE.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS==
| |
| − | The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas is entrusted with the responsibility of
| |
| − | exploration and production of oil and natural gas including import of Liquefied
| |
| − | Natural Gas (LNG), and the refining, marketing, distribution, import, export and
| |
| − | conservation of petroleum products.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION==
| |
| − | Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) and Oil India Limited (OIL), private and
| |
| − | joint venture companies are engaged in the exploration and production of oil and
| |
| − | natural gas in the country.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Government of India approved the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP)
| |
| − | in 1997 and it became effective in February 1999. Since then, licences for exploration
| |
| − | are being awarded only through a competitive bidding system and National Oil
| |
| − | Companies (NOCs) are required to compete on an equal footing with other Indian
| |
| − | and foreign companies to secure Petroleum Exploration Licences (PELs).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Eight
| |
| − | rounds of bids have so far been held under NELP, and 235 exploration blocks have
| |
| − | been awarded. Under NELP, 97 oil and gas discoveries in 29 blocks have already
| |
| − | been made. Further, ninth bid round of New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELPIX)
| |
| − | was launched on 15.10.2010. Bids were opened on 28.3.2011. 74 bids have been
| |
| − | received for 33 blocks, out of 34 blocks offered under NELP-IX.
| |
| − | ==OILAND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED==
| |
| − | The Oil and Natural Gas Commission was established on 14th August 1956 as a
| |
| − | statutory body under Oil and Natural Gas Commission Act for the development of
| |
| − | petroleum resources and sale of petroleum products. As per the decision of the
| |
| − | Government, Oil and Natural Gas Commission was converted into a Public Limited
| |
| − | Company under the Companies Act, 1956 and named as “Oil and Natural Gas
| |
| − | Corporation Limited” from 1st February 1994.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In March 2004, the Government
| |
| − | disinvested around 10 per cent of the equity shares of ONGC through a public offer
| |
| − | in the domestic capital market at Rs 750 per share. After disinvestment, shareholding
| |
| − | of the Government in ONGC came down to around 74.15 per cent. The Authorized
| |
| − | and Paid-up Capital of ONGC as on 31st March 2011 is Rs 15000 crore and Rs 4277.74
| |
| − | crore respectively. It has been accorded 'Maharatna Company' status.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Crude oil and natural gas production by ONGC during 2010-11 was 27.28
| |
| − | Million Metric Tonne (MMT) and 25.32 Billion Cubic Metre (BCM) respectively.
| |
| − | ==ONGC VIDESH LIMITED==
| |
| − | ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of ONGC, was
| |
| − | incorporated as Hydrocarbons India Limited on 5 March 1965 with an initial
| |
| − | authorised capital of Rs 5 lakh, for the business of international exploration and
| |
| − | production. Its name was changed to ONGC Videsh Limited on 15th June 1989. The
| |
| − | Authorised and Paid-up Share Capital of OVL as on 31st March 2011 is Rs 1,000
| |
| − | crore. The primary business of the company is to prospect for oil and gas acreages
| |
| − | abroad. These include acquisition of oil and gas fields in foreign countries as well
| |
| − | as exploration, production, transportation and sale of oil and gas.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | OVL currently has participation in 33 projects in 15 countries namely, Vietnam
| |
| − | (2 projects), Russia (2 projects), North Sudan (2 projects), South Sudan (1 project)
| |
| − | Iran (1 project), Iraq (1 project), Libya (1 project), Myanmar (2 projects), Syria
| |
| − | (2 projects), Cuba (2 projects), Brazil (6 projects), Nigeria (2 projects), Colombia
| |
| − | (6 projects), Venezuela (2 project) and Kazakhstan (1 project). OVL's share of crude
| |
| − | oil and natural gas production is currently from 9 projects in eight countries, viz.,
| |
| − | Russia, North & South Sudan, Vietnam, Syria, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil.
| |
| − | OVL's share of the crude oil and natural gas production in 2010-11 was 9.448 Million
| |
| − | Metric Tonne of Oil & Oil equivalent gas including 2.692 BCM of natural gas. The
| |
| − | other 23 projects being implemented by OVL are at various stages of exploration
| |
| − | and appraisal and development. One Pipeline Project was completed in Sudan in
| |
| − | 2005.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The gross revenue of OVL was Rs 18,683 crore during the financial year
| |
| − | 2010-11 with net profit of Rs 2691 crore. Further, OVL is pursuing acquisition of
| |
| − | various oil and gas exploration and production opportunities in Russia, Central
| |
| − | Asia, Latin America, Africa, and Middle East, which are at different stages.
| |
| − | ==OIL INDIA LIMITED==
| |
| − | Oil India Limited (OIL), is a National Oil Company engaged in the exploration,
| |
| − | production and transportation of crude oil and natural gas in the country. OIL was
| |
| − | incorporated in 1959 as a company with a two-third share of Burmah Oil Company
| |
| − | and one-third share of Government of India. In 1961, OIL became a joint venture
| |
| − | Company with equal share of Government of India and Burmah Oil company. On
| |
| − | 14th October 1981, OIL became a Government of India enterprise, a wholly-owned
| |
| − | Public Sector Undertaking. OIL has operational areas in the States of Assam,
| |
| − | Arunachal Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Rajasthan.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Company currently produces around 3.90 MMTPA of crude oil and around
| |
| − | 7.00 MMSCMD of natural gas and more than 45,000 tonnes of LPG annually. The
| |
| − | entire crude oil, LPG production and major share of the Natural Gas production
| |
| − | come from its traditionally rich oil and gas fields concentrated in the North East
| |
| − | region. To increase its production potential and chart a steady growth, the company
| |
| − | has taken a very structured approach towards intensification and integration of
| |
| − | geo-scientific studies to find new oil.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Since most of the crude oil and gas produced
| |
| − | by OIL is from its matured and aging fields, it has initiated fit for purpose EOR/
| |
| − | IOR initiatives for revitalization of matured fields and taken up steps to explore the
| |
| − | locked up potential. New technologies and methods viz. Infill/Horizontal/J-Bend/
| |
| − | Sub-Thrust drilling are being deployed to augment exploration and development
| |
| − | efforts. The Company is also focusing on exploration in frontier areas and NELP
| |
| − | blocks which have good prospects.
| |
| − | ==GAIL INDIA LIMITED==
| |
| − | The setting up of GAIL (India) Limited, formerly known as Gas Authority of India
| |
| − | Limited in August 1984 heralded a new era of natural gas in the country. GAIL is
| |
| − | now completing 27 glorious years of service to the nation. Starting with a natural
| |
| − | gas transmission company, it is today an integrated energy company along the
| |
| − | Natural Gas value chain with global footprints. Having started as a gas transmission
| |
| − | company during the late eighties, it grew organically over the years by building a
| |
| − | large network of Natural Gas Trunk Pipelines covering a length of over 8700 km.
| |
| − | Today, GAIL has interests in the business of Natural Gas, LPG, Liquid Hydrocarbons
| |
| − | and Petrochemicals, the latter being value-added products.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The Company has also
| |
| − | entered in telecom sector by leasing bandwidth available through the OFC which is
| |
| − | laid along the gas pipelines for their operation and maintenance. GAIL has also
| |
| − | diversified into Exploration and Production, City Gas Distribution and is steadily
| |
| − | developing an overseas presence.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The GAIL has a turnover of Rs. 32,459 crore (US $ 7.2 billion approx.)and Profit
| |
| − | After Tax (PAT) of Rs. 3,561 crore (US $ 790 million approx.) in the year 2010-11.
| |
| − | GAIL has recently acquired its first Shale Gas asset in the USA through its
| |
| − | wholly owned US subsidiary GAIL Global (USA) Inc.. The subsidiary company has
| |
| − | executed definitive agreements with Carrizo Oil & Gas Inc. based in Houston,
| |
| − | Texas, to enter into an unincorporated joint venture, under which GAIL Global (USA)
| |
| − | Inc. will acquire a 20% interest in Carrizo's Eagle Ford Shale acreage position. The
| |
| − | Joint Venture will have 20,200 gross acres, out of which GAIL subsidiary would
| |
| − | have 4,040 net acres spread over four counties in Texas.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Leveraging on its pipeline network, GAIL has built up a strong 12,200 km.
| |
| − | Optical Fibre Cable (OFC) network for leasing of bandwidth as a carriers' carrier.
| |
| − | GAIL's telecom business unit - 'GAILTEL' offers highly dependable bandwidth for
| |
| − | telecom service providers across 175 locations in ten states.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Exploration and Production==
| |
| − | In a move towards integration along the energy chain and for sourcing supply,
| |
| − | GAIL has entered into the area of exploration and production. Currently, the
| |
| − | company is involved in oil and gas exploration activities over an acreage of 1,64,637
| |
| − | sq. km. GAIL now holds a participating interest between 10 to 80 per cent in 27 oil
| |
| − | and gas exploration blocks. Of these, 9 are on-land blocks and 18 are offshore blocks.
| |
| − | In India, there are 24 blocks which are in Basins such as Mahanadi, Bengal, Gujarat
| |
| − | - Saurashtra, Mumbai, Cambay, Assam-Akaran and Cauvery. Furthermore, GAIL
| |
| − | has also got stake in the A-1 and A-3 blocks in Myanmar and Block No. 56 in Oman.
| |
| − | GAIL consortium has participating interest in three CBM blocks in the country in
| |
| − | collaboration with Arrow Energy of Australia, EIG Energy Infrastructure Group
| |
| − | and Tata Power.
| |
| − | ==Overseas Presence==
| |
| − | Apart from its equity participation in three retail gas companies in Egypt and in
| |
| − | China Gas Holdings in China, participating interest in offshore blocks in Myanmar
| |
| − | and one onland block in Oman, GAIL is pursuing business opportunities in regions
| |
| − | such as South/South-East Asia, West Asia, Russia and Central Asian Republics and
| |
| − | African continent in the areas of exploration and production, gas transmission, CNG
| |
| − | and city gas distribution, LNG and petrochemicals. GAIL has set up a whollyowned
| |
| − | subsidiary company viz. GAIL Gobal (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd in Singapore.
| |
| − | ==REFINING==
| |
| − | The present refining capacity in the country as on 1st June 2011 was 193.386 Million
| |
| − | Metric Tonnes Per Annum (MMTPA). Out of 21 refineries operating in the country,
| |
| − | 17 are in public sector, 3 are in private sector and 1 is in JV (Joint venture) of Public
| |
| − | Sector. Out of 17 Public Sector refineries, 8 are owned by Indian Oil Corporation
| |
| − | Ltd. (IOCL), 2 each by Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (a subsidiary of
| |
| − | IOCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), Bharat Petroleum
| |
| − | Corporation Limited (BPCL) and Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC).
| |
| − | Numaligarh Refinery Limited (a subsidiary of BPCL) and Mangalore Refinery &
| |
| − | Petrochemicals Limited have one each. The Joint Venture Refinery belongs to Bhart
| |
| − | Petroleum Corporation Limited. The capacity-wise details of the refineries are given
| |
| − | below:
| |
| − | ===Table===
| |
| − | ===REFINERY-WISE CAPACITY AS ON 1ST JUNE, 2011===
| |
| − | Sl. No. Name of the company Capacity (in MMTPA)*
| |
| − |
| |
| − | =====Public Sector=====
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 1. Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Noonmati, Guwahati 1.00
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2. Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Begusarai, Barauni 6.00
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 3. Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Koyali, Vadodara 13.70
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 4. Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Haldia 7.50
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 5. Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Mathura 8.00
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 6. Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Digboi 0.65
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 7. Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Panipat 15.00
| |
| − | (3 MMTPA expansion
| |
| − | in January, 2011)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 8. Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Bongaigaon 2.35
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 9. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, Chembur, Mumbai 6.50
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 10. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited,Visakhapatnam 8.30
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 11. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Chembur, Mumbai 12.00
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 12. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Kochi 9.50
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 13. Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, Manali, Chennai 10.50
| |
| − | (1 MMTPA expansion
| |
| − | in May, 2010)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 14. Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, Nagapattinam 1.00
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 15. Numaligarh Refinery Limited, Numaligarh 3.00
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 16. Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd., Mangalore 11.82
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 17. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Tatipaka 0.066
| |
| − | Total 116.886
| |
| − | Joint Venture
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 18. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited & Oman 6.00
| |
| − | Oil Company, a joint venture, Bina (May, 2011)
| |
| − | Total 6.00
| |
| − |
| |
| − | =====Private Sector=====
| |
| − | 19. Reliance Industries Ltd, (Domestic) Mothikhavdi, Jamnagar 33.00
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 20. Reliance Petroleum Ltd.SEZ, Jamnagar 27.00
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 21. Essar Oil Limited, Vadinar 10.50
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Total 70.50
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Grand Total 193.386
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * Million Metric Tonne Per Annum
| |
| − | ====Table ends====
| |
| − | ==IMPLEMENTATION OF BS-III/IV FUELS IN THE COUNTRY==
| |
| − | The Auto Fuel Policy, approved by the Government, laid down a roadmap for
| |
| − | upgradation of the quality of auto fuels (Petrol and Diesel) to Bharat Stage (BS) IV
| |
| − | in 13 identified cities and BS-III in the rest of the country. As per the roadmap,
| |
| − | supply of BS-IV Petrol and Diesel commenced in all 13 identified cities from 1 April
| |
| − | 2010.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The oil Industry has successfully completed the introduction of BS-III fuels in
| |
| − | the entire country with the last phase completed on 22nd September, 2010. Oil sector
| |
| − | PSUs have invested an amount of Rs 32,760 crore in upgration of refining technology
| |
| − | and creation of facilities for production of BS-IV/III auto fuels.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Efforts are being made to progressively expand coverage of BS-IV fuels with
| |
| − | introduction of these fuels in 50 more cities by 2015. The additional cities will be
| |
| − | identified considering the pollution levels and the vehicle population and inclusion
| |
| − | of all State capitals and cities with population of more than 1 crore will be emphasized
| |
| − | for extension of BS-IV auto fuels.
