Judicial appointments, senior: India
This is a collection of articles archived for the excellence of their content. |
A: the collegium debate
History
1947-2018: milestones
When India gained independence, the Federal Court, succeeded by the Supreme Court on January 26, 1950, had two Indian judges — Harilal Jekisondas Kania, who went on to become the first CJI, and S Fazal Ali.
Just days before Kania was to become the first CJI on January 26, 1950, PM Jawaharlal Nehru had expressed irritation over Kania’s comments on making Bashir Ahmed a permanent judge in Madras HC. He asked Sardar Patel whether Kania should become the CJI given his ‘unjudicial comments’ on Ahmed. Patel told Kania that failure to make Ahmed a permanent judge would be regarded as communal.
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Patel told Nehru that he had ‘managed Kania’ on the Ahmed issue and the PM must understand that it was a common trait “with some heads of the judiciary who feel that they have the sole monopoly of upholding its independence”.
What Patel would have said now is difficult to imagine, when sitting and retired Supreme Court judges, politicians, judicial activists and journalists have taken on the task of protecting the judiciary’s independence.
Till 1970, appointment of SC judges was a sedate affair. Neither the people nor politicians bothered who became a judge, and how. Things changed dramatically in 1973, when the Indira Gandhi government superseded three judges to make Justice A N Ray the CJI. Appointment of SC judges became stormy affairs with instantaneous outpouring of nationwide outrage.
Before his retirement, bench led by Justice A N Ray in 1976 created outrage by upholding the government’s decision to suspend all fundamental rights, including right to life, during Emergency. A bigger public outrage followed when the government wreaked vengeance by superseding Justice H R Khanna, the lone judge who refused to consign fundamental rights to the embers of Emergency.
From 1970 till the advent of a seven-judge bench decision in the S P Gupta case in 1981,
the first of three decisions in what is known as ‘Judges Case’ which together altered the Constitution-mandated judges’ appointment process through judicial interpretations, the government appointed ‘committed judges’.
Y V Chandrachud, CJI from 1978 till 1985, towards the end of his tenure began publicly expressing his frustration with the judge-selection process. In 1983, he said the process was ‘outmoded’ and deserved a ‘decent burial’ as appointments were ‘not purely based on merit’.
After retirement, he spoke about his experience in appointment of judges, “Mrs Gandhi never overruled me, but the government has got every weapon in its hands, so the vacancies are kept unfilled. The government tries artful persuasion, drops hints, and keeps egging you. No one is interested in having a good judiciary. No one is interested in having good judges.”
The present imbroglio over the Centre’s decision to seek reconsideration of the recommendation to appoint Justice K M Joseph as an SC judge is a deja vu moment. Given Justice Chandrachud’s disappointment and continued executive interference, the SC gave two more rulings, in 1993 and 1998, establishing a collegium of SC judges headed by the CJI for selection of judges to the SC and HCs.
It is debatable whether the collegium improved the quality of judges or broadbased the zone of consideration. But the tug-of-war between the government and judiciary continued over appointment of judges. Parliamentarians thought collegium system was outmoded and gave it a burial by enacting the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) Act in 2014.
Lawyers’ bodies and several individuals challenged its constitutionality, terming the enactment a brazen invasion of judicial independence. A five-judge bench in 2015 quashed NJAC and revived collegium system. But the SC acknowledged that collegium system was opaque and selected judges arbitrarily. Despite the judgment, the collegium continues to function as before. The tug-of-war continues between the judiciary and the executive over appointments.
Interestingly, Justice J Chelameswar gave the lone dissenting judgment in the NJAC case and castigated the collegium system. One of the finest SC judges — Justice Ruma Pal — was quoted in the NJAC judgment as saying that some appointments to constitutional courts were done following the ‘you scratch my back, I scratch yours’ principle.
Justice Kurian Joseph agreed that malaise had crept into collegium system. The bad apples, churned out by the collegium, had the potential to ruin the reputation of judiciary, he said and laid the blame at the door of the executive for keeping silent and giving up its say when wrong appointments were recommended by the collegium.
In the NJAC judgment, Justice Kurian Joseph said, “There is no healthy system in practice. No doubt, the fault is not wholly of the collegium. The active silence of the executive in not preventing such unworthy appointments was actually one of the major problems.
“The second and third Judges Case had provided effective tools in the hands of the executive to prevent such aberrations. Whether ‘joint venture’, as observed by Justice Chelameswar, or not, the executive seldom effectively used those tools. Therefore, the collegium system needs to be improved requiring a ‘glasnost’ and a ‘perestroika’.”
The ‘glasnost’ and ‘perestroika’ are still in the realm of conjecture. The executive seems to be taking a leaf out of Justice Kurian Joseph’s judgment to play an active role in appointment of judges to the SC, starting with Justice K M Joseph’s. But the Centre appears to have chosen the wrong recommendation to shed its ‘active silence’.
With all and sundry, who hailed or castigated judgments depending on its acceptability to them, building immense pressure daily on the collegium, it is most likely that Justice K M Joseph’s name will be reiterated in its coming meeting. It has no other option. The government also appears to have lost interest in carrying on the fight for reforms in the collegium.
Appointment of Justice K M Joseph as an SC judge has brightened. But the manner in which the collegium operates with pulls and pressures within, coupled with those exerted by political and judicial activists, the prospect of reforms in judges’ appointment remains a distant dream.
How executive lost control over judicial appointments
The Times of India, Oct 17 2015
The Times of India
Indira killing, Babri case, graft strengthened Judiciary's hands
In the early decades after the adoption of the Constitution, judicial appointments were the government's prerogative, judges being designated on the President's recommendation before politically-tainted decisions set the stage for the judiciary snatching the right from the executive.
Ajit Ninan Provisions of the Constitution under Article 124(2) and 217(1) clearly say that while the judiciary should be consulted, the final say vests with the government, the President appointing judges by warrant under his hand and seal. This is how it was from 1950 to 1993.
The intrusion of political considerations saw the term “committed judiciary“ gain currency during Indira Gandhi's tenure as PM, generating a backlash strengthened by the Emergency . The executive hold was further tightened with consultation with judiciary being held as not tantamount to consent.
Political developments from Indira's assassination in 1984 to the installation of a Janata Dal government in 1989 to the return of Congress and the appointment of Narasimha Rao as PM saw a string of corruption scandals make news and influence public opinion adversely on legislators and Parliament.
Congress under Rajiv Gandhi lost the 1989 polls with the Bofors scandal symbolizing the opposition's agenda. Once the unstable V P Singh government fell, the Rao regime was rocked by cases like cash for votes in a no-confidence motion and hawala scandal.
Governments of the day found their legitimacy eroded following events like the Babri Masjid demolition.Corruption scandals left the political class with little will and moral authority to protest against the judiciary's moves to appropriate the power to appoint judges. In 1993, when SC ruled that primacy in appointing judges vested with the judiciary , Rao's government was still reeling under the Babri demolition aftermath as it fended internal challenges and the opposition.
For much of his tenure, Rao had to deal with the saffron threat and efforts of par ty dissidents to unseat him.
The setting for UPA 's bid to legislate the NJAC bill was not very propitious either as Manmohan Singh's government in its second term found itself battling one scam after another. As its political capital drained, BJP saw no reason to help with passage of the NJAC, though it supported the legislation in principle.
Armed with a majority , BJP felt it was better placed to push through the NJAC and mounted a spirited bid in the court arguments. Passage by state governments bolstered its case, but SC has tenaciously defended its turf.
Before 1993: Appointment of judges: superior courts
Whatever the process, men of character must pick judges
LEGALLY SPEAKING –
The Times of India Jul 29 2014
Till 1993, judges were appointed to the Supreme Court and high courts by the President, read the Union government, after consulting the Chief Justice of India. The CJI seldom disagreed with the executive.
Two significant judgments dramatically altered the process. In 1993, a nine-judge bench in Supreme Court Advocates on Record Association case took away the executive’s primacy in appointment of judges and gave it to the CJI. In 1998, another nine-judge bench answered a presidential reference by laying down an elaborate procedure – the CJI-headed collegium system – to select and recommend to the government persons to be appointed as judges of the SC and HCs.
The executive was given the option of returning a name for the collegium’s reconsideration. If the name was re-sent, the executive was bound to appoint him. For the last 16 years, this judge-appoint-judge system has been in operation. Markandey Katju has experience of both the systems. He was appointed a judge of Allahabad High Court by the executive in 1991. But his later appointments -chief justice of Madras HC and transfer to Delhi HC and later as judge of SC in April 2006 – happened under the collegium system.
He often gave vent to his intolerance towards corruption. In March 2007, while sitting with Justice S B Sinha, he had said, “Everyone wants to loot this country. The only deterrent is to hang a few corrupt persons from the lamp post.
The law does not permit us to do it, but otherwise we would prefer to hang the corrupt.” Katju, who would have preferred instant Taliban style justice in the absence of limitations of law, strangely remained tight lipped for nearly a decade on a ‘corrupt judge’ continuing in Madras HC. His revelations have stirred a fresh debate on what would be the ideal process for appointment of judges to the SC and HCs? Both systems had their share of questionable products.
Two famous judges – Y V Chandrachud and P N Bhagwati – were appointed by the executive. They capitulated to political pressure much more gravely than Justice R C Lahoti, who was taken in by the then wily law minister H R Bhardwaj in 2005 and granted extension of service to a ‘corrupt judge” despite the collegium unanimously deciding not to continue with his services.
On April 28, 1976, a five-judge bench pronounced judgment in the ADM Jabalpur case and buried all fundamental rights, including the most fundamental among fundamental rights – the right to life – under political pressure of the Indira Gandhi regime which wielded draconian powers during Emergency. How on earth could a country survive without its citizens having the right to life? But the famous four – then CJI A N Ray and Justices M H Beg, Y V Chandrachud and P N Bhagwati – capitulated. They gave primacy to selfpreservation over preservation of citizens’ life.
Under tremendous political pressure and threat, Justice H R Khanna held his head high to record a dissent note saying right to life could never be suspended. He stood tall among the five, and is still standing tall in court number two of the Supreme Court. Khanna too was a product of the same system which had appointed the other four. Khanna valued life. The rewards of capitulation went to Justice Beg, who was appointed CJI by the Indira regime. If the government thought of humiliating Khanna by superseding him, it failed. He tendered his resignation. Khanna showed that a man’s character shines brightest in times of pressure and adversity.
The SC realized this six years later and spoke out in S P Gupta case [1982 (2) SCR 365].
“Judges should be stern stuff and tough fire, unbending before power, economic or political and they must uphold the core principle of rule of law which says ‘be you ever so high, the law is above you’,” it had said. Immortal words penned more than three decades ago, but seldom practiced.
Whatever process a political system devises for appointment of judges, it would lose its efficacy if it is manned by people who do not put country over self and place integrity above politics and posts.
As president of the Constituent Assembly, Rajendra Prasad, who went on to become the first President, had warned of this while moving for adoption of the Constitution in 1949.
He had said, “Whatever the Constitution may or may not provide, the welfare of the country will depend upon the men who administer it. If the people who are elected are capable and men of character and integrity, they will be able to make the best even of a defective Constitution. “If they are lacking in these, the Constitution cannot help the country, After all, a Constitution, like a machine, is a lifeless thing. It acquires life because of the men who control and operate it. And India needs today nothing more than a set of honest men who will have the interest of the country before them.”
1981- 2014: Four cases that gave SC the power to appoint its judges
India is the only constitutional democracy where the judiciary appoints judges. The government has tried to introduce a separate law for this but the apex court has brooked no interference
Who can become a Supreme Court judge?
Theoretically, anybody can sit on a Supreme Court bench, provided the President thinks the person is “a distinguished jurist” — the final eligibility criterion as per Article 124 of the Constitution. But India is yet to find a “distinguished jurist” worth a chair on a Supreme Court bench even after 75 years of Independence from British colonial rule.
The Constitution does not define who is “a distinguished jurist”. Actually, the draft Constitution did not have this provision at all. It came through an amendment proposed by the Constituent Assembly’s compulsive interjector HV Kamath — more famous for interjecting Jawaharlal Nehru’s ‘Tryst With Destiny’ speech on the night of Independence.
Kamath argued that this provision would give the President a wider field for picking a Supreme Court judge and thus greater freedom in the matter. He
asserted that his amendment was in tune with the eligibility criteria for the judges of the International Court of Justice.
Kamath’s suggestion was supported by fellow member MA Iyengar, the first deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha. Iyengar, in fact, went further to suggest that of the seven judges in the first composition of the Supreme Court, one must be “a distinguished jurist”.
The President — whose powers in general are subject to the will of the prime minister-led Union cabinet and in particular to a Chief Justice of India (CJI)-led panel in the matters of appointment of judges — has therefore restricted the choice for a Supreme Court judge to the original provisions of the person being a high court judge or a lawyer of the high court or the Supreme Court. The person, of course, must be a citizen of India.
So, a person having served as a judge in one or more higher courts for five years or worked as a lawyer in high court(s) or the Supreme Court for 10 years can be an apex court judge. This is what the Constitution says. So, why are the Supreme Court and the Centre fighting over who appoints them and how to appoint them?
There’s a history
Since the Supreme Court is the most authoritative watchdog in India, having powers to examine how the government implements the rule of law, there has always been a tension between the judiciary and the government over who controls or has an edge in appointing Supreme Court judges.
The tension has led to disputes that were ultimately settled by the Supreme Court itself, establishing the current collegium system of appointment of judges. There have been three such cases, generally referred to as “three judges cases”. Adding the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) Act to this, we can modify the phrase to “four judges cases”.
The first judges case
Reading Article 124 makes it clear that the central government, through the President, has the power to appoint Supreme Court judges but after consulting with the CJI. The provision was challenged through writ petitions in different high courts following some appointments made to the Supreme Court by the Centre overriding the seniority of the judges and mass transfers of high court judges in the 1970s.
The matter was ultimately referred to the Supreme Court, which upheld the original constitutional provision in the first [1] of the ‘three judges cases’ in December 1981. Before the latter cases came up, this case was known as the judges’ transfer case or the SP Gupta case, after the Allahabad high court lawyer who was one of the petitioners.
The seven-judge Supreme Court bench’s judgment, authored by Justice P Bhagwati, held [2]: “The ultimate power of appointment rests with the central government and that is in accord with the constitutional practice prevailing in all democratic countries.”
But it also emphasised that before making the appointment, the CJI must be properly consulted. That is, “the CJI is required to be consulted, but again it is not concurrence but only consultation and the central government is not bound to act in accordance with the opinion of the CJI”.
But this arrangement continued for just about 12 years.
The second judges case
A bigger, nine-judge Supreme Court bench diluted the “ultimate power” of the central government in October 1993. The original matter related to filling up vacancies in high courts. In a 7-2 majority judgment [3], authored by Justice JS Verma, the Supreme Court gave the CJI’s opinion primacy over the views of the President in the appointment of judges. The provision of “consultation” was no longer held as advisory in nature. This ruling led to the idea of a collegium, whose composition and role was yet to evolve fully. But the bench ruled that the CJI needed to consult the two senior-most judges after himself in appointing Supreme Court judges, and the two senior-most judges of the respective high courts, where judges were to be appointed.
This arrangement remained in place for five years, during which the President had been reduced merely to an approver of what the CJI and two other judges decided — a real rubber stamp in appointing the high court and Supreme Court judges.
The third judges case
It had its origin in a presidential reference in 1998, when President KR Narayanan (read the Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP-led Atal Bihari Vajpayee government) raised a nine-point doubt in the appointment of Supreme Court judges and the transfer of high court judges. This became the third judges case [4], wherein the Supreme Court formalised its collegium, clarified its role and laid down guidelines for its functioning.
The collegium would comprise the CJI and the four senior-most judges after him. Only the collegium would initiate the process of appointment of judges in the Supreme Court. The new procedure made the opinion of the CJI binding on the government and the President. In turn, the CJI was made to drop a candidate if two of the collegium judges gave adverse opinions.
This arrangement continues to work today, with a short-lived attempt of the BJP government led by Narendra Modi in the form of the NJAC Act.
The NJAC experiment
The collegium does not have a direct constitutional backing and is clearly a judicial invention in interpreting the consultation process that the President is bound to follow before appointing a judge to the apex court.
The collegium system has had its share of criticism for being a deviation from what is practised in major democracies, which prefer to let the executive have the dominant say in the appointment of judges subject to the approval of the legislature.
The current arrangement shunts out the executive or the legislature from any binding intervention. The only possible veto could come in the form of an adverse Intelligence Bureau report on a prospective judge.
To overcome this deficiency and to have a greater say in the appointment of Supreme Court judges, the BJP government brought the NJAC Act [https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A2014- 40.pdf] in 2014. The Act replaced the collegium with a commission, also led by the CJI, but comprising just two senior-most Supreme Court judges, the Union law and justice minister and two eminent persons, who were to be selected by another panel consisting of the CJI, the prime minister and the the leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
The government’s aim was clearly to limit the collegium’s authority in appointing judges to the Supreme Court, reacquire a greater role in the appointments process and also involve the civil society to make the process more open. Secrecy of the collegium was a major criticism of the existing appointments system.
Back to being an exception
The NJAC was challenged in the Supreme Court, which struck it down [5] as unconstitutional in 2015. The Supreme Court invoked the independence of judiciary — as it had done in 1993 — holding that the NJAC interfered with the independence of the judiciary.
The Supreme Court revived the collegium, reverting India to being “the only constitutional democracy [6] where the judiciary appoints its own judges”. In the bargain, the Supreme Court in 2017 began putting out on the court’s website its recommendations on judicial appointments, transfers and elevations for public consumption.
In another first, the Supreme Court revealed from=mdr in October the names of the judges who objected to the CJI’s “circulation” method for appointing judges. The “circulation” method refers to the practice of eliciting the views of the collegium members by the CJI on the appointment of judges to the apex court.
Before we sign off, a fun fact
Years before the word ‘collegium’ made its way to judicial pronouncements on how to appoint Supreme Court and high court judges, the concept had originated during a national seminar in October 1981, about two months before the first judges case was settled.
The Bar Council of India (BCI) recommended at the Ahmedabad seminar that there should be a collegium system to appoint Supreme Court judges. It was to comprise of the CJI, five senior-most judges of the Supreme Court and one representative each from the BCI and the Supreme Court Bar Association. The BCI, too, wanted the collegium’s recommendation to be binding on the President.
Seniority, government pressure: before and after 1993/ 1998
Lack of seniority was an expansive ruse on the NDA government’s part to return the recommendation for Justice K M Joseph’s appointment as a Supreme Court judge to the collegium for reconsideration. Since the SC came into existence in 1950, each and every Chief Justice of India, whether singularly till 1993 or collectively as part of the fivemember collegium, had given scant importance to ‘seniority’ while recommending the name of an HC judge or a chief justice for appointment to the SC.
In this column, we had mentioned how Y V Chandrachud, the CJI with the longest tenure of seven years, had expressed frustration with the Union government which always used ‘delay’ as a weapon to stall appointments recommended by the CJI.
P N Bhagwati became CJI on July 12, 1985, after being the seniormost judge for seven years behind Chandrachud. Nearly a year later, the sanctioned strength of the SC was increased to 26 from 18, both inclusive of the CJI, despite opposition from Bhagwati.
Bhagwati faced one of the most difficult tenures as CJI with regard to appointment of judges. Rajiv Gandhi government’s law minister A K Sen pressed Bhagwati to accept appointment of Delhi HC CJ Prakash Narain as an SC judge. Bhagwati refused and threatened to resign if Narain was forced on him.
Bhagawati wanted Bombay HC judge P B Sawant, who was a leader of the PIL movement in Maharashtra, in the SC. Sawant was eighth in seniority in Bombay HC. Bhagwati’s proposal was opposed by Bombay HC judges and advocates. Senior judges threatened to resign and conveyed this through the governor to then President Zail Singh. Sen asked and Bhagwati agreed to withdraw the proposal. Sawant made it to the SC four years later in 1989.
“Only five of the dozen recommended during Bhagwati’s 17-month tenure as CJI were accepted. For a man who wanted to redefine the court’s mission and was eager to bring to Delhi men who would either share his goals or would not stand in the way, Bhagwati’s inability to gain approval for his choices was very disappointing,” wrote George H Gadbois, the legendary researcher on
SC and its judges. Bhagwati told him that his experience with government regarding appointments was “absurd and humiliating”.
On the eve of his retirement, Bhagwati said, “I cannot help saying that the non-appointment of judges to the Supreme Court for several months has operated as an act of cruelty to the existing judges who are carrying an intolerable burden.” When he retired on December 21, 1986, there were only 14 judges against a sanctioned strength of 26.
R S Pathak, who succeeded Bhagwati as CJI, faced difficulty in getting names cleared for appointment as SC judges. For nearly a year in 1988, there were no appointments as the government just sat on recommendations. Exasperated by the long delays, an SC bench of Justices R N Misra and M N Venkatachaliah (as reported in TOI on November 18, 1988) set a December 7, 1988, deadline to fill up vacancies. The bench said if the government failed to meet the deadline, “entire record about such recommendations must be submitted to the court for scrutiny”. The threat worked. S R Pandian, K N Saikia, K T Thommen, A M Ahmadi and Kuldip Singh took oath on December 14, 1988. So, delaying appointments is not a new trick that the NDA government has discovered.
I have watched the SC and its judges closely since 1998. It is still a mystery why some judges took more than 16 years as an HC judge to become Supreme Court judge while some took less than 10 years to reach the apex court.
Let us examine past CJIs since 1998. Justice A S Anand served the longest — 16 years and five months — as HC judge before being appointed to the SC. Those who served more than 15 years in HCs before coming to the SC are B N Kirpal, Altamas Kabir and Dipak Misra. In the category of serving more than 14 years as HC judge are S P Bharucha, K G Balakrishnan, R M Lodha and T S Thakur.
In the over 13 year category are V N Khare, Y K Sabharwal and H L Dattu. While G B Patnaik and S H Kapadia served a little over 12 years as HC judges before getting appointed to the SC, P Sathasivam and J S Khehar were luckier as they became SC judges after serving 11 years and some months as HC judges. The luckiest among all was S Rajendra Babu, who made it to the SC after serving 9 years and seven months as HC judge.
When Dattu was appointed as an SC judge, his seniority in the all-India list of HC judges was 39th which means he superseded 38 HC judges. Similarly, Lodha superseded seven HC judges in getting to the SC. In a pool of over 1,000 HC judges, nearly 50 are always in the race for getting appointed as SC judges.
A sitting judge said, “The race is so competitive that even the best HC judges need some kind of help, either a godfather in the collegium or a bigwig in the government.”
This makes me recall what CJI Anand had said in December 1999. Several recommendations from the collegium were pending with then President K R Narayanan, who was refusing to sign warrants of appointments. When Anand went to persuade the President, Narayanan bluntly told him that he would not approve appointments unless the collegium recommended Justice K G Balakrishnan’s elevation to the SC. The collegium could delay recommending Balakrishnan’s appointment to the SC by eight months, long enough to curtail his tenure as CJI to three and a half years.
When the selection of judges is opaque, arbitrary and smacks of favouritism, there is enough room for the executive to put a spoke even on a ground as frivolous as ‘seniority’.
1993 and 1998: The collegium system begins
Centre will amend Constitution to scrap collegium
Dhananjay.Mahapatra @timesgroup.com New Delhi:
The Times of India The Times of India Jul 26 2014
The judge-appointing-judge system was devised by the SC through two judgments in 1993 and 1998.
There is ambiguity vis-a-vis the constitutional provisions on the appointment of judges and the present practice.
Two articles provide that the executive, through the President, would have primacy in appointment of judges. This is how it was till 1993, when a constitution bench of the Supreme Court held that the CJI would have primacy in appointment of judges.
Article 124(2) says, “Every judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such of the judges of the Supreme Court and the high courts in the states as the President may deem necessary for the purpose...“
Apex court's judgments stripped exec of any say in judge selection
Article 124(2) of the Constitution also provides that “in the case of appointment of a judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of India shall always be consulted“. For appointment of a high court judge, Article 217(1) mandates the President to consult the CJI, governor of the state and chief justice of the HC.
Five years after a Constitution bench of the Supreme Court held that the CJI would have primacy in appointment of judges, in 1998, another Constitution bench judgment stripped the executive of any significant say in the appointment of judges to constitutional courts by devising the CJI-headed collegium system.
The scheme, which has been called judicial usurpation by others but justified by judges by invoking judicial independence, has lately been under the scanner for opaqueness.
So much so that former CJI J S Verma, author of one of the judgments by which the judiciary conferred upon itself the right to appoint judges, sought a review.
Efforts of the executive to do away with the collegium system began under UPA but failed to fructify. While in opposition, BJP supported the move but demanded that the Judicial Appointments Commission, which is proposed to select judges, should be fortified with a constitutional amendment in view of a likely challenge in judiciary .
It reiterated its support for JAC after coming to power, retired SC judge Markandey Katju about a former CJI giving in to political pressure to extend the tenure of a “corrupt“ judge is likely to provide fresh justification for its plans.
The Judicial Appointments Commission Bill, 2013 proposes replacing the collegium with a six-member panel headed by the CJI and comprising two SC judges, the law minister and two eminent citizens as its members.
The bill provides for selection of eminent citizens through another high-level committee comprising the Prime Minister, the CJI and the leader of opposition in Lok Sabha.
A parliamentary standing committee examined the bill and recommended that the JAC panel, headed by the CJI, should be a seven-member committee instead of six as proposed. It had suggested that three eminent persons be included in the panel instead of two proposed in the bill, with one of them either a woman or from the minority community or from SC/ST community.
2014: Collegium system ends
BENCH PRESS Dec 28 2014
MANOJ MITTA
The 21-year-old system of judges appointing themselves was scrapped in 2014, sparking fears of a decline in judicial independence On the historic day of May 16, 2014, when BJP became the first party in 30 years to win a clear majority in national elections, there was another significant development. It was the Supreme Court judgment passing strictures on the Gujarat government -specifically the home minister, who was Narendra Modi himself -while acquitting all the six accused for the Akshardham terror attack which had taken place barely six months after the post-Godhra riots. As it happened, within three months of the Akshardham judgment, the government pushed through a constitutional amendment stripping the judiciary of its “primacy“ in appointments to the SC and high courts.The 99th constitutional amendment Bill and the accompanying legislation, the national judicial appointments commission Bill, are set to dilute the powers that the SC appropriated for itself and the high courts through a controversial reinterpretation of the Constitution in 1993.
The new system of judicial ap pointments, which has restored the executive's say in the matter and opened up the process to two “eminent persons“ from outside, will come into force when at least 15 state assemblies endorse this far-reaching change. In place of the collegium consisting only of judges, the commission will have judicial and nonjudicial members in equal measure.Besides the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and two senior SC judges, the commission will have the law minister and the two eminent persons nominated by a panel consisting of the Prime Minister, CJI and the opposition leader in the Lok Sabha.
Though several from the opposition ranks and the bar have attacked it as an erosion of judicial independ ence, the circumstances were propitious for the government to make a strong case for doing away with, what has long been reviled as “a selfperpetuating oligarchy“. The credibility of the judiciary had been hit by a series of scandals -concerning probity and sexual misconduct -even prior to the formation of the Modi government.
The first clash under the new dispensation was on the collegium's recommendation to ap point senior advocate Gopal Subramanium to the SC. Departing from the practice of going by IB reports, the govern ment blocked Subrama nium's candidature on the basis of an adverse input from the CBI. This provoked a controversy as it was seen as a politically motivated move to keep away Subramanium on account of his role as amicus curiae in the Sohrabuddin fake encounter case. It was on his report that the SC had ordered a CBI probe leading to a charge-sheet being filed against Gujarat police officers as well as Amit Shah in his capacity as minister of state for home.
But the next flashpoint helped the government gain a moral edge over the judiciary. It was a blog written by former SC judge Markandey Katju alleging that, when he had been chief justice of the Madras high court, his attempt to get rid of a corrupt judge had been thwarted by then CJI, RC Lahoti. Detailing a murky sequence of events, Katju wrote that despite receiving an adverse report from the IB, Lahoti gave in to pressure from the Congress-led coalition government which in turn wanted the corrupt judge to be spared at the instance of its ally DMK. Though Lahoti denied this, Katju's blog put the judiciary on the defensive as it was evidently based on inside knowledge.
