Power: India, 1

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[[File: Power transmission and distribution, state-wise, best and worst.jpg|Power transmission and distribution, state-wise, best and worst; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=NEWSICLE-LEAKY-LINES-28062015020025 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 
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|colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%">
 
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This article has been sourced from an authoritative, official <br/>publication.  Therefore, it has been ‘locked’ and will never be <br/> thrown open to readers to  edit or comment on.<br/>
 
  
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After the formal launch of their online archival encyclopædia, <br/> readers who wish to update or add further details can do so on <br/> a ‘Part II’ of this article.  </div>
 
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[[Category:India|P]]
 
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[[Category: Economy-Industry-Resources|P]]
 
  
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==The main source of this article==
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[[File: Power transmission and distribution, state-wise, best and worst.jpg|Power transmission and distribution, state-wise, best and worst; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=NEWSICLE-LEAKY-LINES-28062015020025 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
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''' INDIA 2012 '''  
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A REFERENCE ANNUAL
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[https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/14/what-is-the-difference-between-power-and-energy/      ''' What Is the Difference Between Power and Energy? '''  The Staff of QUEST explains:]
  
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'' Compiled by ''
 
  
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RESEARCH, REFERENCE AND TRAINING DIVISION
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The word “energy” is used to describe many different things—how we heat and cool our homes, how we fuel cars. Energy isn’t something that can be seen or felt, but you can see and feel the effects when energy is transferred from one place to another.
  
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PUBLICATIONS DIVISION
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Energy is what makes change happen and can be transferred form one object to another. Energy can also be transformed from one form to another.
  
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MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING
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Power is the rate at which energy is transferred. It is not energy but is often confused with energy. The watt is the most commonly used unit of measure for power. It measures the rate of energy transfer.
  
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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
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A watt equals a joule per second. If a smart phone uses five joules of energy every second, then the power of the phone is five joules per second, or five watts.
  
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=POWER=
 
  
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Power development in India commenced at the end of the 19th century with the
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Indpaedia has separate pages on
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commissioning of electricity supply in Darjeeling during 1897, followed by the
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commissioning of a hydropower station at Sivasamudram in Karnataka during 1902.
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In the pre-Independence era, the power supply was mainly in the private sector,
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that too restricted to the urban areas. With the formation of State Electricity Boards
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during Five-Year Plans, a significant step was taken in bringing about a systematic
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growth of power supply industry all over the country. A number of multi-purpose
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projects came into being, and with the setting up of thermal, hydro and nuclear
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power stations, power generation started increasing significantly.
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The Ministry of Power is primarily responsible for the development of electrical
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[[Energy: India ]]  and  
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energy in the country. The Ministry is concerned with perspective planning, policy
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formulation, processing of projects for investment decisions, monitoring of the
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implementation of power projects, training and man-power development and the
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administration and enactment of legislation with regard to thermal and hydro power
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generation, transmission and distribution. In all technical matters, the Ministry of
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Power is assisted by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA).
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The construction and operation of generation and transmission projects in the
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[[Power: India, 1]]
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Central sector are entrusted to Central Sector Power Corporations, viz.,  
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the National
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[[Power: India, 2 (ministry data)]]
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Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC),
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the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation
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(NHPC),  
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|colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%">
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This article has been sourced from an authoritative, official <br/>publication.  Therefore, it has been ‘locked’ and will never be <br/> thrown open to readers to  edit or comment on.<br/>
  
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the North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO), and
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After the formal launch of their online archival encyclopædia, <br/> readers who wish to update or add further details can do so on <br/> a ‘Part II’ of this article.  </div>
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[[Category:India|P]]
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[[Category: Economy-Industry-Resources|P]]
  
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the Power
 
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Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL).
 
  
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The Power Grid is responsible for all
 
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the existing and future transmission projects in the Central Sector and also for the
 
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formation of the National Power Grid.
 
  
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Two joint-venture power corporations,
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=Coal-based plants=
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namely, Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) (formerly known as NJPC) and Tehri Hydro
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==Pollution==
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Development Corporation (THDC) are responsible for the execution of the Nathpa
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[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Desi-thermal-plants-worst-polluters-23022015011005 ''The Times of India'']
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Jhakri Power Project in Himachal Pradesh and Projects of Tehri Hydro Power
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[[File: plants.jpg|Indian coal-based plants and pollution|frame|500px]]
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Complex in Uttarakhand respectively.
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Feb 23 2015
  
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Three ''' statutory bodies,''' i.e., the Damodar
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''' CSE's study rates 47 coal-based plants '''
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Valley Corporation (DVC), the Bhakra-Beas Management Board (BBMB) and Bureau
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of Energy Efficiency (BEE), are also under the administrative control of the Ministry
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of Power.
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Programmes of ''' rural electrification ''' are provided financial assistance by
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A first-ever environmental rating of coalbased power plants has found that India's thermal power generating units figure among the world's “most inefficient“ in terms of compliance to pollution norms, use of resources and overall operation efficiency .
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the Rural Electrification Corporation (REC).  
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Though private sector thermal plants in the country perform better than governmentowned ones, there is “immense scope for improvement“ in almost all units so that they can pollute less and generate more electricity with efficient use of available resources.
  
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The Power Finance Corporation (PFC)
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The study behind the ratings, done by experts at the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), also noted that Delhi is home to one of the most polluting power plants in the country­ NTPC's Badarpur Thermal Power Plant­ which has contributed in turn ing the capital into the most polluted city in the world.
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provides term-finance to projects in the power sector.  
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The ''' autonomous bodies '''
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The study , done under CSE's Green Rating Project (GRP), analysed and rated 47 coal-based thermal power plants from across the country on a variety of environmental and energy parameters. About half of all plants operating in 2011-12 were selected for the rating.
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(societies), namely, Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) and the National Power
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Training Institute (NPTI) are also under the administrative control of the Ministry
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of Power.  
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A Power Trading Corporation has also been incorporated primarily to
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“The objective of the study was to give a clear picture of the environmental performance of the sector. Our finding is that in India, where demand for power is increasing, power plants are performing way below the global benchmarks“, said Sunita Narain ahead of the study's release on Saturday.
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support the Mega Power Projects in private sector by acting as a single entity to
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enter into Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs).
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==Capacity Addition==
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She said, “Given the rapid increase in coal-based power projected by the government, stress on precious resources like water and land will increase and air and water pollution will worsen unless corrective measures are taken by the industry and policy-makers“.
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Based on the 10th Plan actual capacity addition of 21,180 MW and preparedness of
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projects, the Planning Commission had initially fixed a capacity addition target of
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78,700 MW during the 11th Plan to meet the power requirement of the country. This
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comprised hydro, thermal and nuclear capacity of 15,627 MW, 59,693 MW and
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3,380 MW respectively. The Central Sector was to contribute 36,874 MW (Thermal
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24,840 MW), the State Sector 26,783 MW (Thermal 23,301 MW) and Private Sector
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15,043 MW (Thermal 11, 552 MW) in the 11th Plan. Keeping in view the stage and
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pace of construction of power generation projects and their likelihood of
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commissioning during the remaining period of the 11th Plan, this has been revised
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to 62,374 MW by the Planning Commission at the time of Mid-Term Appraisal
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comprising 8, 237 MW Hydro, 50,757 MW Thermal and 3,380 MW Nuclear projects
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with 21,222 MW in Central Sector, 21,355 MW in State Sector and 19,797 MW in
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Private Sector.
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Up to 31st May, 2011, 35,747 MW of capacity has been added in the 11th Plan
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The study was released jointly by M S Swaminathan, environment secretary Ashok Lavasa and chief economic advisor Arvind Subramanian in a function here, organized to award the greenest power plants.
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comprising 10,450 MW in Central Sector, 12,971 MW in State Sector and 12,326
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MW in Private Sector. This is 169% of the total capacity added during the 10th Five
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Year Plan.
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The installed power generation capacity has increased from about 1,400 MW
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Three top power plants (CSESBudge Budge, JSWELToranagallu and Tata-Trombay) were awarded for their overall environmental performance, while two others received awards for their efficient use of resources such as energy and water.
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in 1947 to 1,74,361 MW as on 30.04.2011 comprising 37,567 MW hydro, 1,13,559
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MW thermal including gas and diesel, 4780 MW Neclear based power plants and
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18,455 MW from renewable energy sources including wind.
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==Power Generation==
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The study found that the country's thermal power plants are estimated to draw around 22 billion cubic meter of water, which is over half of India's domestic water need.It also noted that 55% of the units were violating air pollution standards which are already extremely lax.
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Power generation during 2010-11 was 811.14 BU comprising 665.01 BU Thermal,
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114.26 BU from Hydro, 26.27 BU from Nuclear and 5.61 BU import from Bhutan.
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The target of power generation for the year 2010-11 was fixed at 855 BU. The Plant
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Load Factor (PLF) has shown a steady improvement over the years and has improved
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from 52.8 per cent in 1990-91 to 77.53 per cent in 2009-10 and reduced to 75.08% in
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2010-11.
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==50,000 MW Hydro Electric Initiative==
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==Supply of coal to thermal power stations: 2018==
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Under the 50,000 MW Initiative launched by the Government in 2003-04, 162 hydroelectric
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[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F03%2F14&entity=Ar02203&sk=0B8092DB&mode=text  Sanjay Dutta, Govt rushing coal to power plants to tackle summer, March 14, 2018: ''The Times of India'']
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projects spread in 16 states for the purpose of preparation of Preliminary
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Feasibility Reports (PFRs) were taken up by CEA as nodal agency. The PFRs were
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completed in September 2004 for all these projects with an installation of 47,930
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MW.
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As a follow up of preparation of PFRs, preparation of DPRs for these schemes
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[[File: Supply of coal to thermal power stations- 2018.jpg|Supply of coal to thermal power stations: 2018 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F03%2F14&entity=Ar02203&sk=0B8092DB&mode=text  Sanjay Dutta, Govt rushing coal to power plants to tackle summer, March 14, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
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had been taken up, thereby providing a shelf of projects for execution in the near
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future.
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Out of 162 schemes (47930 MW), DPRs for 28 schemes (10093 MW/Revised
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The government has enhanced coal supply to ramp up buffer stock at thermal power stations in anticipation of electricity demand shooting in line with the weatherman’s prediction of an early and hot summer this year. Coal ministry data show 16 power stations, or 14%, of the 112 coal-fired power plants monitored by the Central Electricity Authority have received fuel supplies in excess of their 100% requirement.
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capacity 9594 MW) have already been prepared (upto April,2011). The work of
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Survey & Investigation is under progress for another 31 schemes (17093 MW).
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==Hydro Capacity Addition during 12th Plan==
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Data show the level of excess supply reaching as high as 200% in one case, while remaining between 104% and 163% for the remaining 13 stations under this group.
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[[File: Decade-wise construction of large dams (Hydro-electric projects), 1900-2014, and their statewise distribution.jpg|Decade-wise construction of large dams (Hydro-electric projects): 1900-2014, and their statewise distribution; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=02_09_2015_009_061_003&type=P&artUrl=STATOISTICS-DAMS-PROTESTS-02092015009061&eid=31808 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
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To meet the requirement of additional capacity during the 12th Plan (2012-17), a
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There are 28 other power stations, or a quarter of the monitored plants, that are getting supplies well in excess of their ‘trigger level’ – which ranges between 75% and 90% – of the annual contracted quantity of coal tied up from state-run Coal India Ltd.
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shelf of 87 candid hydro projects having aggregate capacity of 20334 MW (excluding
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slippages from 11th Plan) was prepared. The no. of projects have been reduced due
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to merger and deletion of some projects and change in installed capacity during
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S&I and preparation of DPR. With the incorporation of the above changes, 83 projects
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(22011 MW, excluding slippages from 11th Plan) have been identified as candidate
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projects for benefits during 12th Plan.
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==Setting up of Ultra Mega Power Project==
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The push for increased coal supply is aimed at avoiding a repeat of last year’s situation when coal demand spiked as thermal plants raised output to bridge shortfall in generation from hydel, wind and nuclear sources. In the August-September period of 2017, nuclear generation fell 36%, wind 14% and hydel 12%.
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Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs) are being promoted with a view to providing
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power to all at a reasonable rate and ensuring fast capacity addition by the Central
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Government as an initiative facilitating the development of Ultra Mega Power
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Projects (UMPP) of 4000 MW capacity each under tariff based international
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competitive bidding route. Project specific Shell Companies (Special Purpose
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Vehicles) as 100% subsidiries of Power Finance Corporation Limited have been
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created for carrying out developmental work consisting of the tie up of inputs/
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clearances and the bidding process for selection of developers for the UMPPs.
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So far, four UMPPs, namely, Sasan in M.P., Mundra in Gujarat, Krishnapatnam
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Supplies from Bhutan also dropped. This supply gap was met by coal-fired plants, which saw generation rising by 17% as plants spun at 58% of capacity against 52% in August 2016.
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in Andhra Pradesh and Tilaiya in Jharkhand have been awarded and transferred to
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the developers selected through tariff based competitive bidding. Two units of 800
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MW each of Mundra UMPP are expected to be commissioned in 11th Plan.
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The request for Qualification (RFQ) bids have been issued for the UMPPs
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proposed in Chhattisgarh and Odisha. In regard to UMPP in Tamil Nadu and second
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UMPP of Andhra Pradesh, the sites have been finalized and the project development
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work is in advanced stage.
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==CENTRAL ELECTRICITYAUTHORITY==
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This had led to coal demand rising by 20 million tonne. Coal India raised despatch by 21% but it still proved inadequate because power demand spiked with rising humidity and a prolonged dry spell.
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Central Electricity Authority (CEA), a statutory organisation constituted under
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Section 3(1) of the Electricity Supply Act, 1948 which has been superseded by Section
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70 (1) of Electricity Act, 2003, plays an important role in formulating policies and
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programmes for power development in the country and in planning and
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coordinating various development activities in the Power Sector. The CEA advises
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the Central Government on matters relating to the National Electricity Policy,
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formulates short-term and perspective plans for development of the electricity
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system and coordinates the activities of the planning agencies for optimal utilisation
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of resources to subserve the interests of national economy and to provide reliable
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and affordable electricity for all consumers.
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Under the Electricity Act, 2003, the CEA makes regulations/standards on
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Since then, the coal and railway minister Piyush Goyal has initiated several steps to ensure adequate coal stocks at power stations, some of which are still operating with low fuel stocks due to various reasons.
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matters such as construction of electrical plants, electric lines and connectivity to
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the grid, installation and operation of meters, concurrence of hydro-electric schemes,
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safety and grid standards. It also specifies measures relating to safety with respect
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to electricity supply. This will inculcate higher efficiency in all fields of the power
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sector.
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The CEA is responsible for the concurrence of hydro power development
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Coal India is despatching 8% more coal than it did a year ago, loading 308-310 rakes per day to wheel 1.8 million tonnes (mt) of the fuel daily.
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schemes of the Central, State and Private sectors taking into consideration the best
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ultimate development of the river or its tributaries for power generation, consistent
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with the requirement of drinking water, irrigation, navigation, flood control or for
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other public purposes. It also makes studies for the optimum location of dams and
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other river works keeping in view the norms regarding dam design and safety.
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It promotes and assists in the timely completion of schemes and projects for
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Coal India’s production has also gone up to 2 million tonne a day and is set to increase further to 2.5 mt in the remaining days of March.
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improving and augmenting the electricity system by carrying out a close monitoring
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of the construction of generation and transmission projects to ensure their timely
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completion by identifying bottlenecks and problem areas and initiating remedial
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measures/actions. It lays stress on improving the performance of existing power
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stations through better O&M practices, renovation and modernisation and life
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extension programmes. It is also charged with the responsibility of monitoring
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schemes/projects for their timely completion.
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Collection and recording the data concerning the generation, transmission,
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=Consumption of electricity in India and the world=
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trading, distribution and utilisation of electricity and carrying out studies relating
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to cost, efficiency, competitiveness, etc., are important functions of the CEA. It makes
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public from time to time information secured under the Electricity Act, 2003 and
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provides for the publication of reports and investigations.
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The CEA advises Central Government, State governments and Regulatory
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[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|PPOWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
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Commissions on all technical matters relating to generation, transmission and
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POWER: INDIA, 1]]
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distribution of electricity. It also advises State Governments, licensees or generating
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[[Category:India|PPOWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
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companies on such matters which shall enable them to operate and maintain the
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POWER: INDIA, 1]]
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electricity system under their ownership or control in an improved manner and
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[[Category:Pages with broken file links|POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
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where necessary, in coordination with any other Government, licensee or the
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POWER: INDIA, 1]]
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generating company owning or controlling another electricity system.
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The CEA plays a lead role in promoting an integrated operation of Regional
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==2019==
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Grid systems and the evolution of a National Grid. The Eastern, North-Eastern and
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[[File: Per capita Consumption of electricity in India and the world, 2019.jpg|Per capita Consumption of electricity in India and the world, 2019 <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/focus-on-rational-use-of-resources-in-indias-2070-net-zero-road-map/articleshow/95518449.cms  Vishwa Mohan, Nov 15, 2022: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
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Western regions have been integrated and are operating in a synchronous mode.
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The Eastern Region is connected with the Northern as well as the Southern Region
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through HVDC back-to-back links. Similarly, the Western Region is also connected
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with the Northern and the Southern Regions through the same arrangements. The
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CEA facilitates exchange of power within the country from surplus to deficit regions
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and with neighbouring countries for mutual benefits.
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It promotes research in matters affecting the generation, transmission,
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'''See graphic''':
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distribution and trading of electricity; carries out, or causes to be carried out, any
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investigation for the purposes of generating or transmitting or distributing electricity
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and promotes measures for advancing the skills of persons engaged in the electricity
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industry. It actively participates in power supply restoration process in case of
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occurrence of unfortunate incidents of destruction caused due to drought/cyclone/
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floods/tsunami, etc., in various parts of the country.
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The CEA makes a significant contribution to a number of professional fora in
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'' Per capita Consumption of electricity in India and the world, 2019 ''
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India as well as abroad like the Conference International Des Grands Research
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Electriques (CIGRE), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the Central Board of
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Irrigation and Power (CBI&P), etc. The CEA renders consultancy services in the
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planning and design of hydro, thermal and transmission projects.
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==THE ELECTRICITY ACT, 2003==
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=Consumption of electricity, in one day=
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The provisions of this Act have been brought into force with effect from 10 June
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==2021, Jan 20==
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2003 (with this, the Indian Electricity Act, 1910, the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948
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[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2021%2F01%2F21&entity=Ar00510&sk=8D0F5913&mode=text  January 21, 2021: ''The Times of India'']
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and the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 stand repealed). The main
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features of the Act are as follows:
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(i) Generation has been delicensed and captive generation freely permitted.
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India’s daily power demand surges to record 186 GW
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Hydro projects would, however, need concurrence from the Central Electricity
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Authority.
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(ii) No licence required for generation and distribution in rural areas.
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New Delhi:
  