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==Pricing of Petroleum Products== | + | =Diesel generators= |
| − | The Administered Pricing Mechanisam (APM) or Cost Plus Pricing for petroleum
| + | [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Diesel-gensets-lose-power-as-reforms-start-paying-02012015012024 ''The Times of India''] |
| − | products which was introduced in 1976 was abolished with the effect from 1 April
| + | |
| − | 2002, consequent to the de-regulation of the oil sector in India. Vide Gazettee
| + | |
| − | Notification dated 28 April 2002, Government notified that pricing of all petroleum
| + | |
| − | products except PDS Kerosene and Domestic LPG, would be market determined.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | In line with this policy, the Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) carried out 23 price
| + | Jan 02 2015 |
| − | revisions up to January 2004, on the principle of Import Parity Pricing (IPP).
| + | |
| − | However, with the sustained rise in international oil prices from 2004, the
| + | |
| − | Government found it necessary to modulate the retail prices of the four sensitive
| + | |
| − | petroleum products, viz., Petrol, Diesel, PDS Kerosene and Domestic LPG.
| + | |
| − | In June 2006, based on the recommendations of the Rangarajan Committee,
| + | |
| − | the Government changed the pricing mechanism for Petrol and Diesel from Import
| + | |
| − | Parity to Trade Parity (Trade Parity being the weighted average of Import Parity
| + | |
| − | and Export Parity prices in the ratio of 80:20) while the pricing of PDS Kerosene
| + | |
| − | and Domestic LPG continues on Import Parity basis.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | To arrive at a viable and sustainable system of pricing of petroleum products,
| + | Sanjay Dutta |
| − | Government had set up an Expert Group under the chairmanship of Dr. Kirit Parikh.
| + | |
| − | In the light of Government's budgetary constraints and the growing imperative for
| + | |
| − | fiscal consolidation, and the need for allocating more funds to social sector schemes
| + | |
| − | for the common man, the Government has, with effect from 26 June, 2010, made the
| + | |
| − | pricing of Petrol and Diesel both at refinery gate and the retail level marketdetermined.
| + | |
| − | In case of a high rise and volatility in international oil prices,
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Government will suitably intervene in the pricing of Petrol and Diesel.
| + | [[File: diesel generators 2010 13.jpg|Diesel generators: 2010- 13|frame|500px]] |
| | + | ''' Diesel gensets lose power as reforms start paying off ''' |
| | | | |
| − | The Government is committed to make available the essential fuels, particularly
| + | Diesel-fired gensets appear to be losing power as the mainstay of energy for commercial establishments and other large consumers as the Centre's thrust on raising generation capacity and other reforms in the last few years begin to pay off by way of improved supply from the mains. |
| − | the cooking fuels to the common man at affordable prices. Accordingly, it has been | + | The average running period for DG sets of all sizes has dropped to 500 hours in a year from 3,942 hours in 201011, a power ministry note says, quoting two separate reports prepared by Petroleum Conservation and Research Association and Bureau of Energy Efficiency . |
| − | decided to continue subsidising PDS Kerosene and Domestic LPG.
| + | |
| − | ==Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)==
| + | |
| − | Indian Oil Corporation is India's flagship national oil company with business
| + | |
| − | interests encompassing the entire hydrocarbon value chain - from refining, pipeline
| + | |
| − | transportation and marketing of petroleum products to exploration & production
| + | |
| − | of crude oil & gas, marketing of natural gas, petrochemicals, renewable energy
| + | |
| − | and now into Nuclear. The authorised and paid-up share capital of IOCL as on | + | |
| − | 31st March 2011 is Rs. 6,000 crore and Rs. 2427.95 crore respectively.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Over the years, Indian Oil Corporation has grown by expanding its own
| + | In terms of average perday operation, gensets are being run for an average 1.37 hours against an average 10.8 hours operated some twothree years back. |
| − | operations, bringing independent refineries like Chennai Petroleum (CPCL) and
| + | |
| − | Bongaigaon Refineries (BRPL) under its fold, by merging of Assam Oil Company
| + | |
| − | (AOC) and IBP with it and thus IOC has synergized its refining as well as marketing
| + | |
| − | operations.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Indian Oil Corporation supplies precious petroleum products through an
| + | This by no means is an end of the road for diesel gensets, which have recorded a growth of roughly 10% in annual sales. “Even though the number of DG sets have grown over the last two years... Basically, the DG sets are being used (installed) as stand-by source of supply ,“ says the note. |
| − | unmatched countrywide network of above 35,000 touch points, which correspond
| + | |
| − | to about 55% of the industry infrastructure. IOC operates the largest and most
| + | |
| − | extensive network of retail outlets, numbering more than 19,000. It reaches Indane
| + | |
| − | cooking gas to the doorsteps of about 61 million households through about 5290
| + | |
| − | Indane distributors. These efforts are backed by supplies from 140 terminals &
| + | |
| − | depots, 96 aviation fuel stations and 89 Indane bottling plants. About 7,726 bulk
| + | |
| − | consumer pumps are also in the operation for the convenience of large consumers,
| + | |
| − | ensuring product and inventory at their doorstep. The company is the leader in
| + | |
| − | refining, marketing and pipeline transportation in the country.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | It entered into a new era of gas transportation business during the financial
| + | The note, thus, gives an in dication of shape of things to come against the backdrop of the Modi government taking steps to ensure 24X7 power supply in the next two-three years. |
| − | year 2010-11 by commissioning a gas pipeline from Dadri to Panipat to supply Regassified
| + | |
| − | - LNG for its Panipat petro-chemical complex. Indian Oil's cross-country
| + | |
| − | network of pipelines, spanning over 10,899 KM with total capacity of 75.26 MMTPA
| + | |
| − | of crude and finished products and 10 MMSCMD of gas being the largest in the | + | |
| − | country, helps in meeting the vital energy needs of the consumers in an efficient,
| + | |
| − | economical and environment-friendly manner.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Today, Indian Oil is the country's largest commercial enterprise with Maharatna
| + | There are an estimated 24 lakh diesel gensets operating across the country , up from 20 lakh pegged around 2010-11.The report reckons the aggregate capacity of gensets of all sizes operating in the country by the end of 2012-13 to be 105,512 mw. This is roughly 20 times more than Delhi's daily demand for power. Gensets are known as a major contributor to pollution and a fall in their running hours has a positive bearing on the environment. |
| − | status and India's highest ranked company in the prestigious Fortune Global 500
| + | |
| − | listing of the world's largest Corporates.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ===Exploration and Production=== | + | =Conservation of energy= |
| − | Indian Oil has been making continued efforts to expand its E&P portfolio
| + | ==LED bulbs== |
| − | domestically as well as overseas. Presently, it has assets in India and seven other
| + | ===2016: Ujala makes India world leader=== |
| − | countries in association with experienced domestic and foreign upstream companies.
| + | [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=India-headed-for-top-slot-in-global-LED-21042016021031 ''The Times of India''], Apr 21 2016 |
| − | While gas discoveries have been made in 3 blocks, production is yet to start from
| + | [[File: Number of LED bulbs distributed under the scheme, UJALA, state-wise.jpg|Number of LED bulbs distributed under the scheme, UJALA, state-wise; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=India-headed-for-top-slot-in-global-LED-21042016021031 ''The Times of India''], Apr 21 2016|frame|500px]] |
| − | any of these blocks. In all, the E&P portfolio includes 23 blocks, comprising 13
| + | |
| − | domestic and 10 overseas. These overseas assets are located in Iran, Libya, Nigeria,
| + | |
| − | Goban, Yemen, Timor-Leste and Venezuela.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)==
| + | '''India headed for top slot in global LED light market''' |
| − | HPCL is an integrated oil Company in India, with Navratna status. It has two
| + | |
| − | refineries producting a wide variety of petroleum products fuels, lubricants and
| + | |
| − | specialty products; one in Mumbai (West Coast) having a capacity of 6.5 MMTPA
| + | |
| − | and the other in Visakhapatnam (East Coast) with a capacity of 8.3 MMTPA. The
| + | |
| − | Corporation holds equity stake of 16.95% in Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals
| + | |
| − | Limited, a state-of-the-art refinery at Mangalore with a capacity of 9.69 MMTPA.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | HPCL, in collaboration with M/s Mittal Energy Investment Pvt. Ltd, is also setting
| + | Sanjay Dutta |
| − | up a state-of-the-art 9 MMTPA capacity Green Field Refinery at Bathinda in Punjab.
| + | |
| − | HPCL owns and operates the largest Lube Refinery in the country producing
| + | India is poised to emerge as the largest market for lighting systems based on LEDs (light-emitting diodes), thanks to the Narendra Modiled government's UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) scheme for replacing all inefficient bulbs with these energy-efficient lamps. “With India selling 770 million LED bulbs every day , the country will soon become the LED capital of the world. Prices of LED bulbs have come down to 55 pence (Rs 52) from over 3.5 pounds (Rs 332) two years ago,“ a government statement quoted power minister Piyush Goyal as telling investors in London on Wednesday . |
| − | Lube Base Oils, having a capacity of 3,35,000 Metric Tones, contributing over 40%
| + | Today , 12% of all LED lighting systems sold in the world is consumed in India, according to Saurabh Kumar, managing director of Energy Efficiency Services. The company , promoted by state-run power utilities, is the nodal agency for implementing the UJALA scheme. |
| − | of the country's total Lube Base Oil production. Besides, the Corporation owns six | + | |
| − | Lube Blending Plants (2 in Mumbai and 1 each at Budge Budge, Ramnagar, Chennai
| + | |
| − | & Silvassa) and a Lube oil pipeline for evacuation of base oil from Mumbai Refinery.
| + | |
| − | Presently, HPCL is producing over 300 grades of lubes, specialties and greases.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The marketing network of HPCL consists of 13 Zonal offices in major cities
| + | UJALA has brought down the price of an LED bulb to Rs 85 for a 9-watt on an average. |
| − | and 101 Regional offices facilitated by a Supply & Distribution infrastructure
| + | |
| − | comprising terminals, aviation services facilities, LPG bottling Plants, Lube filling
| + | |
| − | plants, Inland Relay Depots, Retail Outlets (Petrol Pumps) and LPG & Lube
| + | |
| − | Distributorships. HPCL has state-of-art information technology infrastructure to
| + | |
| − | support its core business. The data center is located at Hitech city in Hyderabad.
| + | |
| − | HPCL has, over the years, moved from strength in keeping with the national
| + | |
| − | priorities. The ambitious plans include furthering the synergies and participating
| + | |
| − | in the oil industry's growth by vertically integrating in the upstream and downstream
| + | |
| − | sectors. The policy initiatives undertaken also include growth and diversification
| + | |
| − | ventures in different sectors.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)== | + | ===2017: the result of the LED initiative=== |
| − | BPCL is an integrated oil company with Navratna status in the downsteam sector
| + | [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Modis-LED-street-lights-shine-bright-29042017018020 Modi's LED street lights shine bright, April 29, 2017: The Times of India] |
| − | engaged in refining of crude oil and marketing of petroleum products. it has also
| + | |
| − | diversified into production and marketing of petrochemical feedstock. BPCL has
| + | |
| − | refineries at Mumbai and Kochi with a combined refining capacity of 21.5 MMTPA.
| + | |
| − | The Refineries are certified for ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 reflecting
| + | |
| − | the continuing commitment towards quality, environment, health and safety.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The Authorized Share Capital and Paid up Capital of the company as on
| + | [[File: Number of street lights replaced and energy saved per year, state-wise.jpg|Number of street lights replaced and energy saved per year, state-wise; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Modis-LED-street-lights-shine-bright-29042017018020 Modi's LED street lights shine bright, April 29, 2017: The Times of India]|frame|500px]] |
| − | 31.12.2010 was Rs 450 crore and Rs 361.54 crore respectively.