Katju went on to write that in response to another complaint of his against an Allahabad high court judge, the then CJI, SH Kapadia, had ordered tapping of telephones. Kapadia too denied Katju's contention.A day after Kapadia's denial on August 11, the then CJI, RM Lodha, erupted in court saying that there was “a misleading campaign against the judiciary to bring it into disrepute“. The provocation was a petition questioning the reported elevation of a Karnataka high court judge, KL Manjunath, as chief justice of the Punjab and Haryana high court despite the objections raised by an SC judge. The government's decision to return Manjunath's file underscored the fragility of the collegium system.
The succession of such events was enough for the government to garner enough support in both Houses to make the long-awaited breakthrough on judicial appointments. There was an interesting epilogue to this institutional battle, a month after passage of the Bills. A Constitution bench headed by Lodha stopped an executive intrusion into the judicial domain by striking down the national tax tribunal Act 2005. But the growing strength of the executive in 2014 has triggered fears of a parallel decline in judicial independence.
Collegium, NJAC and lobbying by retired judges
The Times of India, June 6, 2016
Dhananjay Mahapatra
Presence of the law minister in the judge-domi nated National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was a red rag to the Supreme Court, which could smell the possibility of executive-political influence in the selection of judges to constitutional courts.
It struck down the NJAC and said, “We are of the view that consequent upon the participation of the Union minister in charge of law and justice, a judge approved for appointment with the minister's support may not be able to resist or repulse a plea of conflict of interest, raised by a litigant, in a matter when the executive has an adversarial role.
“In the NJAC, the Union minister in charge of law and justice would be a party to all final selections and appointments of judges to the higher judiciary . It may be difficult for judges approved by the NJAC to resist a plea of conflict of interest (if such a plea was to be raised, and pressed), where the political-executive is a party to the lis. The above, would have the inevitable effect of undermining the independence of the judiciary .“
The SC wanted the process for selection of judges to be handled by the collegium of judges headed by the Chief Justice of India to maintain the independence of judiciary. It meant to say that if a a judge is lobbying for elevation to the SC, or if an advocate is lobbying for appointment as an HC judge, then let the lobbying be confined to the judiciary .
In such a judge-centric selection process for appointment of judges to the SC and HCs, one would expect that independence of judiciary would remain unscathed, being insulated from executive-political influence. And it is a natural corollary that products of the collegium system, after discharging their function as judges for years in complete isolation from the executive-politicians, would maintain a high degree of aloofness from the politicians.
The reality is very different. It has not changed a bit from what was in vogue in the 1980s, during the pre-collegium days. The NJAC judgment itself extracts a parag raph: “It appears that the government headed by (then) Prime Minister V P Singh had stalled appointments of 67 persons recommended by the chief justices of various high courts. Charges were fre ely traded against each other by the constitutional functionaries who are part of the appointment process of the constitutional courts. It appears that a law minister for the Union of India complained that state governments were trying to pack high courts with their `own men'.“
Who were these `own men' of the state governments? Have the `own men' not been appointed as judges of constitutional courts in the last two decades? The instances are plenty and talked openly in court corridors.One test of this `own men' is the way they lobby with the executive-politicians for post-retirement rehabilita tion in posts reserved for retired judges.
One such glaring example is of a recently retired HC chief justice, who was recommended by the CJI for an appellate tribunal. The government turned it down citing “adverse inputs“ against the ex-CJ. Having failed to secure a post-retirement tribunal post, he went to a political party and convinced it to recommend his name to the Centre for appointment as the head of a state human rights commission. But the tragedy with him is that the state HRC was yet to be constituted and the matter is pending before the SC.
During the hearing of the case, the CJI-headed bench was repeatedly telling the Centre that the national capital must have a human rights commission. It even commented that the Delhi government jumped the gun in recommending the name of a former HC CJ as its chairperson even before the commission was set up. Let us apply the test that was applied by the SC to quash NJAC. It was merely because the executive had a symbolic polluting presence in NJAC through the law minister and the apex court felt this apprehension of pollution was enough to endanger independence of judiciary .
The tribunals and the human rights commissions too adjudicate cases, at their very raw stage, involving the government and its functionaries. As per the SC test, those who head these tribunals and SHRCs must remain independent, which they are supposed to remain being products of the collegium system of selection of judges.
But many retired judges visit the law minister and other Union ministers to land one of these posts, for which the CJI still recommends the names but the government has the option of scotching it on grounds of integrity . The recently retired HC CJ sometime back visited a Union minister to placate him and get the desired post.
Judicial independence is not a factory produce. Uniformity of this rare trait in every judge cannot be achieved whether the executive selects them or the collegium.It is a personal trait which depends solely on the individual's character and the grooming he got in the judiciary .
2014: Panel to pick judges
Jan 01 2015
The Supreme Court collegium system of appointing judges to the apex court and high courts got a burial with President Pranab Mukherjee giving his assent to the Judicial Appointments Commission Bill .
The bill has already been ratified by at least 17 states and many more are in the process of doing so, said a senior law ministry official. It is mandatory for a constitutional amendment bill after it is passed by both Houses of Parliament to be ratified by at least half of the states. This brings to an end a system which the apex court had put in place through a judgment in 1993 to do away with the earlier practice of the government appointing judges.
The process of replacing the collegium with a panel was initiated during the first NDA government through a bill in 2003 but it was never taken up by Parliament. After Modi took over, Ravi Shankar Prasad, law minister in the first NDA government, initiated the NJAC bill and pursued political parties to evolve a consensus. The government will shortly notify the new Constitutional amendment replacing the SC collegium with the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). After the notification, the process of setting up of the NJAC will begin as provided under an enabling legislation which has been passed by Parliament along with the Constitution amendment bill.
The enabling NJAC bill provides for a six-member commission headed by the chief justice of India and comprising two senior SC judges as its members besides two eminent persons and the law minister. The two eminent persons in the commission will be appointed by a panel comprising the CJI, the Prime Minister and the leader of the largest opposition party in Lok Sabha. The NJAC also has provision for a veto where it provides that no name opposed by two or more of the six-member body can go through. The two eminent persons will have a tenure of three years and one of them would be from one of the following categories: scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, women or the minority community .
After the NJAC is set up, a name recommended for appointment as judge to the SC or high courts can be returned by the President for reconsideration. Though an initial recommendation to the President for appointment can be made by a 5-1 majority , this would not suffice to re-recommend the same name.
If a name is returned for reconsideration, the committee can reiterate the name only if there is unanimity among the members after reconsideration.
NJAC Act: Can CJI decline to be part of a constitutional process?
Apr 28 2015
Can CJI decline to be part of a constitutional process?
Dhananjay Mahapatra
Can the Chief Justice of India refuse to participate in a process to make functional the new mechanism for judges' appointment mandated by a constitutional amendment and the NJAC Act, enacted by Parliament and ratified by 20 states?
The Centre termed CJI H L Dattu's decision to abstain from selection of two eminent persons to make the sixmember NJAC functional as “unconstitutional“. Attorney general Mukul Rohatgi said the oath taken by the CJI prohibited him from abstaining from the meeting comprising himself, the PM and the leader of opposition.
The Third Schedule of the Constitution provides the format for the CJI's oath, the relevant portion of which reads, “I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India... and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws.“
With the AG declaring the situation a “constitutional stalemate“, a five-judge bench headed by Justice J S Khehar attempted to find a way out of it and sought views from senior advocates Fali S Nari man, K K Venugopal, K Parasaran and Harish Salve.
Venugopal and Parasaran said it was constitutionally impermissible for the CJI to decline participating in a process which was mandated by the Constitution. They said the provision, though under challenge, had not been stayed by the SC despite hearing it for days together.
Oct 2015: SC strikes down NJAC Act
The Times of India, Oct 17 2015
Dhananjay Mahapatra & Amit Anand Choudhary TNN
SC strikes down law giving govt say in picking judges Rift widens as NJAC Act declared `Unconstitutional'
Fears Political Meddling, Curb On Judicial Independence
The Supreme Court struck down the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) and ordered revival of the SCscripted two-decade-old `judges-selecting-judges' collegium system, rebuffing a unanimous Parliament decision to bring transparency in appointment of judges and potentially setting the stage for a confrontation between the executive and the judiciary . A five-judge bench, by a 4-1 majority declared the 99th constitutional amendment and the consequent legislation NJAC Act as unconstitutional on the ground that the NJAC had the law minister and two eminent persons as members who could join hands to reject the proposals of the judiciary , represented by the Chief Justice of India and two seniormost SC judges. Under the NJAC, any two members can veto a proposal.
The court held that the constitutional amendment and NJAC was a sure recipe for political meddling and executive interference in judi cial independence, which was part of the inviolable basic structure of the Constitution.
However, each judge acknowledged that all was not well with the collegium sys tem. The bench asked the government and petitioners to suggest in writing how to improve the system. Justices J S Khehar, Madan B Lokur, Kurian Jo seph and Adarsh Kumar Goel were unambiguous that inclusion of a politician (law minister) in NJAC was fraught with the danger of serious interference with the independence of judges.They recalled how the Indira Gandhi regime in the 70s had advocated appointment of `committed' judges.
Justice Chelameswar struck the lone dissent note, recalling the infamous ADM Jabalpur case of 1976 when the apex court had declared that right to life could be suspended during Emergency and said, “In difficult times, when politi cal branches cannot be counted upon, neither can the judiciary .“
However, the other four judges were convinced that the NJAC would be a disaster for the independence of judiciary and the justice delivery system as a whole.
Justice Khehar, in his 440-page judgment, made light of the fact that Parliament had unanimously backed NJAC. He said for judicial scrutiny of the constitutional validity of a law, it was inconsequential whether it was passed with a waferthin majority , brute majority or unanimity . On inclusion of the law minister and two eminent persons in the NJAC with any two members empowered to veto a proposal mooted by the CJI and two senior-most judges, Justice Khehar said it breached the primary mandate of the Constitution to give primacy to the CJI in appointment of judges.
He and Justice Lokur faulted the inclusion of the law minister in the NJAC, saying the government was the biggest litigant and, hence, participation of its representative in NJAC would render the justice delivery system suspect.
The court said the minister's participation could raise the “conflict of interest“ handicap against those judges from hearing cases against the government.
SC order greatly flawed: Justice Shah
Justice A P Shah, former chairman of the Law Commission and exchief justice of Delhi High Court said the Supreme Court judgment which struck down the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was “greatly flawed and deserving of harsh criticism“.
Justice Shah, who was speaking at a discussion on `appointment of judges, balancing transparency , accountability and independence of the judiciary', said the idea of the NJAC was a “very good one“ and while there were some de ficiencies, they could have been read down.
“It is disturbing that the apex court was comfortable that judicial independence would be safe in the collegium system,“ Justice Shah said, observing that the constitution bench didn't offer any real alternative while striking down the NJAC.
Justice Shah questioned the third judges' case of 1998 which became the basis for the collegium system assuming primacy in appointment of judges to the higher judiciary. “The judgment in the third judges' case lacked any detailed textual or normative reasoning, and read more like a policy brief. There was no safeguard against arbitrariness, no mechanism to gather data, and no criteria for selection. The system was ad hoc and shrouded in se crecy,“ he said.
He recalled how the collegium led by Justice M M Punchhi as CJI in January 1998 gave the go vernment an ultimatum to appoint all judges recommended by his collegium after the government rejected some names. The executive protested by seeking a presidential reference on certain `dicta' expressed in the second judges' case. Though the second judges' case gave primacy to the collegium in case of disagreement, it did not give the CJI absolute power. It said the President could reject the CJI's opinion in exceptional circumstances.
“This led to the Special Reference No.1 of 1998, also known as the third judges' case, which held that consultation would mean consent of the CJI. The decision presumed that the primacy of the CJI was an established position of law, but provided no reason for this presumption,“ Justice Shah said.
He said the collegium system lacked transparency .
November 2015: SC approves a revised collegium
The Times of India, Nov 20 2015
AmitAnand Choudhary
Revived collegium to go ahead with appointment of judges: SC
The Centre told the Supreme Court that it would not formulate the draft Memorandum of Procedure (MoP) on the functioning of the collegium system for “judicial vetting“. It instead suggested that the task of reforming the system of appointment of judges should be left to the government, a plea which was rejected by the apex court. Afive-judge constitution bench of Justices J S Khehar, J Chelameswar, Madan B Lokur, Kurian Joseph and Adarsh K Goel went ahead with the proceedings to explore ways to make the collegium system more transparent and accountable as it concluded the hearing. The bench clarified that the now revived collegium system can go ahead with the appointment process for judges in higher judiciary which has been in limbo for almost one year after the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was brought in force and vacancies in high courts shot up to 40%. The bench is likely to pass an order suggesting measures to reform the system after the Centre refused to place the draft MoP to be followed by the collegium for appointment of judges incorporating the suggestions given by people from different walks of life.
A day after the apex court asked Attorney General Mukul Rohatgi to draft MoP and place before it within 15 days, he told the bench it is exclusively an executive function of the government in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and it cannot be subjected to “judicial vetting“.
“Memorandum is an executive document. There is no reason for the court to see what is there in MoP .Leave it for the government to frame it in consultation with the CJI,“ he said.
“Suggestions are already there. The court can also give its suggestions and the job of the court comes to an end. The government would work out on MoP . It is unnecessary burden being taken by the court. It is not possible that the draft prepared by government in consultation with the CJI and approved by the Prime Minister be vetted by the court,“ he said.
The AG said the role of CJI would finish if MoP is decided by court and pleaded that the bench should refrain from venturing into the area.
The bench, however, said there are gaps in the present MoP due to which the judiciary is facing problems and there is no transparency in appointment of judges. It said those gaps should be filled up by framing a new memorandum.
The bench then went ahead and concluded the proceedings noting down various suggestions given by lawyers on reforming the “opaque“ collegium system. The constitution bench had taken the unprecedented step of inviting views of general public for improvement of the collegium system which has been widely criticised for being non-transparent. The SC has taken up the task to improve the collegium system after striking down the National Judicial Appointments Commission, terming it unconstitutional.
2016, June: Govt repeats `no' to collegium's pick for HC CJ
The Times of India, Jun 06 2016
Pradeep Thakur
Govt repeats `no' to collegium's pick for HC CJ
In a first, the government has rejected a recommendation of the Supreme Court collegium for appointment of a high court chief justice for the second time. This comes at a time when the government and judiciary are locked in a standoff over certain clauses in the Memorandum of Procedure that will guide appointments to the higher judiciary.
The collegium, comprising the four seniormost judges of the apex court and headed by the Chief Justice of India, had recommended a judge's name for appointment as chief justice of a prominent opposition-governed state. The government turned it down. The collegium reiterated its recommendation, which makes it binding on the government to appoint the judge in question.
However, the government has asked the collegium to reconsider its decision as at least two sitting SC judges have expressed reservations about the judge. The government is de termined to question the rationale of the collegium negating the views of its brother judges who expressed serious reservations about the elevation of a judge in view of his alleged questionable integrity , according to sources.
Two sitting Supreme Court (SC) judges, who are believed to have worked with the judge in question in their previous assignments at another high court, have written to the collegium saying the judge should not be elevated as chief justice.
The objections of the two SC judges were also forwarded to the government along with the recommendations.
One of the clauses in the government-drafted Memorandum of Procedure (MoP), which was on May 25 returned by the Chief Justice of India to the government rejecting almost all major suggestions, talks about merit being the prime consideration for all appointments to the higher judiciary.
Besides, the MoP suggests that the exclusive collegium, both in the SC and in high courts, must consult all judg es on putting together a list of suitable candidates before getting on to the shortlisting process.
The government had, in the draft MoP, also proposed to reserve the right to reject any recommendation of the collegium in the “national interest“ which too is believed to be one of the points of discord.
The government seems to be in no hurry to settle the MoP row even as it has decided to clear pending recommendations for appointment of judges to the apex court and high courts based solely on merit, using its own vetting mechanism. It has already fast-tracked appointment of at least 170 judges recommended by the collegium in the past three-four months, considering that at least 40% judges' posts are lying vacant in 24 HCs.
2017, March/ Judicial Appointment Procedure finalised
Dhananjay Mahapatra, SC collegium paves way for peace with govt, March 15, 2017: The Times of India
Ends 1-Year Impasse By Finalising Judicial Appointment Procedure
Overcoming serious differences within itself, as well as with the Centre, the Supreme Court collegium has finalised the memorandum of procedure (MoP) for appointment of judges to constitutional courts.
The issue had been a bone of contention between the ex ecutive and the judiciary for more than a year.
The collegium, headed by Chief Justice J S Khehar and comprising Justices Dipak Misra, J Chelameswar, Ranjan Gogoi and Madan B Lo kur, agreed to the contentious national security clause that the Centre had insisted upon as one of the grounds for de termining the eligibility of judges for appointment to the apex court and high courts.
TOI had reported in its edition on February 27 about the possibility of an understanding on the Centre's stance that “national security“ ought to be part of the criteria to determine eligibility for appointment as judges.
In another breakthrough, the apex court collegium dropped its reservation about setting up secretariats in the SC and each high court to maintain databases on judges and assist the collegiums in the SC and the high courts in selection of judges.
Sources said it was unanimously decided to set up secretariats in the apex court and each high court. The dispute between the collegium and the government had held up ap pointments to higher judiciary despite rising vacancies. Finalisation of the MoP , which will be sent to the Centre for approval and adoption this week, raises hopes of speedy filling up of vacancies in HCs, which are operating at below 60% of their sanctioned strength. In many HCs, court rooms have been shut because of lack of adequate number of judges.
This is hampering disposal of cases, which adds to the backlog.
“There were no other sore points except the national security clause and secretariat in the MoP that required resolu tion. The members of the SC collegium held seven meetings and unanimously finalised the MoP after debating each clause and sentence of the new MoP while keeping in view the provisions of the old MoP and the constitution bench judgment of October 2015,“ a source said. The source said the collegium agreed with the Centre on the national security clause on the condition that specific reasons for application of the clause were recorded. Other sources confirmed that the issue, one of the sticking points, was resolved “in the best possible way“.
A constitution bench headed by Justi ce Khehar in October 2015 had struck down the NJAC and in December 2015 had directed the Centre to frame a new MoP in consultation with the CJI, who was to act in accordance with the unanimous view of the members of the collegium. For the last one year, the draft MoP was getting tossed back and forth between the Centre and the collegium with both sides refusing to budge over their stated positions on the national security clause which ostensibly gave veto power to the government to reject a name recommended by the collegium for appointment as judge.
However, things started moving after Justice Khehar took over as CJI and the composition of the collegium changed, allowing it to meet the challenges head on.
Pro bono cases to help lawyers become judges
Pro bono cases to help lawyers become judges, April 21, 2017: The Times of India
The Memorandum of Procedure for appointment of judges to the SC and HCs will include weightage given to lawyers who render free legal service to poor and the marginalised, law minister Ravi Shankar Prasad said.
The minister was speaking at the launch of a law ministry portal for pro bono legal services where lawyers who want to provide free legal services can register themselves on the web platform. These lawyers would then be grouped according to the cities and region and litigants can apply for their free services.
The minister also launched tele-law service, which will connect poor litigants with lawyers through video conferencing facilities. The services will be provided through common service centres (CSCs) set up by the government in around 1,800 panchayats in UP , Bihar, the north-eastern states and Jammu & Kashmir.Through the Nyaya Mitra scheme the government aims to reduce pendency in courts.
2017: SC collegium recalls judge nomination over graft
Pradeep Thakur, SC collegium recalls judge nomination over graft, June 10, 2017: The Times of India
The Supreme Court collegium headed by Chief Justice of India (CJI) J S Khehar has recalled a re commenda tion for the appointment of an Allaha bad high court judge just before it was to be forwarded by the Centre to President Pranab Mukherjee for his assent
The intervention took place after the chief justice of the Allahabad HC, Dilip B Bhosale, acted on an Intelligence Bureau (IB) inquiry report that the Lucknow district judge in question and his associates had allegedly received large bribes to grant bail to former UP minister Gayatri Prajapati. Prajapati was arrested on March 15 after being on the run for more than a month following the registration of an FIR against him in a rape case. Though the SC refused to stay Prajapati's arrest when he pleaded “not to be arrested“, Om Prakash Mishra, additional sessions judge in a Lucknow court, granted bail to the three accused, including Prajapati, on April 25.
Disturbed by serious allegations against Mishra and some seniors involved in the bail order, Bhosale ordered an IB inquiry . The probe revealed the involvement of not just the POCSO judge but also the district judge of Lucknow and three advocates, all office-bearers of the bar. According to the Intelli gence Bureau (IB) report, all the five -two judges and three members of the Lucknow bar -acted in concert and conspired to ensure granting of bail to Prajapati.The confidential report said that the granting of bail was allegedly settled upon payment of a sum running into crores which was shared by the five.
Since the district judge in question was cleared by the SC collegium for elevation as an HC judge, chief justice of the Allahabad HC, Dilip B Bhosale, asked IB to re-verify the allegations.
A second check by IB strengthened the case as Bhosale was told that the “information given to him was accurate and actionable“ and there was no doubt on the involvement of the district judge in the transaction of “business“.
Prajapati had contested the 2017 Uttar Pradesh elections from Amethi on an SP ticket and lost. Police filed a chargesheet against him and six others last week in a Lucknow court for the gang rape of a woman and molestation of her minor daughter.
The Allahabad HC had earlier stayed the bail order of the POCSO court granted to Prajapati and two others. The former minister continues to be behind bars.
2019: Change Of Two Names Sparks Dissent
Change Of Two Names Mooted For Elevation Sparks Dissent
The abrupt revocation of the Supreme Court collegium’s decision to recommend the appointment of Rajasthan and Delhi HC chief justices Pradeep Nandrajog and Rajendra Menon to the SC and its substitution with a recommendation in favour of Karnataka CJ Dinesh Maheswhwari and Delhi HC’s Justice Sanjeev Khanna has sparked rumblings among judges of the country’s top court.
Many SC judges are anguished by the sudden change by the CJI Ranjan Gogoi-led fivemember collegium and are discussing ways to protect “institutional decisions”. They favour continuity in the decision-making process and would like to quell any impression that important calls taken by the body are influenced by the personal preferences of its members.
Sources said one SC judge, Sanjay Kaul, has already sent his written objection against sidelining of Nandrajog. Kaul, in his opinion to the collegium, said Nandrajog was the seniormost among the judges in the zone of consideration and a wrong signal would go out if he was passed over. “He is eminently suitable to be appointed to the SC,” sources quoted Kaul as having written.
Kaul clarified that while he had nothing against Khanna, the latter could wait for his turn to be elevated.
TOI had reported on Saturday that the SC collegium had recommended the appointment of Maheshwari and Khanna as SC judges.
On December 12, the collegium, comprising Gogoi and Justices Madan B Lokur, A K Sikri, S A Bobde and N V Ramana, met and decided to recommend the names of Nandrajog and Menon for appointment as SC judges. It was signed by the five judges but the CJI got upset when he found that the decision had been leaked to the media before it could be sent to the President, and sought reconsideration of the choices at the next meeting of the collegium on January 5 and 6.
SC explains the need for a fresh look at picks
When the collegium met on January 5 and 6 after the winter break, Lokur had retired and Justice Arun Mishra had come into the panel. In the meeting, a judgment of a Delhi HC bench headed by Nandrajog in ‘F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd vs Cipla Ltd’, in which 35 paragraphs were lifted verbatim from a 2013 article, was brought to the members’ notice. The bench of Justices Nandrajog and Mukta Gupta had later admitted to the mistake, saying a law clerk incorporated those paragraphs and apologised to the authors of the 2013 article for copying and expunged all 35 paragraphs from the order. This fact appears to have weighed on the minds of the collegium members when they met on January 5-6 and decided to change their earlier decision.
Unhappiness over the sudden reversal of the collegium’s decision on Nandrajog is particularly acute among lawyers and former judges of Delhi HC as it happens to be his parent court.
While SC judges have no quarrel with Khanna’s appointment given the unanimity among them about his calibre, they are riled by the abrupt change in the collegium’s decision. The controversy got fuel as lawyers claimed that Lokur, after retirement, told several persons in different gatherings that the decision recommending Nandrajog and Menon was signed by all five members of the collegium on December 12.
SC put out an explanation for the change on its website, “The then-collegium on December 12, 2018, took certain decisions. However, the required consultation could not be undertaken and completed as the winter vacation of the court intervened. By the time the court re-opened, the composition of the collegium underwent a change (Lokur had retired and Mishra inducted). After extensive deliberations on January 5 and 6, the newly constituted collegium deemed it appropriate to have a fresh look and also to consider the proposals in the light of the additional material that became available.”
Ex-judge criticises SC recommendations
Abhinav Garg, Ex-judge criticises SC recommendations, January 16, 2019: The Times of India
As murmurs rise against the latest recommendations by the Supreme Court collegium that overlooked candidacy of two seniormost judges connected to the Delhi HC, a retired judge has spoken up. In a letter to President Ram Nath Kovind, Justice Kailash Gambhir, an ex-judge of Delhi HC, opposed the SC collegium's recommendation to elevate Justices Dinesh Maheshwari and Sanjiv Khanna to SC by superseding 32 judges, calling it a “historical blunder.”
Former CJI criticises collegium's decision to bypass senior judges
2018: press conference by four senior-most judges including Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi has not served its purpose and instead the concerns raised at it such as the functioning of the collegium for appointment of judges for higher judiciary have aggravated, former CJI RM Lodha said.
Justice (retd) R M Lodha, who was the CJI from April 27 to September 27, 2014, was critical of the decision of the five-member collegium headed by CJI Gogoi to bypass senior judges and recommend the elevation + of Justice Sanjeev Khanna of the Delhi High Court as a judge of the Supreme Court.
He said in the controversial media briefing of January 12, 2018, the present CJI as the second senior-most judge, had raised a litany of issues against his predecessor Justice Dipak Misra and the appointment of judges for higher judiciary was one of them.
"The concerns remain the same. Rather, they seem to have aggravated by this exercise (recent recommendations). I don't think there is any change. At least it is not visible to the public at large. It has not served its purpose because we don't find the changes which the press conference wanted to have really taken place," Justice Lodha told PTI.
The other judges at the press conference — justices J Chelameswar, M B Lokur and Kurian Joseph — have since retired.
When asked what could be the future course of action, Justice (retd) Lodha said if the collegium has sent the recommendation then the ball is in the government's court and now unless the collegium calls its back, it seems unlikely that anything will change.
"Now the government will take its call and then it will be sent to the President of India. Looking at the overall reaction and perception, it would be better if the matter is recalled and the matter is considered threadbare but this seems to be unlikely to me," he said.
Justice Lodha said that the only remedy is that for the future the collegium considers other names like it happened with Justice Dinesh Maheshwari, the Chief Justice of Karnataka high court who was from Rajasthan.
"He was superseded six weeks back and his junior Justice Ajay Rastogi was brought to the Supreme Court and now within six weeks Justice Maheshwari is the most deserving by the Collegium. So those who have been overlooked can always be considered so there is no bar," Justice Lodha said.
The collegium, also comprising justices A K Sikri, S A Bobde, N V Ramana and Arun Mishra, on January 10 recommended names of justices Maheshwari and Khanna for elevation as apex court judges.
Names of chief justices of Rajasthan high court and Delhi high court — Justices Pradeep Nandrajog and Rajendra Menon — were considered by the Collegium on December 12, 2018 for elevation but the deliberation remained inconclusive and one member of the Collegium, Justice M B Lokur, retired on December 30, 2018.
His place in the collegium was taken by Justice Arun Mishra.
The new collegium on January 10 ignored their prospect of elevation as apex court judges.
CJI has power to recall signed suggestions
‘CJI Has Power To Recall Signed Suggestions’
The unauthorised leak of names of judges even before recommendations were finalised under the memorandum of procedure, along with fresh “adverse” material, made CJI Ranjan Gogoi recall the collegium’s December 12 proposal to appoint Rajasthan Chief Justice Pradeep Nandrajog and Delhi CJ Rajendra Menon as Supreme Court judges.
Asserting his constitutional authority that “no appointment can be made in the SC unless the recommendation is made by the CJI”, Justice Gogoi disapproved of names being considered for elevation and transfer appearing in the media, especially on legal websites, which gave the impression that a final decision had been taken, sources said.
