Cancer, treatment and research: India
This is a collection of articles archived for the excellence of their content. |
Contents |
Preparedness
In India and the world/ 2018
From: April 20, 2019: The Times of India
See graphic :
Cancer preparedness in India and the world/ 2018
Research
2019/ JNCASR model helps study bone marrow, blood disorders
Chethan Kumar, April 13, 2019: The Times of India
A group of Indian researchers has created a mouse model to study bone marrow and blood disorders that could aid in finding a cure for blood cancer (leukaemia).
The team, led by Maneesha S Inamdar at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), has published its findings in ‘Blood’, a journal of the American Society of Haematology.
Inamdar, whose lab has discovered a stem cell protein called asrij (blood in Sanskrit), has found it plays a key role in preventing myelo-proliferative disease — a condition characterised by excessive production of mature blood cells.
Producing new blood cells is a lifelong activity. Given the sheer number of cells, they are prone to mutation which then becomes cancerous.
90% cancers caused by p53 mutation
Now, 90% of solid cancers are known to be caused by the mutation of p53, a protein that regulates cells production. In case of blood cancer, only 11% of the cancer was seen to be caused by p53 mutation. “Despite no significant mutation of p53, we found levels of asrij were low, causing uncontrolled production of new cells,” Inamdar told TOI.
Saloni Sinha, first author of the paper, said asrij protects p53, a cancer-preventing protein also known as the ‘Guardian of the Genome’. “Without asrij, p53 is destroyed and blood stem cells proliferate and become cancerous. It is known that mutations in p53 lead to cancer. However, scientists have been puzzled about how some cancers develop without a mutation in p53. Our work explains how this can happen,” Saloni said.
Will lead to new diagnostics
Inamdar said this could pave the way to new diagnostics and lead to the cure. To study how asrij works, the team designed a mouse that is engineered to mark the asrij gene for deletion. This was done in collaboration with the RIKEN CDB, Kobe, Japan and the National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru.
The Inamdar laboratory then deleted the marked region and showed that deleting one or both copies of the gene has no apparent effect, which was perplexing. Based on their earlier work, they predicted the mice are likely to develop blood cancer.
“Detailed experiments, including bone marrow transplants in mice, showed the mutants had too many blood stem cells, an enlarged spleen and developed severe myeloproliferative disease as they aged, just like human patients. The study could potentially revolutionise research seeking to find the origin and clinical progression of blood and other cancers. It will also lead to a search for drug treatments for a wide range of diseases affected by asrij and p53, including cancers and neuro-degenerative disorders,” said Inamdar.
Therapies
IIT-B’s immunotherapy using CAR T-cells
Yogita Rao, Dec 12, 2019 Times of India
In a breakthrough in research, IIT-Bombay scientists have developed technology to leverage a patient’s immune system to cure cancer. Such immunotherapy using CAR T-cells, a treatment for cancer, which costs Rs 3-4 crore in US, can be made available for Rs 15 lakh, if the technology is developed in the country.
Researchers made use of gene and cell therapies to reengineer immune cells to attack and kill cancer cells in the body. The treatment is less painful than surgery, chemotherapy or radiation, and is known to lower chances of a relapse. The therapy, which seems promising in the treatment of cancer, especially leukaemia, is currently not available in India. With the growing burden of cancer in the country, success in even a fraction of the patients using the technique will be remarkable, experts said.
Prof Rahul Purwar and his team of scientists from the institute’s Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering have conducted laboratory tests and hope to start clinical trials in collaboration with Dr Gaurav Narula from Tata Memorial Hospital next year, after getting permission from Drug Controller General of India.
T-cells (a type of white blood cell), an integral part of the immune system, can identify tumours and destroy them. But in advanced stages, the cancer cells adapt to the presence of T-cells and remain undetected. In the new approach in immunotherapy, called CAR (chimeric antigen receptors) T-cell therapy, the T-cell’s ability to detect and kill cancer cells is restored. CARs are protein that assist Tcells to recognise and attach to protein or antigen, present on cancer cells. These proteins help destroy cancer cells.
Treatment
Patients’ expenses in 2019
DurgeshNandan Jha, April 20, 2019: The Times of India
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From: DurgeshNandan Jha, April 20, 2019: The Times of India
When it comes to the dreaded ‘C’, even the poorest of the families spend over Rs 50,000 towards treatment of their wards at public hospitals where consultation, surgery and key medicines are provided for free. This was revealed in a cost-analysis published in the journal, Psycho-Oncology.
Researchers from Australia’s McGill University, University of Sydney, University of Toronto and George Institute for Global Health, in partnership with CanKids, an NGO, interviewed 11 families of children being treated for cancer at AIIMS and Safdarjung Hospital.
Over half of the families’ primary income was generated from an unskilled-worker wage, and at least one parent per family was illiterate or had no formal schooling. Eight families were from outside the National Capital Region, according to the research paper.
In 14 weeks, a fortnight prior to the diagnosis and 12 weeks after the diagnosis of cancer, the families said they had spent Rs 51,644, on average. A maximum 53% of the money was spent on non-medical categories and 47% on medical needs.
Non-medical cost included travel, lodging, food and miscellaneous expenses. Medical cost involved chemotherapy, supportive care, surgery, radiation, investigations and transfusions. “The mean cost two weeks prior to the diagnosis was Rs 7,621 with 73% costs on medical and 27% on non-medical categories. The mean cost for 12 weeks following the diagnosis was Rs 44,023 with 42% on medical and 58% on non-medical categories,” the cost-analysis stated.
The researchers say, collectively, these costs are substantial, impose a catastrophic burden and impact employment, schooling and housing. “The study did not include the expenditures borne by the government in providing physician/nursing expertise, medications and investigations,” they added.
The researchers have called for hospital service providers to review their policies, procedures and service agreements to limit the financial burden imposed on families by encompassing a reasonable charge, consider families’ cost in the design of services, and ensure that provisions are in place to lower the economic burden.
A recent research published in the journal PlosOne found that out-of-pocket expenditure on cancer treatment was among the highest for any ailment.
The PlosOne research, conducted by experts from DU’s Institute of Economic Growth, which evaluated costs for all kinds of cancer, not just those involving children, said treatment for 40% of cancer hospitalisation cases is financed mainly through borrowings, sale of assets and contributions from friends and relatives.
The researchers suggested universal cancer care insurance, combined with existing accident and life insurance policies, for the poorer sections in India, in addition to policies to improve cancer survivorship through effective prevention and early detection.