| + | |
| − | BPCL has a robust distribution network comprising of 120 storage depots, 12
| + | |
| − | major installations, 48 LPG bottling plants, 1676 KM cross-country pipeline
| + | |
| − | (including 292 KM pipeline set up by its joint venture company) and 2 lubricant
| + | |
| − | blending plants.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | During April-December 2010, 298 new Retail Outlets have been commissioned
| + | '''21L Conventional Lights Replaced with LED Lamps''' |
| − | and 254 more are expected to be commissioned during the period January-March
| + | |
| − | 2011 and total number of retail outlets as on 31.3.2011 is estimated at 9220.
| + | |
| − | During April-December 2010, 106 LPG distributorships have been
| + | |
| − | commissioned. In addition, 25 more LPG Distributorships are expected to be
| + | |
| − | commissioned during the balance period of the year 2010-11. The total number of
| + | |
| − | distributorships as on 31.3.2011 is estimated at 2356.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ===Renewable Energy===
| + | More than 21 lakh conventional street lights with high power consumption have been replaced with LED (light emitting diode) lamps across the country so far as civic bodies seek to make the most of falling costs of these energy efficient lighting equipment. |
| − | BPCL has taken steps to develop non conventional / renewable resources of energy
| + | |
| − | and has undertaken various initiatives in tapping non-conventional energy sources
| + | |
| − | like bio diesel, wind energy, solar energy and fuel cells in order to develop such
| + | |
| − | alternate sources of energy.
| + | |
| − | ===Exploration and Production===
| + | |
| − | Since incorporation of Bharat Petro Resources Limited (BPRL), a wholly owned
| + | |
| − | subsidiary company of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), in October
| + | |
| − | 2006, for carrying out the upstream oil & gas business of BPCL, BPRL and its
| + | |
| − | subsidiaries/joint ventures have been making investments in the various exploration
| + | |
| − | blocks in India and abroad. The company was incorporated with an Authorized
| + | |
| − | Share Capital of Rs. 1000 crore which has been now increased to Rs 3000 crore. The
| + | |
| − | Subscribed Share Capital of BPRL as on 30.11.2010 is Rs. 1079.80 crore. The paid up
| + | |
| − | share capital as on 31st March 2010 was Rs. 702.55 crore. BPRL currently has
| + | |
| − | participating interests in 26 Blocks spread across 7 countries in 15 geological basins.
| + | |
| − | Out of these blocks, 9 Blocks are located in India which was acquired under different
| + | |
| − | bidding rounds of New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP). Most of the blocks
| + | |
| − | are in an advanced stage of exploration. BPRl's acreage in all these blocks is about
| + | |
| − | 81,000 sq km, of which 73,000 sq km (or approx 90%) is offshore acreage.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==Conservation of Petroleum Products==
| + | Rajasthan has replaced the highest number of conventional lights under the power ministry's Street Lighting National Programme which is being implemented in 23 states. Some 1.34 crore conventional street lights are to be replaced under the programme. |
| − | After coal, petroleum products remain the primary energy source in India, with
| + | |
| − | their consumption increasing at a very steep rate. For faster development, the role
| + | |
| − | of energy sector is of paramount importance. India is at present one of the least
| + | |
| − | energy efficient countries in the world with an identified scope of reducing energy
| + | |
| − | consumption by 20-30 percent in all major sectors through conservation measures.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The spiralling prices of crude oil in the recent past have made all the developing | + | The total saving from replacements so far is estimated at 295 million units in terms of energy and over 73 mw in terms of generation capacity avoided. In terms of the environment, the replacements are estimated to have reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 2.3 lakh ton nes, according to Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL), the energy saving company under the power ministry that is implementing the replacement project. The programme is progressing on the back of procurement price of LED street lights coming down from Rs 135 per watt to Rs 80 per watt owing to mass procurement of the lights. |
| − | economies to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious utilization of the already
| + | |
| − | strained resources. The Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) set
| + | |
| − | up as a registered society under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in 1978
| + | |
| − | has been given the mandate to promote conservation of petroleum products in the
| + | |
| − | major sectors of economy like transport, industry, households and agriculture
| + | |
| − | through direct technical assistance, R&D, educational and training programmes,
| + | |
| − | and mass awareness campaigns.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | PCRA's activities cover conservation of all energy
| + | EESL makes the entire upfront investment in installation of the street lights and no additional budget allocation from the municipalities is required. |
| − | sources, development, evaluation and commercialization of efficient equipment and
| + | |
| − | additives, popularizing petro-crop cultivation and production of bio-fuels,
| + | |
| − | environment protection, etc. PCRA has been conducting public awareness campaigns
| + | |
| − | for promoting energy conservation in petroleum sector on a regular basis which
| + | |
| − | included various educational and practical sessions to variety of consumer sectors.
| + | |
| − | PCRA has also launched media campaigns to promote efforts of conservation and
| + | |
| − | is working in close association with Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for | + | |
| − | popularizing labelling programmes for equipment using petro based fuels.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | =COAL=
| + | The civic bodies pay EESL from the savings in energy and maintenance cost over a seven-year period, making the LED lights affordable and accessible. |
| − | The Ministry of Coal has the overall responsibility of determining policies and | + | |
| − | strategies in respect of exploration and development of coal and lignite reserves,
| + | |
| − | sanctioning of important projects of high value and for deciding all related issues.
| + | |
| − | These key functions are exercised through its public sector undertakings, namely,
| + | |
| − | Coal India Limited (CIL) and Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC) and
| + | |
| − | Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL), a joint sector undertaking of
| + | |
| − | Government of Andhra Pradesh and Government of India with equity capital in
| + | |
| − | the ratio of 51:49.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==Coal and Lignite Reserves in India==
| + | EESL's procurements carry a seven-year warranty against technical defects.The company conducts quality checks right from the bidding stage to the field level. This has resulted in the LEDs' overall technical fault being less than 1% in the 21 lakh lights installed by EESL in the country . |
| − | The coal reserves of India up to the depth of 1200 meters have been estimated by | + | |
| − | the Geological Survey of India at 276.81 billion tonnes as an 1.4.2010. Coal deposits | + | |
| − | are chiefly located in Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya
| + | |
| − | Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. The Lignite reserve in the country has
| + | |
| − | been estimated at around 39.90 billion tonnes as on 31.3.2010. The major deposits of
| + | |
| − | Lignite reserves are located in the state of Tamilnadu. Other States where lignite
| + | |
| − | deposits have been located are Rajasthan, Gujarat, Kerala, Jammu & Kashmir and
| + | |
| − | Union Territory of Puduchery.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==Coal Conservation==
| + | “LED street lights will be consuming up to 60% less energy . The bright lights will lead to safer roads for pedestrians and motorists. Additionally , EESL also plans to install three million LED street lights in the current financial year,“ a company statement quoted MD Saurabh Kumar as saying. |
| − | Conservation of coal is an important area particularly when our coal reserves are
| + | |
| − | finite. The aspect of conservation of coal is taken into account right from the planning
| + | |
| − | state and maximum recovery is ensured during the implementation stage. Mines
| + | |
| − | are designed to work the coal seams either through open cast or through
| + | |
| − | underground methods depending on the technical feasibility and economic viability.
| + | |
| − | Mechanised opencast (OC) mining is presently the commonly adapted technology
| + | |
| − | for extraction of thick seams at shallow depth. This is also important from the
| + | |
| − | conservation point of view since the percentage recovery by this technology is around
| + | |
| − | 80% to 90%. Presently, this technology dominates and coal industry contributing
| + | |
| − | more than 88% of country's coal production. Further, whenever it is feasible, the
| + | |
| − | developed pillars of underground mines are being extracted through opencast
| + | |
| − | operations.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | In case of underground (UG) mining, the introduction of new technologies
| + | EESL is also implementing a special heritage lighting project, wherein 1,000 LED street lights have been installed in Kashi region of Uttar Pradesh and another 4,000 are being installed. |
| − | like the longwall method, shortwall method, blasting gallery technology and
| + | |
| − | continuous miner technology have resulted in increased percentage of extraction.
| + | |
| − | With the improvement in roof support technology with mechanized bolting with
| + | |
| − | resin capsules, it has been possible to maintain wider gallery span and extract seams
| + | |
| − | under bad roof conditions more efficiently resulting in improved conservation of
| + | |
| − | coal. The Ministry of Coal (MoC) governs the Coal Mines (Conservation &
| + | |
| − | Development) Act 1974 for conservation of coal and development of mine areas
| + | |
| − | through Coal Controller Organisation. A stowing excise duty of Rs. 10/- per tonne is
| + | |
| − | collected on coal production/despatch and coal companies are extended assistance
| + | |
| − | for undertaking conservation measures.
| + | |
| − | ==SAFETY AND WELFARE==
| + | |
| − | The problems of subsidence and fires are the result of unscientific mining carried
| + | |
| − | out by the earstwhile mine owners over more than 200 years of operations in these
| + | |
| − | coalfields of Jharia and Raniganj prior to nationalisation. The population living in
| + | |
| − | the old mining areas has increased many times over the years, though these areas
| + | |
| − | became unsafe for habitation. Inspite of the declaration of these areas unsafe by the
| + | |
| − | local administration, the habitation increased unabated.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The problem of subsidence
| + | ==Challenges ahead in energy conservation== |
| − | and fire are being addressed by the Government from time to time. In this regard a
| + | [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-muscles-its-way-into-high-energy-table/articleshow/57927896.cms Sanjay Dutta, India muscles its way into high energy table, Mar 31, 2017, The Times of India] |
| − | High Level Committee was set up in December, 1996 under the Chairmanship of
| + | |
| − | the then Secretary, Ministry of Coal with representatives from other Departments,
| + | |
| − | Coal Companies and the concerned State Governments to deal with the problem in
| + | |
| − | a comprehensive manner. Based on the recommendations of the Committee, a Master
| + | |
| − | Plan was prepared to deal with the problems of fire and subsidence and related
| + | |
| − | rehabilitation covering the areas under Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. (BCCL) and Eastern
| + | |
| − | Coalfields Ltd. (ECL) in 1999 for implementation of the same in a phased manner.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The Government has approved the Master Plan dealing with fire, subsidence
| |
| − | and rehabilitation and diversion of surface infrastructure within the leasehold of
| |
| − | Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) & Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL) on 12th
| |
| − | August 2009 at an estimated investment of Rs 9773.84 crore [7112.11 crores for Jharia
| |
| − | Coal Field (JFC) and 2661.73 crores for Raniganj Coal Field (RCF]. This includes
| |
| − | Rs 116.23 crores sanctioned earlier for various Environmental Measures & Subsidence
| |
| − | Control (EMSC) schemes for implementation in ten years, time.