“Surprisingly, certain names came to be published in the print/electronic media on December 13 even though the consultation process in terms of MoP, pursuant to recommendations made by the collegium, had not been set in motion till then. Taking serious note of the incident, the CJI decided to hold back the recommendation and decided to place it before the collegium again instead of taking the next step of consulting other colleagues,” a source said.
In the meantime, Justice Madan B Lokur retired and Justice Arun Mishra entered the collegium, which also had CJI Gogoi and Justices A K Sikri, S A Bobde and N V Ramana. The new collegium met on January 5-6 and “deemed it appropriate to recall the December 12 collegium recommendations and decided to have a fresh look at names for appointment as SC judges”, sources said.
The decision of the collegium not to pursue its earlier discussions was criticised by the Bar Council and some former judges, including ex-CJI R M Lodha, on the grounds that the decisions would upset seniority and needed to be explained. There have, however, been precedents when seniority has not been the sole criterion for elevation.
On December 12, the collegium had also decided to transfer Himachal CJ Surya Kant as CJ of Delhi HC and Justice D S Thakur (brother of ex-CJI T S Thakur) from J&K HC to Calcutta HC. The recommendation containing these names was rescinded.
‘No benefit in sharing adverse details’
Sources said a proposal to transfer Justice Shripathi Ravindra Bhat of Delhi high court to the Rajasthan HC as chief justice was informally discussed in the collegium on December 12. “A legal website on December 12 itself published that Justice Bhat is likely to be transferred as Rajasthan chief justice even when the formal collegium meeting of CJI Gogoi and Justices Lokur and Sikri was to be held on December 13. Miffed by the publication, the CJI did not convene the collegium meeting on December 13,” a source said.
Sources quoted the second judges case judgment of 1993 giving sole authority to the CJI to initiate a proposal for the appointment of judges to the apex court. “In other words, no appointment can be made in the SC unless the recommendation is made by the CJI,” the source said.
Citing numerous precedents, the source said, “The CJI, on second thoughts, can reconsider the recommendation and, for good reasons on the basis of fresh adverse information/material coming to knowledge, decide to hold back or recall a recommendation (which had been initiated by him) even if it has been signed by other members of the collegium. A recommendation already forwarded to the government can also be recalled for good reason by the CJI on his own or in consultation with the collegium members.”
Explaining why the collegium’s December 12 recommendation, which was signed by all members, was not uploaded on the SC website as has been the practice since October 3 last year, the source said, “Incomplete recommendations, where the consultation process has not yet been undertaken, are not supposed to be published.”
Asked what the adverse material warranting scrapping the recommendation for appointment of Justices Nandrajog and Menon was, the source said, “Disclosure of adverse material relating to the dropped names is not likely to benefit any institution or any section of legal fraternity or the public at large. It would rather be against either the institutional interest or judges whose names were recommended, who thereafter would not be able to function as chief justices or judges of HCs.”
Asked to explain how the name of Karnataka CJ Dinesh Maheshwari, who was ignored earlier by the collegium comprising CJI Dipak Misra and Justices J Chelameswar, Ranjan Gogoi, Madan B Lokur and Kurian Joseph, was considered afresh, the source said, “Unless a chief justice or a judge who was ignored earlier has not been declared unfit or unsuitable for elevation for all times to come, s/he can be considered at a later stage. Justice Maheshwari, whose appointment is being questioned, was not declared unfit or unsuitable when the junior judge hailing from the same HC (Justice Ajay Rastogi) was recommended and elevated to the SC.”
Collegium agrees with govt on dropping 11 names
From: Dhananjay Mahapatra, Collegium goes along with govt’s nixing of 11 names for HC judges, January 22, 2019: The Times of India
Drops 2, Seeks Info On 1, Asks HCs For Rethink On Others
A few days ago, the Centre experienced unprecedented success in rejecting names recommended by the Supreme Court collegium for appointments as high court judges — a break from the past when return of names for reconsideration was met with resistance and seen as a tussle between the government and the judiciary.
The Centre had returned 11 names, backing its view with “adverse material” against the persons recommended long back, before Justice Ranjan Gogoi became CJI, for appointment as judges in Allahabad HC, Jammu and Kashmir HC and Punjab and Haryana HC.
The files were considered by the collegium, comprising CJI Gogoi, Justice A K Sikri and Justice S A Bobde, on January 16 and it accepted the objections in all but one case, in which it sought information from the government on specific charges levelled against a person recommended to be appointed as judge of J&K HC.
In two cases, one each for the Allahabad HC and J&K HC, the collegium decided that the names would not be processed further. This means that their chances of getting recommended again stand obliterated.
Collegium sent back names after objections raised by govt
The collegium recorded that proposals for their appointment as high court judges “need not be processed further”.
The government’s objections convinced the collegium to send back to Punjab and Haryana HC for reconsideration names of seven advocates who were recommended by the HC on November 24, 2017, for appointment in the high court. On September 4 last year, the collegium had decided to defer consideration of these seven names.
Considering the material afresh on January 16, the three-member collegium led by CJI Gogoi said, “We have carefully scrutinised the material on record as well as the observations made by the department of justice (law ministry) in the file. Having regard to all relevant factors and the material on record, the collegium is of the considered view that the proposal for elevation of seven advocates deserves to be remitted to the Punjab and Haryana high court.”
The collegium had on September 4 last year also considered Delhi HC’s October 13, 2017, recommendation for appointment of nine advocates as HC judges and recommended five names to the government while deferring consideration of four names. On January 16, it considered these four names and decided to refer two of the names back to the Delhi HC chief justice for reconsideration.
The Bombay high court had on November 28, 2017, recommended appointment of six judicial officers as high court judges. On September 11 last year, the collegium had deferred consideration of the proposal relating to two judicial officers. On January 16, the collegium recommended appointment of Ms P V Ganediwala as HC judge but referred the other name back for reconsideration by chief justice of Bombay HC.
SC collegium dilutes norms for lawyers
Pradeep Thakur, April 2, 2019: The Times of India
Relaxes Criteria For Lawyers, Leaves Govt In A Fix
Six months after the Supreme Court collegium deferred recommendations for appointment of 16 advocates as judges of Allahabad high court based on objections raised by the Centre, it has now recommended 10 of them after diluting certain appointment criteria finalised by the five top judges of the apex court in 2017.
The latest recommendations, which include the brother-in-law of an apex court judge and the son of a former high court judge besides some others who earlier disqualified on income parameters, has created procedural problems for the Centre which could once again refer the matter back to the Supreme Court.
The three-judge Supreme Court collegium’s decision, it is felt, is violative of certain conditions of appointment of HC judges as determined in the Memorandum of Procedure finalised by top judges of the Supreme Court.
On March 10, 2017, a fivejudge SC collegium — comprising then Chief Justice of India J S Khehar and Justices Dipak Misra, J Chelameswar, Ranjan Gogoi and Madan B Lokur — unanimously finalised the MoP and sent it to the Centre with clearly laid down income criteria that a candidate from the bar should have an average professional income of Rs 7 lakh or more in the preceding five years.
The Memorandum of Procedure was finalised in compliance with an order passed by a constitution bench of the SC on December 16, 2015, in the National Judicial Appointments Commission case.
The latest order of the Supreme Court collegium for appointments in Allahabad high court— dated February 12 and signed by CJI Ranjan Gogoi and Justices A K Sikri and S A Bobde — has diluted the income criteria as many candidates fell short of the required annual income norm.
“The collegium has duly taken note of the fact that net professional income of some of the recommendees is less than the prescribed minimum limit of Rs 7 lakh. The collegium considers it appropriate to relax the income criterion to a reasonable extent in cases where such recommendees belong to categories of SC/ST/OBC or represent government in their capacity as standing/ panel counsel before the courts,” the collegium said.
The government, however, is perplexed at the dilution of the income criteria as the SC collegium, since finalisation of the 2017 Memorandum of Procedure, had rejected at least a dozen recommendations for appointment as judges of the HCs of Kerala, Orissa, Madras and Calcutta. If the government goes ahead with the collegium’s latest recommendations, it could invite litigation from those who were rejected in the recent past on income criteria.
The Memorandum of Procedure finalised in 2017 had set minimum age at 45 years for an advocate to be recommended for HC judge with the upper limit set at 55 years. The MoP had also clarified that an advocate be an income tax assessee for the preceding 10 years and have a minimum average net professional income.
The three-judge SC collegium’s decision diluting the annual income norm, it is felt, violates conditions of appointment of HC judges as determined in the Memorandum of Procedure finalised by top judges of the Supreme Court
2021: heartburn, as many judges are superseded
Dhananjay Mahapatra, August 19, 2021: The Times of India
In recommending nine judges for appointment to the Supreme Court, the fivemember SC collegium appears to have superseded many HC judges and overlooked two important criteria outlined by a 9-judge bench of the SC in 1998—equitable representation to various regions and religious communities.
With the retirement of Justice Navin Sinha on Wednesday, the SC has a working strength of 24 judges, of whom four belong to Bombay HC, three each to Delhi and Andhra Pradesh (undivided), two each to Karnataka, Allahabad, West Bengal and Rajasthan, while one each to Kerala, Punjab, Gujarat, Haryana, TN and Assam.
States that have remained unrepresented in the SC for a long time are six NE states, Odisha, J&K, Himachal, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Sikkim and Goa even though these states have in their judicial pool eligible HC judges who could, using the regional balance approach, get elevated to the SC. In a late Tuesday meet, the SC collegium comprising CJI and Justices U U Lalit, A M Khanwilkar, D Y Chandrachud and L N Rao selected Justices Hima Kohli (CJ of Telangana HC), B V Nagarathna ( Karnataka HC), Bela M Trivedi (Gujarat HC), A S Oka (Karnataka HC CJ), Vikram Nath (Gujarat HC CJ), J K Maheshwari (Sikkim HC CJ), C T Ravikumar (Kerala HC), M M Sundaresh (Madras HC) and the only one from the Bar— ex-ASG P S Narasimha.
Picks further skew regional representation philosophy
This is the first time that the collegium has selected 3 women judges among its choices for appointment to SC. Final appointment of the collegium’s picks will mean that India might get its first woman Chief Justice in Justice Nagarathna when its turns 80 in 2027.
Recommendation of the nine further skews the regional representation philosophy. Appointment of Justice Kohli would take the number of judges in the SC from Delhi to four, while Justice Oka’s appointment would bolster to five the number of SC judges with Bombay as their parent HC. Justice Nagarathna would take Karnataka HC representation in SC to three; Justice Nath would take Allahabad HC representation in SC to also three. This means just six states — Maharashtra, Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, UP and Tamil Nadu — would account for more than half of the 34 judges in the Supreme Court, while many others would go unrepresented. The collegium comprises five judges belonging to just two HCs — two from Andhra Pradesh (undivided) and three from Mumbai. The recommendation of nine names has also caused considerable heartburn among many senior judges, who have been heading high courts for a long time and stand superseded by much younger judges of the HCs who were not appointed as CJ of a HC. The superseded chief justices of the HCs also belong to states, which have gone unrepresented in the SC for long.
This would surely be, as CJI noted just a few days ago, a setback to many who legitimately aspired to get selected for appointment as SC judges.
While evicting the Union government from selection of judges to the constitutional courts and crafting the “judges-select-judges” system, the Supreme Court in 1998 in the Third Judges case had said, “Merit is the predominant consideration for the purposes of appointment to the SC.” This was emphasised by Justice R F Nariman in his farewell speech last week. He had insisted on appointment of two, who did not find place in the list of nine names picked by the Collegium for appointment to the SC.
In the 1998 judgment, the SC said, “Where, therefore, there is outstanding merit, the possessor thereof deserves to be appointed regardless of the fact that he may not stand high in the all India seniority list or in his own high court. All that then needs to be recorded when recommending him for appointment is that he has outstanding merit. When the contenders for appointment to the SC do not possess such outstanding merit but have, nevertheless, the required merit in more or less equal degree, there may be reason to recommend one among them because, for example, the particular region of the country in which his parent HC is situated is not represented on the SC bench.”
Finalisation of MoP
Justice system is hurt by Delay/ Dec 2016
There are six wise men in the judiciary and the government -the CJI, the next four senior judges of the Supreme Court and the law minister. They are all over 62 years in age, with nearly four decades of professional experience in the field of law.
The five judges are in the SC collegium and in the past have headed collegiums in high courts. They perform the unenviable task of selecting people with honesty , competence and rectitude for appointment as judges of constitutional courts.
The law minister too has first-hand experience about selection of judges. In addition, he as a lawyer is aware of the manner of selection of judges and the lacunae in the system. He also has vast experience in handling politically sensitive legal cases.
In December 2015, a five-judge constitution bench headed by Justice J S Khehar, the next Chief Justice of India, took note of growing criticism of the opaqueness and arbitrary procedure adopted by the collegium and ordered redrafting of the Memorandum of Pro cedure (MoP) for selection of persons for appointment as judges. Almost a year has passed and the task has turned elephantine.
The five-judge constitution bench had its contribution in catalysing circumstances to make the task of finalising MoP an unenviable one. Earlier, the MoP was drafted by the government in consultation with the CJI. But the five-judge bench mandated that the government would redraft the MoP in consultation with the CJI, who had to convey the unanimous view of the collegium members. Unanimity has been eluding the six wise men for nearly a year. The draft MoP has been tossed between the executive and the judiciary a couple of times. But since the first week of August, it has been resting with the collegium. The five senior-most judges of the SC, including the CJI, have on a daily basis judicially advised and coerced warring litigants to sit across table to discuss and narrow down their differences. These five wise men are discovering a dark truth about life in the last one year -what is probably easy to sermonise while presiding over benches and armed with constitutional powers is not so easy when they themselves sit together to find common ground on MoP .
One wise man among the five in the SC has serious differences with the collegium's functional procedure.He says that views expressed by individual members, even if pertinent and worth considering, are brushed aside or summarily rejected by the majority . He stopped attending collegium meetings. Instead, he decided to pen down his views on the files after the four others dis cussed issues and recorded a decision. He says he is doing so to subject his recorded views to scrutiny if ever such an occasion arises.
We asked a majority of collegium members a simple question: Is it such a difficult task for six wise men to finalise transparent and uniform selection criteria for selection of judges to the SC and HCs? They said it was rather sad that such experienced people were finding it difficult to crystallise their views and reach common ground on this issue. How long will it take to finalise?
The law minister feels satisfied that despite non-finalisation of MoP , the government has appointed 120 judges to the SC and HCs, the second highest number since 1990. He says the government has sent the draft MoP to the collegium three and a half months ago. There is no response yet, he laments.The stagnancy on MoP does not augur well for the judiciary as an institution. More so, when nearly three crore cases are pending in the three-tier justice delivery system. What does not help is the vacancy of 500 judges in HCs and 5,000 in trial courts.
This grim scenario is threatening to envelop the justice delivery system that had long shed its swiftness.Instead of focusing on finding a solution to the stalemate, the CJI, the law minister and the attorney general were seen reminding each other about the constitutional `laxman rekha' for every organ of governance.
Democracy and judiciary are critically dependent on the oxygen called people's faith. Both must remove systemic blindfolds and work towards streamlining the judges' appointment procedure. The public is keenly watching the six wise men's experiments with an elephant called MoP .
Merit vs. seniority
Pradeep Thakur, SC pick settles merit-seniority dispute, Feb 14, 2017: The Times of India
The SC collegium's decision to deviate from seniority in recommending the elevation of Karnataka HC's Justice S Abdul Nazeer to the apex court is a hint that the Centre and the judiciary are narrowing their differences over the MoP. The MoP, drafted by the government and pending with the SC for over six months, seeks to give merit primacy over seniority in judges' elevation to the apex court. Justice Nazeer is fourth in ranking at the Karnataka HC. The government has cleared Nazeer's file along with that of four others recommended by the collegium for elevation to the SC. The others are chief justices Naveen Sinha, S K Kaul, Dipak Gupta, and S M Mallikarjunagouda of the high courts of Rajasthan, Madras, Chhattisgarh and Kerala.
Consensus on national security
The Supreme Court collegium is likely to come around to accept the Centre's stance that it can turn down names of judges recommended for appointment to the high courts and Supreme Court on grounds of national security on the condition that the reasons are recorded in writing.
Sources said the collegium would soon convey to the government its new stand, in what can clear the way for the early appointment of judges of high courts and the Supreme Court. The MoP might be finalised by the month-end, sources said.
The national security clause has been one of the trickiest in the memorandum of procedure (MoP) for appointment of judges which has been hanging fire since December 2015, when a five-judge constitution bench entrusted its redrafting to the Centre in consultation with the CJI.The draft MoP prepared by the Centre had been tossed to the collegium and back without much progress on the `national security' clause for the past year.
In a recent meeting, members of the SC collegium led by CJI J S Khehar decided that while the Centre can reject a person for appointment as SC or HC judge under the national security clause, it would have to records reasons in writing as to how a particular appointment would run afoul of national security .
==2017: SC collegium breaches MoP for HC picks== Abhinav Garg, SC collegium breaches MoP for HC picks, September 24, 2017: The Times of India
A few names cleared by the Centre for judicial appointments earlier this week indicate the Supreme Court collegium has been inconsistent in observing its own Memorandum of Procedure (MoP) drawn up in March to guide the appointment of judges to the higher judiciary .
The revised MoP had clear criteria, including age bracket, minimum income, and adequate number of reported judgments, to assess the suitability of a lawyer for elevation as judge. But barely a month after approving the MoP and sending it to the government, the collegium, in April, seemed to have disregarded or diluted some clauses in recommending names for appointment to the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana high court.
Interestingly , these parameters were inserted in the MoP due to a rare unanimity between the government and the judiciary in an otherwise bitterly contested document. Even now their is no agreement on the government having the right to reject a recommendation on national security grounds.
While it included the age criterion, the collegium ignored the clause to clear two names that would have otherwise been barred from consideration as they exceeded the upper age limit. Sources say the collegium also ignored that one of the candidates had literally no practice in the HC, much less any reported judgment, as he only practised in a district court.
These and some other points were flagged by the governments of AP and Telangana, TOI has learnt, when they objected to the recommendations first sent by the HC.
The state governments in its opinion also underlined that five of the six advocates recommended were either relatives or juniors of judges or among their close ones. One candidate declared in the resume that he had been the junior of a senior law officer who now happens to be a senior SC judge. The governments further highlighted the inadequate number of reported judgments to question the suitability of some of the nominees. For instance, one of the candidate filed only 91 cases in the past five years.
Last year, the government proposed fixed yardsticks for eligibility, saying it would help make appointments of lawyers as judges more transparent. In March 2017, the collegium agreed, as it included, for the first time, in the MoP a minimum and maximum age criteria for lawyers.
To be eligible, a lawyer should have attained the age of 45 years but shouldn't be above 55 years of age at the time of nomination. The new MoP also stressed that merit and integrity of the candidates would be the “prime criteria“ for appointment, while also taking into account other aspects such as considerable practice and minimum income of a lawyer.
Due to the objections raised by Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, the Centre sat on the SC recommendations while it made up its mind. However, as reported by TOI earlier, Justice J Chelameswar took a non-negotiable stand that unless the Centre took a decision on the recommendation for six appointments to the Telangana and AP HC, he will not take part in collegium meetings.
2019/ SC fixes time limits
Amit Anand Chowdhary, Dec 11, 2019 Times of India
From: Amit Anand Chowdhary, Dec 11, 2019 Times of India
As the Centre sits over 100-odd names sent by the Chief Justice of Indialed collegium for appointment as high court judges for months, despite there being 40% vacancies, the Supreme Court has fixed six months for the government to clear all such recommendations.
A bench of Justices Sanjay Kishan Kaul and K M Joseph noted that no time limit has been prescribed for action by the President and Prime Minister under the memorandum of procedure for appointment of judges in SC and HCs though timelines have been fixed by other authorities involved in the process.
As per the MoP, appointments should be initiated at least six months in advance and thereafter six weeks’ time is specified for the governor or chief minister of the state concerned to send the recommendation to the Union law minister. Thereafter, a brief has to be prepared forthwith and sent to the SC collegium in four weeks.
After the SC collegium clears the names, the law ministry has to put up the recommendations to the PM in three weeks, who is to then advise the President.
The court said appointments could be delayed if the government sent back the names or when SC and HC collegiums may not be in agreement. But the names, once approved by the collegium, should lead to the government taking a decision without delay.
“However, in cases where the recommendations of the HC collegium meet the approval of the SC collegium and the government, at least their appointments must take place within six months. This is not to say that in other cases the process should not be completed within six months,” the bench said.
The all-India figures show that against a sanctioned strength of 1,079 judges in the high courts, the working strength is only 669. There are 410 vacancies and 213 recommendations are stated to be in process with the government or SC collegium while names are yet to be received from HC collegiums for 197 vacancies.
SC to confine proceedings to 213 names
The court said it will confine its proceedings to 213 names pending with the government or SC collegium and asked attorney general K K Venugopal to provide data on when the process was initiated and time taken by various authorities to clear the names. It said data will help analyse how to streamline the system and prevent delay. The court noted in its order that in 2019, only 65 judges to the HCs were appointed as on December 2 as against 115 in 2017 and 108 in 2018. It said delays could result in “a judicial jam” in HCs as the apex court has streamlined the process for appointment in lower judiciary and more appeals are likely to be filed in HCs in coming time.
NJAC vs collegium: The debate decoded
The Hindu, December 14, 2015
The Supreme Court rejected the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) Act and the 99th Constitutional Amendment which sought to give politicians and civil society a final say in the appointment of judges to the highest courts. Here is what you need to know about the row:
What is the NJAC?
The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) is a constitutional body proposed to replace the present Collegium system of appointing judges.
What is the Collegium system?
The Collegium system is one where the Chief Justice of India and a forum of four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court recommend appointments and transfers of judges. However, it has no place in the Indian Constitution. The system was evolved through Supreme Court judgments in the Three Judges Cases (October 28, 1998)
Why is Collegium system being criticised?
The Central government has criticised it saying it has created an imperium in imperio (empire within an empire) within the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court Bar Association has blamed it for creating a “give-and-take” culture, creating a rift between the haves and have-nots. “While politicians and actors get instant relief from courts, the common man struggles for years for justice.”
Obtuse judgements
Sharmila Ganesan, When even judges can't understand judgments, May 16, 2017: The Times of India
A bunch of recent orders show why there's a dire need for verdicts written in simple English, without legalese
Recently , a Supreme Court bench set aside an eight-page Himachal Pradesh High Court judgment because it could not “comprehend the contents“. The case was about a tenant-landlord dispute. Here's an extract: “However, the learned counsel...cannot derive the fullest succour from the aforesaid acquiescence... given its sinew suffering partial dissipation from an imminent display occurring in the impugned pronouncement here at where within unravelments are held qua the rendition recorded by the learned Rent Controller…“
Aishwarya Bhati, the lawyer representing the tenant, told the court in jest that she would have to hire an English professor to interpret the judgment. “It had one entire page without a full stop,“ she recalls.
The aforesaid (sorry) instance points to the curious case of judicial writing in India which has left lawyers such as Bhati yearning for “a movement towards simple English in judgment writing“. Time and again, in Indian judgments, facts, reasons and decisions find themselves under obscure, verbal stampedes. “Innovative nuances of evidential inadequacies, processual infirmities and interpretational subtleties, artfully advanced in defence, otherwise intangible and inconsequential, ought to be conscientiously cast aside with moral maturity and singular sensitivity to uphold the statutory sanctity , lest the coveted cause of justice is a causality ,“ said the judgment of a high-profile political leader's corruption case last year. And a 268-page judgment on a criminal defamation case, contained phrases such as “exposits cavil“, “quintessential conceptuality“ and “percipient discord“.
Floridity isn't a new syndrome in legal writing. The late Justice V R Krishna Iyer -who would pepper his judgments with words like `jejune' and `logomachy'-was criticised by some and revered by many for his literary flourishes. The problem is “everyone wants to emulate Justice Krishna Iyer without realising that they first need a command over the language,“ says Mumbai-based lawyer Mrunalini Deshmukh. Various papers by Indian judges on the art of judgment writing insist on “brevity“ and “clarity“. “A judgment should unite reasoning and decision,“ says Upendra Baxi, professor of law at University of Warwick and University of Delhi. “It should reserve one-third of the space for arguments, one-third for what has been said in preceding cases and onethird for the decision.“ Last week, the SC remanded a case back to Rajasthan High Court after it found the judgment neither set out facts nor gave any reasons for the conclusions reached. “Nothing should be put below the carpet in the judgment,“ says 84-year-old Justice (retd) D R Dhanuka, who used to correct some of his own judgment drafts five times for improvements. Chiefly , a judgment serves two purposes, according to Justice (retd) P C Agarwal. “It is meant for the judge to safeguard himself against his own self (biases) and it lets the defeat ed party know why they lost,“ he says.
Needless to say, it must be easily understood by judges, lawyers and the layman. “The use of legalese must be restricted to the minimum,“ says Justice (retd) A S Aguiar, remembering the late Justice B Lentin of Bombay High Court as a role model for writing judgments. While lawyers themselves are guilty of using convoluted English, “they can still get away with it,“ says Bhati. “But judges shape important decisions.“
The plurality of language in India makes judgment writing in English difficult for some, points out SC lawyer Karuna Nundy. “There is the desire to sound knowledgeable, and it's this human impulse that must be resisted to create more certainty and clarity for those who must implement the law.“
Sometimes, the essence is lost in translation. Deshmukh, a family court lawyer, once came across a magistrate court judgment that said the husband would “beat beat beat“ his wife, a literal conversion of the Marathi phrase, “maar maar maarla“. “Judges should also be trained in the basics of language and articulation,“ feels Deshmukh. Institutes such as Bhopal's National Judicial Academy (NJA) train professionals in judgment writing.
“The idea of using big words to sound important owes to our society's “pre-modern hangup“, feels sociologist Dipankar Gupta, who finds judgments getting progressively longer since the 1980s. “To show how learned you are, you are expected to write a lot and go around in circles, even in examinations,“ says Gupta. To be sure, verbal indulgence in legal writing isn't an Indian phenomenon.Years ago, Yale Law School professor Fred Rodell had criticised law reviews saying they reminded him of “an elephant trying to swat a fly“.
Ultimately , neither style nor content should delay justice. “We should ask ourselves if we are losing track of the end consumer of justice,“ says Bhati, who realised the cost of verbosity when her tenant-client, a shopkeeper from rural Himachal, queried: “What was my fault?
How and when was the NJAC established?
The NJAC was established by amending the Constitution [Constitution (Ninety-Ninth Amendment) Act, 2014] passed by the Lok Sabha on August 13, 2014 and by the Rajya Sabha on August 14 2014. Alongside, the Parliament also passed the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014, to regulate the NJAC’s functions. Both Bills were ratified by 16 of the State legislatures and the President gave his assent on December 31, 2014. The NJAC Act and the Constitutional Amendment Act came into force from April 13, 2015.
Who will be in the NJAC?
It will consist of six people — the Chief Justice of India, the two most senior judges of the Supreme Court, the Law Minister, and two ‘eminent persons’. These eminent persons are to be nominated for a three-year term by a committee consisting of the Chief Justice, the Prime Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and are not eligible for re-nomination.
If politicians are involved, what about judicial independence?
The judiciary representatives in the NJAC -- the Chief Justice and two senior-most judges – can veto any name proposed for appointment to a judicial post if they do not approve of it. Once a proposal is vetoed, it cannot be revived. At the same time, the judges require the support of other members of the commission to get a name through.
Arguments against ‘transparency’
Dhananjay Mahapatra, Dissent in collegium over ‘transparency’, December 21, 2017: The Times of India
Two months after the five-member collegium opted for transparency by unanimously resolving to upload its decisions on selection of judges on the Supreme Court website, signs of disquiet have emerged within the collegium on the width of transparency.
Two SC judges — Justices Madan Lokur and Kurian Joseph — have written to CJI Dipak Misra that making public the reasons for rejecting people’s candidature violated the right to reputation of those persons, who were either very senior judicial officers or advocates with substantial practice. The two said transparency in judges’ appointment was a welcome step but it could not be a tool to indirectly harm the reputation of those who failed to meet the fluid suitability criteria.
‘Making public the reason can be an adverse remark on judges’
Making public the decision to reject their names could be seen as an adverse personal remark on these judicial officers and advocates, Lokur and Joseph said.
The two judges also said there should be a discussion on the extent of transparency which was not articulated in the resolution.