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(iii) Transmission Utility at the Central as well as State level, to be a government
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India’s power demand hit a record at 185.8 GW (gigawatts) on Wednesday, rising 1.6% over the previous record of 182.9 GW on December 30 and marking a 9% increase over the highest single-day supply of 171 GW in January 2020.
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company – with responsibility for planned and coordinated development of
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the transmission network. Provision for private licensees in transmission.
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(iv) Open access in transmission with provision for surcharge for taking care of
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According to power secretary S N Sahai, the demand peaked at 9.35am. Government officials said the surge in demand indicated a rebound in industrial and commercial activities in January after a 0.3% dip in factory output in December. The country’s factory output had shown a growth of 1.8% in November. Others said the prolonged cold spell across the northern region also contributed to the surge in demand.
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current level of cross subsidy with the surcharge being gradually phased out.
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(v) Distributing licensees would be free to undertake generation, and generating
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In another indicator of rising consumption, the NTPC group, the country’s largest generation utility, recorded highest-ever generation in a day at 1,009 million units on January 18. The group achieved gross cumulative generation of 222.4 billion units in the April-December period of 2020, marking an increase of 3.8% over the previous corresponding period.
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companies would be free to take up distribution.
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(vi) The State Governments are required to unbundle the SEBs. However, they
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[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|PPOWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
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may continue with them as distribution licensees and State Transmission
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Utilities.
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[[Category:India|PPOWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
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POWER: INDIA, 1]]
  
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(vii) Setting up of the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) made
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[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|PPOWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
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mandatory.
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POWER: INDIA, 1]]
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[[Category:India|PPOWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
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POWER: INDIA, 1]]
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[[Category:Pages with broken file links|POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
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POWER: INDIA, 1]]
  
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(viii) An Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals against the decision of the CERC and
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=Consumption of electricity, state-wise= 
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SERCs.
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==Delhi vis-à-vis the other Top 3/ 2017==
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[[File: Year peak demand, 2001-2017.jpg|Year peak demand, 2001-2017; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=06_06_2017_003_017_011&type=P&artUrl=Power-demand-in-capital-soars-to-all-India-06062017003017&eid=31808 The Times of India], June 6, 2017|frame|500px]]
  
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(ix) The SERCs are required to permit open access in distribution in phases with
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[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Power-demand-in-capital-soars-to-all-India-06062017003017  Paras Singh, Power demand in capital soars to all-India high, June 6, 2017: The Times of India]
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surcharge for current level of cross subsidy to be gradually phased out along
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with cross subsidies and obligation to supply.
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(x) Metering of electricity supplied made mandatory.
 
  
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(xi) Provisions relating to theft of electricity made more stringent.
+
The soaring mercury level has pushed Delhi's power demand to an all-time high. The capital's peak consumption demand at 3.06pm on Monday touched 6,361MW, the highest ever recorded in any city of India. The last time Delhi set an all-time record was on June 30, 2016 when the electricity demand shot up to 6,261MW.
  
−
(xii) Trading as a distinct activity recognised with the safeguard of the Regulatory
+
On May 15, Delhi's peak power demand breached the 6,000MW mark. In April, it was 5,685MW, a whopping 18% rise from last year's figure. Similarly , March too saw the peak power demand going up up to 4,000MW, first time in that month. It was an increase of over 14% from that of March 2016--3,617MW.
−
Commissions being authorised to fix ceilings on trading margins, if necessary.
+
  
−
(xiii) For rural and remote areas, stand-alone systems for generation and
+
These numbers make it clear that Delhi is also the “power capital“ of the count ry. Currently , hovering around 6,000MW, the city's peak demand is almost thrice of Kolkata's (around 2,100 MW), four times than that of Chennai (1,500-1,800MW) and as much as 60% higher than financial capital, Mumbai's demand of 3,700MW. Delhi's power appetite is so huge that it is nearly two and a half times the total demand of seven Northeastern states--around 2,500 MW.
−
distribution permitted.
+
  
−
(xiv) Thrust to complete rural electrification and provide for management of rural
+
The higher power demand has been attributed to growing population, rising standard of living and exceptionally hot weather. Starting from 2MW in 1905, 27MW in 1947 to over 6,000MW now, the city's electricity appetite has grown exponentially in the past seven decades.
−
distribution by panchayats, cooperative societies, non-government
+
−
organizations, franchisees, etc.
+
  
−
(xv) The Central Government to prepare a National Electricity Policy and Tariff
+
==2018/ electricity consumption vis-à-vis per capita NSDP, state-wise==
−
Policy.
+
[[File: Graph shows that in general, states with higher per capita NSDP consume higher electricity; Power consumption per capita and per capita State domestic product at current prices in Rs 1000s, presumably in 2018.jpg|Graph shows that in general, States with higher per capita NSDP consume higher electricity; <br/> Power consumption per capita and per capita State domestic product at current prices in Rs 1000s, <br/> presumably in 2018 <br/> From: [https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/ShareImage?Pictureid=G244DQAOR.1&fbclid=IwAR0hzAZlHT7Nd52yUf7cDMQNQxAuq-rIqWIgFFzpjUSA118egs4uzoqnAMU  July 25, 2018: ''The Hindu'']|frame|500px]]
  
−
(xvi) The Central Electricity Authority to prepare a National Electricity Plan.
+
'''See graphic''':
−
Appellate Tribunal for Electricity
+
  
−
The Central Government established Appellate Tribunal for Electricity under the
+
''Graph shows that in general, States with higher per capita NSDP consume higher electricity; <br/> Power consumption per capita and per capita State domestic product at current prices in Rs 1000s, <br/> presumably in 2018''
−
Section, 110 of the Electricity Act, 2003 on 7 April 2004. The headquarters of the
+
−
Appellate Tribunal is at Delhi. The Appellate Tribunal will hear appeals against
+
−
orders of the Regulatory Commissions/ Adjudicating Officers.
+
−
==National Electricity Policy==
+
−
The National Electricity Policy has been notified by the Government under the Act.
+
−
Competitive bidding guidelines have been issued by the Government. The Tariff
+
−
Policy has been notified.
+
−
==Anti-Theft Legislation==
+
−
The States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West
+
−
Bengal, Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat, Bihar, and Punjab have passed/drafted antitheft
+
−
laws.
+
  
−
As per the provisions of Section 153 of the Electricity Act, 2003, special courts
+
= Consumption of electricity, year-wise=
−
dealing with power theft have been set up in the States of Assam, Andhra Pradesh,
+
==2001-19==
−
Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka,
+
[[File: Access to electricity and clean cooking in India. 2001- 19; Annual distance travelled per capita, 2000- 19.jpg|Access to electricity and clean cooking in India. 2001- 19; Annual distance travelled per capita, 2000- 19 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2021%2F02%2F10&entity=Ar01609&sk=C1E39AD4&mode=text  Sanjay Dutta, February 10, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
−
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab,
+
−
Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand,West Bengal
+
−
and Delhi.
+
  
−
==Redressal of Grievances of Consumers and Appointment of an Ombudsman==
+
'''See graphic''':
−
As per the provisions of the Electricity Act, 2003, every distribution licensee shall
+
−
have to establish a forum for redressal of grievances of the Consumers in accordance
+
−
with the guidelines as specified by the State Electricity Regulatory Commission.
+
−
Consumer Grievances Redressal Forums have been established in 24 States by the
+
  
−
Distribution Companies as per Section 42 (5) of the Act. Every State Electricity
+
'' Access to electricity and clean cooking in India. 2001- 19; Annual distance travelled per capita, 2000- 19 ''
−
Regulatory Commission shall appoint or designate an Ombudsman as per Section
+
−
42(6) of the Act. Any consumer who is aggrieved by the non-redressal of his
+
−
grievances may make a representation for the redressal of his grievances to the
+
−
Ombudsman. So far, 24 State Electricity Regulatory Commissions have appointed
+
−
or designated an Ombudsman.
+
−
==ACCELERATED POWER DEVELOPMENT AND REFORMS PROGRAMME==
+
−
In order to improve sub-transmission and distribution system including reduction
+
−
of Transmission & Distribution losses, Central Government had given support in
+
−
the 10th plan in the form of APDRP scheme. There were two components of the
+
−
scheme—investment component to support capital investment and an incentive
+
−
component for actual cash loss reduction. Upto November 2009, total investment
+
−
component of Rs 7675.51 crore and total incentive component of Rs 2879.73 crore has
+
−
been released under APDRP.
+
  
−
The present status of restructured APDRP for 11th Plan is as follows:
+
==2012-18: power consumption in India, other countries==
 +
[[File: 2012-18, power consumption in India, China, Japan, South Korea and USA.jpg|2012-18: power consumption in India, China, Japan, South Korea and USA <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F08%2F05&entity=Ar01516&sk=EA543DB2&mode=text  Sanjay Dutta, August 5, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
  
−
===Re-structured APDRP for 11th Plan===
 
  
−
Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the 'Restructured
+
See graphic, ‘2012-18: power consumption in India, China, Japan, South Korea and USA  ’
−
APDRP' for11th Plan as a Central Sector Scheme in its meeting held on 31 July 2008.
+
  
−
The focus of the programme is on actual, demonstrable performance in terms of
 
−
AT&C loss reduction. The aim of the scheme is to reduce the AT&C losses up to 15
 
−
per cent in project areas.
 