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==Coal India Limited==
| + | '''HIGHLIGHTS''' |
| − | CIL the holding Company with headquarters in Kolkata. CIL is mainly responsible
| + | |
| − | for laying down corporate objectives, approving and monitoring performance of
| + | |
| − | subsidiary companies in the fields of long-term planning, conservation, research
| + | |
| − | and development, production, sales, finances, recruitment, training, safety, industrial
| + | |
| − | relations, wages, material for all operational, acquisition of land, execution of welfare
| + | |
| − | programmes, maintenance of safety standards, improvement of industrial relation,
| + | |
| − | etc.
| + | |
| − | ==Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited==
| + | |
| − | NLC was registered as a company on 14th November 1956. The Mining operations
| + | |
| − | in Mine-I were formally inaugurated on 20th May 1957 by the then Prime Minister
| + | |
| − | Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru. Neyveli Lignite Corporation has been conferred with
| + | |
| − | "Miniratna" status. NLC presently operates four open cast lignite mines, viz., Mine
| + | |
| − | 1, Mine IA & Mine II in the State of Tamilnadu and Barsingsar Mine in the State of
| + | |
| − | Rajasthan aggregating to a total capacity of 30.6. MTPA and three thermal power
| + | |
| − | stations, viz., TPS-I & TPS-I Expansion and TPS-II with a capacity of 2490 MW all
| + | |
| − | located in Tamil Nadu, and Barsingsar TPS in the State of Rajasthan (250 MW) and
| + | |
| − | TPS-II Expansion at Neyveli (500 MW) are under implementation aggregating to a
| + | |
| − | total of 3240 MW.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | =NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY=
| + | India is home to about a fifth of the world's population but uses only about 6% of the world’s energy. |
| − | India is undergoing a growth with GDP of 8-9% and for this, the commensurate | + | |
| − | growth of energy sector is also necessary. Climate change related issues have also
| + | |
| − | to be addressed without compromising with the development. It is worldwide
| + | |
| − | recognized that fossil fuels are depleting fast and their excessive use needs to be
| + | |
| − | curbed. More than 40 percent of population still have no access to electricity. In this
| + | |
| − | context, the role of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy is vital. India has been
| + | |
| − | making continuous progress in conventional as well as renewable power generation.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | From the year 2002 onwards, renewable grid capacity has increased by almost 5
| + | Govt’s plans to make modern fuel and quality power accessible are expected to drive India’s hunger for energy. |
| − | times, which is about 10.90% of the total grid installed capacity in the country, and
| + | |
| − | contributing about 4.13% to the electricity generation mix. This compares favorably
| + | |
| − | with that of European Union (EU) and far exceeds that of the United States (US). In
| + | |
| − | addition, India's per capita energy use continues to be far below that of industrialized
| + | |
| − | countries, and per capita CO2eq emissions are almost a third of the world average.
| + | |
| − | All the sectors of renewable energy are being developed. However, the wind power
| + | |
| − | programme has been the fastest growing contributing to around 75% of the gridconnected
| + | |
| − | renewable energy power installed capacity.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ''' Ministry of New and Renewable Energy ''' (MNRE) is the nodal Ministry of
| + | Ujjwala has already made India the world’s second-largest LPG consumer in the domestic sector. |
| − | Government of India at the national level for all matters relating to new and
| + | |
| − | renewable energy such as solar, wind, biomass, small hydro, hydrogen, biofuels,
| + | |
| − | geothermal etc. The endeavour of the Ministry is to promote renewable energy
| + | |
| − | technologies and increase the contribution of renewable energy in the total energy
| + | |
| − | mix today and in the years to come as well as to sub-serve the above objectives. The
| + | |
| − | Ministry has a wide range of programmes on research and development,
| + | |
| − | demonstration and promotion of renewable energy for rural, urban, commercial
| + | |
| − | and industrial applications as well as for grid-interactive power generation.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The
| |
| − | Ministry adopts a three-fold strategy for the development, promotion and use of
| |
| − | renewable energy technologies across the country: a) providing budgetary support
| |
| − | for research, development and demonstration of technologies; b) facilitating
| |
| − | institutional finance through various financial institutions; and c) promoting private
| |
| − | investment through fiscal incentives, tax holidays, depreciation allowance and
| |
| − | remunerative returns for power fed into the grid.
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION==
| + | India is home to about a fifth of the world's population but uses only about 6% of the world's energy. But the government's plans to make modern fuel and quality power accessible and affordable for the vast population, combined with the 'Make in India' initiative, are expected to drive India's hunger for energy. The growth in India's energy demand is expected to outpace China in the next few years. |
| − | The "Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission" (JNNSM)- one of eight Missions
| + | |
| − | under National Action Plan on Climate Change was launched by the Prime Minister
| + | |
| − | on 11th January 2010. The objective of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
| + | |
| − | (JNNSM) is to set up an enabling environment for solar technology penetration in
| + | |
| − | the country both at a centralized and decentralized level. With the launch of JNNSM,
| + | |
| − | policy initiatives have been focused on encouragement to set up commercial projects
| + | |
| − | by providing generation based incentives for the power fed to the grid through the
| + | |
| − | mechanism of renewable purchase obligation by utilities backed with a preferential
| + | |
| − | tariff and at the same time pursuing research & development efforts to develop
| + | |
| − | indigenous technologies and capacity as well as capabilities in this sector. It aims to
| + | |
| − | create and enabling policy framework for the development of following solar energy
| + | |
| − | applications:-
| + | |
| − | ===Table===
| + | |
| − | Sl. Application Target
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | No. Segment Phase-I (2010-13) Phase-II (2013-17) Phase-III (2017-2022)
| + | Rural electrification and Ujjwala played a crucial role in fuelling BJP's rise in UP and will play an important part in stoking the country's hunger for energy. Ujjwala has already made India the world's second-largest LPG consumer in the domestic sector and expanded LPG coverage to 71% of population. |
| | | | |
| − | 1. Solar Thermal Collectors 7 million sq.mtr. 15 million sq. mtr 20 million sq. mtr
| + | Fielding of the two young ministers is, thus, being seen as a clear signal from the Modi government that India cannot be ignored any longer and must be heard by the global energy market as the voice of developing economies. A fact duly acknowledged by IEA executive director Fatih Birol, when he said, "We can't talk about the future of the global energy markets without talking with India". |
| | | | |
| − | 2. Off-Grid Solar Applications 200 MW 1,000 MW 2,000 MW
| + | India has so far been a partner country. The 'associate' status will make India part of all meetings and dialogues, allowing an opportunity for it to shape relationships in the global energy market. China, the world's second-largest oil consumer, has been an associate member since 2015. |
| | | | |
| − | 3. Grid-Power, Including Roof 1,100 MW 4,000-10,000 MW 20,000 MW
| + | "IEA Association will not entail any additional burden or commitment on the government or people of India. It will help India plan better and serve the needs of Indians better, ensuring energy security for days and years to come," Goyal said. |
| − | ====Table ends====
| + | |
| − | ==Top and Small Plants==
| + | |
| − | The policy framework of the Mission was finalized after extensive consultation
| + | |
| − | with stake-holders for (i) new grid connected projects through NVVN, (ii) small off
| + | |
| − | grid projects through IREDA, (iii) off-grid solar applications through various
| + | |
| − | Agencies/Channel Partners; and (iv) technical performance and domestic connect
| + | |
| − | requirements of solar projects. Consequently, on 16th June, 2010. Ministry announced
| + | |
| − | major Guidelines for
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | (I) Roof-top and other small solar power plants connected to
| + | "IEA has helped in promoting understanding of India's interests and concerns as the third-largest consumer of energy," Pradhan said urging IEA to anchor dialogue between oil sellers and buyers for evolving a balanced market. |
| − | distribution network (below 33 kV),
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | (II) Guidelines for implementation of off grid
| + | =Consumption, energy= |
| − | solar application and guidelines for gird interactive solar power projects on
| + | == Per person energy consumption, 1971-2014== |
| − | 26th July, 2010. These guidelines provide direction for deployment of both solar PV
| + | [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F06%2F18&entity=Ar01714&sk=3FCCC8B3&mode=text June 18, 2019: ''The Times of India''] |
| − | and solar thermal technology projects in a ratio of 50:50 in MW capacity terms.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ''' NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN), ''' the trading subsidiary of NTPC, is
| |
| − | identified as the implementing agency for grid connected solar power generation.
| |
| | | | |
| − | NVVN will purchase solar power from the project developer and bundle with power
| + | [[File: Per person energy consumption in India, 1971-2014.jpg|Per person energy consumption in India, 1971-2014 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F06%2F18&entity=Ar01714&sk=3FCCC8B3&mode=text June 18, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]] |
| − | from the cheaper unallocated quota of the Government of India (Ministry of Power)
| + | |
| − | out of the NTPC coal based stations and sell this "bundled" power to Distribution
| + | |
| − | Utilities. NVVN invited Expressions of Interest in August, 2010 to select 150 MW of
| + | |
| − | Solar PV projects and 470 MW solar thermal projects, which yielded huge response
| + | |
| − | by way of an offer of more than 5,000 MW.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Systems==
| + | '''See graphic''': |
| − | ===SPV Grid Power===
| + | |
| − | Out of 1,100 MW capacity for the first phase of the Mission, a total of 797 MW
| + | |
| − | capacity grid connected solar power projects were selected during 2010-11. The
| + | |
| − | other developments are as follows :
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | l 98 MW capacity projects (100 kW too 2 MW each) were selected by Indian
| + | '' Per person energy consumption in India, 1971-2014 '' |
| − | Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA). Ministry would provide
| + | |
| − | generation based incentive to the concerned state utilities. The tariff for
| + | |
| − | purchase of solar power by the utilities has been fixed by the respective State
| + | |
| − | Electricity Regulatory Commission.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | l 84 MW capacity by NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN) projects were under
| |
| − | migration scheme with tariff facility as fixed by Central Electricity Regulatory
| |
| − | Commission (CERC) for 2010-11.
| |
| | | | |
| − | l 615 MW capacity (470 MW of solar thermal and 145 MW of PV) projects were
| + | You can be sure a country is growing richer when its people start consuming more energy. Back in the 1960s, when India depended on farming, its per person energy consumption was 20% of the world average. As manufacturing and services became important, it grew to 33%. Bharat Petroleum estimates India’s share of world energy consumption will rise from 5.6% in 2013 to 11% in 2040 |
| − | selected by NVVN through discounts on CERC tariff. The eligible bids to set
| + | |
| − | up PV plants have offered discount of Rs. 5.15 to Rs. 6.96 per unit (CERC tariff Rs.
| + | |
| − | 17.91 per unit) and for solar thermal plants, the discount is Rs. 3.07 to Rs. 4.82 per
| + | |
| − | unit (CERC tariff Rs. 15.31 per unit).
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | l PPAs and PSAs have been signed for these projects.
| + | ==India's total energy mix: 1991-2017== |
| | + | [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Growth-in-coal-use-falls-in-last-10-03082017009025 Vishwa Mohan, Growth in coal use falls in last 10 yrs as India eyes Paris goal, August 3, 2017: ''The Times of India''] |
| | | | |
| − | l The tariff discounting process has helped in achieving the tariff reduction for
| + | [[File: India coal consumption growth, 1991-2017.jpg|India coal consumption growth, 1991-2017; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Growth-in-coal-use-falls-in-last-10-03082017009025 Vishwa Mohan, Growth in coal use falls in last 10 yrs as India eyes Paris goalAugust 3, 2017: The Times of India]|frame|500px]] |
| − | utility gird solar power projects. It is expected that in next few years the tariff
| + | |
| − | would further lower to accelerate the process of achieving grid tariff parity, as
| + | |
| − | envisaged in the Mission.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Currently, diesel generating sets are being used in rural and urban areas to provide
| + | '''See graphic:''': ''India coal consumption growth, 1991-2017'' |
| − | power during power outrages and in those areas where grid power quality makes
| + | |
| − | it imperative to operate machines on quality power. In such situations, small wind
| + | |
| − | and hybrid systems, biomass gasifiers and SPV roof top power plant scan be sued
| + | |
| − | to produce power to replace diesel.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==Off-Grid and Decentralized SPV Application==
| + | '''Boom In the Renewable Sector: Report''' |
| − | In addition to the grid solar power access to energy and meeting the unmet demand | + | |
| − | especially in the rural areas has been given importance under the mission. A new
| + | |
| − | scheme has been introduced to provide a combination of subsidy (30%) and loan
| + | |
| − | (5% annual interest rate) to individuals and new commercial users for purchase of
| + | |
| − | solar lights and other small solar PV systems. Regional Rural Banks continued to be
| + | |
| − | associated in this scheme. Ministry will provide funds to NABARD through refinancing
| + | |
| − | for onward lending to the consumers at 5% annual interest rate.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | During
| + | Coal will continue to have a prime place in India's total energy mix for the next many years but data shows that the country's coal boom may have been over a couple of years ago, much earlier than expected. |
| − | 2010-11, 18 Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) sanctioned loan for 57328 solar PV systems.
| + | |
| − | These Banks have 4687 branches in 150 districts. It is expected that during 2011-12,
| + | |
| − | the Regional Rural Banks would be able to sanction loan for about 2 lakh solar lights.