Justice Ranjan Gogoi, who is also part of the collegium apart from the three and Justice J Chelameswar, seconded their arguments as he too believed that cases of rejected candidates should not be put up on the SC website to avoid unnecessary ignominy to them.
The collegium had adopted and signed a resolution on October 3 titled ‘transparency in collegium system’.
The CJI put up an agenda for the collegium’s consideration which read, “Decision on uploading of collegium’s resolutions with reasons, on each candidate for elevation as judge of high court, chief justice of HC or as judge of Supreme Court or transfer, on the SC website for ensuring transparency of collegium system.”
The resolution, which was unanimously adopted and signed by all five, read, “That the decisions henceforth taken by the collegium indicating reasons shall be put on the website of the Supreme Court, when the recommendation(s) is/are sent to the government of India, with regard to the cases relating to initial elevation to the HC bench, confirmation as permanent judge(s) of the HC, elevation to the post of chief justice of HC, transfer of HC CJ/ judges and elevation to the SC, because on each occasion the material which is considered by the collegium is different. The resolution is passed to ensure transparency and yet maintain confidentiality in collegium system.”
However, SC sources said it was unlikely that the collegium would go back on its first step towards infusing transparency in selection of judges, which has long been criticised as an opaque and arbitrary process. Sources referred to the five-judge bench order in the NJAC case on October 16, 2015, in which the SC had said, “The need for transparency is more in the case of appointment process. Proceedings of the collegium were absolutely opaque and inaccessible both to public and history, barring occasional leaks.”
One of the judges on the constitution bench had quoted Justice (retired) Ruma Pal, who had said, “Consensus within the collegium is sometimes resolved through a trade-off resulting in dubious appointments with disastrous consequences for the litigants and the credibility of the judicial system. Besides, institutional independence has also been compromised by growing sycophancy and ‘lobbying’ within thesystem.” On December 15, 2015, thesame five-judge bench had stressed on transparency in judge selection and mentioned posting the decisions on the SC website.
An SC sourcesaid, “Itwas a unanimous and collective decision of the collegium in consonance with the constitution bench judgment. Every collegium member signed it when the resolution was passed. It was for institutional transparency and yet to maintain confidentiality. Individual collegium members’ opinion about a person in the zone of consideration is never put up on the website.”
The collegium had adopted and signed a resolution on October 3 titled ‘transparency in collegium system’. The CJI put up an agenda for the collegium’s consideration which read, “Decision on uploading of collegium’s resolutions with reasons, on each candidate for elevation as judge of high court, chief justice of HC or as judge of Supreme Court or transfer, on the SC website for ensuring transparency of collegium system.”
The NJAC issue summarised
2014-15
Nov 14, 2021: The Times of India
On a hot October morning in 2015, in a packed courtroom no. 4 in the Supreme Court of India, a five-judge bench pronounced its long-awaited judgment in the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) case. The judgment, on how judges were to be appointed to the Supreme Court and the high courts, should ordinarily have interested only lawyers and judges, but it captured the nation’s attention in a manner few would have anticipated. In 2014, the Narendra Modi-led BJP had formed the first singleparty majority government in three decades. On New Year’s Eve, the government piloted the 99th Amendment to the Constitution through Parliament for setting up the NJAC, which would be a new institution responsible for appointing the country’s most powerful judges. Comprising three judges, the law minister and two eminent citizens, it would replace the judicial collegium – the coterie of senior-most judges responsible for the appointment of their successors to the Supreme Court and the high courts.
For seasoned court watchers, the amendment was hardly exceptional – the collegium had been near-universally criticised for nepotism and arbitrariness. There was political consensus that it needed to be abolished. The amendment sailed through Parliament with bipartisan support.
Scarcely had the bill passed than it ceased to remain an enactment merely about judicial appointments. Senior lawyers filed petitions in the Supreme Court on how judicial independence was in peril. Commentators echoed this sentiment. The NJAC quickly became a symbol of the Modi government’s feared assault on the pillars of democracy. Seemingly carried away by this sentiment, the Supreme Court struck it down as unconstitutional. It was a political judgment through and through, seemingly written to reassure citizens that the Supreme Court would be their bulwark against a powerful majority government as long as it remained immune from governmental interference in appointment.
This image of the Supreme Court as a government-free enclave was evocative but ultimately simplistic. Governments, not just in India but elsewhere in advanced democracies, have always played a pivotal role in appointing judges and financing judicial functioning. Courts, true to the adage that one must keep their friends close but enemies closer, have engaged with governments to maintain amity without compromising independence.
The turf war set off by the NJAC judgment cast the government as a rogue organ interested only in thwarting independent judicial functioning. If the NJAC was indeed such an effort, it was a woefully poor one. It was headed by the chief justice of India and had a majority of three judges. The government only had one representative, the law minister, who already played a key role in collegium appointments. The eminent civil society members would be elected by a committee of the chief justice of India, the PM and the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha. This was hardly the stuff to frighten judges, let alone the nation. But tarnished in this way, the government changed tack. Thereafter, it dragged its feet on reforming the collegium system, refused to appoint several outstanding judges, appeared to enter into tacit compromises with certain chief justices and looked for advantage over principle. Each of these actions damaged judicial independence. The worst fears of the NJAC bench had come true, and worse, they had provoked it.
But the judgment had a deeper impact beyond judicial appointments. It signaled the readiness of the Supreme Court to be the first port of call for those who wanted to stand up to the policies and programmes of the Modi government. Petitions flooded in on the most significant political issues of the day – Aadhaar, electoral bonds, Rafale, Central Vista. Several of these were notably by opposition politicians.
There may have been incidental legal questions in each of these controversies, but Aadhaar should primarily have been a question of whether the technology was inclusive enough and not a constitutional question about whether it violated individual privacy, Rafale should have been about attempting to convince the public of the alleged corrupt foundations of the contract, Pegasus about getting the average citizen to care about someone tapping their phone rather than appointing a “technical committee” to probe into an already shadowy controversy.
With many significant political issues becoming “judicialised,” it appeared as if the judges of the Supreme Court, not the opposition, were primarily charged with dislodging the government. This was an impossible ask and one that the judges aided by a few public-spirited lawyers had foisted on themselves. Unsurprisingly, with judgments sometimes being pronounced in favour of the government and at others not being heard quickly enough, judges were called out for being pusillanimous. The weight of expectation was clearly showing.
In the courtroom on that sultry October morning, one person understood the consequences of his brethren straying from the confines of the law. In dissent, Justice Chelameswar upheld the NJAC’s constitutionality saying the court ought not to arrogate to itself the exclusive province of upholding the rule of law. By doing just that, the majority judges of the Supreme Court had contributed to shaping the future course of politics in India. Modi handsomely won a second term and the political opposition lay in tatters. The judicialisation of politics had unwittingly ended up emaciating it.
Collegium system: Arguments against
The Times of India
The Times of India
The Times of India
Justice Ruma Pal’s views, 2011
Article 124 of the Consti tution provides that the government will appoint judges in consultation with the Chief Justice of India. To make independence of judiciary meaningful, the Supreme Court in the 1990s gave a novel interpretation to Article 124 to mean that selection of judges was the sole responsibility of a collegium of judges headed by the CJI.
Nearly 20 years after the collegium came into being, Justice Ruma Pal, one of the most respected SC judges, spoke from the comforts of retirement in November 2011 to describe the process of appointment of judges to the superior courts as “possibly the best kept secret of this country“.
She had said, “Consensus within the collegium is some times resolved through a trade-off, resulting in dubious appointments with disastrous consequences for litigants and credibility of the judicial system. Besides, institutional independence has also been compromised by growing sycophancy and lobbying within the system.“
Her stinging remarks were hailed by many . Most knew what was happening. But even the most successful lawyers feared to go public with their views. Criticism of the collegium system could prove professionally hazardous, they knew.
Some criticised Justice Pal for speaking out after retirement. They said it would have been better if she had said these things and attempted to improve the system while being a sitting judge, especially when she was part of the collegium.
Justice J Chelameswar did that while being a sitting judge and being part of the collegium. He drew “we knew this“ chuckles from many lawyers.Most retired judges and exCJIs agreed with him and lauded him for his bold attempt to let some sunlight into the collegium's secret chamber.
But Justice Chelameswar faced criticism from renowned lawyer Fali S Nariman who said, “If a judge in the collegium does not like the way it functions (for lack of transparency or any other), he can quit and then complain about why he quit. People would then understand him better.“
Did anyone understand Justice Pal and attempt to take her views forward? Nariman commands respect for what he is. He set high standards for himself and others by quitting as additional solicitor general in protest against imposition of Emergency in 1975.
By this “quit and criticise“ advice to Justice Chelameswar, Nariman could not have meant to convey that the collegium process was either transparent or foolproof. If Justice Pal was right, so is Justice Chelameswar. They merely attempted to give a loud message that all is not well within the collegium system, which is accountable to no one. Will this advice be akin to shooting the messenger? Nariman's integrity , honesty and standing in the bar is impeccable. Yet, a section of lawyers has a grievance that even the great lawyer does not adhere to the golden principle that kith and kin of a judge should not practice in the same court.Should he quit the profession just because his son is an SC judge? No, he should not, because we know in our hearts why Nariman deservingly walks around the court corridors with a “can do no wrong“ halo. He must remain in the system and be an example of an exception to the principle that “kith and kin of a judge should not practice in the same court“. Let us take another argu ment. Selection of representatives by the people to the highest chambers of democracy -Parliament and assemblies -was described by the SC in Association for Democratic Reforms case [2002 (5) SCC 294] as of “utmost importance for governance of the country“.
It had said, “For maintaining purity of elections and healthy democracy , voters are re quired to be educated and well informed about the contesting candidates.“ Upholding voters' right to know, it directed candidates to reveal their educational and criminal antecedents along with asset details.
To drive home the importance of voters, the SC had quoted Winston Churchill, who had said, “At the bottom of all tributes paid to democracy is the little man, walking into a little booth, with a little pencil, making a little cross on a little bit of paper; no amount of rhetoric or voluminous discussion can possibly diminish the overwhelming importance of the point.“
Selection of judges for higher judiciary , the repository of citizens' rights, is equally cardinal for public faith in the judiciary . We can rephrase Churchill's words, “At the bottom of all tributes paid to the judiciary is the little man, walking into a little court, with a little case, and making a little argument to get a little relief. No amount of rhetoric or voluminous discussion can possibly diminish the overwhelming importance of the little man's faith in judiciary .“
Justice Chelameswar's recent views were acknowledged a year ago by the Constitution bench which struck down the NJAC. Instead of him quitting, let his views be the stepping stone to find ways to strengthen the little man's faith in the system that selects judges and determines the character of judiciary .
We must remember that if free and fair elections are at the heart of parliamentary system of governance, free and fair selection of judges can be said to be at the heart of a credible judiciary .
Collegium system has not worked well: SC, 2015
The Times of India, Jun 17 2015
The Supreme Court has acknowledged the collegium system of judges appointing judges, which Parliament has replaced with National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), has not worked well, reports Dhananjay Mahapatra.“The (collegium) system is good, but the implementation has gone wrong,“ a fivemember SC bench said. P 11 Senior advocate Fali S Nariman, lead lawyer for petitioners questioning the constitutional validity of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), was made to face his own bitter criticism of the Supreme Courtdrafted collegium system for appointment of judges. Former solicitor general T R Andhyarujina and additional solicitor general Tushar Mehta cited excerpts from Nariman's autobiography `Before Memory Fades' to drive home the point that not only had Parliament and 20 states ratified the NJAC to re place the collegium system but Nariman, the lead opponent of NJAC, too was against the collegium system.
Nariman was the counsel who argued for petitioner `Supreme Court Advocates on Record' in the 1990s, leading to formulation of the collegium system by a nine-judge constitution bench. Prior to the collegium system, the executive appointed judges in consultation with the CJI.
In his book, Nariman had devoted an entire chapter to express disappointment at the working of the collegium system. He wrote, “I would suggest that the closed-circuit network of five judges should be disbanded.“
Nariman was unperturbed by the opponents' remarks. He told TOI he had made his views clear to the SC during initial arguments against the NJAC in which the primacy of judiciary in appointment of judges has been erased. He said he still felt the collegium system had not worked well. But that did not mean that the present form of NJAC was a good sub stitute, he said.
Collegium system good but implementation faulty : SC
The Times of India, Jun 17 2015
Dhananjay Mahapatra
AG submits list of bad appointments
During hearing of a bunch of petitions challenging the validity of the NJAC, the Centre and states have slammed the collegium's nontransparent and non-accountable manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court and high courts. The attorney general even submitted a list of bad appointments to the five-judge Constitution bench hearing the matter.
“One is the (collegium) system itself. The other is the implementation of the system-provided procedure.The National Commission to Review Working of the Constitution headed by Justice M N Venkatachaliah had said when the collegium system was devised by the Supreme Court, it was hailed the world over as a unique and good system,“ the bench of Justices J S Khehar, J Chelameswar, Madan B Lokur, Kurian Joseph and Adarsh K Goel said. “So, the (collegium) system is good, but the implementation has gone wrong. That does not mean the system is bad,“ the bench said in response to senior advocate T R Andhyarujina's argument that evolution of the collegium system was neither legally justified nor had worked satisfactorily . The court pointed out that the qualification for `eminent person' did not specify whether they should be Indians.“Can a foreigner be appointed as eminent person in NJAC?“ the bench asked.
Justice J Chelameswar’s dissenting judgment/ 2015
The Times of India, Oct 17 2015
AmitAnand Choudhary
Lone SC judge who batted for judicial appointments panel In his lone yet strong dissent judgment against the collegium system, Justice J Chelameswar said appointment of judges should not remain the exclusive domain of the judiciary . The govern ment and civil society members must have a say in it. Faulting the functioning of the collegium system, he said while it had no accountability, there were instances where it had failed. He spoke for an urgent need for re form in the system and lamented that SC didn't approve of the NJAC, which was a step in that direction.
“The nation has witnessed many unpleasant events connected with judicial appointments -events which lend credence to speculation that the system established by the Second and Third Judges cases in its operational reality is perhaps not the best system for securing an independent and efficient judiciary,“ he said.
Terming the collegium system non-transparent, he said correspondence between the government and CJI and records of the consultation process were some of the country's best-guarded secrets.
“Transparency is an aspect of rationality. The need for transparency is more in the case of appointment process.Proceedings of the collegium were opaque, inaccessible to public and history, barring oc casional leaks,“ he said.
“The records are beyond the reach of any person, including the judges of this court, who aren't lucky enough to become CJI. Such a state of affairs doesn't either enhance the credibility of the institution nor is it good for the people,“ he said.
The judge said the judiciary couldn't claim to be the sole protector of people's right and referred to instances where the SC had failed to live up to citizens' expectation in preserving liberties.
To assert that the judiciary alone is concerned with the preservation of liberties and does that job well is a dogmatic assumption bereft of evidentiary basis. To eliminate the executive from the process of selection “would be inconsistent with the foundational premise that government in a democracy is by chosen representatives of the people“.
He said the fiasco created by the collegium in the appointment of Justice P D Dinakaran and appointment of a Madras HC judge were part of judicial records. There were many other cases when undeserving people were appointed judges.
“More instances were mentioned at the bar during the hearing to demonstrate not only the shallowness of the theory but also recommendations by the collegium have not necessarily always been in the best interests of the institution and the nation. It is not necessary to place on record all details, but it's sufficient to mention that the earlier mentioned two cases aren't the only examples of the inappropriate exercise of the power of the collegium,“ he said.
Justice J Chelameswar finds collegium procedure opaque/ 2016
In a stunning revelation, the Supreme Court's fifth-most senior judge, Justice J Chelameswar, told The Times of India that he has stopped attending meetings of the collegium headed by the Chief Justice of India as he finds its procedure “most opaque“, and the “majority gangs up“ to shoot down genuine objections against undesirable candidates being chosen to be judges of higher courts.
The collegium [in 2016] comprised CJI T S Thakur and Justices A R Dave, J S Khehar, Dipak Misra and Chelameswar. Breaking ranks with his colleagues in the collegium, which decides on the selection of judges to the SC and HCs, Chelameswar told TOI of his unhappiness over the entire process.
“I have written a letter to the Chief Justice informing him that I will not be participating in the collegium's meetings henceforth.The system of selection of judges is not at all transparent.No reason, no opinion is recorded. Just two people decide the names and come back to the meeting and ask for a yes or no. Can a judge of the Supreme Court or high court be selected in such a manner?“ he asked. If a known corrupt person is being considered for ap pointment as a judge of the Supreme Court and if one of the members of the collegium says he has evidence to back his opposition to his appointment, should such a person's selection be decided on the basis of majority or rejected on the basis of the merit of the evidence given by the single member of the collegium?“ “My experience shows at people gang up in the col that people gang up in the collegium and selections are done without anyone recording his view and the basis of that view. The outside world does not know what is happening inside the collegium. The inside world too does not know much. Two people sit and decide the names and then ask others to give their yes and no to the names,“ he said. “Are we doing anything good for the country through this selection process?
Should it not be on the basis of merit? What if a person who is opposing a name has the most valid grounds? Can such valid grounds be brushed aside by majority or through expression of yes or no“ -were a few of the many questions Chelameswar asked. He had found no answer for his questions within the system, forcing him to inform the CJI that he would no be longer available for collegium meetings. He would, however, continue to go through the files relating to selection of judges and record his views on them.
Justice Chelameswar was the sole judge to record his dissent against the collegium system and to support the National Judicial Appointment Commission (NJAC) as a better alternative while sitting on a fivejudge constitution bench last year. Justices Khehar, Madan B Lokur, Kurian Joseph and Adarsh Goel had struck down NJAC although Joseph had agreed with Chelameswar that the collegium was an opaque system.
So what had sparked the sudden outburst? Was it because certain undesired persons got selected by the collegium, TOI asked Chelameswar, to which he said: “I am not happy with the manner in which the collegium selects persons for appointment as judges.
It's been going on for 20 years, but that's no solace for me to keep silent. I am not on individual names. I am raising an issue at a much higher level. The question is, are we doing something good for the country?“
… judges selection based on impressions + transfers of HC justices lopsided/ 2018
Pradeep Thakur, ‘SC judges picked on impression, not evaluation’, April 10, 2018: The Times of India
Justice Chelameswar Questions Transfer Policy Of HC Judges, Calls For Debate On Elevation Criteria
Justice J Chelameswar, the seniormost judge in the Supreme Court after the CJI, has raised serious questions on elevation of high court judges to the SC, saying appointments were done on the basis of impressions rather than clear-eyed assessment of performance.
Speaking at a book release function in the Capital on Monday, Justice Chelameswar, who along with CJI Dipak Misra and the three seniormost judges is part of the collegium that appoints judges to the SC, also said that proceedings of the body should be maintained.
“Assessment of performance of high court judges is hardly done. Generally, impressions go as assessment,” Justice Chelameswar said while releasing the book ‘Appointment of Judges to the Supreme Court: Transparency, Accountability and Independence’.
Justice Chelameswar’s demand for recording of the collegium’s proceedings is in line with his dissenting order as member of the five-judge bench, which in October 2015 struck down the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act. The NJAC, which couldn’t see the light of day, was supposed to end the collegium’s monopoly in appointment of judges to the SC and HCs.
Justice Chelameswar said some assessment ought to be made either by the collegium or by the state before the collegium recommends elevation of a judge. “That would eliminate most problems.”
The SC judge also questioned the transfer policy governing HC chief justices, saying it had resulted in a lopsided situation where as many as four judges of some HCs ended up serving as chief justices at the same time, something which made each of them eligible for elevation to the top court and skewed representation. He also noted that the political class had for the last 35 years been united in standing by the transfer scheme. Justice Chelameswar favoured a debate whether the system should treat ‘all-India’ seniority of a judge rather than his or her tenure as chief justice of an HC as the criterion for elevation.
His observations are significant considering that the government has withheld the collegium’s recommendation elevating Uttarakhand HC Chief Justice K M Joseph despite the fact that he is the seniormost among chief justices of all HCs. The Centre has unofficially made it known that it is not in favour of Justice Joseph’s elevation as he is not the seniormost among serving judges of HCs.
The four judges who gave the majority verdict in October 2015 to strike down the NJAC Act had also acknowledged that all was not well with the collegium system.
In his dissent note, Justice Chelameswar recalled the infamous ADM Jabalpur case of 1976 when the SC had declared that right to life could be suspended during Emergency to observe, “In difficult times, when political branches cannot be counted upon, neither can the judiciary.”
3 ex-CJIs want transparency in SC collegium/ 2016
`Transparency Is Equally Important'
Three former Chief Justices of India said on Saturday that “time has come for transparency in the Supreme Court collegium proceedings for selecting judges“ and lent support to Justice J Chelameswar's unprecedented decision to stay away from collegium meetings because of their “opacity“.
The three ex-CJIs are K G Balakrishnan, P Sathasivam and R M Lodha.
Chelameswar faulted the collegium proceedings on many counts -non-recording of minutes of the meetings, including the dissenting voice on appointment of a judge; suppressing the merit of opposition by brute majority within the collegium and a facade of consensus on the recommended names. Transparency and consensus are needed in the Supreme Court collegium proceedings for selecting judges, three former CJIs have said in support of Justice J Chelameswar's unprecedented decision to stay away from collegium meetings. During their tenure as CJIs, they had never faced a problem in achieving consensus among members of the collegium, they said.
Each believed in free and frank discussion on merits and demerits of a person in the zone of consideration and they said names were recommended only when there was a consensus. Justice Sathasivam, now governor of Kerala, told TOI that transparency as well as consensus are two crucial aspects of any selection process, more so when persons are selected for appointment as judges of the Supreme Court or the high courts.
Justice Lodha said smooth functioning of the collegium depends on two crucial aspects -the head of the institution (CJI) and the attempt to find consensus. “It takes time to find consensus. Before placing a name before the collegium, adequate material on antecedents, merit and capability of the person must be collected from every possible source. There should be free and frank exchange of views. If consensus eludes a particular name, it should not be recommended on the basis of majority ,“ he said.
Reflecting on Justice Chelameswar's opacity charge against collegium, Justices Sathasivam and Lodha favoured recording of views of the collegium members on names considered for appointment of judges to improve transparency . Justice Lodha said: “The views of members of the collegium were not recorded earlier because every member trusted the other. They had trust in each other. With pas sage of time and with all that is happening around, transparency is the need of the hour.“ Justice Balakrishnan agreed that there should be transparency and consensus among the collegium members prior to recommending a person for appointment.But he was against recording of collegium members' views on a person in the zone of consideration.
“Overwhelming majority of the persons considered for appointment to the Supreme Court are all chief justices of high courts. Members of the collegium may have an adverse view on a CJ of the HC and he is entitled to express it in the collegium meeting. But to record it is to give credence to a view as gospel. Moreover, if these records get leaked, the person officiating as HC CJ would find himself in a piquant situation. How can the views of collegium members expressing an unverified charge against a sitting CJ be recorded without giving the latter a chance to rebut? This will also be against principles of natural justice,“ Justice Balakrishnan said.
Justice Balakrishnan said: “The collegium is not a departmental promotion committee to record every charge against a person. Collegium is a body comprising senior-most Supreme Court judges who are responsible persons. If there is no consensus on a name, that person should never be recommended for appointment.“
But Justices Sathasivam and Lodha differed with Justice Balakrishnan on recording the meetings. “Transparency is important for the health of a system, be it collegium or any other selection process. Hence, recording views of collegium members is essential. Views of each member on a particular name in zone of consideration must be recorded and should form part of the record sent to the government along with the recommendation,“ Justice Sathasivam said. “However, consensus on a name recommended for appointment as judge is more important than transparency . If there is a single valid dissent to a name, that person should not be recommended for appointment as a judge,“ he added.
Collegium should make public its reasons: Justice Ruma Pal supports Justice Chelameswar
Former SC judge Justice Ruma Pal tells Arghya Sengupta why she believes there's merit in Justice Chelameswar's insistence on the collegium making public its reasons for selecting someone as a judge
Justice Ruma Pal, a former Supreme Court judge, says the collegium was formed to ensure transparency and that primacy of judges cannot be a cover to duplicate the secrecy that characterised previous appointments by the executive. Excerpts...
Your view on Justice J Chelameswar's comments on the need for transparency in the collegium
Justice Chelameswar is asking for nothing more than what was laid down in the Second Judges' Case (1993), that reasons for decisions to appoint need to be recorded. One reason the collegium was set up was to ensure the process could be more transparent. Recording reasons is fundamental to transparency . This is the standard the judiciary requires of others. Justice Chelameswar is justified in saying that it should follow the same standard.
What urgent reforms does the collegium need?
Most important is the laying down of objective criteria and recording of reasons in accordance with such criteria. While there is subjectivity in any selection, recording of reasons, as per established criteria, is a necessary safeguard to ensure sub jectivity isn't a guise for a decision on extraneous considerations. I don't believe the laying down of reasons is antithetical to the cause of those not selected.A person may be competent to be an competent to be an HC chief justice but not be ready to lay down the law by becoming an SC judge. I see no reason why such a person's non-selection would reflect on his ability to function as an HC chief justice, as long as no negative remarks are made about him.
Does the prospect of elevation to the SC affect the attitude, behaviour, manner of judging of HC judges?
Whether it does or doesn't isn't the issue. The issue is that it can. If one is inclined that way , one would pass a judgment that wouldn't rock the boat, so that one's chances of elevation to the SC isn't jeopardised.The solution to the problem, which will remain irrespective of whether the power of appointment is with the collegium or the government, is systemic. The retirement age difference of HC and SC judges must go. The original reason for providing additional tenure to SC judges (up to 65 years) was to incentivise fine HC judges to leave their hometowns for Delhi. This reason is no longer valid. If the age difference is removed, the expectation of looking towards the SC for additional tenure will substantially reduce.
Could the NJAC have rectified some of these ills?
I've always been in favour of a judicial commission. This is neither an original thought, nor a recent one. Justice Bhagwati in the First Judges' Case (1981) said so. Justice D A Desai, as Law Commission chairman in 1987, said so. Chief Justice Venkatachalaiah reiterated it in the report of the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution. None of them is a member of government. The only difference between the NJAC and these enumerations was over who would be part of the commission. The SC has often made the Law Commission's recommendations binding in other cases. It should have considered this history more seriously in the NJAC case too. Safeguards could have been incorporated where it felt judicial independence might be compromised.
SC says primacy of judges is paramount and the NJAC compromised it...
If the whole proceeding is recorded and there's transparency with public scrutiny , primacy of judges can be accorded. But primacy cannot be a cover to duplicate the secrecy that characterised previous appointments by the executive. This fear that surrounds transparency is overblown. Take the disclosure of judges' assets. When it was suggested that judges must disclose assets, it created a hue and cry . Now it takes place as a matter of course.There's no reason why collegium meeting minutes being made public wouldn't become a non-issue too. It's been made an issue among a particular group of people. Truth and open ness, no matter how uncomfortable, are better than gossip, imagination or rumour. They destroy judiciary's credibility far more than the truth.
Is it possible in the current climate to reform the collegium without letting the government affect the judiciary's independence?
Justice Chelameswar says decisions to appoint should be taken by circulation. Why a person is selected or not should be on record. If someone has changed one's mind on an appointee, the reasons should be known. For these and similar changes, there's no reason for the court to agree to a Memorandum of Procedure with the government.It'll be in the judiciary's interest to do so itself. In a full court, judges can lay down objective criteria, as was done in the case of laying down the Restatement of Values of Judicial Life, so that everyone knows the internal process and criteria to be followed for selection. This will allay suspicions that people are chosen for reasons other than merit without affecting the judiciary's independence.
Ex-HC CJ Backs Chelameswar's Take On Judges' Selection
Justice J Chelameswar of the Supreme Court, soon to be No.3 in the apex court heirarchy , has found another supporter for his rebellion against the collegium which selects judges for the SC and 24 high courts.
Former Delhi HC chief justice and ex-chairman of the Law Commission Justice A P Shah has come out in support of the senior SC judge, who has refused to attend collegium meetings and has called for more transparency .Justice Shah called the apex court collegium “out of step with democratic culture“ which needed urgent reforms as it “lacks transparency , is inherently secretive and provides for no oversight“.