  
−
Projects under the scheme to be taken up in two parts.
+
==2015 study==
  
−
Part-A is the projects
+
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=In-winter-Mumbai-uses-more-power-for-ACs-11012016013046 ''The Times of India''] Jan 11 2016
−
for establishment of baseline data and IT applications for energy accounting/
+
−
Auditing & IT based consumer service centres and
+
  
−
Part-B is regular distribution
+
[[File: power.jpg|Electricity/ energy consumption in four major cities of India in winter and autumn|frame|500px]]
−
strengthening projects.
+
  
−
The programme size is Rs51,577 crore. Expected investment in Part-A (Baseline
+
Chittaranjan Tembhekar
−
System) would be Rs10,000 crore and that in Part-B would be Rs 40,000 crore.
+
−
Power Finance Corporation (PFC) is the nodal agency for operationalising
+
−
the programme.
+
  
−
To facilitate the state utilities for expediting the implementation of R-APDRP,
+
Mumbai
−
Ministry finalized the model DPRs, empanelled the IT Consultants, IT implementing
+
−
Agencies, finalized the model Request of Proposal (RFP) for appointment of above
+
−
consultants and agencies.
+
  
−
===Present Status of R-APDRP===
+
The Indian winter appears to be the warmest in Mumbai if we go by the pattern of electricity consumption of air conditioners and refrigerators across India's four major metros. It's high time Mumbaikars' fight against global warming is intensified as even during colder days their refrigerators and ACs are guzzling power much more than those living in other metros such as Kolkata and Bengaluru, whose temperature patterns are more or less similar to the maximum city .
−
Under Part-A of R-APDRP, 1403 projects at an Est cost of Rs 5167.87 crore have been
+
−
approved for 29-States/UTs and Rs. 1450.11 Crore have been disbursed till date.
+
−
Part-A SCADA projects for 28 towns of 6 states have also been sanctioned at
+
−
an Est. Cost of Rs. 669.10 crore and Rs. 154.52 crore have been disbursed.
+
  
−
Under Part-B of R-APDRP, 832 projects at the cost of Rs. 15974.56 crore have
+
A study by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) conducted in 2015 on behalf of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, finds Mumbai's consumption of power for refrigerators and air-conditioners (as percentage of power consumed by a household) is the highest among the households surveyed in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Bengaluru in both autumn and winter seasons respectively . Over 800 households were surveyed in each of these cities as part of the study .
−
been approved for 14 States and Rs. 2236 crores have been disbursed.
+
−
(Source : RAPDRP web site)
+
  
−
===Selection of Sites for Thermal Power Projects===
+
Experts agree Mumbai obviously will spend more than Delhi, where winters are cold and autumns pleasant, but criticise Mumbaikars for spending so much more on air-conditioners than Calcutta and Bangalore.
−
In the context of the need to set up additional thermal power stations to meet the
+
−
power requirements of the country up to the year 2012, and beyond, the CEA had,
+
−
in September 2001, constituted a committee under the Chairmanship of Member
+
−
(Thermal) and consisting of members from different Ministries/Deptts./SEBs, etc.,
+
−
for selection of sites for large coastal/Pithead and other Thermal Power Stations.
+
−
As the process of selection of sites is of continuous nature, the above mentioned
+
−
Committee has been converted into a Standing Committee.  
+
  
−
Teams consisting of the
+
While in autumn Mumbai showed 26.4% power consumption by a refrigerator in an average household, in winter it showed 45%, much high er among the four metros. For air conditioners a city household showed an average of 19.3 % power consumption in autumn while in winter it stood at 7.9% which is again much higher than remaining three cities surveyed during the study .
−
members of the Committee from the CEA, Planning Commission, MoE&F, CMPDI,
+
−
Railways, etc., are being constituted for visiting from time to time the sites tentatively
+
−
identified by the State agencies. These teams also interact with various State/Central
+
−
departments for assessing the availability of various inputs like land, water,
+
−
fuel, etc.
+
  
−
Based on the site visits of the Site Selection Committee and also reports obtained
+
Power expert Ashok Pendse said air-conditioners were the killer for Mumbai as against 3200 MW consumption during summer, winter consumption of the city stood at just 1500 MW. “Keeping AC temperature between 24 and 26, servicing it regularly , avoiding its excess use, going for LED and star-rated gadgets, and strengthening greenery and avoiding vehicle pollution were the steps needed to be taken by Mumbaikars to counter the global warming which is indicative with the growing use of ACs,“ he said.
−
by CEA with assistance of CMPDI/NRSA through satellite mapping, a large shelf
+
−
of potential sites has been created. Many sites from this shelf have been identified
+
−
for benefits during the 11th Plan.
+
  
−
=Cross-border power trade=
+
It may be recalled that a similar study made by BEE through TERI in 2009 had suggested that Mumbaikars' consumption on refrigerators, air conditioners and geysers was more than those living in Delhi, Bengaluru and Kolkata.
−
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Daily-spark-missing-in-Indias-intl-power-trade-23072015018021 ''The Times of India''], Jul 23 2015
+
  
−
Sanjay Dutta
+
The survey had revealed that Mumbai's consumption was all time high across all four seasons summer, winter, spring and autumn. Among these three gadgets, as per 2009 study , Mumbai had consumed the most on refrigerators and air conditioners whereas Delhi consumed highest power on geyser during prolonged winter months followed by Kolkata.
−
[[File: cross-border power trade.jpg|India’s current electricity trade; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Daily-spark-missing-in-Indias-intl-power-trade-23072015018021 ''The Times of India''], Jul 23 2015|frame|500px]]
+
−
+
−
''' Neighbours still can't buy from spot market '''
+
  
−
'' Daily spark missing in India's int'l power trade ''
 
  
−
India has emerged as a hub of South Asian transmission network but the daily spark of dayahead trading is missing in its cross-border power trade due to regulatory hurdles.
+
==2016-17: Conventional and renewable==
−
Indian power exchanges have petitioned the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission to open the doors to spot buyers from neighbouring countries as millions of units go waste at home due to busy transmission lines or poor appetite of financially stressed state utilities.
+
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Solar-energy-helps-boost-power-generation-to-10gW-07032017014042  Sanjay Dutta, Solar energy helps boost power generation to 10gW , March 7, 2017: The Times of India]
 +
[[File: Rise in energy production, April 2015-January 2017.jpg|Rise in energy production, April 2015-January 2017; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Solar-energy-helps-boost-power-generation-to-10gW-07032017014042  Sanjay Dutta, Solar energy helps boost power generation to 10gW , March 7, 2017: The Times of India]|frame|500px]]
  
−
Tata Power has petitioned the regulator for permission to import power from its 126 MW Dagachhu hydel project in Bhutan through the Indian exchanges for sale in India till bilateral contracts are signed. Industry sources say there are consumers in Nepal and Bangladesh, countries with large unmet demand, willing to buy power from the Indian spot market.
 
  
−
But for the regulator, it is a grey area as the existing policy does not reflect the chang ing reality of expanding interlinks with neighbouring countries and power projects coming up in Bhutan and Bangladesh with Indian private investments. The government is examining the new reality and at least Tata Power's case is awaiting the foreign ministry's approval. The Indian grid is connected with Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Plans for establishing interlinks with Pakistan and Sri Lanka have remained enmeshed in the complexities of bilateral politics. Trade through the existing interlinks is guided by bilateral arrangements between governments. There is no third-party transit through the Indian network. In dia imports power from hydel projects it has set up in Bhutan and supplies electricity from a central pool to Nepal and Bangladesh.
+
Green power is driving the growth in India's electricity generation as total installed solar capacity , including rooftop and off-grid projects, has crossed 10 gigawatts (gW), latest government and market data show.
  
−
The Dagachhu hydel project is the first of several private projects being built on foreign soil for supplying to local market, India or a third country. Reliance Power and Adani group recently inked deals for large power plants in Bangladesh. The petitions by power exchanges point out that the ground is ready for cross-border trading because of financial and regulatory similarities in electricity markets of the interlinked countries.
+
Generation from conventional sources showed an annual growth rate of over 5% in the 11-month period of 2016-2017 financial year, while output from renewable power projects rose more than 26% during this period. Together, the total growth in generation is in excess of 6% from a year-ago period, government data show.
  
−
Initially, the volumes are expected to be small due to limited interlink capacity.But, with plans for their expansion, a full-on regional power market is just round the corner, much in line with the scenario in Europe.
+
Power ministry officials say the net growth figure will be higher as generation data from renewable power projects come with a time lag, and therefore, does not reflect in the Central Electricity Authority's latest report The officials said the total generation this February showed marginal decline than the year-ago period due to the effect of 2016 being a leap year. A da y's extra generation in February 2016 affected the February 2017 figure by 3.57%. Had February 2017 also had one extra day , the increase in electricity generation from conventional sources would have been 3.52%, the officials said.
  
−
India, with a rapidly expanding generation capacity -estimated at 2.72 GW (giga watt) at last count -and surrounded by deficit countries, can be in the driver's seat only if it moves fast.
+
Market watchers see renewables continuing to carve a bigger space in the country's generation sphere on the back of the Narendra Modi government's funding push.
 +
After coming to power in 2014, the government revised the target for renewables from 20 gW to 175 gW, including 100 gW of grid-connected solar projects, by 2022.
  
−
=PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN POWER SECTOR=
+
Last month, the government announced an ambitious scheme to double solar power generation capacity under the solar parks scheme to 40,000 mega watts (mW) by 2020, with Rs 8,100 crore assistance to fund 30% of the initial project cost of developers.
−
Hydro Power Policy, 2008 lays emphasis on increasing private investment in power
+
−
development. The State Governments have offered a number of hydro-electric
+
−
schemes for development in private sector. The present status (as on 30.04.2011) of
+
−
participation of private sector in hydro power development (H.E. Projects having
+
−
installed capacity above 25 MW) is as under:
+
  
−
[[File:  powerindia.PNG||frame|500px]]
+
India is expected to add new solar capacity of 5.1 gW this year, which is a growth of 137% over last year, a recent report by Bridge To India, a green energy-focused consultant, said. It expected an annual capacity addition of about 8-10 gW in 2017.
−
 
+
−
==THERMAL GENERATION PROJECTS==
+
  
−
With the enactment of Electricity Act, 2003, a whole new system was evolved where
+
“India is expected to become the world's third biggest solar market from next year onwards after China and the US,“ it said.
−
private players were invited to be an active participant in the power sector. The
+
−
Electricity Act, 2003 has created a legal framework for development of electricity
+
−
supply industry through liberalized generation, market development and providing
+
−
non-discriminatory open access to the generators and consumers. In order to achieve
+
−
these objectives, the Government has issued National Electricity Policy and Tariff
+
−
Policy. In order to facilitate procurement of power through competitive bidding,
+
−
the Government has issued guidelines for tariff based competitive bidding.  
+
  
−
The
+
Tamil Nadu has the highest installed solar energy capacity , followed by Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Guj arat, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. These seven states collectively accounted for more than 80% of total installed capacity as of mid-November.
−
Standard Bid Documents for procurement of power under long term and medium
+
−
term PPAs have been notified for Case I and Case II bidding. The Government has
+
−
also set up Special Purpose Vehicle under Power Finance Corporation (PFC) for
+
−
collective procurement of power on behalf of the distribution utilities by inviting
+
−
tariff based bids for supplying power from ultra mega power projects. Procurement
+
−
of power through tariff based bidding does not require any upfront capital
+
−
investment by the Government and the responsibility of mobilizing financial
+
−
resources and technical resources for operating generating facilities rests with the
+
−
projects developer/independent power producer.
+
  
−
The private sector has responded enthusiastically to the opening up of the
+
==2019==
−
power market and a substantial amount of generating capacity is coming up through
+
[[File: Demand for electricity and coal in India, 2019.jpg|Demand for electricity and coal in India, 2019 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2021%2F02%2F25&entity=Ar02103&sk=76E54A39&mode=image  February 25, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
−
IPPs in coal, lignite, gas and hydro power projects. Government of India is making
+
−
its best efforts to facilitate this process to help the independent power producers to
+
−
overcome various challenges in the way of project implementation. The private
+
−
sector contributed 2,670 MW to generation capacity during period 2002-07. Since
+
−
then, capacity of 11041 MW has been commissioned till 31.3.11 and another about
+
−
9253 MW capacity is under construction and likely to be commissioned by 2012.
+
  
−
The private sector is likely to contribute substantial generating capacity during 12th
+
'''See graphic''':
−
Plan period (2012-17).
+
  
−
==Transmission Sector==
+
'' Demand for electricity and coal in India, 2019 ''
−
Efforts are being made to bring competition in development of inter-State
+
−
transmission system through private sector participation. In this direction, two
+
−
schemes namely - 'Western Region System Strengthening-II-B' and 'Western Region
+
−
System Strengthening II-C' were taken up for implementation through 100 per cent
+
−
private participation. The process of selection of the private sector company was
+
−
coordinated by PGCIL under directions of CERC. The Transmission Service
+
−
Agreement (TSA) for the schemes have been signed and the schemes are being
+
−
implemented by Reliance Power Transmission Limited.
+
  
−
For encouraging and streamlining the process of private sector participation,
+
==2012-22==
−
Government of India brought out 'Guidelines for encouraging competition in
+
[https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-oct-power-demand-rises-41-coal-fired-output-up-18-2021-11-01/ Sudarshan Varadhan, Nov 1, 2023: ''www.reuters.com'']
−
development of Transmission projects', 'Guidelines for Tariff based Competitive
+
−
bidding for Transmission services', Standard Request for Qualification (RFQ)
+
−
document for selection of transmission Service provider, and TSA. An Empowered
+
−
Committee for selection of projects and monitoring their implementation was also
+
−
constituted.
+
  
−
Power Finance Corporation (PFC) and Rural Electrification Corporation (REC)
+
CHENNAI, Nov 1 (Reuters) - India's electricity demand grew 4.1% in October from a year earlier, leading to a shortfall in supply of 1%, government data showed.
−
have been nominated as nodal agencies to act as Bid Process Coordinators (BPC)
+
−
for the selection of Transmission Service Providers.
+
  
−
LoIs have been issued to the successful bidders for :
+
Energy demand has been boosted by increased economic activity after the second wave of coronavirus infections subsided and led to a shortage of coal that forced India's northern states to cut power last month for up to 14 hours a day.
  