| + | |
| − | During 2010-11, the Ministry supported installation of off-grid solar PV systems
| + | |
| − | in the States for a wide range of applications. This includes SPV systems for all
| + | |
| − | 9,168 Panchayats in Rajasthan, Schools, Tribal Hostels, Police Stations/Posts, home
| + | |
| − | and street lights in SC/ST and minority dominated areas. About 18,224 solar lanterns,
| + | |
| − | 1,13,817 solar home lighting systems, 26,472 SPV street lighting, 4278.03 Kwp
| + | |
| − | capacity Stand alone solar power plants were installed. Solar off-grid PV projects of
| + | |
| − | an aggregate capacity of 40.60 MW have been sanctioned.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The State driven approach followed for the smaller grid projects have helped
| + | Over the past two years, the country's coal use has increased by an average of just 2.2%, a sharp fall from the previous 10 years when average annual growth was over 6%. |
| − | in tariff fixation by 17 States and selection of 78 projects from 12 States. IREDA has
| + | |
| − | selected 78 project developers to set up 98 MW capacity projects. Power Purchase
| + | |
| − | Agreements (PPAs) have been signed by the project developers with the respective
| + | |
| − | State utilities. One year time has been given for commissioning of the projects. Many
| + | |
| − | project developers have selected their EPC contractors.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | For various off-grid applications of solar energy, using the capital subsidy
| + | The findings, published by Greenpeace's Energydesk on Wednesday , are significant because India, the world's third largest CO2 emitter after China and the US, is seen as the next big coal frontier. Though the country's per capita carbon emission is much less than these top two emitters, the decline in overall use of coal will help India achieve its goal under Paris climate accord. India has committed to produce 40% of its electricity from non-fossil sources of energy by 2030 under the deal.It, therefore, has planned to scale up targets for renewable energy capacity from 30GW by 2016-17 to 175 GW by 2021-22. |
| − | and/or interest IREDA has entered into umbrella refinance agreements with | + | |
| − | NABARD, National Housing Bank and Central Bank of India to provide refinance
| + | |
| − | to the interested banks to enable them to offer loans to consumers at 5% annual
| + | |
| − | interest rate. 53 grid connected solar power projects of 797 MW capacity have been
| + | |
| − | identified which comprised 16 projects of 84 MW capacity selected in July, 2010 by
| + | |
| − | NVVN under the migration scheme at CERC tariff and 37 projects of 620 MW
| + | |
| − | capacity (7 projects of 470 MW of solar thermal and 30 projects of 150 MW of PV)
| + | |
| − | projects selected by NVVN through discounts on CERC tariff. Ministry has approved
| + | |
| − | new projects of 35 MW capacity under the SPV off-grid solar applications, against
| + | |
| − | a target of 32 MW for the year 2010.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==SOLAR THERMALAPPLICATION==
| + | The report shows that the renewable sector is certainly booming in India due to increasingly cost-competitiveness of solar and wind energy installations. “India's demand for the carbon-heavy fuel is not sky-rocketing and the country's energy needs will do nothing to arrest coal's global decline,“ said Ashish Fernandes of Greenpeace energy . |
| − | ===Solar Water Heating Systems===
| + | |
| − | Solar water heating is a very important system for reducing electricity consumption
| + | |
| − | by replacing electric geysers in domestic houses. This needs to be adopted in a very
| + | |
| − | big way. States are being encouraged to enact/issue necessary orders with model
| + | |
| − | regulations and building bye-laws for use of solar water heaters. 109 Municipal
| + | |
| − | Corporation/Municipal Committees in 21 States have amended their building byelaws
| + | |
| − | and several have even provided rebate in property tax and electricity bills for | + | |
| − | installation of solar water heating systems.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | An energy labeling scheme similar to
| + | The Greenpeace, however, said there were a number of new coal-based power plants in the pipeline. It said the coal industry has experienced troubles, with many plants running less than half the time due to an over-capacity crunch. It also noted that the slowdown in coal consumption growth was largely due to the cement, iron and industrial power generation sectors burning less. |
| − | the star rating scheme for air conditioners and refrigerators is also planned to
| + | |
| − | promote efficient solar water heaters. Efforts are also being made to promote solar
| + | |
| − | water establishments. Various user ministries such as Urban Development, Tourism,
| + | |
| − | Defence, Railways, Textiles, Health, Food Processing Industries, etc. have been
| + | |
| − | approached for adoption of solar water heating as part of the energy infrastructure
| + | |
| − | under their respective sectors. A total of about 10.0 lakh m2 of solar collector area
| + | |
| − | was installed in the year, 2010-11, taking the cumulative installation to about
| + | |
| − | 4.97million m2.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==Solar Air Heating/Steam Generating Systems== | + | == 2008-17: Crude oil imports; Monthly petrol consumption;Monthly diesel consumption == |
| − | Solar Steam Generating Systems have found good application for air conditioning
| + | [[File: 2008-17- Monthly crude oil imports, Monthly petrol consumption, Monthly diesel consumption.jpg| 2008-17- <br/> Monthly crude oil imports, <br/> Monthly petrol consumption, <br/> Monthly diesel consumption <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-fuel-demand-surprasses-imports/articleshow/63692604.cms April 10, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]] |
| − | also at places where conventional fuel is used to operate vapour absorption machines.
| + | |
| − | Specially designed and customized systems have been set up at a hospital in Thane
| + | |
| − | and a motorcycle manufacturing factory near Chennai. Solar air conditioning
| + | |
| − | systems using concentrating technology are efficient and require less space. During
| + | |
| − | 2010-11, six systems with collector area of around 600 sq.mtr were sanctioned.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Thirteen solar steam generating systems (including systems on solar cooling and
| + | '''See graphic''': |
| − | laundry/process heat applications) and 21 indoor community cookers covering
| + | |
| − | around 4000sq.m of dish area were sanctioned in 7 States. This is another area which
| + | |
| − | Ministry is promoting particularly for large cooking institutions—philanthropic,
| + | |
| − | religious, educational, hospitals and hotels. The Solar Steam Cooking system for
| + | |
| − | 20,000 people at Shirdi, Maharashtra is under operation successfully.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR RURALAPPLICATIONS==
| + | ''2008-17- <br/> Monthly crude oil imports, <br/> Monthly petrol consumption, <br/> Monthly diesel consumption'' |
| − | ==Remote Village Electrification (RVE) Programme==
| + | |
| − | For providing basic lighting/electricity facilities through renewable energy sources
| + | |
| − | under Remote Village Electrification (RVE) Programme, special priority has been
| + | |
| − | accorded to villages affected by internal disturbances. During 2010-11, 1537 remote
| + | |
| − | villages and hamlets have been provided solar home-lighting systems under the
| + | |
| − | programme, taking the cumulative achievement to 8,104 remote villages and remote
| + | |
| − | hamlets.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==National Biogas and Manure Management Programme== | + | ==Domestic power consumption in India, 2011-14, state-wise== |
| − | The programme of the Ministry mainly caters to setting up of family type biogas
| + | [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=STATOISTICS-STATE-OF-POWER-22092014007012 The Times of India ] Sep 22 2014 |
| − | plants for meeting the cooking energy needs as well as providing a means of enriched
| + | |
| − | organic biogas fertilizer in rural areas of the country and rural sanitation as well.
| + | |
| − | During the financial year 2010-11, 1,51,138 family type biogas plants were installed
| + | |
| − | across the country, taking the cumulative installations to over 44 lakh biogas fertilizer
| + | |
| − | plants, thereby providing the benefit of clean cooking and lighting fuel and organic
| + | |
| − | Biogas-fertilizer to 4.4 million rural households/farmers for not only sustaining
| + | |
| − | soil fertility but also to enhance crop productivity.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The Ministry is also promoting bottling of biogas to demonstrate an Integrated
| + | '''See graphic''': ''Domestic power consumption in the various states of India'' |
| − | Technology-package in entrepreneurial mode on medium size (200-1000 (cum/day)
| + | |
| − | mixed feed biogas-fertilizer plants (BGFP) for generation, purification/enrichment,
| + | |
| − | bottling and piped distribution of biogas. Fifteen such projects with aggregated
| + | |
| − | capacity of 11,200 cubic metre per day have been sanctioned in the States of Bihar,
| + | |
| − | Chattisgarh, Gurajat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Punjab, Rajasthan upto
| + | |
| − | 31st March 2011.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ==Biogas Based Distributed/Grid Power Generation Programmes (BGFP)==
| + | [[File: power consumption.jpg| Domestic power consumption in the various states of India; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=STATOISTICS-STATE-OF-POWER-22092014007012 The Times of India ] Sep 22 2014|frame|500px]] |
| − | Biogas based power plants are a reliable decentralized power generation option in
| + | |
| − | the country, especially in the capacity range of 3 KW to 250 KW, to provide electricity | + | |
| − | to individual/community/grid. The projects are taken up by any village level
| + | |
| − | organization, institution and private entrepreneurs in rural areas based on the
| + | |
| − | availability of large quantity of animal waste and other waste for generation of
| + | |
| − | electricity for individual/community/gird etc. on mutually agreeable terms. The
| + | |
| − | programme is being implemented through State Nodal Departments/Agencies of
| + | |
| − | the States/UTs districts. 358 nos. of projects with aggregated power generation
| + | |
| − | capacity of 6.75 MW having cumulative biogas generation capacity of 66,397 m3
| + | |
| − | have been sanctioned in 18 States of which 113 plants with aggregate capacity of
| + | |
| − | 1.27 MW have been commissioned upto March, 2011.
| + | |
| − | ==Biomass Gasifier== | + | |
| − | The Ministry is taking forward electrification of villages in paddy growing areas
| + | |
| − | through gasification of rice husk. Rice husk based biomass gasification projects of
| + | |
| − | 32 Kw gasifier systems with 100 per cent producer gas engines in 50 village/hamlets
| + | |
| − | of East and West Champaran, Mazuffarpur districts of Bihar have been installed
| + | |
| − | which are providing off-grid power to villages of 500-700 households through each
| + | |
| − | system. The Projects are on Build, Own and Operate basis on a sustainable business
| + | |
| − | model.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The Ministry has revised its scheme to facilitate such systems and greatly
| + | ''' STATE OF POWER ''' |
| − | upscale reach. Other companies and individuals are trying to replicate in other
| + | |
| − | districts of Bihar-Araria, Chhapra, Buxar, etc. This has great potential and will be a
| + | |
| − | major area of activity for the Ministry in next few years. Efforts will also be made to
| + | |
| − | power irrigation pumps in these areas. Efforts are on to install biomass gasifier
| + | |
| − | systems using pine needles, forest weeds such as lantana for generation of power in
| + | |
| − | hilly and forest area. Ministry is also pursuing setting up of small grid connected
| + | |
| − | power plant at the tail end of the grid linked with dedicated energy plantations on
| + | |
| − | degraded lands. Such projects would benefit the rural areas.
| + | |
| − | ==HYDRO POWER==
| + | |
| − | ===Micro Hydel===
| + | |
| − | In order to utilize the micro hydel resources in remote hilly areas, the Ministry
| + | |
| − | introduced a new scheme, with higher levels of subsidy for watermills and micro
| + | |
| − | hydel projects up to 100 kW capacity. Micro hydel projects in international border
| + | |
| − | districts have been given increased CFA of Rs. 1,00,000/- per kW.
| + | |
| − | Development/Upgradation of Water Mills
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | 560 watermills have been set up/upgraded for mechanical/electrical output in the
| + | Domestic power consumption in various states is not uniform and depends on their economic growth. The uneven electrification of households in the country is also responsible for this |
| − | States of Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and
| + | |
| − | Uttarakhand during the year. 2000 watermills and 56 micro hydel projects have
| + | |
| − | been sanctioned to the State of Jammu & Kashmir for meeting the mechanical and
| + | |
| − | electrical needs of rural communities.
| + | |
| − | ===Small Hydro Power (SHP)===
| + | |
| − | A total of 5718 potential sites with an aggregate capacity of 15,384 MW have so far
| + | |
| − | been identified in the country. A new, more attractive, scheme is in operation to
| + | |
| − | provide financial support to SHP projects, both in public and private sector including
| + | |
| − | support for renovation and modernization of old SHP projects, development of
| + | |
| − | watermills and micro hydel projects. So far, 821 small hydro projects aggregating to
| + | |
| − | 3,042 MW have been set up in various parts of the country. Out of this, 285 private
| + | |
| − | sector SHP projects with an aggregate capacity of 1,423 MW have been set up mainly
| + | |
| − | in Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab and
| + | |
| − | Uttarakhand.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | During the year 2011, 81 SHP projects aggregating to 307 MW capacities
| + | ==2012-17: India vis-à-vis major countries== |
| − | were commissioned. In addition, 369 projects of 1192 MW are at various stages of
| + | [[File: 2012-17- Green energy in India vis-à-vis major countries.jpg|2012-17- Green energy in India vis-à-vis major countries <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F11%2F14&entity=Ar00201&sk=C205A5A8&mode=image November 14, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]] |
| − | implementation. It is important that the hill states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &
| + | |
| − | Kashmir and Uttarakhand take steps to quickly realize the small hydro potential as
| + | |
| − | these projects do not disturb the environment and have a short gestation period.
| + | |
| − | Renewable Energy for Urban Applications
| + | |
| − | ==Green Buildings== | + | |
| − | Buildings are major consumers of energy in their construction, operation and
| + | |
| − | maintenance. Globally, about 40% of energy consumption is estimated to be in
| + | |
| − | building sector. At present, India is experiencing the heavy construction activities
| + | |
| − | in all spheres, thereby the energy demand is increasing rapidly. This is also due to
| + | |
| − | rapidly growing urbanization and the increasing affordability of the people.
| + | |
| − | A green building depletes the natural resources to a minimum during its
| + | |
| − | construction and operation, minimizes the demand on fossil fuel based energy,
| + | |
| − | maximizes the recycle, reuse, renewable energy and energy efficient devices &
| + | |
| − | appliances. Green buildings also use energy efficient equipments and fixtures,
| + | |
| − | efficient waste and water management practices. It has lower resource consumption
| + | |
| − | as compared to conventional buildings.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Ministry is promoting Green Building's construction in the country and
| |
| − | supporting GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Sustainable Habitat), a Green
| |
| − | building Rating System through some financial and promotional incentives based
| |
| − | on a scheme on "Energy Efficient Solar/Green Buildings" since February 2009.