Delivering the Justice Krishna Iyer memorial lecture in Kochi on Saturday , Justice Shah warned that the confrontation between the government and the higher judiciary was likely to further escalate in the coming days with neither side ready to de fuse the tension. “Things have come to such a pass that it seems to me now that the judiciary and the executive are on a collision course,“ he said.
“It is evident that the collegium system cannot continue to exist in its present form. Until a viable alternative is found, though, reforms in the existing process of selection are urgently needed. This is precisely what Justice Chelameswar did, by his action of walking out of the collegium, and insisting on transparent procedures,“ Justice Shah said.
The former Law Commission chairman added, “Transparency requires that there are clearly established criteria for selection, and that records of selection meetings are properly maintained with views of those who participa ted properly recorded, to ensure that selections are not arbitrary .“ His assertions are similar to the demands made by Justice Chelameswar.
Justice Shah recalled the recent confrontation between the government and the judiciary -the Centre returning 43 recommendations for appointment as HC judges to the SC collegium which reiterated 36 of them -and observed that this was likely to further escalate tension.
Referring to the Constituent Assembly debate, Justice Shah quoted from a speech of Dr B R Ambedkar saying the architect of the Constitution had opposed absolute authority in appointment of judges to any single authority , either the executive or the Chief Justice of India.
“To allow the chief justi ce practically a veto upon the appointment of judges is really to transfer the authority to the chief justice which we are not prepared to vest in the President or the government of the day . I, therefore, think that is also a dangerous proposition,“ Ambedkar had said. This resulted in Articles 124 and 217 where the power of appointment, “although residing with the executive was exercisable only after consultation with the Chief Justice of India“.
Justice Shah questioned the rationale in the `three judges' case that led to the collegium system. “No method of appointment was prescribed -the collegium had no office, no institutional staff or framework, no mechanism to gather data, and no criteria for selection.The system was ad hoc and shrouded in secrecy ,“ he said, and observed that through the `three judges' case, “the judiciary usurped the power to elevate justices through a distorted interpretation of Articles 124 and 217 of the Constitution“.
Collegium system: Nariman on its pitfalls
The Times of India, Nov 04 2015
Dhananjay Mahapatra
Nariman on the Dinakaran's case and the collegium
Lone Dissenting Judge's View More Sound
Fali S Nariman who opposed the NJAC tooth and nail, unabashedly praised Justice J Chelameswar's lone dissent ing judgment pointing out ma ladies in the collegium system and argued that it must be an eye-opener for urgent reforms in the opaque judges-selec ting-judges system. Nariman said judges in the selection body must be recep tive to views of others. “I will give the last word to the dissenting judgment, because it has got more acceptability,“ Nariman said and went on to narrate the dark phase of the collegium, which, when headed by CJI K G Balakrishnan, had in August 2009 recommended appointment of Justice P D Dinakaran as an SC judge. Dinakaran faced a motion for his removal in Parliament on charges of corruption. The Rajya Sabha chairman had set up an inquiry committee headed by Justice Khehar.Before the inquiry was completed, Dinakaran resigned, putting an end to an inglorious chapter in judiciary.
Nariman gave hitherto unknown details of what was going on then in the collegium.“In Dinakaran's case, I must say something. Very eminent people from Chennai wanted to say something about Dinakaran to the then CJI. Neither the CJI nor any of the five members of the then collegium agreed to meet them. I went and requested the CJI to meet them. But we were all hounded out. If we had gone to the press about the attitude of the collegium members, it would have broken up, collapsed. I was so disgusted that in anger I said I would not appear in the courts of the CJI or any other member of the collegium if Dinakaran was appointed judge.Some judges made nasty comments about me,“ he said.
“The Dinakaran episode told us there was lack of receptivity in the collegium. If a responsible member of the bar wants to tell the collegium about a person being considered for the post of a judge, why should the collegium members not hear him out,“ he asked.
Nariman said judges in the selection body must be recep tive to views of others. “I will give the last word to the dissenting judgment, because it has got more acceptability,“ Nariman said and went on to narrate the dark phase of the collegium, which, when headed by CJI K G Balakrishnan, had in August 2009 recommended appointment of Justice P D Dinakaran as an SC judge.
Dinakaran faced a motion for his removal in Parliament on charges of corruption. The Rajya Sabha chairman had set up an inquiry committee headed by Justice Khehar.Before the inquiry was completed, Dinakaran resigned, putting an end to an inglorious chapter in judiciary.
Nariman gave hitherto unknown details of what was going on then in the collegium.“In Dinakaran's case, I must say something. Very eminent people from Chennai wanted to say something about Dinakaran to the then CJI. Neither the CJI nor any of the five members of the then collegium agreed to meet them. I went and requested the CJI to meet them. But we were all hounded out. If we had gone to the press about the attitude of the collegium members, it would have broken up, collapsed. I was so disgusted that in anger I said I would not appear in the courts of the CJI or any other member of the collegium if Dinakaran was appointed judge.Some judges made nasty comments about me,“ he said.
“The Dinakaran episode told us there was lack of receptivity in the collegium. If a responsible member of the bar wants to tell the collegium about a person being considered for the post of a judge, why should the collegium members not hear him out,“ he asked.
Since 2000, 43 CJs Of 18 High Courts Couldn’t Make It To SC
From the archives of The Times of India 2010
Retired hurt: Does Justice Shah have valid cause to complain?
Since 2000, 43 CJs Of 18 High Courts Couldn’t Make It To SC
Dhananjay Mahapatra
A bowler is allowed to aim two bouncers per over at batsmen. Sometimes, the bouncers catch batsmen by surprise and they either lose their wicket or get hurt. But no batsman complains about the rule that allows fast bowlers to hurl bouncers. At least, Rahul Dravid did not when he was felled by a nasty bouncer from Shahadat Hossain in Bangladesh.
Justice A P Shah played a good innings as a high court judge and as the Chief Justice of Delhi HC. Some former Chief Justices of India, who despite not having ever evaluated him as a judge or seen him from close quarters, also gave him good grades. Unlike Dravid, he retired recently and made it public that he was terribly hurt at not being elevated to the Supreme Court. He also complained about lack of transparency in the selection of judges to the top court.
The system, transparent or not, has always been there and Shah was chosen as a judge of the HC through that. Can anyone be seen complaining that there was a better choice available at the time Shah was appointed as a judge?
There are 16,609 trial court judges, who look forward to promotion as HC judges at some point in their career. But there are only 886 posts of HC judges. So, many of them retire as district judges without ever becoming an HC judge. Should all of them start questioning the selection process?
From among the 886 HC judges, only 26 used to be elevated to the Supreme Court, whose strength has now been increased to 31. An overwhelming majority of HC judges genuinely think they have the mettle to make it to the SC.
Most retire disappointed. Justice Shah will be surprised to know that since 2000, as many as 43 chief justices of 18 HCs have retired without being elevated to the apex court. But no one else aired a grievance in public against the system.
This is not to say that Justice Shah may not have a genuine grievance against his non-elevation to the SC. Let’s go by his suggestion that the system is non-transparent and hence, many a person gets eliminated. There is a sordid flip side, if all material considered by the collegium relating to appointment or elevation of a judge were to be made public.
The material could include unsubstantiated and wild allegations levelled against a judge. If they were to be made public, there could never be any elevation nor appointment to the HCs or to the SC. For, the collegium is yet to consider an appointment or elevation of a judge when it did not receive a letter containing complaints against the person concerned.
All of these proposed considerations for appointment or elevation concern either a district judge, a senior advocate or a HC judge or chief justice. What happens to his future, if such complaints are made public? Would he be able to lead a normal professional life, given the prevailing climate of suspicion where the shadow is always longer than the object?
Justice Shah should take a lesson or two from two great left-arm spinners — Rajinder Goel and Padmakar Shivalkar. While Goel had a first-class wicket tally of 640, Shivalkar had 589. Yet, both of them never played Tests for India. Their ability with the ball was eclipsed by the awesome spin quartet — Bedi, Prasanna, Chandrashekar and Venkatraghavan — that operated during those days. Both Goel and Shivalkar played for nearly 30 years in the domestic circuit and retired graciously.
Be it cricket or judiciary, not every selection can be explained nor can every rejection be logical. Celebrated US Supreme Court Judge, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr, once said, ‘‘The life of the law has not been logic; it has been experience.’’
No top jurist made SC judge
The Times of India, Nov 11 2015
Dhananjay Mahapatra
It's wrong to ignore constitutional provision
In its 65 years of existence, the Supreme Court has never got a `distinguished jurist' as a judge, making the Union government pitch for the implementation of a constitutional provision mandating the appointment of this rare breed to the highest court.
In its suggestions for the improvement of the collegium system, which the SC revived after quashing the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), the Centre said the non-consideration of `distinguished jurists' (experts in law) as judges of the SC despite the Constitution so mandating was wrong.
The Constitution, under Article 124, provides for the Article 124, provides for the appointment of SC judges from three sources -a person who has been a high court judge for five years; who has been an HC advocate for 10 years; and, “a person who is, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist“. Interestingly , the Constitution does not provide for the appointment of a `distinguished jurist' -Article 217(2) says judicial officers and advocates with 10 years' experience can be appointed as HC judges.
The Centre said the collegium system has traditional y selected high court chief ustices for appointment as SC judges, ignoring the two other pools of talent. The government requested a five udge bench to introduce specific criteria “for appointment of members of the bar and distinguished jurists to the SC and special emphasis placed on appointing judges from these categories given their historic under-representation“.
“Merit should not be sacrificed for seniority and a deserving candidate who may be a senior judge of an HC should also be considered for elevation to the Supreme Court without him becoming chief justice of a HC,“ the Centre said.
The Centre also suggested an annual public scrutiny of the quality of appointments made by the collegium. “Every year, an annual report on appointments ought to be published and made publicly available. This report will detail the number of appointments made and the process followed.
Collegium system failed: Law panel chief
Law commission chairman Justice A P Shah said THE collegium system’s conduct has been opaque and that appointments to higher judiciary lacked transparency.
The collegium system is so opaque that even if someone wants to speak out, he cannot do it having come through the same system, he said. “The collegium system has completely failed, judges are appointed on unknown criteria,“ Justice Shah said, calling the apex court system of appointing judges as a cabal. “It has failed as favourites get appointed and the rest are left out,“ said the former chief justice of Delhi HC. He pointed out that the collegium had gone ahead to appoint a judge at the age of 60 years when the criteria clearly says any appointment to higher judiciary has to be below the age of 55.
Centre’s arguments in support of NJAC
The Times of India, Jun 06 2015
Pradeep Thakur
In 2 decades, govt faulted 20 collegium-approved judges
The central government has in the last two decades raised objections against 15-20 recommendations of the Supreme Court collegium for appointment of judges in SC and high courts.Some of the objections were also made against the recommendations for appointment of chief justices of HCs. The information has been collated to address queries raised by a five-judge constitution bench hearing a case on the validity of the National Judicial Appointments Commission. These are part of the arguments in support of NJAC the government may present before the bench when the hearing resumes on Monday.
The Centre's objections were based on Intelligence Bureau findings, a process followed by the government in case of appointment of a new judge. Though an IB report is not `required' in case of a permanent judge's elevation, but the government may raise objections if it receives an adverse report.
A source said, in most of the cases where the government had raised objections against the collegium's recommendations, the apex court had accepted them and dropped appointments, barring three or four cases where the SC had reiterated its decision. Gopal Subramanium's case was one of them who later withdrew his candidature for SC appointment.
Earlier, the SC had asked the government to place on record facts that how many times the Centre had raised objections against collegium's recommendations and in how many cases the SC reiterated its decision.
The government has been strongly defending the NJAC which has replaced the two decades old collegium system. The six-member NJAC has dominance of apex court judges as three members are from the SC, including the CJI who is the chairman of the commission. Besides the CJI and two senior-most judges of the SC, the NJAC has the law minister and two eminent persons as the other members of the commission.
Though the NJAC was notified in April, it could not be constituted as the CJI refused to be part of the process citing pendency of the case.
The two eminent persons in the NJAC are to be appointed by a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the CJI and the leader of the largest party in Lok Sabha. The first meeting of the committee was scheduled then called off due to refusal of the CJI.
The government is likely to reiterate its commitment to the independence of the judiciary at the same time defending the NJAC.
“The independence of judiciary is derived from the service terms and condition of judges that cannot be changed to their disadvantage,“ the source said.
The collegium system undermined the efficiency of courts: Centre
The Times of India, May 09 2015
Collegium aids favouritism: Centre
Dhananjay Mahapatra
The government kept up its offensive against the judiciary's monopoly in the appointment of judges by saying that the collegium system worked like a huge favour-dispensing scheme which undermined the efficiency of courts. Supplementing attorney general Mukul Rohatgi's belligerence in seeking reference of petitions challenging validity of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) to an 11-judge bench, solicitor general Ranjit Kumar was blunt when he said on Friday , “The collegium system has done little to strengthen independence of judiciary . It has created intra-dependence among the judiciary .“
Arguing before a bench of Justices J S Khehar, J Chelameswar, Madan B Lokur, Kurian Joseph and Adarsh Goel, Kumar said the collegium's choices were thrust upon chief justices of high courts as fait accompli. For appointments to high courts, the collegiums comprised the CJI and three senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
The SG said, “I am not taking any name though I have at least 20 such examples. In 1993, the SC appropriated the power to appoint judges from the executive. It is not for judicial independence but intra-dependence. There is a former chief justice, who became an SC judge, who had said `I have to obey my masters to appoint judges in the HC because I want to go to Supreme Court'.“
The startling allegation came just before the bench broke for lunch and that was the reason why there was no response to it from the court.But if the SG's charges are true, it means there was an unwritten quid pro quo in judges' appointment -the chief justices of HCs blindly agree to the choices of the collegium to improve their chances for elevation to the Supreme Court.
Kumar said, “The collegium system has no transparency and lacks accountability. In contrast, the National Judicial Appointments Commission, brought in by a constitutional amendment, has the necessary checks and balances. NJAC will strengthen the independence of judiciary .“
Attorney general Mukul Rohatgi said the problem faced by a few additional judges, whose two-year tenure could come to an end during pendency of the challenge to NJAC's validity , should not deter the court from referring it to an 11-judge bench. “I am ready for an interim order from the court on the issue to protect the additional judges,“ he said.
“What is the hesitation in referring the matter to an 11judge bench? It is a matter of huge importance,“ the AG said. But the bench retorted, “AG, you please don't start deciding how many judges should hear the matter.“
Collegium appointed many inefficient judges: Centre
The Times of India, Jun 11 2015
AmitAnand Choudhary
A day after Supreme Court spoke out against the Centre's “hit-andtrial“ method of appointing judges -in a reference to the replacement of the old SC collegium system with the National Judicial Appointments Committee -attorney general Mukul Rohatgi on Wednesday told the SC that the collegium had appointed many undeserving and inefficient judges to the apex court and high courts who went on to create havoc in the country . Rohatgi submitted in a closed envelope a list of eight cases of what he called “bad appointments and selection“ at the instance of the SC collegium. The attorney general followed that up by referring to what he called questionable conduct by many judges, including three in Supreme Court, as he argued that the notion that only judges could appoint good judges was a “myth“.
He referred to a recent case of a Madras HC judge threatening to initiate contempt proceedings against the chief justice of the court, and asked why action had not been taken against him by the SC, which should have barred him from handling cases. “Havoc is being created in the country due to appointment of such judges.One bad fish can spoil the whole pond,“ the AG said. Attorney general Mukul Rohatgi on Wednesday cited what he called “bad appointments and selection“ of judges, in response to a five-judge Constitution bench headed by Justice J S Khehar asking the government to back up its contention against the collegium by citing instances of bad choices.
Rohatgi referred to the truancy of a former SC judge who generated headlines for lack of punctuality and could hold hearings only in afternoons. The judge used to come late even in the high court but still the collegium recommended his elevation to the SC. “This was the habit going on for the last ten years when the judge was in HC. If such was the track record then how was the judge promoted to the Supreme Court.This is not a rare single case of judicial indiscipline; many judges in various high courts come late and refuse to take up cases after lunch but the judiciary didn't take action against them,“ the AG said, adding that the government did not raise the issue as it would have been termed as interference in the independence of judiciary .
Rohatgi also pointed out that The Times of India was threatened with contempt of court for writing about the judge's lack of punctuality . Significantly , Fali S Nariman, the noted constitutional lawyer who is opposing the government on NJAC, supported Rohatgi on this. The Bench, too, chose not to join issue with him, preferring to switch to a lighter note, saying, “They are lordship in the true sense.“
AG, however, remained serious and moved to cite two other examples of appointments to the apex court by the collegium. He recalled the case of a SC judge who, according to him, was seen as inefficient, and that of yet another whose observations and comments were seen as belittling the dignity of a Supreme Court judge.
Appearing before the bench, also comprising Justices J Chelameswar, Madan B Lokur, Kurian Joseph and Adarsh Kumar Goel, the AG said the collegium system was not following the principle of meritocracy resulting in inefficient judges being appointed at the expense of deserving candidates. Without taking any names, he said many judg es in the SC and various high courts were not following court decorum and discipline.
Rohatgi said in many cases the collegium did not take into account the merit of a person and decisions to recommend names were taken on the basis of extraneous considerations.He said a retired SC judge in his entire life as a judge in various HCs did not dispose of more than 100 cases, but was still appointed to the SC; he was now a member of a Commission. The AG said there were many deserving judges who had disposed of thousands of cases but were not being promoted. He said some radical thought was required to shake up the present judicial system and NJAC was a step to bring accountability and transparency in the system.
The bench agreed with his contention that collegium made mistakes, but said that could not be the only ground to replace it.
Mr Justice Cyriac Joseph's orders
Mr Mukul Rohatgi’s arguments
The Times of India, Jun 20 2015
89 judgments in all of 115 pages: Rohatgi keeps up attack on judge
Attorney general Mukul Rohatgi ignited the sedate, academic arguments on the issue of NJAC's constitutional validity in the Supreme Court by reiterating his charge against former SC judge Justice Cyriac Joseph that he was miserly in authoring judgments. Rohatgi informed a fivejudge bench headed by Justice J S Khehar that Justice Joseph, while in Uttarakhand high court, had delivered 162 judgments. Of this, he produced copies of 89 judgments that together ran into 115 pages.
“These cannot be even called orders as they did not decide rights of the parties.These are merely stating that the petition has become infructuous or allowing the petition to be withdrawn. In Delhi high court, I know of a worse situation as I prac tised extensively when Justice Joseph was a judge. He had reserved more than 100 judgments and went out, on being transferred, without delivering the judgments, warranting re-hearing of the cases,“ Rohatgi said. Senior advocate Anil Divan shared the AG's impression.
“Of the 162 judgments, two could be called judgments as one ran into 15 pages and the other 27 pages. But both these judgments were authored by the other judge who was part of the bench headed by Justice Joseph,“ the AG said.
The court closed the chapter saying “we are not holding an inquiry into this“, and focused on arguments on petitions challenging the constitutional validity of National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), which replaced the 20-year-old collegium system wherein judges selected judges for the SC and HCs.
Mr Fali S Nariman’s arguments
Fali S Nariman, had argued for lead petitioner Supreme Court Advocates-on Record Association and said states had ratified only the constitutional amendment and not the NJAC. Hence, the government could not legitimately claim that the NJAC had been ratified by states.
Moreover, the NJAC brought out significant changes in the procedure for appointment of judges and hence should have been a part of the constitutional amendment, he said. “By not making the NJAC procedure a part of the constitutional amendment, the government has played a fraud on the Constitution which gave a lot of importance to judicial independence,“ Nariman said.
Appearing for Bar Association of India, senior advocate Anil Divan said the NJAC had opened the door for political interference in the appointment of judges, which has consistently been regarded taboo, both by the Constitution-framers and during the long period of working of the Constitution.
He distinguished the NJAC from judicial appointment commissions working in other countries, and said even in the UK, the selection process did not involve any minister or bureaucrat.
Lawyers seek CJI's recusal from judges' appointment case
A lawyers' body is set to move the Supreme Court seeking recusal of Chief Justice TS Thakur from hearing the petitions seeking expeditious filling up of vacancies in high courts, which are functioning at less than 60% strength.
National Lawyers' Campaign for Judicial Transparency and Reforms, through joint secretary AC Philip, has prepared an application to intervene in the pending petitions [in Nov 2016]. A bench of CJI, Justices DY Chandrachud and LN Rao had slammed the Centre for sitting over the recommendations by the collegium for appointment of high court judges.
It had warned the Centre that if the appointments were not expedited, it would be constrained to summon the secretary in the Prime Minister's Office and justice department secretary to seek explanations on the delay in appointment of judges. The attorney general had sought time till November 11 to report back on the progress in the appointments.
The lawyers' body in its application said judicial propriety demanded that the CJI and Justice Chandrachud recused themselves from hearing the petitions as no one could be a judge in his own case.
NLC president Mathew J Nedumpara told TOI that the CJI, on the administrative side, headed the collegium which recommended to the government the names for appointment as judges of the HCs. “How can the CJI on the judicial side hear petitions and seek expedite implementation of recommendations made by a body headed by him?“ he asked.
Karnan's selection a reflection on collegium system?
Six SC Judges, Three HC Judges Involved In His Selection Found Him Suitable
Is selection of advocate Chinnaswamy Swaminathan Karnan as a judge by the two-tier collegium a sad reflection on its ability to hunt talent for the judiciary? Would the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), which the Supreme Court quashed as unconstitutional, have been a better process to select judges to constitutional courts?
These questions were hotly debated by advocates in the SC corridors immediately after a seven-judge bench headed by CJI J S Khehar convicted Justice Karnan, a siting judge of Calcutta HC, of contempt and sentenced him to six months imprisonment.
Though one of the judges wrote in the file relating to Justice Karnan's selection as a judge of Madras HC that “he is well conversant with all branches of law“, it appears that he was not too well conversant with the contempt of court law and after becoming a judge, he forgot the consequences of defying the SC's orders.
Justice Karnan's name figured among the 14 selected in September 2008 by the Madras HC collegium comprising then Chief Justice A K Ganguly and Justices P K Mishra and S J Mukhopadhaya. Justices Ganguly and Mukhopadhaya later became SC judges while Jus tice Mishra retired as Patna HC chief justice and was appointed as Goa Lokayukta in 2016.
The names reached the then SC collegium consisting of then CJI K G Balakrishnan and Justices B N Agrawal and Arijit Pasayat.Before putting the names before the SC collegium, CJI Balakrishnan had sought the views of consulting judges -Justices Markandey Katju, V S Sirpurkar and P Sathasivam, all of whom had a stint in Madras HC as chief justice or judge.
Justice Katju said, “I approve all 14 names“ for appointment as judges to Madras HC. Justice Sirpurkar wrote he had “no objection to any name“. Justice Sathasivam recommended Karnan's appointment saying he belonged to the Dalit community and was “well conversant with all branches of law“. The favourable opinion of consulting judges cleared the path for Karnan's appointment as a judge of Madras high court in March 2009.
On March 17, TOI had spoken to judges who were part of the SC collegium in March 2009 but none of them had any recollection about Karnan's traits. “It is eight long years ago. As collegium members, we must be selected over 100 persons for appointment as judges. We mostly go by the recommendations of the HC collegium comprising the chief justice and two senior most judges.Before approving the recommendation, we do take the opinion of SC judges who associated with the HC to which the appointment is recommended,“ they said.
They also said, “There is an unwritten convention in Madras HC collegium to give opportunities to advocates from Dalit category to become judges despite the fact that there is no reservation in such appointments. Karnan always felt he was being targeted because of his Dalit background and targeted his colleague judges for this. At the same time, he did not spare other judges who like him also belonged to the Dalit community .“
On February 8, the SC had drawn contempt proceedings against Karnan for his January 23 complaint to the CBI director seeking investigation into corruption charges against 20 sitting and retired SC and HC judges.
U-turns by the collegium
2008-2019
Activist lawyers and former judges raised a storm on the collegium’s decision to rescind its recommendation for appointment of Justices Pradeep Nandrajog and Rajendra Menon as SC judges but many such Uturns were witnessed in the recent past which affected the careers of five Supreme Court judges.
TOI inquired from people with knowledge of collegium decisions over the years and found that on nine occasions in the last decade, collegium recommendations had either been rescinded or put into cold storage.
On March 10, 2008, the collegium comprising then CJI K G Balakrishnan and Justices B N Agrawal and Ashok Bhan had signed the recommendation for appointment of Allahabad high court’s Justice B S Chauhan as CJ of Orissa high court. The three met again on April 17, rescinded the earlier proposal and recommended Justice Chauhan for appointment as CJ of Jharkhand high court. However, this recommendation was never sent to the government and remained in the file.
On May 8, 2008, CJI Balakrishnan and Justices Agrawal and Bhan met again and decided to revive the March 10 proposal and recommended Justice Chauhan as CJ of Orissa high court, where he took oath in July 2008. He was appointed as an SC judge on May 11, 2009.
The same collegium on May 9, 2008, recommended appointment of Justice T S Thakur as CJ of Gujarat HC. But two months later, the collegium recalled its earlier decision and recommended Justice Thakur for CJ of Punjab and Haryana high court. He was appointed as an SC judge on November 17, 2009, and went on to become CJI on December 3, 2015.
On August 25, 2009, the collegium comprising then CJI Balakrishnan and Justices Agrawal, S H Kapadia, Tarun Chatterjee and Altamas Kabir recommended appointment of Karnataka high court CJ Paul Daniel Dinakaran as a judge of the Supreme Court. A huge controversy broke out with corruption charges flying thick and fast against him. The collegium withdrew the decision when the government returned the recommendation with adverse comments. He was later sent to Sikkim high court as CJ.
Justice J Chelameswar too experienced an U-turn by the collegium comprising the five judges who dealt with Justice Dinakaran. On August 25, 2009, it recommended Justice Chelameswar’s transfer from Gauhati high court to Karnataka high court as CJ. But two months later, it decided to defer the proposal and in March 2010, recommended his transfer to Kerala HC. Justice Chelameswar became an SC Judge on October 10, 2011.
On August 25, 2009, the collegium recommended transfer of Justice F M I Kalifulla as CJ of Himachal Pradesh high court. Two months later, the recommendation was dropped. He was transferred as a judge to J&K high court in February 2011, and became chief justice CJ there in September 2011. He was appointed as an Supreme Court judge in April 2012.
The collegium headed by then CJI Balakrishnan on April 1, 2010, had recommended transfer of Justice Madan B Lokur from Delhi high court to Karnataka high court. Eight days later, the same collegium recalled the earlier decision and recommended Justice Lokur’s appointment as CJ of Gauhati HC. In August 2010, the collegium headed by then CJI S H Kapadia decided to send Justice Lokur as CJ of AP from Gauhati high court. But this proposal was never forwarded to the government. More than a year later, the collegium recommended his transfer to AP high court as CJ, which he took charge in November 2011 and became an SC judge in June 2012.
TOI inquired from people with knowledge of collegium decisions over the years and found that on nine occasions in the last decade, collegium recommendations had either been rescinded or put into cold storage
Collegium system: Disagreement with specific decisions of
Two HP dist judges move SC, question HC collegium picks: 2024
Dhananjay Mahapatra, May 13, 2024: The Times of India
New Delhi : Questioning the process of selection of judges by the Himachal Pradesh HC collegium, two senior-most district judges have moved Supreme Court alleging that the collegium not only ignored their merit and seniority but also stepped around CJI D Y Chandrachud-led SC collegium’s specific advice for consideration of their names.
Reflecting a larger issue revolving around an oft-repeated grievance that HC collegiums do not scrupulously adhere to SC-devised process for selection of judicial officers and lawyers for appointment as HC judges, district judges of Bilaspur and Solan, Chirag Bhanu Singh and Arvind Mal- hotra, respectively, in their joint writ petition sought a direction to HC collegium to consider their names as per SC collegium’s Jan 4 resolution.
They said SC collegium’s decision to send their names for reconsideration by HC judges was followed by a communication from Union law minister to HC chief justice requesting that names of Singh and Malhotra be reconsidered by HC collegium. The judicial officers said HC collegium ignored SC collegium’s advice and law minister’s letter and without reconsidering their names, began calling for judgments of judicial officers much junior to them in a bid to step around their merit, seniority and “unblemished judicial track record”. “The facts and circumstances of the present case exhibit that petitioners’ valuable constitutional rights, pertinently their right to be considered, are being violated,” they said. Earlier, recommended by HC collegium for appointment as judges of Himachal Pradesh HC, names of Singh and Malhotra were placed for SC collegium’s consideration on July 12 last year, which was initially deferred. On Jan 4, the CJI-led collegium remitted their names to HC collegium for reconsideration. The petitioners said HC collegium last month “deliberately omitted their names”, overlooking their seniority and merit and recommended names of two “ineligible junior officers” to SC collegium for appointment as HC judges.