−
l Transmission system enabling import of NER/ER Surplus power by NR.
+
The data showed that coal-fired power generation rose 1.8% in October from a year earlier, while solar energy output increased by 28.4%.
  
−
l North Karanpura Transmission System.
+
Surging demand and high global prices have left utilities scrambling for coal, India's dominant fuel for power generation, despite record supplies from state-run Coal India (COAL.NS), which has a near-monopoly of production.
  
−
l Talchar-II Transmission scheme.
+
Coal India said that it had supplied a record 364.4 million tonnes from April-October, 19% higher than the previous year.
  
−
RFQs have been issued for three transmission projects, namely :
+
"Against coal consumption of around 1.8 million tonnes per day by the power sector, the supply from Coal India and other sources has been around 2.2 MTs during the last week of October, with Coal India accounting for the major share," the miner said in a statement.
  
−
l System Strengthening for WR.
+
India's Coal Minister Pralhad Joshi on Monday urged Coal India to increase production to ensure power plants had 18 days of coal stock by the end of November, while reiterating a target to achieve an output of 1 billion tonnes by 2024.
  
−
l System Strengthening Commission for WR & NR, and
+
India's power supply shortage of 1,201 million kilowatt hours (KWh) in October was the worst since January 2017, data from federal grid regulator POSOCO showed.
  
−
l Transmission system associated with Krishnapattanam - UMPP -
+
Coal's share in India's electricity generation jumped to 70.6% in October from an average of 66.5% in September, the data showed.
  
−
Synchronous inter connection between SR & WR.
+
Over a third of India's coal-fired capacity now has inventories of three days or less, latest data from the power ministry shows. The average coal inventory held by power plants would last six days, half the average of 12 days over two months ago.
  
−
==Revised Mega Power Policy==
+
[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|PPOWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
−
Mega Power Policy was introduced in November 1995 for providing impetus to
+
POWER: INDIA, 1]]
−
development of large size (mega) power projects in the country and derive benefit
+
[[Category:India|PPOWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
−
from economies of scale. These guidelines were modified in 1998 and 2002 and
+
POWER: INDIA, 1]]
−
were last amended in April 2006 to encourage power development in Jammu &
+
[[Category:Pages with broken file links|POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
−
Kashmir and the North-Eastern region.
+
POWER: INDIA, 1]]
  
−
However, in the wake of several important statutory and policy level changes
+
=Distribution companies (DISCOMs)=
−
in the power sector, Ministry of Power revisited some of the provisions of the Mega
+
==2013-19==
−
Power policy in December 2009.
+
[[File: Discoms’ power purchase costs, 2013-18; Aggregate transmission and distribution (AT&C) losses, and discoms’ losses, 2015-19.jpg|Discoms’ power purchase costs, 2013-18 <br/> Aggregate transmission and distribution (AT&C) losses, and discoms’ losses, 2015-19 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/apa/timesofindia/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=ETD%2F2019%2F05%2F15&id=Ar01813&sk=4378508E&viewMode=image  May 11, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
  
−
The modified policy seeks to rationalize the procedure for grant of mega
 
−
certificate and facilitate quicker capacity addition. The mega power policy would
 
−
have positive impact in the form of lower generation cost and resultant cost of power
 
−
purchased by distribution utilities and has liberalized many provisions including
 
−
aligning the requirements of PPA as per National Electricity Policy and National
 
−
Tariff Policy.
 
  
−
==Automatic approval for FDI==
+
'''See graphic''':
−
Automatic approval (RBI route) for 100 per cent foreign equity is permitted in
+
−
generation, transmission, and distribution and trading in power sector without any
+
−
upper ceiling on the quantum of investment.
+
  
−
As per information received from Central Electricity Authority (CEA), power
+
'' Discoms’ power purchase costs, 2013-18 <br/> Aggregate transmission and distribution (AT&C) losses, and discoms’ losses, 2015-19. ''
−
projects totalling to 15043 MW (Thermal: 11552 MW and Hydro : 3491 MW) in
+
−
private sector have been targeted for commissioning during the 11th Plan. Out of
+
−
the above, a thermal capacity addition of about 5920 MW has been achieved till 1
+
−
April, 2010.
+
  
−
=PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS AND OTHER ORGANISATIONS=
+
==Arrears, 2018, ’19==
−
===National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd.===
+
[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/apa/timesofindia/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F05%2F29&id=Ar01717&sk=99EFBB9E&viewMode=text  SANJAY DUTTA, May 29, 2019: ''The Times of India'']
−
NHPC Limited (earlier known as National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd.)
+
−
is a Schedule "A" Mini Ratna enterprise of the Government of India with an
+
−
authorised share capital of Rs 15,000 crore and an investment base of more than Rs
+
−
36,250 crore. NHPC was set up in 1975 and has now become the largest organization
+
−
for hydro power development in India, with capabilities to undertake all the activities
+
−
from conceptualization to commissioning of Hydro Projects.
+
  
−
The main objects of
+
[[File: Dues from government departments , ULBs to discoms, 2018, ’19.jpg|Dues from government departments , ULBs to discoms, 2018, ’19 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/apa/timesofindia/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F05%2F29&id=Ar01717&sk=99EFBB9E&viewMode=text  SANJAY DUTTA, May 29, 2019: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
−
NHPC include, to plan, promote and organize an integrated and efficient
+
−
development of power in all its aspects through conventional and non-conventional
+
−
Sources in India and abroad and transmission, distribution, trading and sale of
+
−
power generated at stations. The Company is also listed with the Bombay Stock
+
−
Exchange and National Stock Exchange. NHPC has signed an MoU with Rural
+
−
Electrification Corporation Ltd. (REC) for accelerated electrification of one lakh
+
−
villages and provide connection to one crore households and with the Ministry of
+
−
Rural Development for development and maintenance of rural access roads in six
+
−
districts of Bihar. Works are in progress on these schemes.
+
  
−
NHPC has so far commissioned 13 hydroelectric projects with an aggregate
+
A review document of UDAY (Ujjwal Discom Assurance Yojana), the Centre’s ambitious plan for resuscitating distribution utilities, by government think-tank Niti Aayog last month shows government departments and local bodies running up power dues of Rs 41,386 crore in the first nine months of 2018-19.
−
installed capacity of 5,175 MW which includes 2 projects with total installed capacity
+
−
of 1,520 MW in Joint Ventue with Govt. of Madhya Pradesh. In addition to above,
+
−
NHPC has commissioned 3 projects namely Kalpong (5.25 MW) in Andaman &
+
−
Nicobar Islands, Sippi (4 MW) and Kambang (6 MW) in Arunachal Pradesh on
+
−
turnkey deposit basis. NHPC has also commissioned 2 projects, viz. Devighat in
+
−
Nepal with a capacity of 14.1 MW and Kurichu in Bhutan with a capacity of 60 MW
+
−
the aggregate capacity of 74.1 MW on deposit / turnkey basis.
+
  
−
==NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITED==
+
In contrast, discoms’ overdue payment to power stations during the same period stood at Rs 22,061 crore, or nearly half the unpaid amount from government departments and ULBs — government offices, police, fire, water and sewage departments as well as other civic bodies.
−
The NTPC Ltd. (formerly National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.) was
+
−
incorporated in November 1975 with the objective of planning, promoting and
+
−
organising an integrated development of thermal power in the country. The company
+
−
has now been renamed as NTPC Ltd. In line with the changes taking place in the
+
−
business portfolio of the company that transformed the company into an integrated
+
−
Power Company, it has now a presence across the entire energy value chain.
+
−
NTPC Limited, a schedule 'A' Navratna company of the Government of India,
+
−
is the single largest power generator in India with comprehensive in-house
+
−
capabilities in building and operating power projects.  
+
  
−
NTPC generation capacity
+
“This indicates a problem at the state government end and not with UDAY per se. Performance of discoms is as much about their own performance as of other entities in the power sector value chain. States have to realise in any case, they have to bear the cross of discom losses. We are impressing upon states to look at a system wherein governments directly pay discoms for power consumed by departments and ULBs,” a power ministry official said.
−
was 18.82 per cent of country's installed capacity as on 31 March 2009. NTPC
+
Such large unpaid bills adversely impact cash flow and operational capability of discoms. The impact gets magnified by other issues such as inadequate tariff revision and delayed subsidy. Ultimately, independent power plants find it difficult to service loans on time and face increased threat of becoming stressed assets due to delayed payments from discoms.
−
accounted for 28.60 per cent of the entire electricity generated in the country during
+
−
the year 2008-09. Current operating capacity of NTPC is 30644 MW comprising
+
−
25209 MW coal based stations and 5,435 MW gas based stations. This capacity also
+
−
includes 2,294 MW under joint ventures. Another 17930 MW generating capacity
+
−
is under construction, including 3 hydro projects. During the year 2009-10 (up to 30
+
−
November 2009), a record generation of 1,40,831 million units was achieved,
+
−
registering an increase of 7.25 per cent over generation of 1,31,312 million units
+
−
during same period in 2008-09.
+
  
−
During the year 2009-10 (up to 30 November 2009) thirteen NTPC coal stations
+
According to the Niti Aayog review, government departments and ULBs of UP, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh account for Rs 30,354 crore, or over 73%, of the discoms’ arrears. UP, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are also with the bulk of overdue payments to generation companies.
−
achieved more than 85 per cent PLF, including eight above 90 per cent and two
+
−
above 95 per cent; Dadri (Coal) (98.91 per cent), Korba (95.89 per cent), Unchahar
+
−
(94.61 per cent), Simhadri (94.34 per cent), Vindhyachal (94.14 per cent), Tanda (92.24
+
−
per cent), Rihand (92.05 per cent), Ramagundam (91.67 per cent), Sipat (89.92 per
+
−
cent), Singrauli (88.58 per cent), Badarpur (87.51 per cent), Talcher (Kaniha) (85.67
+
−
per cent) and Talcher (Thermal) (85.92 per cent).
+
  
−
During the year 2009-10 (April to September 2009), NTPC recorded a total
+
[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|PPOWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
−
income of Rs 24302.75 crore(audited), and net profit after tax of Rs 4,345.57 crore
+
POWER: INDIA, 1]]
−
(audited), registering an increase of 17.62 per cent and 13.25 per cent respectively
+
[[Category:India|PPOWER: INDIA, 1POWER: INDIA, 1
−
over the same period last year. During the year 2009-10 (till November 2009), 500
+
POWER: INDIA, 1]]
−
MW generation capacity was commissioned comprising one unit of 500 MW (unit
+
−
No. 7) at Kahalgaon-II. The company is at present implementing eighteen power
+
−
projects with a capacity of 17930 MW.
+
  
−
An MOU has been signed amongst NTPC and the Govt. of Chattisgarh for
+
=Ease of getting power=
−
setting up 4000 MW Lara Power Project in the State of Chattisgarh as a regional
+
==2016: India's rank rises by 73 ==
−
power project of NTPC. An MoU has been signed amongst NTPC Ltd., Govt. of
+
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Ease-of-getting-power-Indias-rank-up-by-12052017016027  Sanjay Dutta, Ease of getting power: India's rank up by 73 , May 12, 2017: The Times of India]
−
Madhya Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Power Trading Co. Ltd. for setting up 2,640
+
−
MW Gadarwara Power Project in Narsinghpur District of MP as a Regional Power
+
−
Project of NTPC. Mining Plan for Dulanga (7 MTPA) coal blocks has been approved
+
−
by MOC whereas for Talaipalli coal block (18 MTPA), the same has been submitted
+
−
to MOC for approval.
+
  
−
Twenty Year Fuel Supply Agreements (FSAs) have been signed with subsidiary
+
[[File: Increase in electricity prices, 2004-14 and 2014-16.jpg|Increase in electricity prices, 2004-14 and 2014-16; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Ease-of-getting-power-Indias-rank-up-by-12052017016027  Sanjay Dutta, Ease of getting power: India's rank up by 73 , May 12, 2017: The Times of India]|frame|500px]]
−
coal companies of Coal India Limited (CIL) for long term coal supply to NTPC coal
+
−
based power stations. Joint venture Agreement (JVA) has been signed between
+
−
NTPC and CIL for promotion of one or more JV(s) for jointly undertaking the
+
−
Development, Operation & Maintanance of Coal Blocks (Brahmini and Chichro-
+
−
Patsimal in Jharkhand) and integrated Power Projects.
+
  