| |
| − | Ministry has created ADARSH an independent registered society for
| |
| − | promotion and implementation of GRIHA rating system. Committee of Secretaries
| |
| − | has taken a decision that all new buildings of Central Government/Public Sector
| |
| − | Undertakings would be GRIHA rated buildings.
| |
| | | | |
| − | The Ministry is also developing
| + | '''See graphic''': |
| − | guidelines and benchmarks for Green Large Area Developments. So far, 117 projects
| + | |
| − | have already been registered for GRIHA rating certification with 4.98 million sq. m
| + | |
| − | built up area out of which 81 projects are from Government Departments, Public
| + | |
| − | Sector Undertakings (PSU), Educational Institutions including All India Institutes
| + | |
| − | of Medical Sciences, with a total 3.38 million square meters built up area.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The focus is on capacity building through Awareness Programme and
| + | ''2012-17- Green energy in India vis-à-vis major countries'' |
| − | Evaluators & Trainers Workshops for providing training to the Architects, Engineers,
| + | |
| − | Professionals and Officials from Central & State Governments and PSUs in which
| + | |
| − | 115 Trainers and 115 Evaluators have been trained who are further promoting green
| + | |
| − | buildings in the country. So far, 5 buildings, namely, Suzlon One Earth, Pune (5
| + | |
| − | star), Police Training School, Tasgaon (4 star), Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, New
| + | |
| − | Delhi (3 star) and Hindustan Unilever Limited, Mumbai (2 star) have also been
| + | |
| − | rated under GRIHA. So far, GRIHA manuals containing a set of 5 volumes prepared
| + | |
| − | under MNRE project has been published.
| + | |
| − | ==Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Wastes==
| + | |
| − | As per decision of Hon'ble Supreme Court, only five pilot projects for power
| + | |
| − | generation from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are to be provided financial support.
| + | |
| − | The Ministry has sanctioned 8 MW capacity MSW based project at Bangalore which
| + | |
| − | is under implementation and is likely to be commissioned in January 2012. A 16
| + | |
| − | MW capacity project at Okhla, New Delhi and 11 MW project at Hyderabad are
| + | |
| − | also likely to be completed early. One project of 12 MW capacity at Gazipur, New
| + | |
| − | Delhi and a 10 MW capacity at Pune are also under development. However, the
| + | |
| − | problem of segregation of waste remains the biggest barrier to upscale such projects.
| + | |
| − | ===Energy Recovery From Urban Waste===
| + | |
| − | A project of 1.2 MW capacity cattle dung based power project has been sanctioned
| + | |
| − | and is under installation at Pariyat, Jabalpur. Two projects of 4 MW each based on
| + | |
| − | agro wastes are under installation in Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur district of Punjab.
| + | |
| − | Projects for generation of 400 kW from cattle dung and agricultural waste at five
| + | |
| − | Gaushalas in Haryana are under development.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | In view of the availability of large quantities of food and kitchen waste at
| + | ==2014, India vis-à-vis China, major countries == |
| − | places of community cooking/large kitchens and eating joints, Ministry has initiated
| + | [[File: Green energy India vis-à-vis China and major countries.jpg| Green energy: India vis-à-vis China and major countries <br/> Why India's giant leap in green energy is still a small step <br/> [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=STATOISTICS-WHY-INDIAS-GIANT-LEAP-IN-GREEN-ENERGY-20102016013027 ''The Times of India'' Oct 20 2016 : WHY INDIA'S GIANT LEAP IN GREEN ENERGY IS STILL A SMALL STEP]|frame|500px]] |
| − | a new project for biogas production from such waste under its modified scheme on
| + | |
| − | Special Area Demonstration Projects. Fifty per cent support is given for government
| + | |
| − | establishments and 25 per cent for private establishments under the scheme.
| + | |
| − | ==Renewable Energy Application in Industry== | + | |
| − | These include energy recovery and power generation from industrial wastes and
| + | |
| − | biomass co-generation (non-bagasse) in industries.
| + | |
| − | ==Energy Recovery and Power Generation from Industrial Wastes==
| + | |
| − | 22 industrial waste-to-energy projects with a total capacity of about 31.2 MW were
| + | |
| − | completed during 2010-11. These include one grid connected poultry litter based
| + | |
| − | project 7.5 MW capacity in Andhra Pradesh, 12 projects of 5.7 MW capacity based
| + | |
| − | on biogas in maize/sagostarch, industry waste in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Chhatigarh
| + | |
| − | and Uttarkhand, 6 biogas based projects of 14.50 MW capacity in distrilleries in the | + | |
| − | States of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan, one project based on mix of press
| + | |
| − | mud, fruit & vegetable waste in Maharashtra, one project in paper mill in Punjab
| + | |
| − | and one project in palm fruit based project in Andhra Pradesh. Fifteen industrial
| + | |
| − | waste-to- energy projects with a total capacity of about 20 MW in starch industries,
| + | |
| − | distilleries and poultry are under installation in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
| + | |
| − | Kanataka and Uttar Pradesh.
| + | |
| − | ==Biomass Energy and Cogeneration (Non-Bagasse) in Industry==
| + | |
| − | In order to generate process steam and power from biomass for captive consumption,
| + | |
| − | a total of 26 biomass co-generation projects with a total capacity of about 80.7 MW
| + | |
| − | were completed during the year 2010-11. These include projects in paper and rice
| + | |
| − | mills, solvent extraction plants, and brewery, food and tyre industries. In addition
| + | |
| − | to the above, 11 projects with an aggregate capacity of about 31 MW capacity are
| + | |
| − | under installation in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil
| + | |
| − | Nadu. There is a huge potential of cogeneration in bigger rice mills producing
| + | |
| − | parboiled rice. A rice mill of one tonne per hour capacity can save about 25,000 litre
| + | |
| − | diesel in a year. The Ministry is trying to take this up as a mission mode in Haryana,
| + | |
| − | Punjab, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
| + | |
| − | ==Biomass Gasifier Systems== | + | |
| − | About 120 rice mills have installed biomass gasifier systems retrofitted with diesel
| + | |
| − | generator using rice husk for meeting their captive power needs in Bihar, Uttar
| + | |
| − | Pradesh and West Bengal. In addition, many gasifier systems have been installed
| + | |
| − | for meeting captive power and thermal application in other industries such as
| + | |
| − | bakeries, food processing industries, die-casting, etc.
| + | |
| − | ==Biomass Power/Bagasse Cogeneration==
| + | |
| − | During 2010-11, biomass power/bagasse cogeneration capacity addition of 465 MW
| + | |
| − | (143 MW biomass projects and 322 MW bagasse cogeneration projects) was achieved
| + | |
| − | in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
| + | |
| − | Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The cumulative biomass power/ bagasse
| + | |
| − | cogeneration based power capacity has reached 2,665 MW, which comprises 997
| + | |
| − | MW of biomass power projects and 1668 MW of bagasse cogeneration projects.
| + | |
| − | Adoption of optimum cogeneration projects in cooperative/public sector sugar
| + | |
| − | mills by Independent Power Producers on BOOT basis has been adopted by
| + | |
| − | Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Punjab.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The Govt. of Maharashtra under Urjakur
| + | '''See graphic''': |
| − | Trust initiative, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board and Sugarfed, Punjab are developing
| + | |
| − | cogeneration power projects at selected co-operative sugar mills under BOOT basis.
| + | |
| − | These three models will help to overcome the barriers of co-operative/Public Sector
| + | |
| − | sugar mills and have excellent potential for replicability in other sugar producing
| + | |
| − | States such as Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh.
| + | |
| − | ==WIND POWER==
| + | |
| − | ===Grid Interactive Wind Power===
| + | |
| − | The Wind Power Programme of the Ministry aims to catalyze commercialization of
| + | |
| − | both grid interactive and off-grid wind power. The programme includes wind power
| + | |
| − | generation; survey and assessment of wind resources; research & development;
| + | |
| − | demonstration and field-testing of various wind power generating devices. India
| + | |
| − | has a wind power potential of over 4,195 MW with 2% land availability in potential
| + | |
| − | areas for setting up wind farms. The Wind Resource Assessment Programme which
| + | |
| − | is being coordinated by the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), Chennai
| + | |
| − | has so far covered 28 States and Union Territories. So far, 234 stations have been
| + | |
| − | found to have Wind power density in excess of 200 W/m2 at 50 m height and are
| + | |
| − | considered to be suitable for commercial wind power installations.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | A total capacity of 14,550 MW has been established up to May 2011, mainly in
| + | ''Green energy: India vis-à-vis China and major countries <br/> Why India's giant leap in green energy is still a small step'' |
| − | Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharahstra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan. Wind
| + | |
| − | electric generators of unit sizes between 225 kW and 2.50 MW have been deployed
| + | |
| − | across the country. During 2010-11, a capacity of 2,330 MW was added. India ranks
| + | |
| − | 5th in the world after USA, Spain, Germany and China. Wind Electric Generators
| + | |
| − | are being manufactured in the country by 18 manufacturers.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Government is promoting wind power development through fiscal and
| + | == Energy consumption and energy efficiency: 2014== |
| − | financial incentives which includes concessions such as 80% accelerated depreciation,
| + | '''See graphic''': ''Energy consumption and energy efficiency: in India, compared with other countries'' |
| − | concessional custom duty on certain items, excise duty exemption, sales tax
| + | |
| − | exemption, income tax exemption for 10 years on the profit, etc. In addition, most
| + | |
| − | states are offering preferential tariffs for electricity generated from wind power
| + | |
| − | projects which do not avail accelerated depreciation benefit.
| + | |
| − | ===Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems=== | + | |
| − | Small Wind Energy and Hybrid System was modified during the year to align it to
| + | |
| − | market mode with active involvement of manufacturers and beneficiaries. During
| + | |
| − | 2010-11, 6 manufacturing companies having a total of 11 models of small
| + | |
| − | aerogenerators were empanelled with Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET).
| + | |
| − | Systems with cumulative capacity of around 600 kW have been sanctioned so far,
| + | |
| − | mainly in the States of Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Punjab
| + | |
| − | and Sikkim. A pilot project of 45 kW wind-solar hybrid system has been sanctioned
| + | |
| − | during 2010-11 to C-WET to be commissioned and operated in grid-connected mode.
| + | |
| − | ==TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS==
| + | |
| − | The following specialized institutions function under the administrative control of
| + | |
| − | the Ministry:
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ===Solar Energy Centre (SEC)=== | + | [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=PUTTING-INDIA-ON-THE-MAP-ENERGY-RESERVES-07122014010014''The Times of India''], December 07 2014 |
| − | Solar Energy Centre (SEC), a research and technology evaluation facility of the
| + | |
| − | Ministry, works on science and engineering aspects of solar energy technologies.
| + | |
| − | The Ministry is upgrading Solar Energy Centre as a centre of excellence under the | + | |
| − | Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM). Steps are being taken to upgrade
| + | |
| − | the building infrastructure of SEC, on the basis of energy efficient green building
| + | |
| − | design principles with incorporation of renewable energy and would be GRIHA
| + | |
| − | rated. The SEC has received NABL accreditation.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The Centre continued its research activities for developing, testing and
| + | As per December,2014, India is the fourth largest energy consumer in the world, trailing the US, China, and Russia. Currently, India is not able to consistently meet domestic energy demands, which makes securing energy sources one of the top priorities and the largest energy source is coal. |
| − | certifying solar thermal and solar photovoltaic devices, systems and components.