“The process adopted by the HC collegium stands procedurally & substantially vitiated & is contrary to established constitutional convention. Action of HC chief justice & the collegium is thus liable to be set aside,” they said, and sought a stay on the process of consideration of names of junior judicial officers by the SC collegium till SC redressed their grievances.
‘Collegium breeds nepotism’: Lawyers' Campaign
Collegium breeds nepotism: Lawyers' Campaign
The Times of India, Aug 16 2016
Lawyers question system, want their own as judges
The National Lawyers' Campaign for Judicial Transparency and Reforms said in a press release that since the collegium system came into vogue through SC judgements in the 1990s, statistics show that 50% of judges appointed to HCs were related to judges, their erstwhile juniors or senior lawyers.
2016, Sep: Allahabad HC Collegium's list includes kin of judges, politicians
The Times of India, Sep 03 2016
Pradeep Thakur
Govt sends to SC collegium a list of judge picks, but with some remarks
The government has started moving files on appointments of high court judges, beginning with the list of 44 names recommended for appointment as judges of the Allahabad HC.
The recommendations by the collegium of the HC concerned were pending with the Centre as it sought to go for a vetting exercise, taking inputs from the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and verifying certain complaints against some of the recommendations.
TOI had earlier reported how the government had put on hold the appointment of 44 judges for the Allahabad HC and asked the IB to run in tense checks on the reputation and antecedents of the candidates in view of complaints that many had made it to the coveted list largely because they were relatives of sitting and former judges.
A source said the Centre has put its “remarks“ and attached the IB reports against each recommendation as per procedure and forwarded this to the SC collegium for it to take the final call. The government has the option of sending names back to the collegium for reconsideration if it differs with the SC's recommendations. However, once reiterated, the collegium's choices will be binding on the government, requiring it to notify the appointments.
Around 30 of the 44 names recommended by the HC collegium are lawyers, and at least seven of them are related to serving and former judges of the Allahabad HC, said a source. One lawyer recommended for judgeship is related to a senior member of a leading political party while another is believed to be close to the ruling dispensation and a state government lawyer. About 14 of those recommended are from the state judicial service.
The HC collegium comprises its two most senior judges and is headed by the chief justice. Its recommendations are referred to the law ministry which runs them through the IB before forwarding the names along with its fin dings to the SC collegium to take a final decision.
The Centre also looked into whether the HC collegium had considered representation to OBCs and SCSTs while making final choices.It is believed the list of 44 has a dominance of upper castes.
Earlier, the NDA regime had cleared 115 names recommended by various HC collegiums. All these were made before the SC scrapped the NJAC Act in October 2015. Out of them, 51 judges have been appointed and the remaining 64 were rejected by the SC collegium, according to sources.
A stand-off between the Modi government and the higher judiciary on the memorandum of procedure, which lays norms for appointment of judges to the SC and the 24 HCs, had resulted in appointments of at least 250 recommendations by several HCs remaining pending.
All In The Family | 19 September 2016| Outlook India
11 out of 28 sitting SC judges [in 2016] had either judges or legal luminaries as relatives
All In The Family
SC Judges
CJI Tirat Singh Thakur
- Father Late Justice Devi Dass Thakur, addnl judge, J&K HC
- Brother Dhiraj Singh Thakur, judge of J&K HC since 2013
Justice Dipak Misra
- Uncle Late Justice Ranganath Misra, former CJI and first chairman, NHRC
Justice Madan B. Lokur
- Father
Justice Bhimji N. Lokur, former judge of Allahabad HC and former Union law secretary
Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose
- Father Late
Justice Sambhu Chandra Ghose, former CJ, Calcutta HC
Justice Sharad Arvind Bobde
- Father Former AG of Maharashtra Arvind Bobde
Justice Shiva Kirti Singh
- Father Late
Justice Shambhu Prasad Singh, Patna High Court
- Maternal grandfather Late
Justice Bhubaneswar Prasad Sinha, sixth CJI
Justice Arun Mishra
- Father Late
Justice H.G. Mishra, former judge, Madhya Pradesh HC
Justice R.F. Nariman
- Father Noted jurist Fali S. Nariman, senior advocate
Justice Uday Umesh Lalit
- Father
Justice U.R. Lalit, former additional judge, Delhi High Court
Justice Amitava Roy
- Father Late Anadi Bhushan Roy, senior advocate
- Father-in-law Late
Justice Salil Kumar Dutta, former judge, Calcutta High Court
Justice D.Y. Chandrachud
- Father Late
Justice Y.V. Chandrachud, former CJI
Former CJIs With Judicial/Legal Family Background
Justice Rajendra Mal Lodha
Father Justice Srikrishna Mal Lodha (judge, Rajasthan HC) Uncles Chand Mal Lodha (CJ, Rajasthan HC & Guwahati HC), Guman Mal Lodha (freedom fighter, CJ, Guwahati HC)
Justice Altamas Kabir
Father A minister in West Bengal Sister When she was elevated to Calcutta HC in 2010, Kabir, then a senior SC judge, claimed he had recused himself from the collegium during the selection process
Justice R.C. Lahoti
Father Ratan Lal Lahoti, advocate
Justice V.N. Khare
Uncle S.C. Khare, Indira Gandhi’s lawyer in her famous election case
Justice B.N. Kirpal
Father Amarnath Kirpal, lawyer
Source: National Lawyers’ Campaign for Judicial Transparency and Reforms
A list of 33 senior advocates recommended by the Allahabad high court collegium for judgeship in the country’s largest high court has stoked a controversy with at least onethird of them allegedly related to sitting and retired judges of the Supreme Court and the Allahabad HC.
The law ministry received several complaints from the Allahabad and Lucknow bar against the recommendations and has asked the Intelligence Bureau (IB) for a background check on each of these lawyers, sources said.
This is not the first time that recommendations made by the Allahabad HC collegium have raised eyebrows. In 2016, the HC had recommended names of 30 advocates for judgeship. After complaints from the bar and other quarters, then CJI T S Thakur had rejected the candidature of 11 advocates, resulting in approval of only 19 names. The Centre, too, had validated the allegations through background checks by the IB.
The fresh list of 33 names, sent in the last week of February, allegedly includes the brother-in-law of a sitting SC judge, a first cousin of another SC judge besides sons and nephews of several former judges of the apex court and the Allahabad HC, sources said. In all, at least 10 advocates in the list of 33 are said to be related to former or sitting judges, besides a senior advocate who is allegedly the law partner of the wife of a senior politician in Delhi, sources added.
The law ministry is also verifying if the HC collegium has given adequate representation to candidates from the SC/ST, OBC and minority communities, besides women. In the three lists of more than 83 recommendations made by the Allahabad HC since 2015, very few belonged to OBC/SC/ST, women or the minority community.
The controversy comes at a time when the Centre is demanding more transparency in appointment of judges. The SC has repeatedly refused to approve the draft memorandum of procedure (MoP) for appointment of judges prepared by the government.
The MoP has been pending with the SC collegium since last year. The government-proposed MoP has suggested a broader framework to create a pool of candidates from which the HC collegium could pick candidates, including a consultation mechanism where all judges of an HC or SC bench are consulted before shortlisting names.
At present, only the chief justice of the HC, along with the two seniormost judges of the HC, form the collegium. It draws up a list of candidates and sends it to the SC collegium for its approval and recommendation to the government for appointment. A copy of the list is also sent by the HC collegium to the law ministry and the governor for background checks. The law ministry only works as a post office, collating IB reports and reports received from the state government and the governor and sends them to the SC collegium.
Even in 2016, the HC had recommended names of 30 advocates for judgeship. After complaints from the bar, then CJI T S Thakur had rejected 11 advocates’ candidature, resulting in approval of only 19 names
2018: 11/ 33 Allahabad HC nominees allegedly relatives/ associates of sitting/ retired judges
Pradeep Thakur, Advocates picked for HC posts close to judges, April 15, 2018: The Times of India
The government has received multiple complaints alleging nepotism in recent recommendations by the Allahabad high court collegium for the appointment of 33 advocates as judges of the country’s largest high court.
The complaints, received by the PMO and law ministry, have been referred for an Intelligence Bureau (IB) inquiry with at least 11 advocates allegedly claimed to be close relatives and associates of sitting and retired judges of the Supreme Court and the high court. The cases include the brother-in-law of a current SC judge, a first cousin of another, besides sons and nephews of present and former judges.
In a similar case in 2016, the Allahabad HC collegium had recommended names of 30 advocates for judgeship. After complaints from bar associations and other quarters about recommendations, including close relatives of judges and politicians, then CJI T S Thakur had rejected candidature of 11 advocates, resulting in approval of only 19 names. The Centre, too, had validated the allegations through background checks by the IB.
Though an IB check is mandatory and routine in the case of judicial appointments, the specific charges or allegations of nepotism will be examined in the context of the government receiving complaints.
The latest recommendations of the Allahabad HC collegium were made in February this year. The government is also awaiting comments from the governor and UP CM on the recommendations, a mandatory procedure apart from an IB verification.
One candidate in the list of 33 is a law partner of a sitting judge of the HC and another a law partner of the wife of an important political functionary. According to the complaints, scheduled castes (SCs), scheduled tribes (STs) and other backward castes (OBCs) have found a lesser representation in the list.
TOI had in its edition dated March 12 reported that the government has received recommendations from the Allahabad HC collegium for appointment of 33 advocates as judges of the HC. The Allahabad HC currently has 100 judges against a sanctioned strength of 160.
The law ministry, which has received the recommendations of the HC collegium for background verifications, is looking into complaints and will take a view once it receives inputs from the IB and the state government. As per the procedure, the HC collegium sends its recommendation to the SC collegium with a copy to the law ministry for background checks. The concerned governor and the CM provide comments, if any.
After it receives all reports the law ministry sends the dossier with its overall evaluation of the recommendations to the SC collegium for the latter’s consideration.
The allegations raise questions of under-representation of Dalits and minorities as the list is dominated by upper castes. The government’s insistence for transparency in appointment of judges in the higher judiciary by evolving a mechanism for wider consultation and evaluation of candidates has resulted in a deadlock over finalisation of the memorandum of procedure (MoP) that sets out guidelines for appointments. The MoP is currently pending with the SC collegium for almost a year after the Centre had sent suggestions last year to be incorporated in the guidelines for all future appointments.
The government-proposed MoP has suggested a broader framework to create a pool of candidates from which the HC collegium could pick candidates, including a mechanism where all judges of the HC concerned are consulted before shortlisting names. Similarly, for all appointments in SC, all judges of the apex court are given opportunity to suggest a list of prospective candidates.
Currently, only the HC chief justice, along with two seniormost judges of the court, form the collegium and decides a list of candidates to be recommended. In the SC, the collegium comprises the CJI and four seniormost judges of the apex court.
The complaints, received by the PMO and law ministry, have been referred for an IB inquiry with at least 11 advocates allegedly claimed to be close relatives and associates of sitting and retired judges of Supreme Court and HC
Govt gives proof of nepotism in picks for HC judges
Gives List Showing 11 Of 33 Recommendations Linked To Sitting Judges
Showing the mirror to the Supreme Court collegium on nepotism cases in proposals for judgeship, the Centre has for the first time mentioned relationships of advocates with sitting and retired high court and apex court judges in at least 11 instances among 33 recommendations for the Allahabad HC.
The government has forwarded the list of 33 advocates, recommended by the Allahabad HC collegium in February, with its own findings to the apex court collegium after evaluating their competence. This involved scrunity of reputation in the legal fraternity in terms of personal and professional integrity and overall competence.
However, in a rare move, the government has also mentioned relations of candidates with sitting and retired judges, making a point for the apex court collegium to disregard such recommendations and create a level playing field for other competent advocates to make the grade.
A similar recommendation was made by the Allahabad HC collegium two years ago when it had sent names of 30 advocates had led the then Chief Justice of India T S Thakur rejecting candidature of 11 lawyers and recommending only 19 as HC judges. The 2016 list was also packed with kith and kin of judges and politicians.
The TOI had reported on March 12 how the list sent by the Allahabad HC collegium had close relatives of judges, including a brother-in-law of a sitting SC judge, a first cousin of another SC judge besides sons and nephews of several former judges of the apex court and Allahabad HC.
In all, at least 11 advocates in the list of 33 are said to be related to former or sitting judges, besides a senior advocate who is allegedly the law partner of the wife of a senior politician in Delhi.
TOI had reported on April 15 that a case of “nepotism” was taken to the prime minister’s office (PMO) and the Union law ministry through multiple complaints generated from bar associations of the Allahabad HC seeking a transparent process.
Interestingly, after a thorough examination of candidates in the present set of recommendations, the government has found not more than 11-12 advocates competent to be made judges. Sources said serious efforts have been made to recommendations by scrutinising their eligibility.
Sources said the list sent by the Allahabad HC collegium in February has negligible representation of the SC/ST, OBC and minority community, has many upper castes with one particular community having more than half-a-dozen candidates, something the Centre has also highlighted to the apex court collegium. In the three lists of over 83 recommendations made by the Allahabad HC since 2015, very few belonged to OBC/SC/ST, women or the minority community.
A similar recommendation was made by the Allahabad HC collegium two years ago when it had sent names of 30 advocates that led then Chief Justice T S Thakur to reject candidature of 11 lawyers and recommend only 19 as HC judges
The lineage of judges, as in 2022
Dhananjay Mahapatra, Nov 25, 2022: The Times of India
New Delhi : The Supreme Court collegium headed by the CJI is mandated, by two Constitution bench judgments in the 1990s, to choose judges on merit, with an eye on seniority, and ensure representational balance based on region and community.
Regional balance has seldom been achieved with many high courts going unrepresented in the SC for long years. Meritorious and senior judges from these unrepresented HCs, who have spent considerable time heading the judiciaries of various states, continue to wait in the hope that they would receive the all-important nod from the collegium.
Community-based balance is never achieved in the SC, which may be without a judge from the Muslim community if the collegium does not recommend a name from that community who would be appointed as SC judge prior to the retirement of Justice S Abdul Nazeer on January 4. Many detractors of the collegium system, which even insiders had termed as an opaque system that makes compromises while adopting ‘you scratch my back, I scratch yours’ approach, allege that lineage of the candidates has traditionally been one of the important considerations for their appointment as Constitution court judges.
One who stands out is Justice C T Ravikumar, whose father was a bench clerk in the trial court at Changanassery, Kerala. There are many first-generation lawyers who have made it to the SC, which at present has 27 judges. From their biodatas uploaded in SC website, the first-generation lawyers who are now SC judges include Justices Nazeer, Surya Kant, A Bose, A S Bopanna, Krishna Murari, S R Bhat, V Ramasubramanian, Hrishikesh Roy, J K Maheshwari, Hima Kohli and M M Sundresh. Six of the present judges had their father either as SC judge or HC judge. CJI D Y Chandrachud’s father Y V Chandrachud was the 16th CJI of India; Justice K M Joseph’s father K K Mathew was an SC judge from 1971-76; Justice Sanjiv Khanna’s father was a Delhi HC judge, and his uncle was the illustrious Justice H R Khanna who was denied CJI post for defying Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s emergency eradiktat.
Father of Justice B V Nagarathna (who would become first woman CJI for 36 days in 2027) was former CJI E S Venkataramiah, who was in top post for six months in his 10-year stint as a judge. Fathers of both Justices P S Narasimha and Sudhanshu Dhulia were high court judges.
Justice Bela Trivedi, whorose from the trial court to the SC, was appointed a civil judge in Ahmedabad district court where her father too was a judge. The SC judges whose fathers were eminent lawyers are Justices M R Shah, A Rastogi, Dinesh Maheshwari, A S Oka, Vikram Nath and J B Pardiwala.
Justice Sanjay K Kaul had a distinguished lineage with his ancestors serving in high positions in royalty in Kashmir and across the border. Justice B R Gavai’s father is well known parliamentarian and social activist S R Gavai, who was also former governor of Bihar and Kerala. Justice A S Bopanna’s father was a known politician in erstwhile Janata Party in Karnataka.
There had been numerous instances of supersessions in appointments to the SC, the most recent being the appointments of Justices Dhulia and Pardiwala. Justice Dhulia superseded 23CJs/ acting CJs and six HC judges. Justice Pardiwalanot only superseded allCJs/acting CJs of HCs,also jumped over 25 more HCjudges.
Collegium: controversies
Supersessions, till 2019
Justice Sanjiv Khanna’s all-India seniority was 33 and that of Justice K M Joseph was 42 when the Supreme Court collegium headed by Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi recommended their appointment as SC judges.
Justice Khanna’s elevation attracted criticism from activist lawyers and ex-CJIs. They argued it would violate the golden ‘seniority rule’ and bring chaos in judges’ appointments. Indira Jaising termed it “blunder beyond repair” that could cause implosion in a “demoralised judiciary”. Ex-CJIs K G Balakrishnan, R M Lodha and J S Khehar joined in to advocate cardinality of seniority rule. We will examine a little later whether the three, when they were in the collegium, respected ‘seniority’ principle in appointments to the SC.
If Justice Khanna’s 33rd rank in seniority list attracted such derision, it is but natural to assume that Justice Joseph’s 42nd position would have made the activist-lawyers ooze vitriol. Strangely, it was just the opposite. The government was opposing elevation of Justice Joseph on the very same ‘seniority’ ground when activistlawyers were unabashedly pushing for his appointment.
Petitions were filed in the SC seeking his immediate appointment. When Justice Joseph was appointed as an SC judge in August 2018, he superseded 38 judges senior to him, including Justices D B Bhosale, V K Tahilramani, N H Patil, Indira Banerjee and Vineet Saran. Two women judges senior to him were superseded, and yet the activist-lawyers remained silent.
Can anyone explain such a U-turn within a span of six months? Author Mark Mancini informs us that there are seven living beings which change colour better than chameleons. Mancini probably did not know about activist-lawyers.
The phenomenon of supersession is as old as SC itself. After death of first CJI Harilal Jekisundas Kania in 1951, there was a move by PM Jawaharlal Nehru to appoint B K Mukherjea, then number three in SC, as CJI by superseding Justices Patanjali Sastri and M C Mahajan. Justice Mukherjea’s resignation threat rebuffed persistent persuasions and Justice Sastri duly became CJI.
Justices J M Shelat, K S Hegde and A N Grover were superseded by Justice A N Ray in 1973 for the CJI post. The three were punished for iron-casting inviolability of ‘basic structure’ of Constitution and foiling Indira government’s nefarious design to amend fundamental rights. The supersession had sparked sporadic support to principle of seniority for appointment as CJI and judges to the SC.
The principle garnered more support when the Congress government appointed Justice M Hameedullah Beg as CJI in January 1977, superseding Justice Hans Raj Khanna, who was punished for being the lone man standing for fundamental rights against the government’s Emergency powers. CJI Ray and Justices Beg, Y V Chandrachud and P N Bhagwati agreed that Emergency could annul fundamental rights, including right to life. Khanna resigned.
When CJI Beg retired, a section of advocates who had opposed violation of seniority in appointment of Justices Ray and Beg as CJIs made a U-turn and demanded supersession of Justices Chandrachud and Bhagwati in violation of the very same ‘seniority rule’ to which they had lent support earlier. In July 1987, Justice D A Desaiheaded Law Commission in its report had summarised it beautifully, “In short, as members of Law Commission, they (these advocates) expressed opinion against automatic promotion on the basis of seniority alone. In a later controversy, supersession itself was perceived by them as a threat to independence of judiciary. At another stage, with regard to same institution, they said that if supersession was not resorted to, the ‘committed judges’ would destroy independence of judiciary.” How true it is even after 30 years.
Let us examine how ex-CJIs, Justices Balakrishnan, Lodha and Khehar, were comfortable with supersession when they were part of the collegium and recommended appointments to the SC. On November 24, 2009, CJI Balakrishnan-headed collegium superseded a much senior Justice Gyan Sudha Mishra and recommended appointment of ‘junior’ Justice C K Prasad in SC.
On July 21, 2011, CJI S H Kapadia-led collegium superseded a ‘senior’ in Justice J N Patel to prefer a ‘junior’ in Justice Ranjana P Desai for appointment as SC judge.
When Justice Lodha was in the collegium, he consented to supersession of Justices Barin Ghosh and Bhaskar Bhattacharya. Justice P C Ghose was recommended to be appointed as SC judge. Recorded reason for supersession in collegium minutes of Feb 12, 2013, “Not suitable to hold office of SC judge, their elevation would prove counter-productive and not conducive to administration of justice.”
Again in Jan 2014, when Justice Lodha was number two in the SC, he was party to the collegium’s decision to supersede Justices Yatindra Singh and V M Sahai and recommend appointment of Justice R K Agarwal. Well, Justice Lodha seems to have forgotten his own decisions.
Led by CJI Khehar, the collegium on February 1, 2017, had decided to supersede Justices H G Ramesh and Manjula Chellur and recommended appointment of Justice S Abdul Nazeer, much junior in all-India seniority list, as SC judge. The collegium attempted to placate Justice Ramesh with the offer of CJ of Madras HC. He declined and wrote to the CJI, “My supersession on ground of giving representation to a minority in the SC by recommending the name of a judge, who is junior to me, is certainly not correct.” Did activist-lawyers or retired CJIs voice even a murmur of dissent then?
Examples are plenty. Justice R C Lahoti superseded the far more senior Justice Y K Sabharwal to the SC and went on to precede him as CJI. Justice G S Singhvi was superseded numerous times before being appointed as SC judge. Justice Dalveer Bhandari superseded Justices Singhvi, Aftab Alam and D K Jain in getting into the SC.
So, why do activist-lawyers and ex-judges turn red to some supersessions while green lighting others? It is an enigma that has been present in different hues since 1951. We must learn to live with [ India Today].
Opacity
HC/ 2024: Reasons for SC collegium rejecting picks can’t be disclosed
July 5, 2024: The Times of India
New Delhi : The reasons for the SC collegium rejecting recommendations for HC judgeship cannot be made public, Delhi HC has ruled, underlining that such disclosure will be detrimental to candidates and “stifle” the appointment process.
A bench of acting Chief Justice Manmohan and Justice Tushar Rao Gedela, while dismissing a plea seeking a direction to the SC collegium to publish the reasons for rejecting certain names recommended by HC collegiums, said the law regarding appointment of judges to SC and high courts is well settled, and the top court has repeatedly drawn a distinction between eligibility and suitability of a candidate.
“…the appointment of a judge to HC or SC is an integrated, consultative and non-adversarial process which cannot be challenged in a court of law except on the ground of want of consultation with the named constitutional functionaries or lack of any condition of eligibility in the case of an appointment, or of a transfer being made without the recommendation of the CJI ,” the bench said in a recent ruling.
“Further, publication of reasons for rejection will be detrimental to the interests and standing of people whose names have been recommended by high courts, as (SC) collegium deliberates and decides on the basis of information which is private to the individual being considered. Such information, if made public, will have the effect of stifling the appointment process,” it further said.
The petitioner had sought directions to the SC collegium to provide the “qualification” considered for appointment as an HC judge.
Stalemate on memorandum of procedure; disagreements with collegium
Consequences: 2016
hurdle in judges' selection Nov 20 2016 : The Times of India (Delhi)
ii) The highest number of judges appointed in a year;
iii) The number of judges appointed by the NDA government in 2016
The Times of India
HC Judges Named In 2016 Against Average 80'
(In 2016 Chief Justice T S Thakur said that the government was deliberately delaying the appointment of judges to high courts) Rejecting these accusations, the Centre hit back with statistics, disclosing that it had appointed 120 HC judges this year, against an annual average of 80 appointments since 1990.
After scanning records available on appointment of judges since 1990, the law ministry said that on an average, 80 judges were appointed to HCs on the recommendation of the judiciary every year. Two judgments of the Supreme Court in the 1990s took away from the executive the power to select judges.
“The number of judges appointed was 121in 2013, the highest in a year since 1990. But the Union government by November this year has appointed 120 judges, just one short of the highest number ever appointed in a year in the last 25 years. Is it fair in this context to accuse the government of delaying appointment of judges to the HCs? Does the statistics justify the remark that the government is attempting to lock out the HCs?“ a ministry source asked.
“We have always honoured recommendations from the collegium for appointment of a fairly selected person as judge of a high court.We have been prompt. The statistics tell the true story. In 2016, we are just one short of the record number of judges ever appointed in a single calendar year,“ law minister Ravi Shankar Prasad told TOI.
Though the minister refu sed to be drawn into the ongoing spat between the executive and judiciary over appointments, sources in the ministry were quite vocal about their disagreement with the views emanating from the Supreme Court on the appointment process. They did concede that very few appointments took place in 2015, mainly due to the stalemate over the National Judicial Appointments Commission. Sources in the ministry attributed the fall in appointments in 2015 to the pendency of petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the National Judicial Appointments Commission and refusal of the then Chief Justice H L Dattu to head the NJAC when the Supreme Court was adjudicating its validity .
Though the government has been appointing judges to the high courts as fast as it could after proper scrutiny , the main stumbling block in speeding up the process is non-finalisation of the memorandum of procedure (MoP) for effecting appointments though HCs are reeling under a 43% vacancy in post of judges.
A five-judge bench of the SC headed by Justice J S Khehar, who is slated to become Chief Justice of India on January 4, had on October 15 last year struck down the NJAC but conceded there were inherent lacunae in the collegium system.
On December 15, it directed the Centre to redraft the MoP in consultation with the CJI, who would voice opinion after taking view of all members.
A source said: “The ministry had sent the redrafted MoP to the collegium on August 7. Nearly three and half months have passed since then. The government is yet to hear from the collegium on this issue. MoP is the crucial component of selection of judges. Why is it being delayed? Can the SC on judicial side force the government to continue with the appointment of judges which clearly goes against the mandate of the fivejudge bench?“
2018: Bid to elevate Uttarakhand HC CJ
Centre, collegium in fresh showdown, February 9, 2018: The Times of India
Bid To Elevate U’khand HC CJ Stirs Row
The SC collegium’s decision to recommend Uttarakhand HC chief justice K M Joseph for elevation to the apex court has sparked a fresh showdown with the Centre which has raised strong objections to the selection panel ignoring the seniority of several other judges and CJs of HCs.
The government has argued that Justice Joseph stands 45th in the order of seniority among HC judges and 12th when it comes to CJs of HCs and his elevation overlooks the claims of senior chief justices such as Justice Indira Banerjee, Justice Vineet Saran, Justice Ajit Singh, Justice Rajinder Menon, Justice Pradeep Nandrajog, Justice D B Bhosale and Justice S J Vazifdar.
Senior government sources indicated that the collegium could be asked to rethink its recommendation and also pointed out that there was a skew in the SC with over-representation of Kerala HC. The Kerala HC has a strength of 47 judges and has one representation in the SC in Justice Kurian Joseph. Two judges of the HC — Justices T B Radhakrishnan and Anthony Dominic who are now CJs — are due to be elevated soon.
It is also felt the collegium’s recommendation to appoint senior advocate Indu Malhotra along with Justice K M Joseph is not necessarily twinned. The Centre can approve one and not the other.
Sources in the government are also laying great store by Justice J Chelameswar who missed out on being the Chief Justice of India because the collegium did not adhere to the principle of seniority and this delayed his elevation to the SC. As part of the SC’s constitution bench which struck down the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), he disagreed with his colleagues who upheld the status quo where the collegium has the sole say in appointment of judges to the SC and HCs.
“There is no accountability in this regard. The records are absolutely beyond the reach of any person including the judges of this court who are not lucky enough to become the Chief Justice of India. Such a state of affairs does not either enhance the credibility of the institution or is good for the people of this country,” sources in the government quoted from Justice Chelameswar’s dissenting verdict.
Justice Chelameswar, the second seniormost judge after the CJI, has raised a banner of revolt along with three other seniormost judges over CJI Dipak Misra not following the seniority principle in allocating important cases to benches.