−
Government of India has allotted 4.46 MMSCMD of KG D6 gas for its existing
+
''' Govt Halved Rate At Which Prices Rise Every Year '''
−
gas-based power plants in NCR. NTPC has also sought allocation of 35.5 MMSCMD
+
−
of KG D6 gas for setting up 7000 MW of expansion/new gas based power stations.
+
−
This is in addition to 12 MMSCMD of gas at USD 2.34/ MMBTU sought by NTPC
+
−
for taking up expansion of Kawas and Gandhar projects. As per provisional results
+
−
of NELP-VIII bidding of GOI declared by DGH, NTPC along with ONGC and other
+
−
consortium partners have won 3 petroleum blocks.
+
  
−
NTPC has also won a Block in the Cambay basin with 100 per cent participating
+
The focused reforms unleashed by the Narendra Modi government in the last three years have halved the rate at which power prices rose every year, and improved India's position in the global `ease of getting electricity' ranking.
−
interest as Operator. During the year 2009-10 (till November 2009), NVHN has traded
+
−
3201 MUs of power and has transacted business with more than 30 State/
+
−
Distribution Utilities.
+
  
−
Joint Venture Company National High Power Test Laboratory Ltd. (NHPTL),
+
The compounded annual growth in power prices in the 2014-16 period stood at 3.27% against 5.94% through the last 10 years between 2004 and 2014.
−
with PGCIL, NHPC and DVC, has been formed for setting up a High Power Test
+
−
Laboratory for short circuit testing. Joint venture company Energy Efficiency Services
+
−
Limited (EESL), with PFC, PGCIL and REC, has been formed to carry on and promote
+
−
the business of energy efficiency and climate change including manufacture and
+
−
supply of energy efficiency services and products.
+
  
−
==RAJIV GANDHI GRAMEEN VIDYUTIKARAN YOJANA==
+
Simultaneously during the last two years, India moved up to the 26th spot in global electricity accessibility ranking, moving up from 99th in 2014 aided largely by the Modi government's rural electrification programme in the last three years since it came to power.
−
"RGGVY - scheme of Rural Electricity Infrastructure and Household Electrification"
+
−
was launched in March 2005 with approved capital subsidy of Rs. 5000 cr during the
+
−
10th plan for implementation of Phase I of the scheme. The scheme was further
+
−
continued in 11th Plan for attaining the goal of providing access to electricity to all
+
−
households, electrification of about 1.15 lakh un-electrified and electricity
+
−
connections to 2.34 cr BPL households, with approved capital subsidy of Rs. 28000 cr.
+
  
−
The scheme merges erstwhile "Accelerated Electrification of one lakh Villages and
+
Nowhere has the suc cess of the government's policies become more visible than the development where solar power tariff went below coal-fired power for a project at Bhadla solar park in Rajasthan.
−
One Crore Households" and "Minimum Needs Programme" for rural electrification.
+
  
−
''' Highlights of the Scheme '''
+
Overall Energy shortage too has come down to 0.7% at present from 4.2% in 2014. No wonder power, coal renewable energy and mines minister Piyush Goyal spoke from a position of strength when he told the Vienna Energy Forum, “Many problems had earlier set India back for many years but now the mood has changed.“
 +
“India is taking rapid strides in terms of commitment and target for promoting energy conservation and efficiency ,“ he told the gathering.
  
−
• Ninety per cent capital subsidy is provided for overall cost of the projects
+
“Traditionally India's stand has been what the world was ready to do to help us go green. Finally , we are able to tell the world that we will do whatever it takes to improving our pollution levels to meet the challenges of climate change, irrespective of what the world does. We have finally been able to make solar tariff go below grid parity ... India's leadership position in green energy will new benefit the world,“ he said.
−
under the scheme.
+
  
−
• The States will finalize their Rural Electrification Plans in consultation with
+
=Rural electrification=
−
Ministry of Power and notify the same within six months. Rural Electrification
+
==1950-2017==
−
Plan will be a road map for Generation, Transmission, Sub-Transmission and
+
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=LEARNING-WITH-THE-TIMES-Why-Are-77-Of-02102017014025  Why Are 77% Of Households Without Power When 99.5% Of Villages Have Electricity?, October 2, 2017: The Times of India]
−
Distribution of electricity in the State which will ensure the achievement of
+
−
objective of the scheme.
+
  
−
• The scheme would be implemented through the Rural Electrification
 
−
Corporation (REC).
 
  
−
• For projects to be eligible for capital subsidy under the scheme, prior
+
[[File: Electricity in India, a timeline, 1950-2017; Highest proportion of households without electricity, state-wise; Electricity consumption, 2014.jpg|Electricity in India, a timeline, 1950-2017; Highest proportion of households without electricity, state-wise; Electricity consumption, 2014; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=LEARNING-WITH-THE-TIMES-Why-Are-77-Of-02102017014025  Why Are 77% Of Households Without Power When 99.5% Of Villages Have Electricity?, October 2, 2017: The Times of India]|frame|500px]]
−
commitment of the States would also be obtained before sanction of projects
+
−
under the scheme for:
+
  
−
• Deployment of franchisees for the management of rural distribution in
 
−
projects financed under the scheme, and
 
  
−
• Guarantee by State Govt. for a minimum daily supply of 6-8 hours of
+
'''How is village electrification different from that of a household?'''
−
electricity in the RGGVY network with the assurance of meeting any
+
−
deficit in this context by supplying electricity at subsidized tariff as
+
−
required under the Electricity Act, 2003.
+
  
−
''' Scope of the Scheme '''
+
A village is considered electrified if 10% of its households have electricity connec tion, and hence there is a considerable scope that many families may not have electricity despite being located in an electrified village. According to Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana website, there are only 0.5% un-electrified villages in the country while 23% households are yet to get electricity. In some states, nearly all households have electricity, while there are others with significant village electrification but many house holds without power.
  
−
Under the scheme, projects could be financed with capital subsidy for provision
+
'''Does providing an electricity connection itself address power problem?'''
−
of:-
+
  
−
• Rural Electricity Distribution Backbone (REDB)
+
Despite access to electricity, a large part of India's population suffers from power shortage. As a result India's per capita consumption of electricity is far lower than similar economies. Per capita consumption of power indicates the degree of industrialisation as well as quality of life in a country .
−
Provision of 33/11 KV (or 66/11 KV) sub-stations of adequate capacity and
+
−
lines in blocks where these do not exist.
+
  
−
• Creation of Village Electrification Infrastructure (VEI)
+
= Tariff=
 +
==2016: E-bidding helps cut power tariff==
 +
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=E-bidding-helps-cut-power-tariff-24052016010016 ''The Times of India''], May 24 2016
  
−
- Electrification of un-electrified villages.
+
The power ministry's move to channel procurement of short-term power by states through reverse auction on its e-bidding platform appears to be paying off. The first round of bidding on the DEEP (Discovery of Efficient Electricity Price) portal has seen tariffs go down by more than a third from a year-ago period.
  
−
- Electrification of un-electrified habitations with a population of
+
Uttarakhand, Kerala, Bihar and private discom Torrent Power kicked off the DEEP bidding process, with Kerala discovering a price of Rs 3.14 per unit, the lowest for May in the slot of the day , against Rs 4.70 per unit paid for roundthe-clock supplies in 2015.
−
above 100.
+
  
−
- Provision of distribution transformers of appropriate capacity in
+
Uttarakhand discovered a price of Rs 2.59 per unit, the lowest for July on round-theclock basis. The state discoms had procured short-term power at Rs 3.41 per unit last year in the same period. Bihar received the lowest rate for July at Rs 3.08 per unit, while Torrent Power received the lowest price of Rs 2.95 per unit for May-June in slot of the day . While the state did not procure power through bidding before this, Torrent did not procure short-term power in 2014-15 and 2015-16. Bidding for Uttarakhand and Kerala concluded on April 29, for Torrent Power Ltd on May 3 and for Bihar on May 9, the power ministry said on Sunday .
−
electrified villages/habitation(s).
+
  
−
• Decentralized Distributed Generation (DDG) and Supply
+
Lower prices are expected to reduce the overall cost of procurement of power for dis coms and ultimately benefit consumers. Power minister Piyush Goyal had inaugurated the portal, making it mandatory for discoms to procure short-term power through reverse e-bidding.
  
−
Decentralized distribution-cum-generation from conventional or renewable
+
==2018: tariff in the major cities==
−
or non-conventional sources for villages where grid connectivity is either not
+
[[File: 2018- the power tariff in India’s major cities.jpg|2018: the power tariff in India’s major cities <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2018%2F10%2F03&entity=Ar00200&sk=82F2B18A&mode=image  October 3, 2018: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
−
feasible or not cost effective.
+
  
−
• Remote villages covered for financing under MNRE not included.
+
'''See graphic''':
  
−
• Rural Household Electrification of Below Poverty Line Households:
+
''2018: the power tariff in India’s major cities''
  
−
- Electrification of un-electrified Below Poverty Line (BPL) households
+
= Trade (cross-border)=
−
would be financed with 100% capital subsidy as per norms of Kutir Jyoti
+
==2017/ India becomes net exporter of power==
−
Programme in all rural habitations.
+
[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/india-becomes-net-exporter-of-power-for-the-first-time-government/articleshow/57889280.cms  India becomes net exporter of power for the first time: Government, Mar 29, 2017, The Times of India]
  
−
- Households above poverty line would be paying for their connections
+
'''HIGHLIGHTS'''
−
at prescribed connection charges and no subsidy would be available for
+
−
this purpose.
+
  
−
===Franchisees===
+
New transmission lines with Bangladesh and Myanmar helped India sell more.
−
In order to maintain the infrastructure being created and to provide uninterrupted
+
−
quality power, deployment of franchisee system has been made mandatory in the
+
−
scheme.
+
  
−
Management of rural distribution will be through franchisee, who can be Non-
+
India is set to sell more power to Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar.
−
Governmental Organizations (NGOs), user associations, cooperatives or individual
+
−
entrepreneurs. The Panchayats will be associated. Panchayati Raj institutions will
+
−
have an important role of overseeing in advisory capacity, the delivery of services
+
−
by the franchisees according to their identified responsibilities. The state
+
−
governments can also consider giving the responsibility of franchisees to the
+
−
Panchayati Raj institutions.
+
  
−
All the states have been asked to have input based franchisee system. In case
+
NEW DELHI: India has become a net exporter of electricity for the first time, the power ministry said on Wednesday, adding that upcoming cross-border transmission lines with neighbouring countries such as Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar will only increase sales.
−
of the input based franchisee, the input energy into the area covered by the franchisee
+
−
is measured by the utility and the target for revenue collection are set based on the
+
−
collections made as a percentage of the input energy supplied to the consumers
+
−
beyond the point of metering by the utility. Input based franchisee will make
+
−
franchisee accountable for loss reduction and will therefore try to reduce theft in
+
−
the system. A major achievement of the scheme is that for the first time, commercial
+
−
aspect is being considered and fully addressed.
+
  
−
===Revenue Sustainability===
+
April-February power exports of around 5,798 million units were 4 percent higher than what India bought from Bhutan, which has been a steady supplier of hydro-electricity to the country since the eighties.
−
Based on the consumer mix and the prevailing consumer tariff and likely load, the
+
New transmission lines with Bangladesh and Myanmar helped India sell more, the government said.
−
Bulk Supply Tariff (BST) for the franchisee would be determined after ensuring
+
−
commercial viability of the franchisee. Wherever feasible, bidding may be attempted
+
−
for determining the BST. This BST will be fully factored into the submissions of the
+
−
state Utilities to the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) for their
+
−
revenue requirements and tariff determination.
+
  
−
The State Government under the Electricity Act is required to provide the
+
Known for its crippling power cuts, India has been investing heavily on generation infrastructure over the past few years. A massive surge in the local supply of raw materials like coal in the past two years has also helped power companies boost output.
−
requisite revenue subsidies to the State Utilities if it would like tariff for any category
+
Some experts, however, say local power demand has grown slower than expected.
−
of consumers to be lower that the tariff determined by thee SERC.
+
  
−
While administering the scheme, prior commitments may be taken from the
+
==Why India exports power==
−
State Government regarding-
+
See graphic.
  