| + | |
| − | It has been upgrading its testing equipment on a regular basis to meet national and
| + | |
| − | international standards. Few major activities undertaken by the Centre includedevelopment
| + | |
| − | of Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) parabolic dish technology for
| + | |
| − | steam generation, a modular central receiver concentrated solar power (CSP) plant
| + | |
| − | for decentralized power generation, Solar thermal test and evaluation facility
| + | |
| − | (STTEF) and installation of a state-of-the-art class 'A' Solar cell tester as well as
| + | |
| − | Spectral Response (SR) system, performance evaluation of solar lanterns, home
| + | |
| − | lighting systems, street lighting system, luminaries and charge controllers based on
| + | |
| − | Light Emitting Diode (LED) as well as Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL), and design
| + | |
| − | & development of batteries for solar photovoltaic applications.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | SEC has developed a high efficiency solar thermal air conditioning system in
| + | [[File: Energy consumption.jpg|Energy consumption and energy efficiency: in India, compared with other countries|frame|500px]] |
| − | collaboration with Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI),
| + | |
| − | Durgapur, West Bengal and M/s Thermax Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, at its campus
| + | |
| − | with 50% financial support from the Ministry. This has cost effective high efficiency | + | |
| − | cooling engine with COP of 1.7, indigenous components for vapor absorption
| + | |
| − | machine and medium temperature solar concentrating collectors with improved
| + | |
| − | efficiency including integration of the components to achieve consistent performance
| + | |
| − | of the system. This will be a landmark development in solar air conditioning
| + | |
| − | technology.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Work on development of secondary solar cells and modules was taken up for
| + | ==Per capita consumption== |
| − | making indigenous reference standards available to the manufacturers and users
| + | ===2014: India a low no. 105 among 143 countries=== |
| − | continued in CEL, IACS and SEC related to fabrication of appropriate cells and
| + | [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=STATOISTICS-WHY-WORLDS-THIRD-LARGEST-POWER-PRODUCER-IS-03102017007016 The Times of India] |
| − | modules, calibration facilities and protocols. SEC continued to host visits of
| + | |
| − | researchers, students, officials and other dignitaries from the country and abroad
| + | |
| − | and the Scientists from laboratories in USA, UK, Japan and Germany visited SEC
| + | |
| − | research facility to develop interactive programmes.
| + | |
| − | ===Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET)=== | + | |
| − | Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), Chennai is envisioned to serve as a
| + | |
| − | technical focal point of excellence to foster the development of wind energy in the
| + | |
| − | country. It is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of New and Renewable
| + | |
| − | Energy. C-WET comprises of five units, functionally organized as Research and
| + | |
| − | Development, Wind Resource Assessment; Wind Turbine Testing, Standards and
| + | |
| − | Certification, and Information, Training & Commercial services. It has its test beds
| + | |
| − | and experimental wind farm at Wind Turbine Research Station (WTRS), Kayathar,
| + | |
| − | Tuticorin District of Tamil Nadu.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Each unit has a charter that fulfills overall objectives set for C-WET. The
| + | [[File: Production and consumption of electricity, per capita, and a comparison with BRICS countries, 2014.jpg|Production and consumption of electricity, per capita, and a comparison with BRICS countries, 2014; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=STATOISTICS-WHY-WORLDS-THIRD-LARGEST-POWER-PRODUCER-IS-03102017007016 The Times of India]|frame|500px]] |
| − | functioning of each unit is so organized that while keeping the independence at the
| + | |
| − | operational level intact, they supplement and complement each other's activities to
| + | |
| − | give holistic solutions to stakeholder.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | l A wind energy forecasting project for a 600 kW experimental wind turbine
| + | '''See graphic''': |
| − | which was taken up earlier by C-WET is at the verge of closure and results
| + | |
| − | are being analyzed.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | l Renewal of Provisional Type Certification of three wind turbine models
| + | ''Production and consumption of electricity, per capita, and a comparison with BRICS countries, 2014'' |
| − | was completed. In addition one certification project has been completed.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | l Preparation of Indian Wind Atlas in association with Riso National
| |
| − | Laboratory, Denmark using micro and meso scale models, and wind
| |
| − | resource assessment studies at different locations, has been completed and
| |
| − | the book has been published.
| |
| | | | |
| − | ===Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Renewable Energy (SSS-NIRE)===
| + | Showing a significant increase in electricity generation, India is now the third highest producer in the world. Generation alone, however, is a misleading indicator of quality of life because when it comes to per capita consumption of electricity, India ranks 105 among 143 countries for which data is available |
| − | The establishment of this Institute is in its final stages. All the sanctioned posts (10
| + | |
| − | nos.) of the Institute have been filled up. Work for setting up of various biomass
| + | |
| − | laboratories for R&D purposes and testing is in progress. The R & D activities have
| + | |
| − | been initiated.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ===Financial Institution-Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA)=== | + | ==2018: Energy demand growth; sources== |
| − | Loans aggregating about Rs 3126.42 crore were sanctioned during the year 2010-11
| + | [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/despite-co2-dangers-coal-still-king-as-indias-power-demand-soars/articleshow/68590157.cms Despite C02 dangers, coal still king as India's power demand soars, March 27, 2019: ''The Times of India''] |
| − | compared to Rs 1823.91 crore in FY 2009-10. The loan sanctions would lead to the
| + | |
| − | establishment of power projects of 639 MW capacity compared to the previous year
| + | |
| − | capacity addition of 402 MW. The actual disbursements in 2010-11 were Rs 1224.17
| + | |
| − | crore compared to Rs 890. 03 crore in FY 2009-10. The cumulative sanctions and
| + | |
| − | disbursements were Rs 15305.91 crore and Rs 7,868.25 crore respectively.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | IREDA has been upgraded by the Ministry upon the recommendations of
| + | '''Source: International Energy Agency''' |
| − | Department of Public Enterprises (DPE), Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public
| + | |
| − | Enterprises from Schedule "C" Company to Schedule "B" Company.
| + | |
| − | ===Research & Development and New Technologies===
| + | |
| − | Research & Development efforts of the Ministry are focused to lead to improvement
| + | |
| − | of efficiency, cost reduction, reliability, durability of the new and renewable energy
| + | |
| − | devices and systems. During the year 2010-11, 22 nos. of R&D projects have been
| + | |
| − | recommended for approval. These projects include 13 nos of RD&D projects in
| + | |
| − | technology demonstration of biogas and strengthening Test Centres of improved
| + | |
| − | biomass cookstoves and demonstration of improved cookstoves and 7 projects in
| + | |
| − | biofuel.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The projects taken up include advanced research and demonstration of
| |
| − | higher efficiency solar cells, solar cells, solar thermal power generation, advance
| |
| − | research in biomass energy including development of specifications, test protocols
| |
| − | and standards of biomass energy system, hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells
| |
| − | development, development and deployment of improved biomass cookstoves, etc.
| |
| − | ==INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION==
| |
| − | International co-operation activities on development and deployment of new and
| |
| − | renewable energy technologies were actively pursued on bilateral and multilateral
| |
| − | platforms. The major activities included Minister level bilateral discussions with
| |
| − | dignitaries from Australia, European Commission for Climate Action, Islamic
| |
| − | Republic of Iran, Bangladesh, Norway, U.K., Denmark, Uruguay and Iceland.
| |
| − | Interactions with multilateral organizations, i.e., National Renewable Energy
| |
| − | Laboratory (NREL), USA, UNIDO International Solar Energy Centre (ISEC), Gansu,
| |
| − | ETP Expert, discussions with Spain on policy experience in the context of newly
| |
| − | launched National Solar Mission (NSM) and bilateral discussions about enhancing
| |
| − | cooperation with Spain in the field of Renewable Energy as a follow up of the MoU
| |
| − | signed by the two countries.
| |
| | | | |
| − | A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed on 19th May, 2010
| + | [[File: Annual growth in energy demand, in million tonnes of oil equivalent, 2011-18, source-wise.jpg|Annual growth in energy demand, in million tonnes of oil equivalent, 2011-18, source-wise <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/despite-co2-dangers-coal-still-king-as-indias-power-demand-soars/articleshow/68590157.cms Despite C02 dangers, coal still king as India's power demand soars, March 27, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]] |
| − | between Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and Sweden for
| + | |
| − | cooperation in the field of Renewable Energy.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Delhi International Renewable Energy Conference 2010 (DIREC) with the aim
| + | [[File: 2018- Energy demand growth in China, India and other countries, source-wise.jpg|2018: Energy demand growth in China, India and other countries, source-wise. <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/despite-co2-dangers-coal-still-king-as-indias-power-demand-soars/articleshow/68590157.cms Despite C02 dangers, coal still king as India's power demand soars, March 27, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]] |
| − | of up-scaling and mainstreaming renewals for energy security climate change and
| + | |
| − | economic development was held in October, 2010 which was attended by Ministers
| + | |
| − | and Government Representatives from 71 countries. During the sidelines of the | + | |
| − | above Conference, 24 bilateral meetings/call on meetings took place with the
| + | |
| − | Minister of New and Renewable Energy. The Conference adopted a political
| + | |
| − | declaration. All the participating countries welcomed the Delhi International Action
| + | |
| − | Programme that encourages governments, international organizations, private
| + | |
| − | companies, industry associations, and civil society organizations to take voluntary
| + | |
| − | action for up-scaling renewable energy within their jurisdiction or spheres of
| + | |
| − | responsibility.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | ====Table====
| + | On the back of a strong economy, 2018 saw a considerable increase in global energy demand. But the increased demand was matched by CO2 emissions, with India, China and US at the forefront, according to the International Energy Agency. A look at key trends in energy consumption. |
| − | Details of estimated renewable energy and cumulative achievements under different
| + | |
| − | programmes as on 31 March, 2010 are given in the following table.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Sl. No. Programmes/Systems Estimated Achievement Cumulative
| + | In 2018, global energy consumption rose by 2.3%, which is nearly twice the average growth rate since 2010. Natural gas accounted for nearly 45% of the increase in energy demand. Nearly 70% of the energy demand growth was from burning fossil fuels. Though renewable energy grew at double-digit pace, it wasn’t enough to match energy demand. |
| | | | |
| − | Potential during( 2010-11) Achievement
| |
| | | | |
| − | I Power From Renewables
| + | '''STRONG ECONOMY DRIVING ENERGY DEMAND''' |
| | | | |
| − | A
| + | The increased consumption was largely driven by economic growth and weather conditions. The global economy grew at 3.7% in 2018, highest than the 3.5% average annual growth since 2010. Weather conditions were behind 20% of the increase in energy demand. Hotter summers led to increase in cooling needs in some parts of the world, while colder winters led to an increase in heating demand. |
| | | | |
| − | Grid-Interactive renewable power
| |
| | | | |
| − | Biomass Power (Agro residues &
| + | '''INDIA, CHINA AND US LED THE WORLD IN ENERGY DEMAND GROWTH''' |
| − | Plantations) 16,881 143.50 MW 997.10 MW
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | Wind Power 45,195 2330.00 MW 14155 MW
| + | China, US and India together accounted for nearly 70% of the rise in energy demand. China also had the world’s largest increase in solar and wind generation. US had the largest increase in oil and gas demand worldwide. Growth in India driven by coal for power generation and oil for transport. |
| | | | |
| − | Small Hydro Power (up to 25 MW) 15,000 307.21 MW 3042.63 MW
| + | There was 1.7% increase in energy related CO2 emissions in 2018 to a historic high of 33.1 giga tonnes (Gt). A whopping 85% of total emissions came from China, India and US. Two-thirds of the growth in emissions came from the power sector, particularly from coal-fired power generation. |
| | | | |
| − | Cogeneration-bagasse 5,000 321.50 MW 1667.53 MW
| + | Coal accounted for 30% of CO2 emissions in 2018. Emissions from coal crossed 10 Gtfor the first time, mostly concentrated in Asia. |
| | | | |
| − | Waste to Energy (Urban & Industrial) 2,700 7.50 MW 72.46 MW
| |
| | | | |
| − | Solar Power 50 MW/sq. km 26.59 MW 37.66 MW
| + | '''ENERGY EFFICIENCY HELPING AVOID EMISSIONS''' |
| | | | |
| − | Total 3136.30 MW 19972.38 MW
| + | Despite overall increase, some emissions have been prevented. Switching from coal to gas, for example, helped avoid 60 million tonnes CO2 emissions that would have come from coal. A greater shift towards renewable energy in 2018 helped the world avoid 215 Mt in emissions. China and Europe led the global push for green energy. Increase efficiency of energy sources was the biggest saver in emissions, helping avoid nearly 275 Mt in emissions. |
| | | | |
| − | B
| |
| | | | |
| − | Off-Grid/Distributed Renewable Power
| + | ==2018-23== |
| − | including Captive/CHP Plants
| + | [[File: Base energy demand in India, 2018-23.jpg|Base energy demand in India: 2018-23 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=22_04_2023_025_014_cap_TOI April 22, 2023: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]] |
| | | | |
| − | Biomass/Cogeneration (non-Bagasse) 80.73 MW 301.61 MW
| + | '''See graphic''': |
| | | | |
| − | Biomass Gasifier 10.73 MWeq 131.81 MWeq
| + | '' Base energy demand in India: 2018-23 '' |
| | | | |
| − | Energy Recovery from Waste 23.70 MWeq 70.42 Meq
| + | [[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|EENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:Government|EENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:India|EENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:Name|ALPHABETENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:Pages with broken file links|ENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | | | |
| − | Solar PV Power Plants 4.28 MWp 8.16 MWp
| + | [[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|EENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:Government|EENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:India|EENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:Name|ALPHABETENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:Pages with broken file links|ENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | | | |
| − | Aero-generator Hybrid Systems 177.00 kW 1.25 MW
| + | =Policies/ The Trilemma index= |
| | + | ==2019: India, South Asia== |
| | + | [[File: The performance of India, Bangladesh, China, Nepal, Pakistan and other selected countries on The Trilemma index, presumably as in 2018-19.jpg|The performance of India, Bangladesh, China, Nepal, Pakistan and other selected countries on The Trilemma index/ presumably as in 2018-19. <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL/2019/10/20&entity=Ar00406&sk=9DDD2AB2&mode=image Oct 20, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]] |
| | | | |
| − | Total 119.617 MWeq 513.25 MWeq
| |
| | | | |
| − | II
| + | '''See graphic''': |
| | | | |
| − | Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems
| + | '' The performance of India, Bangladesh, China, Nepal, Pakistan and other selected countries on The Trilemma index/ presumably as in 2018-19. '' |
| | | | |
| − | Family Type Biogas Plants (nos.) 120 lakh 1.51 lakh 44.04 lakh
| + | [[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|EENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:Government|EENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:India|EENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:Name|ALPHABETENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | | | |
| − | Solar Photovoltaic Systems
| + | [[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|EENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:Government|EENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:India|EENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:Name|ALPHABETENERGY: INDIAENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | + | [[Category:Pages with broken file links|ENERGY: INDIA |
| | + | ENERGY: INDIA]] |
| | | | |
| − | i. Street Lighting Systems (nos.) 26,472 1,82,200
| + | =Reserves, energy= |
| | + | ==2017: Energy reserves== |
| | + | See graphic. |
| | | | |
| − | ii. Home Lighting Systems (nos.) 1,13,817 7,33,245
| + | [[File: India’s energy sources in 2017 and projections for 2027.jpg|India’s energy sources in 2017 and projections for 2027; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=04_06_2017_010_029_011&type=P&artUrl=US-exit-to-brighten-climate-for-Indias-green-04062017010029&eid=31808 The Times of India], June 4, 2017|frame|500px]] |
| | | | |
| − | iii. Solar Lanterns (nos). 18,224 8,31,604
| + | =Taxation= |
| | + | ==Taxing energy use, India and the world: 2015== |
| | + | '''See graphic''': ''India and the world: Tax rates on emissions from energy use: 2015'' |
| | | | |
| − | iv. Solar photovoltaic Pumps (nos). 106 7,334
| + | [[File: Tax rates on emissions from energy use 2015.jpg|India and the world: Tax rates on emissions from energy use: 2015; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=04_07_2015_008_043_002&type=P&artUrl=STATOISTICS-GREEN-TAX-04072015008043&eid=31808 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]] |
| | | | |
| − | 14 Solar Thermal Programme
| + | =See also = |
| | + | [[Power: India, 1]] |
| | | | |
| − | i. Solar Water Heating systems -
| + | [[Power: India, 2 (ministry data)]] |
| | | | |
| − | Collector area (m2) 140 million 1.00 million sq.m. 4.47 million sq.m.