April 2018/ Justice Joseph: Centre rejects the recommendation by Collegium
HIGHLIGHTS
Ravi Shankar Prasad said the government's rejection of Joseph's name has approval of the President and the PM
"It would also not be fair and justified to other more senior, suitable and deserving Chief Justices and senior judges of various High Courts," Prasad said in his letter to CJI
In a fresh confrontation with the judiciary, the government on Thursday told the Supreme Court collegium to reconsider its proposal to appoint Uttarakhand high court chief justice KM Joseph to the top court, saying the elevation may not be "appropriate".
The government received immediate support from the collegium head, Chief Justice Dipak Misra, who said the executive was well within its rights + to reject Justice Joseph's name while accepting the second name even though both were recommended for elevation together by the collegium. The names of Malhotra and Justice Joseph were recommended by the collegium in January.
In a letter to Justice Misra, union law minister Ravi Shankar Prasad said the government's rejection of Justice Joseph's name has approval of the President and the Prime Minister and also flagged that the SCs/STs have no representation in the Supreme Court since long.
"The proposed appointment of ... Joseph as a Judge of the Supreme Court at this stage does not appear to be appropriate," Prasad said in the letter. "It would also not be fair and justified to other more senior, suitable and deserving Chief Justices and senior judges of various High Courts."
In theory, the collegium can still reject the government's proposal and re-send Justice Joseph's name to the law ministry, which can then decide the future action.
The government's opposition to Justice Joseph's elevation is likely to deepen the rift between the executive and the judiciary.
In a ruling in 2016, Justice Joseph had cancelled President's rule in Uttarakhand and brought back to power the then Congress government of Harish Rawat in the state. The judgement was seen at that time as a major setback to the BJP-ruled government at the Centre.
The government's decision against Justice Joseph's elevation evoked sharp reactions with the Supreme Court Bar Association President terming it as "disturbing" and the main opposition party, Congress, asserting that the independence of the judiciary "is in danger" and asking if it would now speak in one voice that "enough is enough".
Meanwhile, the apex court rejected a plea of senior advocate Indira Jaisingh to stay the warrant of apointment of Malhotra.
Notification announcing the appointment of Malhotra was issued this morning by the department of justice in the law ministry.
"... the government has been constrained to segregate the recommendation of the Supreme Court ... such segregation of proposals has been done in many cases earlier, which include appointment of judges to various HCs and even the SC in the interest of expeditious action on appointments," Prasad told Justice Misra.
In June 2014, the then Chief Justice of India R M Lodha had written to the government making it clear that the executive cannot segregate recommendations without prior approval of the collegium. This had happened when the government had had decided against elevating senior lawyer and former solicitor general Gopal Subramanium to the Supreme Court, while accepting other recommendations of the collegium, a group of senior most judges of the Supreme Court that decides on appointment of the apex court judges.
But in the meantime, Subramanium withdrew his consent to be recommended for the judgeship.
In his six-page letter this morning, Union minister Prasad said in the all-India high court judges seniority list, Justice Joseph is placed at serial number 42.
"There are presently 11 chief justices of various high courts who are senior to him in the all-India high court judges seniority list," he said.
Out of a sanctioned strength of 1079 judges, the 24 HCs have 669 judges.
Noting that the parent high court of Justice Joseph, the Kerala high court, has adequate representation in the Supreme Court and other high courts, Prasad said the high courts of Calcutta, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Maniur and Meghalaya have no representation in the top court.
"It may be relevant to mention here that there is no representation of SCs/STs in the Supreme Court since long," the letter read.
Quoting two Supreme Court judgements, the letter also said that senior HC judges should entertain hopes of elevation to the SC and the CJI and the collegium should bear this in mind.
While recommending the name of Justice Joseph for the top court, the collegium had said that he is "more deserving and suitable in all respects than other chief justices and senior puisne judges of high courts for being appointed as judge of the Supreme Court of India".
The collegium had taken into consideration combined seniority on all-India basis of chief justices and senior puisne judges of high courts, apart from their merit and integrity, the body of top five judges of the Supreme Court had said.
But government sources said the "campaign" to project Justice Joseph as a victim of the order was "disturbing". "It is baseless ... Justice J S Khehar struck down the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act. He was appointed as the CJI," they pointed out.
Centre blocks 2 judge nominees of SC collegium
Joseph As SC Judge, Kant As HP CJ In Doubt
In a blow to the Supreme Court collegium, already bleeding from internal dissension, the Centre has cited breach of “seniority” to block recommendations to appoint Uttarakhand high court Chief Justice K M Joseph as a judge of the SC and Justice Surya Kant of Punjab and Haryana HC as CJ of the Himachal Pradesh high court.
The names of Justices Joseph and Kant were recommended by the collegium to the Centre on January 10 for appointment as SC judge and CJ of Himachal high court, respectively. That was two days before differences among them erupted in public, with Justices J Chelameswar, Ranjan Gogoi, Madan B Lokur and Kurian Joseph holding a press conference to criticise the decisions of Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra.
However, a month and 20 days later, the twin recommendations are yet to be implemented.
While making the unanimous recommendation on January 10, the CJI-headed collegium had said, “(Justice K M Joseph) is more deserving and suitable in all respects than other chief justices and senior judges of the high courts for being appointed as SC judge.”
A thaw?
2018: Govt has right to refer name back to collegium: SC
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From: Dhananjay Mahapatra, Govt has right to refer name back to collegium: SC, April 27, 2018: The Times of India
Court Refuses To Stay Indu Malhotra’s Appointment, Says It’s ‘Unimaginable, Unthinkable, Inconceivable, Never Heard Of’
The Supreme Court refused to stay Indu Malhotra’s appointment and said it was the Centre’s prerogative to seek reconsideration of a name recommended for appointment as a judge of a constitutional court. It added that the collegium would deal with it as per SC judgments laying down guidelines and the Constitution.
A bench of Chief Justice Dipak Misra and Justices A M Khanwilkar and D Y Chandrachud took exception to a group of lawyers led by Indira Jaising and P V Dinesh seeking an urgent hearing on a petition they planned to file questioning the Centre’s decision to clear Malhotra’s appointment as SC judge but referring Uttarakhand Chief Justice K M Joseph’s name back to the collegium for reconsideration.
“We are not against Malhotra’s appointment. But since both the names were sent together, the Centre cannot segregate, decide to appoint one and refer the other back to the collegium for reconsideration. It has to be either appoint both or send back both for reconsideration. We want a stay on Malhotra’s appointment,” Jaising said.
The bench said, “Lawyers seeking stay of appointment of a senior advocate as Supreme Court judge is unimaginable, unthinkable, inconceivable and never heard of. How can warrant of appointment be stayed? It is a constitutional mandate. There is no constitutional provision to stay a warrant of appointment issued by the President.”
Though Jaising dropped the demand for stay on Malhotra’s appointment, she vehemently argued that the Centre could not have resorted to “cherry picking” by stalling appointment of Justice Joseph only because he had authored the judgment quashing the NDA government’s decision to impose President’s rule in Uttarakhand.
The bench said, “Cherry picking is a serious issue and that can be dealt with constitutionally by the SC on the judicial side. However, the government has a right to refer back a name for reconsideration to the collegium. The collegium will deal with it as per the judgments of the Supreme Court laying down guidelines for the collegium in selecting persons for appointment as judges of the SC and HCs. The government does not need the collegium’s permission to refer back a name for reconsideration.”
The SC told Jaising that a grave situation would emerge if the judiciary insisted that the government appoint all names recommended by the collegium or none at all. “We all have been chief justices of high courts. We have seen how difficult it is to select the right persons for judgeship. If the collegium recommends 35 names for appointment as judges and the government clears 30 names but sends back five for reconsideration, should all 35 names be kept on hold?”
“There are situations where the collegium recommends four names and the government clears three while holding back one. In this case, it may affect seniority and future career prospects. But in the present case, the senior advocate from the bar (Indu Malhotra) takes oath first, it does not affect the career prospects of Justice Joseph,” it said.
The government asserts itself
2019/ ‘The govt. is not a post office’
Dhananjay Mahapatra, June 10, 2019: The Times of India
Till 1990, post offices and postmen were integral to people’s lives. Inland letters, post cards and telegrams brought happiness, sorrow, cheer and tears. Advancement in modes of communication, especially the arrival of mobile phones and internet-based social media spelt the doom for post offices and letter writing.
After voters reaffirmed their faith in the BJP-led NDA government headed by Narendra Modi, politics has breathed life into post offices. Cashing in on the irritability of West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee to chants of ‘Jai Shri Ram’, state BJP workers are sending her thousands of ‘Jai Shri Ram’ inscribed post cards. It is difficult to assess whether this political move will raise postal revenue but it will remind many of the nostalgia of post cards, now a dying species, and the postman, romanticised in novels and movies.
Post office was referred to by lawyer-cum-politician Ravi Shankar Prasad after assuming charge of the law and justice ministry last week. On appointment of judges, he said, “As law minister, I will not be a post office simpliciter. The law minister and the law ministry has a role as a stakeholder, obviously giving due regard and respect to the collegium system. But as law minister, neither I nor my department will remain a post office. We have a stake and we shall continue to pursue that stake in consultation with the Supreme Court and high courts to expedite appointments.”
It was less a statement and more a protest against the manner in which the SC, through two judgments in 1993 and 1998, took over the process for selection of persons for appointment as judges of constitutional courts.
Prasad was signalling to the CJI-headed collegium comprising senior SC judges that the law minister and the ministry would no longer just receive and implement the collegium’s recommendations.
He also appeared to be venting the NDA government’s frustration over the SC’s 2015 decision to strike down a constitutional amendment, passed in Parliament with unanimity among political parties, to establish National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). The aftermath of the judgment saw an unsavoury stalemate between the executive and the judiciary over appointment of judges to the SC and HCs.
The collegium led by then CJI H L Dattu had recommended 75 persons for appointment as judges in various high courts. The government stalled 20 names. The collegium led by then CJI T S Thakur recommended 185 names for appointment as HC judges. Though law minister Prasad took credit that year for creating a record by appointing 126 HC judges, the fact remained that 59 names were held back or returned to the collegium for reconsideration.
The story hasn’t been different for succeeding CJIs. Of the 94 names recommended by Justice J S Khehar-led collegium, the government held back/returned 36 names for reconsideration. During CJI Dipak Misra’s tenure, the Centre held back/returned 55 of 97 recommended names for reconsideration.
If the postal department had such a statistical record, that is if only 126 of 185 letters reached their destination, the people would have lost faith in it. So, Prasad was wrong in comparing himself and his ministry to a postman or post office. As for the message he wanted to deliver, he already did that effectively in his last tenure by withholding or seeking reconsideration of recommendations for appointment as HC judges.
Five years ago, Prasad had introduced the 121st constitutional amendment bill in Parliament for establishment of NJAC comprising the CJI, two most senior SC judges, law minister and two eminent persons to be selected by a panel of CJI, PM and leader of opposition.
In his speech in Parliament, Prasad had made no bones about his discomfort with the1993 and1998 SC judgments which, according to him, reduced the executive to mere ‘post office’ in appointment of judges. The two SC judgments took the drastic step of introducing collegium system mainly to maintain independence of judiciary and insulate it from political interference, which was experienced too often during the Congress governments headed by Indira Gandhi, including the unholy supersession of most senior judges.
Prasad had said, “All of us want independence of judiciary and give respect for that. But when I say ‘independence of judiciary’, I must reiterate that the sanctity of Parliament is equally important… supremacy of Parliament is equally important. While I say that independence of judiciary is important, separation of power is equally a basic structure, it is also part of the Constitution.”
Prasad referred to a Law Commission report to summarise his disillusionment with the judge-appointingjudge system. “The Union law minister is accountable to Parliament for the delay in filling up of vacancies of judges, but he has functionally no contribution to make. The SC read into the Constitution a power to appoint judges, that was not conferred upon it by the text or the context. The underlying purpose of securing judicial independence was salutary, but the method of acquiring for the court, the executive power to appoint judges, by the process of judicial interpretation is open to question,” the commission had said.
The commission was right, the law minister is accountable to Parliament for speedy filling up of vacancies. Who else as he is the sole interface between the collegium and the executive? To remain answerable to Parliament is a healthy requirement in a democracy. The minister should not mind even if the executive has a diminished role in selection of judges.
Prevalent procedure, as laid down by the SC judgments, articulates and defines the role of the CJI, the collegium and the executive.
But to cite ‘post office’ to portray himself and the executive as inconsequential in the process for judges’ appointment could possibly be interpreted to mean that the Modiled government, having returned with a bigger mandate, is preparing afresh to establish an NJAC-like mechanism to dismantle the judge-appointing-judge system. Did Prasad mean to convey this?
SC asserts itself
2023 July
Dhananjay Mahapatra, July 20, 2023: The Times of India
New Delhi : The Supreme Court collegium has overruled objections of the Union department of justice to recommend the appointment of four advocates as judges of Bombay, Madras and Karnataka high courts, saying their elevation would increase the representation of women, marginalised communities and tax experts in constitutional courts.
The collegium of CJI DY Chandrachud and Justices SK Kaul and Sanjiv Khanna recommended the appointment of Manjusha Ajay Desh pande for Bombay HC, N Senthilkumar and G Arul Murugan for Madras HC and KV Aravind for Karnataka HC.
2023: “silence is approval”
Dhananjay Mahapatra, Oct 13, 2023: The Times of India
NEW DELHI: The Supreme Court collegium headed by CJI D Y Chandrachud has recommended to the Union government appointment of 13 judicial officers and five advocates as judges of various high courts, three of whom were made invoking a rarely used "silence is approval" clause in the Memorandum of Procedure (MoP).
Para 14 of the MoP for appointment of HC judges provides that if comments of the state constitutional authorities are not received within six weeks from the date of receipt of the proposal from the HC chief justice, it should be presumed by the Union minister of law and justice that the governor and chief minister have nothing to add to the proposal and proceed accordingly.
The collegium of CJI, Justices Sanjay K Kaul and Sanjiv Khanna invoked MoP to recommend appointments of judicial officers Biswajit Palit and Sabyasachi D Purkayastha as judges of the Tripura HC and Vimal Kanaiyalal Vyas as judge of Gujarat HC.
Interestingly, the collegium recommended appointment of retired district judge Shalinder Kaur and district judge Ravinder Dudeja, at present registrar general of Delhi HC, as judges of the Delhi HC. The five judicial officers recommended for appointment as judges of Kerala HC are M B Snehalata, Johnson John, G Girish, C Pratheepkumar and P Krishna Kumar. For the Bombay HC, the collegium recommended appointment of three judicial officers Abhay J Mantri, Shyam C Chandak and Neeraj P Dhote. Advocate Ravindra Kumar Agrawal's name has been recommended for appointment as judge of the Chhattisgarh HC.
More than four and half years after Justice M V Muralidaran was transferred from Madras HC to Manipur HC, the SC collegium recommended his transfer to Calcutta HC rejecting his request for either continuance at Manipur HC or transfer to his parent HC, since he is due for retirement in April 2024.
B
Ad hoc, fast-track court judges
2012, SC: MC Verma: ad hoc judges have no right to post
The Times of India, Aug 09 2016
Dhananjay Mahapatra
Fast-track court judge fails CJI's law test
An aspiring district judge, ordered by a high court to be appointed to that post, ended up ruining his case as he failed to answer CJI T S Thakur's elementary questions on law and procedure in a packed courtroom. As a result, the Supreme Court stayed his appointment.
Having served as a fasttrack court judge in Arunachal Pradesh for 12 years on an ad hoc basis, he was eligible to be absorbed as a regular district judge. But the Gauhati high court, on the administrative side, examined the Scheduled Tribe fast-track judge's performance and rejected his appointment. The judge had appeared for the written exam for recruitment of district judges in Arunachal Judicial Service and failed to secure 35%, the minimum criteria for ST candidates. After failing to get through the normal process, the judicial offi cer moved the Gauhati high court, which directed his appointment as district judge considering his length of service. The administrative side of the HC appealed against the order before the SC through advocate Sneha Kalita.
Appearing for the HC, senior advocate Vijay Hansaria told a bench of Chief Justice T S Thakur and Justices A M Khanwilkar and D Y Chandrachud that in 2012, the SC in Mahesh Chandra Verma case had ruled that those appointed on ad hoc basis as fast-track court judges had no right to the post.The SC had directed that these ad hoc appointees would have to undergo written examination as per the guidelines laid down in Brij Mohan Lal case, Hansaria said. After hearing arguments, the bench asked the petitioner's counsel whether the client was present in court. Finding that he was present, the CJI called him before the bench and decided to take an informal test.
The CJI asked, “You have been a judge for 12 years, so tell us in a suit for specific performance, what is the first thing that a judge would look for in the case?“ Finding his answers way off the mark, the bench decided to put the most elementary question in law, “What is the difference between Section 304-I and 304-II of Indian Penal Code?“ The judicial officer fumbled even as all eyes in the packed courtroom were on him.The court asked another elementary question, “First appeal is filed under what provision?“ Even more nervous, the man told the bench that he had been out of touch with law and procedure for the last three years as he had been knocking on various doors for his absorption as regular district judge.
But having taken an impromptu test, the bench stayed the HC order directing his appointment as district judge on regular basis.
SC uses Art 224A
Dhananjay Mahapatra , April 21, 2021: The Times of India
Activating Article 224A of the Constitution that had been dormant for 58 years, the Supreme Court allowed HC chief justices to start appointing retired HC judges as ad hoc judges for two to five years if the HC faced pendency of a large number of cases.
Clarifying that appointment of ad hoc judges would not be against vacancies in the sanctioned strength of judges in an HC, a bench of Chief Justice S A Bobde and Justices S K Kaul and Surya Kant took the historic step to chart out structured implementation of Article 224A.
In the last 58 years, only three retired judges have been appointed as ad hoc judges to HCs for a period of one year each — Justice Suraj Bhan to Madhya Pradesh HC in 1972, Justice P Venugopal to Madras HC in 1982, and Justice O P Srivastava to Allahabad HC in 2007 for the Ayodhya case.
The CJI-led bench said the trigger point for activating Article 224A by an HC chief justice could be many — (a) if vacancies are more than 20% of the sanctioned strength, (b) cases in a particular category are pending for over five years, (c) more than 10% of the backlog of pending cases are over five years old, (d) the percentage of rate of disposal is lower than the institution of cases either in a particular subject matter or generally in the court, and, (e) even if there are not many old cases pending, but depending on the jurisdiction, a situation of mounting arrears is likely to arise if the rate of disposal is consistently lower than the rate of filing over a period of a year or more The bench, however, said, “The recourse to Article 224A is not an alternative to regular appointments. If recommendations have not been made for more than 20% of regular vacancies, then the trigger for recourse to Article 224A would not arise.”
“The ad hoc judges can concentrate on old cases which are stuck in the system and may require greater experience,” the bench said.
Appointments made, yearwise
2016: 126 HC judges appointed, highest in 25 years
Dhananjay Mahapatra, 126 HC judges appointed, Dec 11 2016: The Times of India
Record no. of judges appointed to HCs in 2016, but it's not enough
At the receiving end from the Supreme Court for sitting over recommendations for appointment of judges to high courts, the Centre said on Saturday that it had appointed 126 HC judges in 2016, the highest in the last 25 years.
The president appointed six more judges last week -five to the Patna HC and one to the Punjab and Haryana HC -to surpass the record of 121 judges appointed by UPA government in 2013.But this record appointment do es little to improve the functioning of HCs, which are reeling under 40% vacancies.
For example, the five appointments to the Patna HC takes the tally of judges to 32 against a sanctioned strength of 56. This means, there are still 43% vacancies. In Punjab and Haryana HC, the number of judges with the lone appointment goes to 47 against a sanctioned strength of 85, with 45% of posts still remaining vacant.
Government sources said that the record appointment in a single year was also noteworthy since it took place despite the memorandum of procedure (MoP) for appointment of judges still to be finalised.
A five-judge bench headed by Justice J S Khehar, the next Chief Justice of India, struck down the National Judicial Appointments Commission and brought back the collegium system in October last year. Two months later, it acknowledged the widespread criticism of the collegium's opaque procedure for judges' selection and asked the Centre to redraft the MoP. The last redrafted version of the MoP was sent by the law ministry to CJI T S Thakurheaded collegium in the first week of August. It is yet to be discussed in the collegium.
However, the CJI had taken umbrage to delay in appointments and had slammed the Centre for sitting over files in what he felt was an attempt to lock out the judiciary . Days after the CJI lashed out at the delay in appointments, the Centre returned 37 names recommended for appointment as judges of HCs to the collegium for reconsideration. The collegium threw the ball back to the Centre's court by reiterating each of the 37 names.
“The 37 names reiterated by the collegium in various HCs are under process,“ a ministry source said. The source said that at present 75 names for appointment to nine HCs were pending with the collegium for consideration.
Appointing judges, to HCs
As in 2018
Pradeep Thakur, August 13, 2018: The Times of India
From: Pradeep Thakur, August 13, 2018: The Times of India
The government has expressed reservations over 50% of the 126 names recommended for appointment as judges of high courts on grounds that range from minimum income requirements to issues regarding probity and competence.
The observations, conveyed to the Supreme Court collegium, came after a thorough background check by the Intelligence Bureau and assessment of credentials of advocates being considered for selection as judges over the past three-four months. Sources said the law ministry has set up a mechanism to evaluate each recommendation made by high court collegiums.
Those recommended are assessed for merit and integrity, judgments the candidates are involved in, minimum annual income and reputation in the legal fraternity, and on personal and professional counts.
In view of a deadlock between the executive and the apex court over finalisation of the revised memorandum of procedure (MoP) for appointments to the higher judiciary, the government has set up its own vetting mechanism in the law ministry which carries out thorough background examination of candidates recommended for elevation.
‘30-40 lawyers didn’t meet income criteria’
At least 30-40 candidates didn’t meet the eligibility criteria on income requirements, sources said.
Lawyers need to have an average annual income of Rs 7 lakh in the preceding five years to be considered for HC judgeship. Performance evaluation saw a review of judgments cited by each candidate.
During the evaluation, law officials went through at least 1,000-1,200 judgments.
IB checks revealed issues with personal and professional integrity in some cases, while nepotism and favoritism also cropped up with some found to be close relatives of sitting and retired SC and HC judges. The proportion of such recommendations raised eyebrows in some high courts.
On August 1, TOI had reported how the government had cited nepotism in picks for Allahabad HC judgeships.
Out of 33 lawyers recommended by the Allahabad HC collegium for elevation, IB verification and background checks found half-adozen to be related to sitting and retired SC and HC judges.
It was also believed that the list was skewed in favour of upper castes with fewer SCs, STs, OBCs, minorities and women.
While making critical observations on these recommendations sent by around 16 HCs, the government has requested the SC collegium to “consider these issues while making recommendations”.
Meanwhile, similar background checks and IB verification are being conducted on around 30 names sent by various HC collegiums.
For the MoP, pending with the SC since July 2017, the government had suggested certain modifications. It was in favour of setting up a secretariat in HCs as well as the SC which would draw up a list of prospective candidates after background checks on competence and integrity.
The secretariat would help the collegium firm up proposed candidates’ list which could be recommended for elevation.
Can’t challenge appointment of judge midway: SC, 2018
September 14, 2018: The Times of India
The Supreme Court refused to entertain a PIL seeking stay of the process for appointment of an advocate, whose name was recommended by the collegium to the Union government, as a judge of Allahabad HC.
Advocate petitioner Ashok Pande told a bench of Chief Justice Dipak Misra and Justice D Y Chandrachud that Allahabad HC, on the administrative side, had decided to lodge an FIR against this advocate for filing fake petitions in the name of dead persons when he was standing counsel for Allahabad Agricultural Institute.
“On the next day of lodging of the FIR, the advocate filed a petition in the HC seeking quashing of the FIR. It was heard on the same day, that is a Saturday, in the chamber of a judge and his arrest was stayed. Later, the HC quashed the FIR.After quashing of the FIR, the Supreme Court (collegium) recommended the advocate’s name for appointment as judge of the HC on the ground that the state had not challenged quashing of the FIR,” Pande said in his petition.
When he sought a stay on appointment of the advocate as Allahabad high court judge, the Supreme Court said it could not adjudicate the issue when the constitutional process was midway. “These matters are not justiciable. The recommendation (of the collegium) has been submitted. It is in the midst of a constitutional process. This PIL is not maintainable,” the bench said. When Pande persisted with his arguments, the bench said it could impose cost on the PIL petitioner, which silenced him.
Appointing the Chief Justice of India
CJIs recommend their successors
Law minister Ravi Shankar Prasad declared the the government had no role in choosing the successor of Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra, who retires on October 2, 2018.
In the Supreme Court, it has been the tradition that the CJI recommends the most senior SC judge as his successor to the government. The incumbent CJI usually sends this recommendation a month before his retirement. Generally, the government announces the CJI-designate nearly two weeks before the person is to take over as head of the judiciary.
There have been aberrations to this tradition and many failed attempts to breach it. The first time such a situation arose was when the first CJI Harilal Jekisondas Kania died on November 6, 1951. M Patanjali Sastri was the senior most. But many believe the then PM Jawaharlal Nehru wanted either B K Mukherjea or S R Das, who were three and four in seniority, to succeed Kania. There are stories that Mukherjea threatened to resign if he was made the CJI ahead of Sastri. This probably sobered the executive and Sastri was confirmed as CJI.
What is common public knowledge is the brazen attempt by the Indira Gandhi government to reward 'committed judges' after the famous Keshavananda Bharati judgment, in which a constitution bench rejected the executive's point of view by a narrow margin of seven to six and went on to deliver the most important judgment in India's judicial history by carving out the 'inviolable basic structure' of the Constitution.
What was a gain for citizens and jurisprudence turned out to be personal losses for many upright judges. In the 1970s, the Indira Gandhi government twice superseded the seniormost SC judge for not dishing out favourable judgments. When A N Ray was preferred over J M Shelat, K S Hegde and A N Grover to be made the CJI on April 25, 1973, the three resigned.
Between Ray's appointment as CJI and retirement on January 28, 1977, the infamous A D M Jabalpur judgment happened, in which H R Khanna was the lone voice disagreeing with the draconian powers of the executive during Emergency. Khanna was the seniormost judge after Ray but the government handed over the baton to M H Beg. Khanna resigned.
When Beg retired in 1978, Janata Party was in power and there was a strong move, both from outside and within the government, to deny Y V Chandrachud, then the most senior SC judge, the post of CJI. The main grievance against Chandrachud was that in the A D M Jabalpur case, he had agreed with the government that all fundamental rights, including right to life, were to remain suspended during Emergency.
Despite having suffered under the tyrannical Emergency, then PM Morarji Desai and law minister Shanti Bhushan creditably stuck to tradition and named Chandrachud the CJI. He holds the record of being the longest-serving CJI with a tenure of seven years. Since then, the tradition has been scrupulously followed. Judges with less than two months of service too have been recommended for the top judicial position. If any doubts about appointing persons with such short tenures existed in the minds of then CJIs, G B Pattanaik and S Rajendra Babu, who were CJIs for 41 days and 30 days respectively, would never have reached the position.
But there have been occasions when incumbent CJIs deliberately delayed sending their recommendation to the government for appointment of the seniormost judge as the next CJI. This troubled at least three judges in the last two decades. But, ultimately, the tradition has remained intact since 1978. Coming back to the law minister's statement discounting government role in choosing CJI Misra's successor, it was more for the record than to reassure Justice Ranjan Gogoi who is the seniormost SC judge after CJI Misra.
In the 1990s, the government's role in selecting persons for appointment as SC or HC judge was wiped out through two SC judgments, which took away the executive's power to select judges through constitutional interpretation. In 2015, the SC yet again asserted that the executive had no role in selection of judges by striking down a politically unanimous decision to set up National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). In this scenario, it is the incumbent CJI's sole prerogative to choose his successor. But the tradition of the CJI recommending the name of the seniormost SC judge as his successor is so firmly rooted that no CJI will find it worthwhile going down in history as the person who violated the basic structure for appointment of the CJI.
CJI Misra, despite being subjected to a rebel judges' press conference attended by Justice Gogoi which gave Congress a handle to move an unprecedented removal motion against him in Parliament, would do well not to record his name in history for the second time by harbouring the thought of recommending someone other than Justice Gogoi for the CJI's post and denying Assam its first CJI.