−
- Determination of bulk supply tariff for franchisees in a manner that
+
[[File: Per capita electricity consumption annually for 2013, India and the world.jpg|Per capita electricity consumption annually for 2013, India and the world; [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=01_04_2017_036_005_003&type=P&artUrl=INDIA-POWER-SURPLUS-THATS-A-BAD-JOKE-01042017036005&eid=31808 The Times of India], April 1, 2017|frame|500px]]
−
ensures their commercial viability.
+
  
−
- Provision of requisite revenue subsidy by the State Government to the
+
==Spot market faces regulatory hurdles==
−
State Utilities as required under the Electricity Act.
+
  
−
===Release of Capital Subsidy===
+
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Daily-spark-missing-in-Indias-intl-power-trade-23072015018021 ''The Times of India''], Jul 23 2015
−
The capital subsidy for eligible projects under the scheme would be given through
+
−
REC and projects shall be implemented fulfilling the conditionality. In the event
+
−
projects are not implemented satisfactorily in accordance with the conditionalities
+
−
of RGGVY, the capital subsidy could be converted into interest bearing loans.
+
−
CPSU's Services
+
−
 
+
−
With a view to augment the implementation capacities for the programme,
+
−
REC has entered into MOUs with NTPC, POWERGRID, NHPC and DVC to make
+
−
available CPSUs' project management expertise and capabilities to states wishing
+
−
to use their services.
+
−
==TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, CAPACITY BUILDING, MIS ETC.==
+
−
Upto 1 per cent of the total subsidy under the scheme would be used for associated
+
−
works/efforts of the programme.
+
−
 
+
−
===Project approved===
+
−
Based on the DPRs received from States, the Monitoring Committee on RGGVY in
+
−
the MOP has accorded approval to 235 projects for execution during 10th plan and
+
−
338 projects for execution during Phase-I of 11th plan.
+
−
[[File:  powerindia1.PNG||frame|500px]]
+
  
 +
Sanjay Dutta
 +
[[File: cross-border power trade.jpg|India’s current electricity trade; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Daily-spark-missing-in-Indias-intl-power-trade-23072015018021 ''The Times of India''], Jul 23 2015|frame|500px]]
 
   
 
   
−
i) Three tier quality control mechanism under RGGVY
+
''' Neighbours still can't buy from spot market '''
  
−
The Project under RGGVY scheme is subjected to a three-tier quality control
+
'' Daily spark missing in India's int'l power trade ''
−
mechanism.
+
  
−
The first tier of quality assurance is achieved by Project Implementing Agency
+
India has emerged as a hub of South Asian transmission network but the daily spark of dayahead trading is missing in its cross-border power trade due to regulatory hurdles.
−
(PIA). The PIA will engage a third party inspection agency who will ensure
+
−
that all the materials to be utilized and the workmanship conform to the
+
−
proscribed specification. The inspection will cover approximately 50% villages
+
−
on random sample basis for each project.
+
  
−
The 2nd tier of quality control is ensured by REC, the nodal agency of RGGVY
+
Indian power exchanges have petitioned the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission to open the doors to spot buyers from neighbouring countries as millions of units go waste at home due to busy transmission lines or poor appetite of financially stressed state utilities.
−
scheme by appointing the REC quality monitors (RQM) who will conduct
+
−
quality check at pre-shipment stage at the vendors' outlets of major material
+
−
and 10% villages on random sample basis.
+
  
−
The final tier of quality control will be assured by engagement of independent
+
Tata Power has petitioned the regulator for permission to import power from its 126 MW Dagachhu hydel project in Bhutan through the Indian exchanges for sale in India till bilateral contracts are signed. Industry sources say there are consumers in Nepal and Bangladesh, countries with large unmet demand, willing to buy power from the Indian spot market.
−
evaluators by MOP for evaluation, at random, of supply erection under the
+
−
programme. These independent evaluators, designated as National Quality
+
−
Monitor (NQM) will cover 1% of the villages.
+
  
−
ii) Target for the year 2011-12
+
But for the regulator, it is a grey area as the existing policy does not reflect the chang ing reality of expanding interlinks with neighbouring countries and power projects coming up in Bhutan and Bangladesh with Indian private investments. The government is examining the new reality and at least Tata Power's case is awaiting the foreign ministry's approval. The Indian grid is connected with Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Plans for establishing interlinks with Pakistan and Sri Lanka have remained enmeshed in the complexities of bilateral politics. Trade through the existing interlinks is guided by bilateral arrangements between governments. There is no third-party transit through the Indian network. In dia imports power from hydel projects it has set up in Bhutan and supplies electricity from a central pool to Nepal and Bangladesh.
  
−
The target for electrification of villages is 14,500 un-electrified villages and
+
The Dagachhu hydel project is the first of several private projects being built on foreign soil for supplying to local market, India or a third country. Reliance Power and Adani group recently inked deals for large power plants in Bangladesh. The petitions by power exchanges point out that the ground is ready for cross-border trading because of financial and regulatory similarities in electricity markets of the interlinked countries.
−
release of connections to 52 lakh BPL households during the year 2011-12. The
+
−
targets for electrification of 2010-11 was 17,500 un-electrified villages and
+
−
release of connections to 47 lakh BPL households and against these targets,
+
−
the achievement was electrification of 18,306 un-electrified villages and release
+
−
of connections to 58.83 lakh BPL households.
+
  
−
ii) Electrification Progress achieved
+
Initially, the volumes are expected to be small due to limited interlink capacity.But, with plans for their expansion, a full-on regional power market is just round the corner, much in line with the scenario in Europe.
  
−
As a result of regular review and follow up, village electrification programme
+
India, with a rapidly expanding generation capacity -estimated at 2.72 GW (giga watt) at last count -and surrounded by deficit countries, can be in the driver's seat only if it moves fast.
−
has gained momentum in the country. During the year, as on 31.5.2011, 1016
+
−
un-electrified villages have been electrified and connections to 4.24 lakh BPL
+
−
households have been released.
+
  
−
Cumulatively, under RGGVY, electrification works in 97578 un-electrified
+
=Transmission and distribution losses=
−
villages have been completed and free electricity connections to 164.04 lakhs
+
==2005-10==
−
BPL households have been released as on 31.5.2011..
+
Costly leak: Power cos lose Rs 30,000cr every year
  
−
iv) Disbursement of funds
+
Plan Panel Puts Blame On Theft, Faulty Metering & Poor Billing
 +
Mahendra Kumar Singh 
  
−
As on 31.5.2011, Rs. 25448.7 crore which include 10% loan component of REC,
+
[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Client.asp?Daily=CAP&showST=true&login=default&pub=TOI&Enter=true&Skin=TOINEW&AW=1393708348876  Times of India]
−
have been released to the States/Implementing Agencies.
+
  
−
==RURAL ELECTRIFICATION CORPORATION LIMITED==
+
New Delhi: The average cost of electricity in India may be the highest in the world but distribution utilities are losing around Rs 30,000 crore annually because they cannot recover the cost due to theft and poor billing practices, an industry euphemism for ‘transmission and distribution losses’.
−
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (REC) was incorporated as a company
+
−
under Companies Act, 1956 in 1969 with the main objective of financing rural
+
Indicating that outdated networks are adding to the losses of distribution companies, the Planning Commission sees the average cost of taking power to the consumer’s doorstep increasing from Rs 3.60 per unit in 2005-06 to Rs 4.16 per unit in 2009-10, or an increase of 15.5%.  
−
electrification schemes in the country. The expanded mandate of REC includes
+
−
financing of all projects including transmission and generation without any
+
−
restriction on population, geographical location or size. REC is a public financial
+
−
institution under Section 4A of the Companies Act, 1956. REC is also registered as a
+
−
Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) under Section 45 IA of the RBI Act, 1934.
+
−
REC is a "Navratna" company.
+
  
−
REC has grown over the years to be a leading financial institution in power
+
Against this level of rise in the costs, average tariff has increased from Rs 2.87 per unit to Rs 3.37 in the same period, marking a 17.4% increase. ‘‘The gap has increased to around 89 paise per unit in 2009-10,’’ the panel says in its mid-term review of the 11th Plan.
−
sector. Besides attending to its core objectives of financing schemes for extending
+
Another reason for the utilities losing money in their distribution operation, the panel notes, is their failure to recover the cost owing to unsustainable level of technical and commercial losses due to pilferages and inefficiencies in metering and billing.  
−
and improving the rural electricity infrastructure, REC is presently funding large/
+
−
mega generation projects, and transmission and distribution projects, which are
+
−
critical to the projected addition of installed capacity during the Tenth and Eleventh
+
−
Plans. REC is also the Nodal Agency for implementation of Rajiv Gandhi Grameen
+
−
Vidyutikaran Yojana—a scheme of Rural Electricity infrastructure and Household
+
−
Electrification launched by the Government of India in April 2005, for attainment
+
−
of the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) goal of providing access
+
−
to electricity to all households in five years.
+
  
−
In the Annual MOU signed with Ministry of Power, REC has been consistently
+
According to the mid-term review (MTR), the financial performance of 20 major states barring Delhi and Orissa discloses that total expenditure in distribution was Rs 2,03,097 crore in 2008-09, which is likely to be Rs 2,25,282 crore this fiscal, while commercial losses without subsidy worked out to Rs 40,910 crore in 2008-09 and are likely to be Rs 38,420 crore this fiscal.
−
rated as "Excellent" in performance from the fiscal 1994 to 2008.
+
The average tariff was Rs 328.57 crore (at Rs 14.22 paise/Kwh) in 2008-09, which is likely to go up to Rs 338.32 crore (at Rs 17.47 paise/Kwh). “The gap between average cost of supply and average tariff has been found to be around 104 paise in 2008-09 and is expected to be around 89 paise in 2009-10,” the document suggests.  
  
−
The Authorised and Paid-up Share Capital of the Company are Rs 1200 crore
+
Criticising the distribution utilities for their poor power procurement planning, the MTR suggested that the distribution sector required substantial improvements in business planning and forecasting to manage its finances and operations better.  
−
and Rs 858.66 crore respectively as on 31 March 2009. The amount mobilized from
+
−
the market during the year 2008-09 was Rs 14894.89 crore. The domestic debt
+
−
instruments of REC continued to enjoy "AAA" rating—the highest rating assigned
+
−
by CRISIL, CARE ICRA, and FITCH. REC also enjoys International Credit rating
+
−
equivalent to sovereign rating of India from International Credit Rating Agency
+
−
Moody's and FITCH which is "Baa3" and "BBB" respectively.
+
−
==POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED==
+
−
The Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) was incorporated as
+
−
a Government enterprise on 23 October, 1989 for establishment of operation of
+
−
regional and national power grids to facilitate transfer of power within and across
+
−
the regions with reliability, security and economy and on sound commercial
+
−
principles. POWERGRID was notified as the Central Transmission Utility (CTU) of
+
−
the country w.e.f. 1998. Further, Government of India conferred the status of
+
−
'Navratna" on POWERGRID w.e.f. 1 May 2008.
+
−
  [[File:  powerindia2.PNG||frame|500px]]
+
  
−
==Progress of Rural Electrification==
+
“Much of the present cost problems are on account of poor power procurement planning and contract management,” the panel argued.
 +
It called for for improvement in customer service and management methods which would lead to greater customer satisfaction and overall reduction in service costs and also facilitate in implementing cost reflective tariffs and timely payments from consumers.
  
−
Villages Electrified
+
== Losses from power theft,  2017>18==
 +
[[File: Losses from power theft,  2017-18; 2018, May- the five states with the longest power cuts.jpg|i) Losses from power theft,  2017>18; <br/> ii) 2018, May: the five states with the longest power cuts. <br/> From: [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/discoms-not-centre-to-guarantee-power-supply-to-all-villages-says-official/article24255946.ece  T.C.A. Sharad Raghavan, Discoms, not Centre, to guarantee power supply to all villages, says official, June 26, 2018: ''The Hindu'']|frame|500px]]
  
−
(Cumulata ive)
+
'''See graphic''':
  
−
The year 2008-09 has been year of impressive financial performance. Gross
+
''i) Losses from power theft, 2017>18; <br/> ii) 2018, May: the five states with the longest power cuts.''
−
Turnover for the year grew by about 38 per cent to Rs 7,029 crore. Similarly, Profit
+
−
after Tax during the year increased to Rs 1,691 crore from Rs 1,448 crore in FY 2007-08,
+
−
thereby registering a growth of about 17 per cent. The company's gross asset base at
+
−
the end of the financial year 2008-09 stood at Rs 40,319 crore as against Rs 35,417 crore
+
−
at the end of last financial year, an increase of about 14 per cent. At the end of FY
+
−
2008-09, the company has a net worth of Rs 14,618 crore and capital employed of Rs
+
−
28,430 crore. There has been an impressive growth in the earning potential of the
+
−
company, which is reflected by the steady growth of return on Net Worth from the
+
−
level of 5.63 per cent in 1992-93 to 11.57 per cent in 2008-09. During FY 2009-10 till
+
−
September 2009, POWERGRID achieved a turnover of about Rs 3, 646 crore
+
−
(provisional) and Net Profit of Rs 1,007 crore (Provisional). Total fixed assets of the
+
−
company have grown to Rs 41,036 crore (Provisional) till September 2009.
+
  
−
==DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID==
+
=Transmission lines and the law=
−
A national power grid in the country is being developed in a phased manner. All
+
==SC: No need for landowner's nod to lay power line==
−
the regional grids have already been inter-connected and total transmission capacity
+
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=No-need-for-landowners-nod-to-lay-power-30122016009040  Dhananjay Mahapatra, Dec 30, 2016: The Times of India]
−
of inter-regional transmission system, as on 31-03-2011 was 20750 MW. At present,
+
−
except Southern Region, all the other four regions are inter-connected in synchronous
+
−
mode and are operating in parallel.
+
  
−
Total inter-regional transmission capacity by the end of 9th Plan was 5750
 
−
MW. During 10th Plan, i.e., 2002-07, a total of 8300 MW of inter-regional capacities
 
−
were added. Thus, total inter-regional transmission capacity by the end of 10th
 
−
Plan was 14050 MW.
 