| + | [[Energy: India]] |
| | | | |
| − | III Remote Village Electrification - 1,537 villages 8,104 villages
| + | [[Coal: India]] |
| − | & hamlets & hamlets
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | IV Other Programmes
| + | [[Green (renewable) energy: India, 1]] |
| | | | |
| − | Energy Parks 3 nos 514
| + | [[Green (renewable) energy: India, 2 (ministry data)]] |
| | | | |
| − | Aditya Solar Shops 9 nos 302
| + | [[Petroleum, diesel, natural gas, India: I]] |
| | | | |
| − | MWeq = MegaWatt equivalent ; MW = Magawatt; KWp=KiloWatt Peak; sq.m.=Square Metre
| + | [[Petroleum, diesel, natural gas, India, II (ministry data)]] |
Energy is what makes change happen and can be transferred form one object to another. Energy can also be transformed from one form to another.
A watt equals a joule per second. If a smart phone uses five joules of energy every second, then the power of the phone is five joules per second, or five watts.
ENERGY is an essential input for economic development and improving the quality
of life. Development of conventional forms of energy for meeting the growing energy
needs of society at a reasonable cost is the responsibility of the Government.
Development and promotion of non-conventional/alternate/new and renewable
sources of energy such as solar, wind and bio-energy, etc., are also getting sustained
attention. Nuclear energy development is being geared up to contribute significantly
to the overall energy availability in the country.
Diesel-fired gensets appear to be losing power as the mainstay of energy for commercial establishments and other large consumers as the Centre's thrust on raising generation capacity and other reforms in the last few years begin to pay off by way of improved supply from the mains.
The average running period for DG sets of all sizes has dropped to 500 hours in a year from 3,942 hours in 201011, a power ministry note says, quoting two separate reports prepared by Petroleum Conservation and Research Association and Bureau of Energy Efficiency .
In terms of average perday operation, gensets are being run for an average 1.37 hours against an average 10.8 hours operated some twothree years back.
This by no means is an end of the road for diesel gensets, which have recorded a growth of roughly 10% in annual sales. “Even though the number of DG sets have grown over the last two years... Basically, the DG sets are being used (installed) as stand-by source of supply ,“ says the note.
The note, thus, gives an in dication of shape of things to come against the backdrop of the Modi government taking steps to ensure 24X7 power supply in the next two-three years.
There are an estimated 24 lakh diesel gensets operating across the country , up from 20 lakh pegged around 2010-11.The report reckons the aggregate capacity of gensets of all sizes operating in the country by the end of 2012-13 to be 105,512 mw. This is roughly 20 times more than Delhi's daily demand for power. Gensets are known as a major contributor to pollution and a fall in their running hours has a positive bearing on the environment.
Sanjay Dutta
India is poised to emerge as the largest market for lighting systems based on LEDs (light-emitting diodes), thanks to the Narendra Modiled government's UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) scheme for replacing all inefficient bulbs with these energy-efficient lamps. “With India selling 770 million LED bulbs every day , the country will soon become the LED capital of the world. Prices of LED bulbs have come down to 55 pence (Rs 52) from over 3.5 pounds (Rs 332) two years ago,“ a government statement quoted power minister Piyush Goyal as telling investors in London on Wednesday .
Today , 12% of all LED lighting systems sold in the world is consumed in India, according to Saurabh Kumar, managing director of Energy Efficiency Services. The company , promoted by state-run power utilities, is the nodal agency for implementing the UJALA scheme.
UJALA has brought down the price of an LED bulb to Rs 85 for a 9-watt on an average.
More than 21 lakh conventional street lights with high power consumption have been replaced with LED (light emitting diode) lamps across the country so far as civic bodies seek to make the most of falling costs of these energy efficient lighting equipment.
Rajasthan has replaced the highest number of conventional lights under the power ministry's Street Lighting National Programme which is being implemented in 23 states. Some 1.34 crore conventional street lights are to be replaced under the programme.
The total saving from replacements so far is estimated at 295 million units in terms of energy and over 73 mw in terms of generation capacity avoided. In terms of the environment, the replacements are estimated to have reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 2.3 lakh ton nes, according to Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL), the energy saving company under the power ministry that is implementing the replacement project. The programme is progressing on the back of procurement price of LED street lights coming down from Rs 135 per watt to Rs 80 per watt owing to mass procurement of the lights.
EESL makes the entire upfront investment in installation of the street lights and no additional budget allocation from the municipalities is required.
The civic bodies pay EESL from the savings in energy and maintenance cost over a seven-year period, making the LED lights affordable and accessible.
EESL's procurements carry a seven-year warranty against technical defects.The company conducts quality checks right from the bidding stage to the field level. This has resulted in the LEDs' overall technical fault being less than 1% in the 21 lakh lights installed by EESL in the country .
“LED street lights will be consuming up to 60% less energy . The bright lights will lead to safer roads for pedestrians and motorists. Additionally , EESL also plans to install three million LED street lights in the current financial year,“ a company statement quoted MD Saurabh Kumar as saying.
EESL is also implementing a special heritage lighting project, wherein 1,000 LED street lights have been installed in Kashi region of Uttar Pradesh and another 4,000 are being installed.
India is home to about a fifth of the world's population but uses only about 6% of the world’s energy.
Govt’s plans to make modern fuel and quality power accessible are expected to drive India’s hunger for energy.
Ujjwala has already made India the world’s second-largest LPG consumer in the domestic sector.
Rural electrification and Ujjwala played a crucial role in fuelling BJP's rise in UP and will play an important part in stoking the country's hunger for energy. Ujjwala has already made India the world's second-largest LPG consumer in the domestic sector and expanded LPG coverage to 71% of population.
Fielding of the two young ministers is, thus, being seen as a clear signal from the Modi government that India cannot be ignored any longer and must be heard by the global energy market as the voice of developing economies. A fact duly acknowledged by IEA executive director Fatih Birol, when he said, "We can't talk about the future of the global energy markets without talking with India".
India has so far been a partner country. The 'associate' status will make India part of all meetings and dialogues, allowing an opportunity for it to shape relationships in the global energy market. China, the world's second-largest oil consumer, has been an associate member since 2015.
"IEA Association will not entail any additional burden or commitment on the government or people of India. It will help India plan better and serve the needs of Indians better, ensuring energy security for days and years to come," Goyal said.
"IEA has helped in promoting understanding of India's interests and concerns as the third-largest consumer of energy," Pradhan said urging IEA to anchor dialogue between oil sellers and buyers for evolving a balanced market.
Coal will continue to have a prime place in India's total energy mix for the next many years but data shows that the country's coal boom may have been over a couple of years ago, much earlier than expected.
Over the past two years, the country's coal use has increased by an average of just 2.2%, a sharp fall from the previous 10 years when average annual growth was over 6%.
The findings, published by Greenpeace's Energydesk on Wednesday , are significant because India, the world's third largest CO2 emitter after China and the US, is seen as the next big coal frontier. Though the country's per capita carbon emission is much less than these top two emitters, the decline in overall use of coal will help India achieve its goal under Paris climate accord. India has committed to produce 40% of its electricity from non-fossil sources of energy by 2030 under the deal.It, therefore, has planned to scale up targets for renewable energy capacity from 30GW by 2016-17 to 175 GW by 2021-22.
The report shows that the renewable sector is certainly booming in India due to increasingly cost-competitiveness of solar and wind energy installations. “India's demand for the carbon-heavy fuel is not sky-rocketing and the country's energy needs will do nothing to arrest coal's global decline,“ said Ashish Fernandes of Greenpeace energy .
The Greenpeace, however, said there were a number of new coal-based power plants in the pipeline. It said the coal industry has experienced troubles, with many plants running less than half the time due to an over-capacity crunch. It also noted that the slowdown in coal consumption growth was largely due to the cement, iron and industrial power generation sectors burning less.
Domestic power consumption in various states is not uniform and depends on their economic growth. The uneven electrification of households in the country is also responsible for this
As per December,2014, India is the fourth largest energy consumer in the world, trailing the US, China, and Russia. Currently, India is not able to consistently meet domestic energy demands, which makes securing energy sources one of the top priorities and the largest energy source is coal.
On the back of a strong economy, 2018 saw a considerable increase in global energy demand. But the increased demand was matched by CO2 emissions, with India, China and US at the forefront, according to the International Energy Agency. A look at key trends in energy consumption.
In 2018, global energy consumption rose by 2.3%, which is nearly twice the average growth rate since 2010. Natural gas accounted for nearly 45% of the increase in energy demand. Nearly 70% of the energy demand growth was from burning fossil fuels. Though renewable energy grew at double-digit pace, it wasn’t enough to match energy demand.
The increased consumption was largely driven by economic growth and weather conditions. The global economy grew at 3.7% in 2018, highest than the 3.5% average annual growth since 2010. Weather conditions were behind 20% of the increase in energy demand. Hotter summers led to increase in cooling needs in some parts of the world, while colder winters led to an increase in heating demand.
China, US and India together accounted for nearly 70% of the rise in energy demand. China also had the world’s largest increase in solar and wind generation. US had the largest increase in oil and gas demand worldwide. Growth in India driven by coal for power generation and oil for transport.
There was 1.7% increase in energy related CO2 emissions in 2018 to a historic high of 33.1 giga tonnes (Gt). A whopping 85% of total emissions came from China, India and US. Two-thirds of the growth in emissions came from the power sector, particularly from coal-fired power generation.
Coal accounted for 30% of CO2 emissions in 2018. Emissions from coal crossed 10 Gtfor the first time, mostly concentrated in Asia.
Despite overall increase, some emissions have been prevented. Switching from coal to gas, for example, helped avoid 60 million tonnes CO2 emissions that would have come from coal. A greater shift towards renewable energy in 2018 helped the world avoid 215 Mt in emissions. China and Europe led the global push for green energy. Increase efficiency of energy sources was the biggest saver in emissions, helping avoid nearly 275 Mt in emissions.
.jpg)
,_as_in_Sept_2015.jpg)