Appointing retired HC judges
Restricting choice to ex-judges is judicial overreach
Dhananjay Mahapatra, SC nixes appointment of ex-judges to panel, April 4, 2017: The Times of India
The Supreme Court frowned upon the scheme of judges selecting judges for other posts and struck down a Punjab & Haryana high court verdict directing the two states and the Union Territory of Chandigarh to appoint only retired HC judges as head of child rights commissions.
Accepting the pleas of Punjab & Haryana that it was a case of judicial overreach, a bench of Chief Justice JS Khehar and Justice DY Chandrachud quashed the HC order. “We find justification in the arguments and set aside the direction that only judge of HC can be chairperson of Commission for Protection of Child Rights.“
The bench also accepted the submission by the states that section 17 of the 2005 Act provided that a chairperson should be a person of eminence and must have done outstanding work to promote welfare of children. “There was no justification for the HC to direct that the chairperson should be a judge of the high court,“ the states said.
Parliament had passed the Commission for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act in 2005 for establishment of national and state commissions to ensure enforcement of various rights guaranteed to children under the Constitution and other laws, including the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act; Child La bour (Prohibition an Regulation) Act, 1986; Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009; and Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.
Acting on a PIL in case of Punjab and Chandigarh and suo motu in case of Haryana, an HC bench headed by then chief justice A K Sikri (now a judge of the SC) had in April 2013 objected to Haryana's decision to constitute state CPCR under chairmanship of the minister in-charge of the department.
The HC had said section 13 of CPCR Act encompasses a wide range of powers, many of which were akin to judicial powers. “In order to discharge such functions, the chairperson needs to have legal expertise, judicial wisdom and experience in higher judicial echelons. The functions are clearly quasi-judicial in nature,“ the bench had said. “We direct that the chairperson should be a person who has been judge of the high court,“ it had further said.
Appointing retired judicial officers
Constitution does not bar it
The Supreme Court has ruled that the Constitution does not bar the President from appointing retired judicial officers as HC judges on the recommendation of the collegium.
Justices A K Sikri and Ashok Bhushan said, “In the case of judicial officers of the subordinate judiciary who are recommended for appointment to HCs, the process of appointment consumes so much time that it adversely affects their tenure. It is a matter of common knowledge that most judicial officers get a chance for elevation (appointment as HC judges) only when a few years of service are left.”
The SC observations came in a case where the appointment of two retired judicial officers to the Rajasthan HC was challenged by Sunil Samdaria on two grounds. One of them was that only serving judicial officers could be appointed as HC judges as per the Constitution.
‘Addl judges’ selection meant to cut workload’
The petitioner had alleged that the two, who had retired as judicial officers, could not be said to be holding judicial office at the time of appointment as HC judges.
The second was that no additional judge could be appointed to the HC with a tenure of less than two years as envisaged under Article 224 of the Constitution.
Additional solicitor general Maninder Singh countered both the arguments and said under Article 217(2), a person is eligible to be appointed as an additional judge of the HC if he had rendered 10 years of service as a judicial officer. The Constitution nowhere says that s/he must be a serving judicial officer. Meeting the petitioner’s second argument, Singh pointed out that the Constitution fixed the retirement age of an HC judge at 62 years, so if a judicial officer was appointed as HC judge after retirement, he would hold office only till attaining 62 years of age, which would invariably be less than two years.
Justices Sikri and Bhushan accepted Singh’s arguments and said: “Tenure of appointment of additional judges who have less than two years to retire is not contrary to Article 224.”
Writing the judgment for the bench, Justice Bhushan said the eligibility criteria prescribed under Article 217(2) meant that a person must have held a judicial office for 10 years. “Use of the word ‘held’ in Article 217(2) does not indicate that the qualification also meant that apart from holding a judicial office for 10 years, the person should also be holding the judicial office at the time of his appointment as a judge of the HC,” the bench said.
The SC said that the appointment of additional judges to the HC was envisaged to cope with increased workload in HCs but the enormous delay in the appointment of HC judges “not only frustrates the purpose and object for which Article 224(1) was brought into the Constitution, but also belies the hope and trust of litigants who come to the HC seeking justice and early disposal of their cases”.
Appointments that provoked discussion
2018: elevation of judge while harassment probe is on
Dhananjay Mahapatra, Harassment probe on, but judge was elevated, April 19, 2018: The Times of India
Present K’taka HC Chief Justice Sequences Events
Karnataka Chief Justice Dinesh Maheshwari’s recent letter reveals his predecessor, Justice SK Mukherjee, gave a clean chit to district judge P Krishna Bhat by trashing a woman magistrate’s sexual harassment complaint even as the HC’s administrative committee was seized of the matter.
Then CJ Mukherjee’s decision to absolve Bhat, pushing under the carpet the pending inquiry, was quickly accepted by the Supreme Court collegium to reiterate the recommendation for Bhat’s appointment to the Karnataka HC.
On March 12, Justice Maheswari in a letter to CJI Dipak Misra sequenced events in 2016 relating to the sexual harassment complaint. On March 21, senior-most SC judge, Justice J Chelameswar, accused Justice Maheshwari of “doing executive’s bidding’ and warned the CJI and fellow SC judges of the executive interfering in judiciary by writing directly to the HC CJ to ‘look into’ the sexual harassment complaint.
The woman judicial officer had complained on June 3, 2016, four months after the SC collegium first recommended Bhat’s name. The HC registered her complaint on July 30, 2016. Justice Mukherjee had assigned the complaint to the administrative committee comprising himself (as the CJ) and four senior-most judges on August 19, 2016. It was taken up for consideration only on March 8, 2017.
In the meanwhile, on a query from SC, CJ Mukherjee wrote to the CJI on November 14, 2016, saying the sexual harassment complaint is “incorrect and concocted.”
When Justice Maheshwari joined as CJ on February 12, 2018, the HC registry told him the woman officer had sent a representation to PMO on December 11, 2017, alleging “Bhat had managed her June 3 complaint” and she had neither been called for inquiry nor evidence. “This representation was forwarded... to the HC registrar general on January 19,” he said.
When CJ Maheshwari found the administrative committee had simply ‘deferred’ inquiry into the complaint, he convened a meeting of the committee comprising himself and Justices H G Ramesh, B S Patil, R S Chauhan and Budihal R B. They decided to call for response of Bhat in the pending issue.
Calling for Bhat’s response appears to have angered Justice Chelameswar, who wrote in his March 21 letter “the CJ of Karnataka HC has been more than willing to do the Executive bidding, behind our back.” Justice Chelameswar’s letter did not question then-CJ’s propriety in giving a clean chit to Bhat despite the pending sexual harassment complaint. He also supported the SC collegium accepting such a clean chit behind the back of the HC committee.
Justice Chelameswar had written: “At that time we (the SC collegium) were aware of the allegations but we consciously and rightly disbelieved them. Surprisingly, the government selectively withheld his elevation and accepted that for the remaining five others (junior to him).” He appeared worried about Bhat as his letter stated “if such retaliatory complaints are entertained, no career conscious judge would ever risk disciplining his subordinates.”
Rattled by the letter, the HC administrative committee on March 23 decided to close the pending inquiry against Bhat.
Retired District Judge picked for HC judge: 2023
Dhananjay Mahapatra, April 14, 2023: The Times of India
New Delhi : In a rare instance, the Supreme Court collegium has recommended the appointment of a retired district judge as a judge of the Madhya Pradesh HC, citing legitimate expectation and delay in the selection process, a move that would allow him to serve two years as a constitutional court judge.
Among the eight district judges and four advocates recommended by the collegium for appointment as judges of three high courts, the case of Roopesh Chandra Varshney is unique. He had joined judicial service nearly 36 years ago on September 28, 1987 and had retired from service.
The collegium of CJI DY Chandrachud, and Justices SK Kaul and KM Joseph provided an elaborate explanation for recommending Varshney: “On the date of the vacancy against which his name was recommended, Varshney’s age was 58. 03 years and thus qualifies with reference to prescribed age criterion. ”
‘Legitimate expectation based on long period of service’ helps retd judge
Having regard to the above and the legitimate expectation based on the long period of service rendered by him, the Collegium is of the considered opinion that Varshney is suitable for appointment as a judge of the HC of Madhya Pradesh,” the SC collegium said.
In the past, only two persons — Justices Fathima Beevi and Bahrul Islam — were appointed as Supreme Court judges months after their retirement as HC judges. Seven district judges were recommended for the Madhya Pradesh HC. Except for present Supreme Court secretary general Sanjeev S Kalgaonkar, a MP higher judicial officer of 1994 batch recommended for appointment as a judge of the HC, all other judicial officers — Anuradha Shukla, Prem Narayan Singh, Achal Kumar Paliwal, Hirdesh, and Avnindra Kumar Singh — had joined judicial service in 1990 and would have a tenure of nearly four years on appointment as MP HC judges.The collegium cited their “legitimate expectation” and impeccable career graph as reasons for recommending their appointment as HC judges.
However, in the case of Uttarakahand, the collegium recommended a young judicial officer with 17 years experience — Vivek Bharti Sharma, senior-most among members of state higher judicial service and presently posted as registrar general of the HC —for appointment as a judge of the Uttarakhand HC. It also recommended the names of three advocates — Rakesh Thapliyal, Pankaj Purohit, and Subhash Upadhyay — to the Centre for their appointment as judges to the HC. In recommending appointment of judicial officer Sanjay Kumar Jaiswal asjudge of Chhattisgarh HC, the collegium had to skip the part of selection process — taking opinion of consultee SC judges — as no one from Chhattisgarh has been found fit to be appointed as SC judge since the creation of the state in 2000.
High Court Judges: Caste Distribution
2018-23
Dec 15, 2023: The Times of India
New Delhi : Upper castes continue to dominate appointment of high court judges with 492 (76%) of 650 judges appointed to different HCs since 2018, from this category, the law ministry informed Rajya Sabha.
The data was made available by different HC collegiums during recommendations of advocates and judicial officers for judgeship. Law minister Arjun Ram Meghwal, in a written response to a question in Rajya Sabha, said on Thursday that there is no provision for reservation in appointment of judges of Supreme Court and HCs.
Meghwal said though there is no data maintained pertaining to representation of OBCs, SCs, STs and minorities among the judges of HCs, information on their social background was provided by the recommendees when they were considered for elevation.
“Out of 650 high court judges appointed since 2018, till 6th December, 492 judges belong to the general category, 20 judges belong to the SC, 12 belong to the ST, 77 judges from OBC category, 36 judges belong to minorities. For the remaining 13 judges, there was no information available,” he said.
For SC judges, the government said it had no information on their caste category. As on 8th December, SC had full strength with 34 judges, while the HCs had 790 judges against a sanctioned strength of 1,114.
Criteria for appointment as judge
SC, 2023\ past political links no bar
Dhananjay Mahapatra, February 8, 2023: The Times of India
New Delhi: The Supreme Court dismissed petitions challenging the President’s order appointing advocate LC Victoria Gowri as a judge of the Madras HC on the recommendations of the SC Collegium. Four petitioners, all advocates practising in the same high court, had questioned Gowri’s past political affiliations and cited her five-year old purported hate speeches against alleged forced conversions by Muslim clerics and Christian missionaries.
The apex court said Gowri’s past political affiliation was no disqualification as she fulfilled all eligibility norms for judgeship in a constitutional court.
Can’t direct collegium to reconsider suitability: SC
The petitioners — Anna Mathew, Sudha Ramalingam, D Nagasaila and RVaigai — through senior advocates Raju Ramachandran and Anand Grover had made late night requests for a l ate Monday night hearing on the issue attempting to prevent L Victoria Gowri from taking oath as a judge. The CJI declined the request for the latenight hearing and, instead, constituted a be nch of Justices Sanjiv Khanna and BR Gavai, who would succeed CJI Chandrachud in 2024 and 2025 respectively.
The new bench was constituted after Justice Sundaresh, who was to sit with Justice Khanna, expressed r eservations to the CJI on hearing the case, as he had been a consultee judge for appointment of advocate Gowri as a judge. Justices Khanna and Gavai began proceedings at 10.25 on Tuesday to fatho m if the petitioners have raised some solid grounds requiring detailed examination and which warranted a stay on Gowri’s oath taking.
Ramachandran said there are implied eligibility conditions — like respecting right to equality and right to life — enshrined in Article 217 (which details appointment and conditions of the office of HC judge) — which Gowri did not fulfil and the Janu ary 17 decision of the collegium, comprising the CJI and Justices SK Kaul and KM Joseph —was vitiated in the absence of consideration of the material cited by the petitioners.
The bench said, “There is a difference between eligibility and suitability. The eligibility criteria is fulfilled by the candidate. As of suitability, that is an area the Supreme Court cannot go into and should not go into as it is subjective. If the SC goes into suitability criteria on the judicial side, it will make the judge selection system unworkable.”
When Ramachandran said Gowri’s remarks indicated a mindset that is not in sync with the ideals of the Constitution and that her oath to bear true allegiance to the Constitution would just be a paper oath, the bench said, “The collegium has a robust system of inquiri ng about the suitability of a person for appointment as a HC judge. It makes discrete inquiries and takes the opinion of SC judges who have worked in that HCs and know the ability and suit ability. Yo u can’t argue that the consultee judges did not know about her background and that the collegium did not consider all these aspects cited now.”
Justice Gavai said many persons, with past political affiliations, have been appointed as Judges to HCs and the SC. “I’ve been a judge for the last 20 years and I have a political background (his father RS Gavai, the founder of Rep ublican party and a reputed politician who after three decades of active political life became governors of Bihar, Sikkim and Kerala).”
“There were others, including Krishna Iyer, KS Hegde, Aftab Alam, FI Rebello, Rama Jois and Rajendra Sachar who were politically affiliated. So political affiliation had never been a ground to bar a candidate’s appointment as a judge of HCs,” he said. Fin ding that political affiliation argument is not cutting any ice, Ramachandran tried to focus on her alleged hate speech. But the bench cut his arguments short by asking, “Do you think the collegium was unaware of these facts? If we start a new jurisdiction by examining suitability, then it would open a Pandora’s box. Yo u are stretching it too far. It is impossible to assume th at collegium didn’t know about the petitioners’ assertions, facts and background of the candidate.”
“We can’t direct the collegium to reconsider suitability. She has been appointed an additional judge. The collegium will assess her suitability when she is due for confirmation as a permanent judge. We have a robust evaluation system in the collegium and let us not interfere with that,” the bench said. Bar Council of India chairman Manan K Mishra told the court that the allegations of misconduct against Gowri are far fetched as on inquiry it has been found that not a sing le complaint against her is pending either with the BCI or the state Bar Council. The SC, while rejecting the petitions, said a detailed order would be passed soon.
Criteria for appointment: history
Politicians who became judges, judges who became politicians
Dhananjay Mahapatra, February 8, 2023: The Times of India
NEW DELHI : History of judiciary in India is replete with the examples of politicians lawyers becoming constitutional court judges as well as of Supreme Court and high court judges in the evenings of their lives deciding to jump onto dusty electoral battle tracks.
“Law without politics is blind and politics without law is deaf” was famously said by celebrated Supreme Court Judge V R Krishna Iyer, who epitomised the politician-turned-judge and judge turned politicians syndrome. As a CPI member, he was elected to Ma dras and then Kerala assembly thrice and remained an active politician till 1965.
Iyer became a HC judge in 1968 and with the support from the politicians became a SC judge in fiv e years: something unthinkable as a HC judge puts in a minimum 10-15 years before becoming a SC judge. In 1987 he unsuccessfully contested election for President as the joint opposition can didate. Justice Baharul Islam takes the cake a politician-turned-judge-turned-politician. This Congressman was elected to Rajya Sabha in April 1962 and re-elected in 1968, in between unsuccessfully contesting the assembly elections in Assam.
He resigned from the RS in 1972 to become a Gauhati high court judge and retired in March 1980 to return to active politics. Nine months after retirement, the Indira Gandhi government appointed him as a judge of the SC in December 1980. He resigned in January 1983, weeks after he gave a verdict favouring Congress’s Bihar CM Jagannath Mishra in a corruption case, to contest the Barpeta Lok Sabha seat. The elections were countermanded. Nonetheless, Congress saw to it that Justice Islam made it to Parliament by nominating him to the RS in 1983 for six years.
K S Hegde, who had joined Congress in 1935, was elected for a two-year-term in RS in 1952 and in 1954 was reelected for a six year term, even though he continued to practice in courts. In August 1957, he resigned from RS to become a judge of Mysore HC and became a SC judge in July 1967. When Indira Gandhi government superseded him and two others, Jusice J M Shelat and Justice A N Grover, to appoint Justice A N Ray as CJI in 1973, all three of them resigned.
He contested on Janata party ticket in 1977 and won from Bangalor e North constituency. He was chosen LS Speaker in July 1977. After the disintegration of Janata Party, he joined BJP and was one of its vice presidents from 1980-86. He contested the 1984 Lok Sabha elections but lost.
Justice Aftab Alam was a member of CPI , who moved to Congress. He resigned from the party before being appointed as a HC judge. Alam had caused considerable consternations to then Gujarat CM Narendra Modi while hearing Sohrabuddin fake encounter case so much so that senior advocate Ram Jethmalani had openly criticised him for showing unabashed bias towards Modi and Amit Shah, then the home minister of the state.
F I Rebello, before his appointment as a judge of Bombay HC in 1996, was a Janata Party MLA in Goa. He went on to become Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court in 2010-11. J&K HC judge Hasnain Masoodi was successfully fielded as a NC Candidate for Anantnag Lok sabha constituency after his retirement.
Justices A M Thipsay, Vijay Bhauguna, M Rama Jois, Rajinder Sachar all had taken plunge into active politics after retiring as HC judges. Rajya Sabha seats have been taken by retired CJIs Ranganath Misra and Ranjan Gogoi, while gubernatorial assignments were accepted by former SC judge Fathima Beevi and ex-CJI P Sathasivam.
Justice B R Gavai aptly said, “I have been a judge of constitutional courts for the last 20 years and I have a political background. ” His father R S Gavai is the founder of the Republican party. Senior Gavai had been a MLA in Maharashtra and had been elected to both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha during his three decades of active politics. Late r, he was appointed Governor of Bihar, Sikkim and Kerala.
Govt. and the appointment of HC chief justices
The Justice Akil A Kureshi case/ 2019
Dhananjay Mahapatra, Sep 24, 2019: The Times of India
Anguished by the long delay in appointment of Bombay high court judge Akil A Kureshi as chief justice of an HC, the Supreme Court on Monday said “interference in such matters affects the system of administration of justice” and does not “augur well for the institution”.
The SC collegium of CJI Ranjan Gogoi and Justices S A Bobde and N V Ramana had recommended Justice Kureshi’s appointment as chief justice of Madhya Pradesh HC on May 10. Kureshi was transferred to the Bombay high court from the Gujarat HC, where he was the seniormost judge.
The Union government sat on the recommendation for more than three months, prompting the Gujarat HC Advocates Association (GHCAA) to file a writ petition alleging that the Centre was attempting to derail the collegium’s recommendation on Kureshi.
A bench of CJI Gogoi and Justices Bobde and S Abdul Nazeer admitted the petition and told solicitor general Tushar Mehta that the government should communicate to the apex court, either on the judicial side or to the collegium on the administrative side, its views on the May 10 recommendation for Kureshi’s appointment as chief justice of MP HC.
After the SC entertained the petition on the judicial side, the department of justice got back to Gogoi, through two communications on August 23 and August 27, with some material apparently arguing for Kureshi to be appointed as CJ of a smaller HC.
The collegium considered the material on September 5 and modified Kureshi’s proposed destination to chief justice of Tripura HC.
Post-retirement assignments for CJI, SC Judges
1950- 2018
Since the Supreme Court came into being on January 26, 1950, an overwhelming majority of the 44 Chief Justices of India and the 161 SC judges have accepted postretirement assignments, either from governments or from private organisations.
The announcement from Justice Joseph, the fourth seniormost SC judge, about not accepting any post-retirement assignment came when he was speaking on ‘Media and Judiciary — Two Watchdogs of Democracy’ before students of Kerala Media Academy at Kerala House.
2019: Former CJI Ranjan Gogoi’s views
Written by Apurva Vishwanath | New Delhi | Updated: March 18, 2020 10:56:57 am
Once upon a time what his Lordship said: Post-retirement appointment is a scar on the independence of judiciary
Former CJI Ranjan Gogoi’s nomination to the Rajya Sabha has sparked a debate on the independence of the judiciary and whether judges should accept positions offered by the government after retirement.
[In 2019], Ranjan Gogoi, who was the Chief Justice of India then, had noted there was a view that post-retirement appointment “is a scar on the independence of the judiciary”.
Editorial: Mr R Gogoi, MP
His remarks came during the hearing of a case by a five-judge constitution bench on March 27, 2019, in which amendments to the Finance Act dealing with functioning of tribunals in the country were challenged.
When senior advocate Aravind Datar brought up the need to appoint ex-judges to head specialised tribunals, justice Gogoi said, “You are suggesting a clause in the statute that the person who is the chairperson should not take up any other assignment… Something akin to the lokpal in the states, where after ceasing to hold that office, you are not eligible to hold another public office for 5 years…There is a view that post-retirement the appointment is itself a scar on the independence of the judiciary. How do you handle that?” justice Gogoi asked.
When Datar replied that it was only a viewpoint and the law did not prohibit such appointments, Gogoi remarked that it was a “very strong viewpoint.”
Gogoi’s 2018 Lecture
Delivering the Third Ramnath Goenka Memorial Lecture on July 12, 2018, as CJI designate, Gogoi stressed on the importance of the judiciary remaining “uncontaminated” and “independent”.
Referring to an article (selected from The Economist), “How Democracy Dies” published in The Indian Express on June 19, 2018, Gogoi said: “It said, at one place, that, ‘…independent judges and noisy journalists are democracy’s first line of defence…Reports of the death of democracy are greatly exaggerated. But, the least bad system of government ever devised is in trouble. It needs defenders.’ I agree but will only suggest a slight modification in today’s context – not only independent judges and noisy journalists, but even independent journalists and sometimes noisy judges.”
“I would like to believe, this is why, Ramnath ji had also said that “fierce independence” is indeed the bedrock of justice. But I would like to add that “independence” must always be responsible with due regard to established Constitutional values. This institution is the last bastion of hope and the one that the citizenry believes firmly, will give justice to them, come what may.”
“It fills me with immense pride to see that as an institution, the judiciary has been endowed with great societal trust. This very fact gives it its credibility and this very credibility gives it its legitimacy. It is a very enviable spot for an institution. I will only say that if it wishes to preserve its moral and institutional leverage, it must remain uncontaminated. And, independent. And, fierce. And, at all times. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link. So is an institution,” he added.
Gogoi’s October 2018 views
In October 2018, on the farewell organised by the Supreme Court Bar Association for then outgoing CJI Dipak Misra, Attorney General KK Venugopal lamented on inadequate remuneration for judges and cited that as a reason for judges taking up post-retirement jobs.
“In spite of the odds, we have committed judges. We are committed to the cause and we shall continue to be committed regardless of the inadequacies of remuneration and in spite of the possibilities of abuse of our names. We will not be alarmed with that. It comes with the system,” Gogoi had said in response.
BJP’s 2012, 2019 views
Before coming to power in 2014, the BJP too had advocated against post-retirement jobs for judges. However, barely months after winning the Lok Sabha with clear majority, former CJI P Sathasivam was appointed Governor of Kerala.
“Pre-retirement judgements are influenced by a desire for a post-retirement job,” former Finance Minister Arun Jaitley had said when in Opposition in 2012.
Incidentally, in a blog post on April 21, 2019, Jaitley had in a blog post come out in support of justice Gogoi in the wake of sexual harassment allegations made against the former CJI.
“In terms of personal decency, values, ethics and integrity, the present Chief Justice of India is extremely well regarded. Even when critics disagree with his judicial view, his value system has never been questioned. Lending shoulder to completely unverified allegations coming from a disgruntled person with a not-so-glorious track record is aiding the process of destabilisation of the institution of the Chief Justice of India,” Jaitley had written.
Regional representation
As in 2018
From: Pradeep Thakur, SC collegium proposal on Justice Joseph: Government's regional representation logic doesn't hold water, April 27, 2018: The Times of India
HIGHLIGHTS
Justice Joseph's rejection (his parent HC is Kerala), on the ground that the SC already had a judge, Justice Kurian Joseph, from Kerala HC is not commensurate with the current composition of the SC
Since 2010, there has been no judge in the apex court from the Scheduled Castes: Law ministry
One of the reasons cited by the government for refusing to accept the Supreme Court collegium's recommendation to appoint Justice K M Joseph to the apex court was that it would distort regional representation in the highest court.
Justice Joseph's rejection (his parent HC is Kerala), on the ground that the SC already had a judge, Justice Kurian Joseph, from Kerala HC is not commensurate with the current composition of the SC.
Currently, three judges in the SC out of 25 are from Delhi HC, three from Bombay HC and two each from the HCs of Allahabad, MP, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The government, however, argued that Kerala HC is a small court and its representation must take into account chief justices of HCs along with the SC.
The HCs of Kerala, Odisha, Gauhati, Punjab & Haryana, Madras, Patna and Himachal Pradesh have one judge each in the SC. The four other judges were elevated from the bar, including the newly-appointed Indu Malhotra. If affiliation with states where they practised is taken into account, representation of Delhi and Bombay HCs would further increase.
Ten HCs — Calcutta, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, J&K, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Manipur and Meghalaya — having no representation in the SC at present.
Since 2010, there has been no judge in the apex court from the Scheduled Castes, a law ministry official said. The issue also found mention in law minister Ravi Shankar Prasad's letter to the CJI on Thursday where he said, "There is no representation of SCs/STs in the Supreme Court since long."
With Malhotra's appointment, the SC's working strength has increased to 25, but it is still left with six vacancies. Half a dozen more vacancies will arise this year with three judges retiring in the next three months — Justices R K Agarwal (May 4), J Chelameswar (June 22) and A K Goel (July 6). Three more, CJI Dipak Misra and Justices Kurian Joseph and Madan Lokur, will retire in October, November and December respectively.
In his letter to the CJI, Prasad said, "At this stage, elevation of one more judge from Kerala HC does not appear to be justified as it does not address the legitimate claims of chief justices and judges of many other HCs and forestalls the claim of other senior chief justices and judges."
SCs, STs, OBCs
2019: Income rule relaxed
HC judge elevation: Income rule relaxed for SCs, STs, OBCs, February 16, 2019: The Times of India
The Supreme Court collegium has relaxed the minimum income criterion of Rs 7 lakh for candidates belonging to SC, ST and OBC communities and for those working for the government as standing or panel counsels for their elevation as high court judges.
The collegium, comprising chief justice Ranjan Gogoi and justices A K Sikri and S A Bobde, took the decision on February 12 and the order was uploaded on the apex court’s website on Friday. It also reiterated the recommendation to elevate advocate P V Kunhikrishnan as a Kerala high court judge.
Seniority
How it is determined; supersessions
Sep 1, 2021: The Times of India
The oath ceremony at the Supreme Court of India on August 31 had a few firsts in terms of the number of judges being elevated at one go as well as the location of the oath ceremony being the auditorium, instead of the Chief Justice of India’s courtroom. It is the number of judges itself which seems to have necessitated the use of the auditorium for the oath ceremony.
Apart from the fact that the list includes three probable future Chief Justices of India, the judges who were elevated to the highest court represent possibly the most diverse ‘spectrum’ as far as appointment of judges to the apex court is concerned – a senior most high court judge, judges who may be superseding other senior HC judges but are from the underprivileged class or are lady judges, and an advocate directly elevated to the top court.
How is seniority decided?
Names are sent as recommendations in order of seniority by the collegium of the top five SC judges, and that is also how they are administered oath of office. This means that seniority is decided at the time of sending recommendations itself.
As is clear from the new elevations, there is no written rule that seniority is the only criteria in deciding who gets elevated to the Supreme Court. However, seniority within a specific class is maintained as per convention. This means, when two judges from high courts are being elevated on the same day, the senior one among them will continue to be senior at the SC as well. Similarly, a lawyer being appointed directly, along with other serving HC judges/CJs, will be junior to them at the time of appointment.
See also
Supreme Court: India (mainly SC's rulings)
Supreme Court, India: Administrative issues
Supreme Court: India: Chief Justices
Supreme Court: India: Sitting judges
Judicial appointments, senior: India mainly the Collegium debate