  
−
During 11th Plan, i.e., 2007-12, inter-regional transmission systems of 17600
+
Removing roadblocks in reaching electricity to every village, the Supreme Court has ruled that no prior consent of landowners was required to lay overhead power transmission lines and erect towers to support these lines.
−
MW capacity have been planned and it is expected that, by end of 11th Plan, total
+
−
inter-regional transmission capacity of the National Power grid would be increased
+
−
to 31650 MW. Out of the programme for 11th Plan, 2400 MW capacity was added
+
−
during 2007-08, 3300 MW during 2008-09 and 1000 MW during 2009-10. Barh-Balia
+
−
400 kv D/C line of 1600 MW capacity has been completed during 2010-11, but is yet
+
−
to be commissioned.
+
−
==POWER FINANCE CORPORATION LIMITED (PFC)==
+
−
The Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFC) is a leading Power Sector Financial
+
−
Institution and a Non-Banking Financial Company, providing fund and non-fund
+
−
based support for the development of the Indian Power Sector. Occupying a key
+
−
position in the Government of India's plan for the power sector, PFC performs a
+
−
major role in channelizing investment into the power sector and functions as a
+
−
dedicated agency for its development.  
+
  
−
PFC is a Schedule-A, Navratna CPSE in the
+
Through the judgment, the SC settled the issue which gave rise to conflicting judgments from various HCs. The SC's top priority was to enable the go vernment and its agencies to get electricity to the last household in the remotest areas.
−
Financial Services Sector, under the administrative control of the Ministry of Power,
+
−
with 89.78 per cent shareholding of the Government of India. Its registered and
+
−
corporate offices are at New Delhi. PFC was incorporated on 16 July 1986, under
+
−
the Companies Act, 1956, as part of Government of India's initiative to enhance
+
−
funding of power projects in India, with an objective to provide financial resources
+
−
and encourage flow of investments to the power and associated sectors, to work as
+
−
a catalyst to bring about institutional improvements in streamlining the functions
+
−
of its borrowers in financial, technical and managerial areas to ensure optimum
+
−
utilization of available resources, to mobilize various resources from domestic and
+
−
international sources at competitive rates, to strive for upgradation of skills for
+
−
effective and efficient growth of the sector, and to maximize the rate of return through
+
−
efficient operations and introduction of innovative financial instruments and services
+
−
for the power sector.
+
  
−
PFC draws upon its vast knowledge of the power sector and its financing
+
A bench of Justices A K Sikri and R Banumathi said, “It is well known that India is an energy deficient country.There are many households where lighting even an electric bulb is a dream.“
−
expertise to provide tailor-made products and services to its clients. In addition,
+
−
PFC provides technical, management advisory and consultancy services related
+
−
activities through its subsidiary company, namely, PFC Consulting Limited. PFC's
+
−
clients include the Power Utilities of State, Central and Private Sector. These clients
+
−
are involved in various aspects of the Power Sector in India, including generation,
+
−
transmission and distribution, and other related activities.
+
  
−
PFC's priorities include not only accelerating the pace of existing business of
+
The issue was filed by a cement manufacturer from Chhattisgarh and Power Grid Corporation. The cement manufacturer challenged Power Grid's decision to erect towers for transmission lines on its limestone mine lease area without its consent. The bench said, “As per the provisions of the Indian Telegraph Act, unobstructed access to lay down telegraph andor electricity transmission lines is an imperative in the larger public interest.“
−
funding generation, transmission and distribution projects, but also to explore the
+
−
new opportunities available in the sector. With this philosophy, PFC has around
+
−
half-a-dozen strategic business units, focusing on different business segments—
+
−
conventional lending to generation, transmission and distribution projects;
+
−
consortium lending to generation, transmission and distribution projects; lending
+
−
to power equipment manufacturers and fuel producers and suppliers, renewable
+
−
energy and CDM, equity funding through Power Equity Capital Advisor Pvt Ltd.
+
−
(PECAP).
+
  
−
PFC's long term borrowings programme has been rated at 'Baa3' by Moody's,
+
=Transmission issues=
−
'BBB' by Standard & Poor's and 'BBB-' by FITCH which is at par with India's
+
==Inter-region transfer==
−
Sovereign Rating. Further, CRISIL and ICRA have assigned 'AAA' and LAAA' rating
+
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=3bn-units-of-power-wasted-in-one-year-05072015012047 ''The Times of India''], Jul 05 2015
−
respectively to PFC.
+
[[File: Wastage of electricity, due to congestion, year-wise 2009-14.jpg|Wastage of electricity, due to congestion, year-wise:2009-14; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=3bn-units-of-power-wasted-in-one-year-05072015012047 ''The Times of India''], Jul 05 2015|frame|500px]]
 +
 +
Sanjay Dutta
  
−
====Performance Highlights====
+
''' Supply from surplus to deficit regions blocked '''
−
PFC issued sanctions for Rs 37,065 crore of loans and grants during the financial
+
−
year 2009-10 up to 30 November 2009, as compared to Rs 28,660 crore sanctioned
+
−
during similar period of the last year (2008-09). An amount of Rs 12,672 crore was
+
−
disbursed during the same period to State, Central and Private Sector entities,
+
−
compared to Rs 12,062 crore disbursed during similar period last year (2008-09).
+
−
With this, cumulative sanction of Rs 2,56,613 crore and Disbursement of Rs 1,25,792
+
−
crore of loans and grants have been made by the Company as on 30 November
+
−
2009.
+
  
−
==Nodal Agency for Government Schemes==
+
It is the height of paradox for a country where blackouts are more a norm than exception. Over 3 billion units of electricity , or a day's national consumption, were wasted in 2014-15 as congestion in the transmission highways blocked trading between surplus and deficit regions.
−
PFC is a key agency in various Government of India Power Sector schemes and
+
Data from various power exchanges show a higher wastage in 2013-14 at 5.3 billion units, or Delhi's consumption for roughly 56-60 days.
−
programmes and has implemented and/or is implementing schemes like
+
−
Restructured Accelerated Power Development & Reform Program (R-APDRP),
+
−
Accelerated Generation & Supply Programme (AG&SP), Distribution Reform,
+
−
Upgrades and Management (DRUM) and Delivery through decentralized
+
−
Management (DDM).  
+
  
−
In addition, Government of India has designated PFC as the
+
Inter-region transfer through short-term open access stood at 78.38 billion units during this period. No doubt, such wastage ­ both in terms of actual power fed into the grid but not used and generation capacity that was not `scheduled' due to grid bottlenecks ­ comes at a cost to the economy in terms of lost opportunities and idling power stations.
−
nodal agency to develop Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs) based on tariff based
+
−
competitive bidding process, each project having a capacity of around 4000 MW
+
−
and requiring an investment of about Rs 20,000 crore. In this regard, PFC has
+
−
successfully awarded 4 UMPPs through tariff based competitive bidding process.
+
−
PFC has also been designated as the nodal agency for development of
+
−
Independent Transmission Project (ITP) based on tariff based competitive bidding
+
−
process and is presently handling ITP.
+
  
−
==Power Lenders' Club==
+
But even consumers, especially in deficit southern region, end up paying more as transmission gridlock not only affects volumes traded but also the price of electricity .
−
PFC has also established the 'Power Lenders' Club' which consists of 18 banks and
+
−
includes major financial institutions like HUDCO and LIC.
+
−
==Power Exchange==
+
−
In 2008-09, PFC had participated in the equity of Power Exchange India Limited
+
−
(PXI), a company promoted by NSE and NCDEX. PFC has became Professional
+
−
Clearing Member (PCM) of Power Exchange to support the activities of trading
+
−
members. PFC, NTPC, NHPC and TCS have promoted "National Power Exchange
+
−
Limited", a company incorporated under The Companies Act, 1956, with an
+
−
authorized capital of Rs 50 crore.
+
  
−
==SATLUJ JAL VIDYUT NIGAM LTD.==
+
Power is traded on bourses through a mechanism called `market splitting' in industry parlance. In this system, tariff on surplus and deficit regions are adjusted in a way that the power flow equals the network capacity available for trading.As a result, the price in surplus area declines and rises in deficit regions, which either go dark or have to look for costlier alternatives.
−
The Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited-SJVN (formerly NJPC) was established on 24
+
−
May 1988 as a joint venture of the Government of India (GOI) and the Government
+
−
of Himachal Pradesh (GOHP) with equity participation in the ratio of 75:25
+
−
respectively, to plan, investigate, organize, execute, operate and maintain Hydroelectric
+
−
power projects. SJVN is a "Schedule-A" Mini Ratna company. The present
+
−
authorized share capital of SJVN is Rs 4500 crore.
+
  
−
SJVN is committed for generating reliable and eco-friendly power by means
+
The southern region is one of the worst sufferers in this regard. Some industry estimates say network congestion cost the region at least Rs 5,000 crore in the last three years during which time 19 billion units could not flow to it due to congestion. The opportunity cost alone of the unserved power is estimated at Rs 1,862 crore, assuming utilities earn Re 1 per unit extra revenue after meeting operating expenditure. Besides, in the absence of access to surplus power, cost of supplies were higher than what it would have been if there was no congestion. Utilities had to buy tap costlier options or shed load. The price differential works out to Rs 2,996 crore. This came from consumers' pockets.
−
of state -of-the-art technology, excellence in engineering and continued improvement
+
−
in quality management. SJVN, an IT savvy corporation, has established and is
+
−
following sound business, financial and regulatory policies.
+
  
−
SJVN having commissioned the 1500 MW Nathpa Jhakri HE Project, is
+
Industry watchers say the problem lies in the way capaci ty of transmission highways are planned with singular focus on wheeling power under long-term supply agreements.This leaves only marginal capacity for trading, considered an ingredient for real competition and ensuring the government's promise of 24X7 supply .
−
endowed not only with the state-of-the-art technology and know-how to tackle the
+
−
Himalayan Geology but has also developed the requisite knowledge and capability
+
−
to conceptualize, optimize and develop the power potential of hydro-power
+
−
development schemes of all sizes.
+
  
−
In pursuit to expansion of the Corporation by acquiring new projects for
+
Reserving some transmission capacity transmission networks, thus, is cited as need of the hour for growth of a healthy power market. This is important since distribution utilities are unable to forecast demand until very close to the delivery day due to factors such as seasonal variations, unscheduled generation outages, social events, political factors and business cycle etc.
−
development, the Corporation expanded its base from a single project to a multi
+
−
project and thereafter from presence in a single state to a pan-Indian Corporation
+
−
and established its footprint in the neighbouring countries of Nepal and Bhutan.
+
  
−
The Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station - NJHPS (1500 MW) was the first
 
−
project undertaken by SJVN for execution, and all its six units of 250 MW each were
 
−
commissioned and are under commercial operation since 18 May 2004. Since its
 
−
commissioning, NJHEPS has generated total of 35432.37 MUs (Gross Energy
 
−
Generation) up to 31 December 2009 and SJVN has paid a total dividend of Rs 1181.59
 
−
crore.
 
  
−
The corporation proposes to develop Rampur HE Project as CDM Project for
 
−
obtaining Carbon Finance. The preliminary estimates show that the execution of
 
−
this Project shall result into Emission Reductions (ERs) of 1.4 million per annum
 
−
resulting in saving of 1.4 million tonnes of CO2 per year.
 
  
−
SJVN has been fully aware of the importance of both environmental,
+
=See also =
−
resettlement and rehabilitation issues. SJVN has adopted an environment,
+
[[Power: India, 1]]
−
resettlement and rehabilitation policy which reiterates the company's commitment
+
−
to sustainable development which is within the carrying capacity of the eco-system
+
−
and which also promotes the improvement of the quality of life.
+
  
−
For its outstanding contribution to environment protection SJVN has been
+
[[Power: India, 2 (ministry data)]]
−
awarded with Green Tech Award, Golden Peacock Eco Innovation Award, etc.
+
−
Consultancy Services
+
  
−
SJVN has experience of corporate and project planning, design, engineering,
+
[[Energy: India]]
−
construction management, erection and commissioning, contracts management,
+
−
project management, human resource management, financial management and
+
−
commercial management of India's largest hydro-electric project. To effectively utilize
+
−
the in-house expertise and the experience gained, a dedicated consultancy division
+
−
has been established for providing consultancy services to national and international
+
−
organizations.
+
  
−
==NATIONAL POWER TRAINING INSTITUTE==
+
[[Coal: India]] 
−
National Power Training Institute (NPTI), a registered society under Ministry of
+
−
Power, Government of India is committed to the development of Human Resources
+
−
in power sector for the past four decades.
+
  
−
NPTI with its corporate centre at Faridabad operates eight institutes all over
+
[[Green (renewable) energy: India, 1]]
−
the country. It has five regional institutes located at Neyveli (Tamil Nadu), Durgapur
+
−
(West Bengal), Badarpur (New Delhi), Nagpur (Maharashtra) and Guwahati (Assam)
+
−
and two specialized centres viz., Power Systems Training Institute (PSTI) & Hot
+
−
Line Training Centre (HLTC) at Bengaluru, Centre for Advanced Management and
+
−
Power Studies (CAMPS) at Faridabad (Haryana). NPTI (NE-R) is at present
+
−
operating from temporary site at Narangi complex of ASEB, Guwahati, and the
+
−
full-fledged training institute, as sanctioned by the Government of India at a cost of
+
−
Rs 18.29 crore, is in the advanced stage of completion at Kahilipara, Guwahati. The
+
−
Government of India has also sanctioned a scheme for setting up of Hydro Power
+
−
Training Centre at Nangal at an estimated cost of Rs 14.75 crore which is under
+
−
implementation.
+
  
−
The Institutes of NPTI are will equipped with Hi-Tech infrastructural facilities
+
[[Green (renewable) energy: India, 2 (ministry data)]]
−
for conducting different courses on technical as well as management subjects
+
−
covering the needs of thermal, hydro and nuclear power plants, Transmission &
+
−
Distribution Systems, and Energy related fields of the Indian Power and allied energy
+
−
sectors. It has high fidelity, real-time full scope 500 MW & 210 MW Fossil Fuel Fired
+
−
Power Plant Training Simulators at its various institutes imparting off-job specialized
+
−
skills to operation personnel across the country. Also a 430 MW CCGT Replica
+
−
Simulator has been commissioned at NPTI Corporate Office, Faridabad.
+
  
−
A Geographical Information System (GIS) Resource Centre for training and
+
[[Petroleum, diesel, natural gas, India: I]]
−
consultancy in the areas of GIS based electricity Distribution Network Planning
+
−
and Management has been set up at NPTI Corporate Office, Faridabad.
+
−
A facility has been created at NPTI's Hot Line Training Centre, Bengaluru for
+
−
Live Line Maintenance of Transmission Lines upto 400 KV (first of its kind in Asia)
+
−
which enables trained personnel to attend to maintenance requirements without
+
−
power interruptions.
+
  
−
Several long-term and short-term training programs in the areas of thermal,
+
[[Petroleum, diesel, natural gas, India, II (ministry data)]]
−
hydro, transmission & distribution and management etc. are being conducted in
+
−
the various institutes of NPTL. Besides conducting refresher training for working
+
−
engineers/supervisors, NPTI conducts a large number of job-oriented educational
+
−
programmes also such as MBA in Power Management, B.Tech (Power) and Post
+
−
Graduate Diploma in Thermal Power Plant Engineering.
+
  
−
==CENTRAL POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE==
+
[[Electricity, supply of: India]]
−
The Central Power Research Institute (CPRI), a Society registered under the
+
−
Societies Registration Act under the Ministry of Power, serves as National
+
−
Laboratory to carry out applied research in Electrical Power Engineering. It also
+
−
functions as an independent National Testing and Certification Authority for
+
−
Electrical Equipment for ensuring their reliability.
+
  
−
The Institute, with its existence of over four decades has built sophisticated
+
[[Water: Drinking water and its availability, India]]
−
facilities, both in the areas of research and testing. The important facilities include
+
−
2500 MVA Short Circuit Testing with Synthetic Testing Facility at Bengaluru, Ultra
+
−
High Voltage Research Laboratory at Hyderabad, Short Circuit Testing Facility at
+
−
Bhopal, Thermal Research Centre at Koradi, Nagpur and Regional Testing
+
−
Laboratory at Noida, Kolkata and Guwahati.
+
−
 
+
−
Over the years, CPRI has built up expertise in the areas of transmission and
+
−
distribution systems, power quality, energy metering, energy auditing, transmission
+
−
line, tower design, conductor vibration studies, power systems studies, energy
+
−
conservation studies, transformer oil reclamation and testing, diagnostic and
+
−
condition monitoring and estimation of remaining life of equipment, new material
+
−
for power system application, Ultra High Voltage testing, short circuit testing, High
+
−
Voltage testing and other related fields. The Institute has set up and commissioned
+
−
the state- of-the-art seismic testing facility and a Real Time Digital Simulation facility.
+
−
CPRI offers consultancy services in these areas.
+
−
 
+
−
The CPRI’s laboratories are accredited under the National Accreditation Board
+
−
for Testing and Calibration of Laboratories (NABL), which is the national body for
+
−
accreditation of laboratories. CPRI has been given the membership status in the
+
−
group of Short Circuit Testing Liaison (STL) of Europe. CPRI laboratories are
+
−
approved for certain products like communication cables, LT capacitors etc., by
+
−
Underwriters Laboratories and Canadian Standard Association. The Institute has
+
−
been accredited by INTERTEKASTA, UK for testing of Low Voltage and Medium
+
−
Voltage equipment, Power Transformers and Power Cables.
+
−
 
+
−
The Research and Consultancy activities have been certified for ISO-9001-
+
−
2000 by NVT, KEMA. CPRI Laboratories have been recognized as Approved Test
+
−
House by Electrical Directorate, Kingdom of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. The
+
−
certification is widely accepted in the countries of Middle-East, South-East, Far-
+
−
East Asia and countries of Africa.
+
−
 
+
−
The Institute works as a nodal agency for national level power system research.
+
−
Among the new ventures of the CPRI, the Centre for Collaborative and Advanced
+
−
Research (CCAR) has been established for creating infrastructure for the visiting
+
−
Scientists/Technologists to carry out research in the areas related to power sector. A
+
−
centre has been set up for utilization of industrial solid wastes to useful valueadded
+
−
products for the benefit of industry.
+
−
 
+
−
The Institute has established Regional Testing Laboratories at Kolkata and
+
−
Guwahati to cater to testing requirements in the Eastern and North-Eastern States
+
−
of the country. The Institute has also established the Refrigerator & Air Conditioners
+
−
testing laboratory under the Standards & Labelling Programme.
+
−
 
+
−
CPRI has served as Advisor-cum-Consultant under APDRP-I for three southern
+
−
states viz., Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Pioneering work has been done
+
−
for total of 9 distribution circles and 256 towns in three states. CPRI is now
+
−
empanelled as IT consultant for R - APDRP and is also Third Party Inspection Agency
+
−
for Karnataka and Kerala under the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana
+
−
Scheme (RGGVY).
+
−
 
+
−
The Institute also offers Third Party Inspection Services and customized
+
−
Training Programmes to utilities and Industry.
+
−
==NORTH-EASTERN ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION LIMITED==
+
−
With a need to develop the huge power potential, the North Eastern Electric Power
+
−
Corporation (NEEPCO) was incorporated on 2 April 1976 as a wholly owned
+
−
Government Enterprise under the Ministry of Power to plan, promote, investigate,
+
−
survey, design, construct, generate, operate and maintain power stations in the N.E.
+
−
region. The authorised share capital of the Corporation presently stands at
+
−
Rs 3,500 crore. The installed capacity of the NEEPCO is 1,130 MW comprising 755
+
−
MW of hydro power and 375 MW of gas based power. The Corporation currently
+
−
meets more than 60 per cent of the energy requirement of the North Eastern Region.
+
−
It is an ISO:9001:2000(Quality) ISO 14001:1996(Environment) and OHSAS-
+
−
18001:1999 (Safety) Company with its Corporate Office at Shillong.
+
−
 
+
−
The Corporation plans to add power of 107.50 MW during 11th Five Year Plan.
+
−
Presently, two hydro projects of 710 MW (Kameng 600 MW and Pare 110 MW) and
+
−
one gas based project (Tripura gas based power project, 100 MW nominal 20 per
+
−
cent) are under execution by NEEPCO.
+
−
==BHAKRA BEAS MANAGEMENT BOARD==
+
−
Bhakra-Nangal Project was taken up as a joint venture of the states of erstwhile
+
−
Punjab and Rajasthan. On re-organisation of erstwhile Punjab State in 1966 'Bhakra
+
−
Management Board' was constituted on 1st October, 1967 under Section 79 of Punjab
+
−
Re-Organisation Act, 1966 for the administration, maintenance and operation of
+
−
Bhakra Nangal Project. Beas Construction Board was constituted under the Punjab
+
−
Re-Organisation Act, 1966 for construction of Beas Project. 'Bhakra Management
+
−
Board' was renamed as 'Bhakra Beas Management Board' (BBMB) w.e.f. 15 May
+
−
1976 after transfer of Beas Project on its completion by Beas Construction Board.
+
−
Main functions of BBMB are as under:-
+
−
 
+
−
i) The regulation of the supply of water for irrigation from Bhakra Nangal and
+
−
Beas Projects to the States of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan and also drinking
+
−
water supply to Delhi and Chandigarh.
+
−
 
+
−
ii) The regulation of the supply of power generated at BBMB Power Houses to
+
−
Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, HP, Chandigarh and some Common Pool
+
−
consumers like old HP, National Fertilizers Limited, Nangal, etc.
+
−
 
+
−
iii) In the year 1999, BBMB has been entrusted with additional function of
+
−
providing and performing engineering and related technical and consultancy
+
−
services to states and other utilities.
+
−
 
+
−
The installed capacity of BBMB power plants is 2864.73 MW. The power
+
−
generation of BBMB Power Houses is being evacuated through BBMB power
+
−
evacuation system running into 3706 km length of 400 KV, 220 KV, 132 KV
+
−
transmission lines and 24 EHV sub-stations.
+
−
 
+
−
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) was set up in March 2002 within the overall
+
−
framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 with the objective to spearhead
+
−
the improvement of energy efficiency in the economy through various regulatory
+
−
and promotional instruments.
+
−
 
+
−
BEE is therefore engaged in institutionalizing energy efficiency services,
+
−
promote energy efficiency delivery mechanisms, and provide leadership for
+
−
improvement of energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy.
+
−
 
+
−
The current programmes of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency focuses on
+
−
achieving energy savings that will result in avoided power generation capacity of
+
−
10,000 MW during the 11th Plan period.
+
−
 
+
−
With the success of mandatory labeling on the four products under the
+
−
Standards and Labeling scheme, BEE's several other initiatives such as the Energy
+
−
Conservation Building Code, Bachat Lamp Yojana. Agriculture and Municipal DSM
+
−
programmes, Designated Consumers and SME's, India is estimated to have saved
+
−
5,000 MW in the first three years of the 11th Five Year Plan period, between 2007
+
−
and 2010.
+
−
 
+
−
It is estimated that the avoided generation capacity will go beyond 10,000
+
−
MW by the end of 11th Plan, which is the target for the plan period.
+
−
Through implementation of its various schemes, the verified savings achieved
+
−
by BEE during the year 2009-10 is 2868.01 MW of avoided generation and 8720.83
+
−
MU of electricity saved.
+
−
 
+
−
The Ministry of Power and Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) have prepared
+
−
the implementation framework for the National Mission for Enhanced Energy
+
−
Efficiency (NMEEE) as one of the eight national missions under the National Action
+
−
Plan of Climate Change (NAPCC) with the aim that this mission upscales the efforts
+
−
to create and sustain market for energy efficiency to unlock investment of around Rs.
+
−
74,000 crores.
+
−
 
+
−
The mission by 2014-15, is likely to achieve about 23 million tonnes oilequivalent
+
−
of fuel savings-in coal, gas, and petroleum products, along with an
+
−
expected avoided capacity addition of over 19,000 MW. The carbon dioxide emission
+
−
reduction is estimated to be 98.55 million tons annually. Eight energy intensive
+
−
industrial sectors having about 462 designated consumers would be covered under
+
−
innovative scheme called Perform, Achieve & Trade (PAT). Targets to reduce specific
+
−
energy consumption (SEC) from the baseline value would be assigned to each
+
−
designated consumer which is to be achieved by March 2014.
+
−
 
+
−
This scheme, alone would result in a saving of about 8.97 million tons of oil
+
−
equivalent by 2013-14. Apart from this, demand side management (DSM),
+
−
development of Super Efficient Equipment Program, Promotion of ESCOs and
+
−
creation of Partial Risk Guarantee fund and venture capital fund would be made
+
−
operational under various components of NMEEE.
+
−
 
+
−
=Indian coal-based plants and pollution=
+
−
[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Desi-thermal-plants-worst-polluters-23022015011005 ''The Times of India'']
+
−
[[File: plants.jpg|Indian coal-based plants and pollution|frame|500px]]
+
−
Feb 23 2015
+
−
 
+
−
''' CSE's study rates 47 coal-based plants '''
+
−
 
+
−
A first-ever environmental rating of coalbased power plants has found that India's thermal power generating units figure among the world's “most inefficient“ in terms of compliance to pollution norms, use of resources and overall operation efficiency .
+
−
Though private sector thermal plants in the country perform better than governmentowned ones, there is “immense scope for improvement“ in almost all units so that they can pollute less and generate more electricity with efficient use of available resources.
+
−
 
+
−
The study behind the ratings, done by experts at the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), also noted that Delhi is home to one of the most polluting power plants in the country­ NTPC's Badarpur Thermal Power Plant­ which has contributed in turn ing the capital into the most polluted city in the world.
+
−
 
+
−
The study , done under CSE's Green Rating Project (GRP), analysed and rated 47 coal-based thermal power plants from across the country on a variety of environmental and energy parameters. About half of all plants operating in 2011-12 were selected for the rating.
+
−
 
+
−
“The objective of the study was to give a clear picture of the environmental performance of the sector. Our finding is that in India, where demand for power is increasing, power plants are performing way below the global benchmarks“, said Sunita Narain ahead of the study's release on Saturday.
+
−
 
+
−
She said, “Given the rapid increase in coal-based power projected by the government, stress on precious resources like water and land will increase and air and water pollution will worsen unless corrective measures are taken by the industry and policy-makers“.
+
−
 
+
−
The study was released jointly by M S Swaminathan, environment secretary Ashok Lavasa and chief economic advisor Arvind Subramanian in a function here, organized to award the greenest power plants.
+
−
 
+
−
Three top power plants (CSESBudge Budge, JSWELToranagallu and Tata-Trombay) were awarded for their overall environmental performance, while two others received awards for their efficient use of resources such as energy and water.
+
−
 
+
−
The study found that the country's thermal power plants are estimated to draw around 22 billion cubic meter of water, which is over half of India's domestic water need.It also noted that 55% of the units were violating air pollution standards which are already extremely lax.
+
−
=See also=
+
−
[[Energy consumption: India]]
+

Latest revision as of 00:22, 2 December 2023


Power transmission and distribution, state-wise, best and worst; Graphic courtesy: The Times of India

What Is the Difference Between Power and Energy? The Staff of QUEST explains:


The word “energy” is used to describe many different things—how we heat and cool our homes, how we fuel cars. Energy isn’t something that can be seen or felt, but you can see and feel the effects when energy is transferred from one place to another.

Energy is what makes change happen and can be transferred form one object to another. Energy can also be transformed from one form to another.

Power is the rate at which energy is transferred. It is not energy but is often confused with energy. The watt is the most commonly used unit of measure for power. It measures the rate of energy transfer.

A watt equals a joule per second. If a smart phone uses five joules of energy every second, then the power of the phone is five joules per second, or five watts.


Indpaedia has separate pages on

Energy: India and

Power: India, 1

Power: India, 2 (ministry data)

This article has been sourced from an authoritative, official
publication. Therefore, it has been ‘locked’ and will never be
thrown open to readers to edit or comment on.

After the formal launch of their online archival encyclopædia,
readers who wish to update or add further details can do so on
a ‘Part II’ of this article.


Contents

[edit] Coal-based plants

[edit] Pollution

The Times of India

Indian coal-based plants and pollution

Feb 23 2015

CSE's study rates 47 coal-based plants

A first-ever environmental rating of coalbased power plants has found that India's thermal power generating units figure among the world's “most inefficient“ in terms of compliance to pollution norms, use of resources and overall operation efficiency . Though private sector thermal plants in the country perform better than governmentowned ones, there is “immense scope for improvement“ in almost all units so that they can pollute less and generate more electricity with efficient use of available resources.

The study behind the ratings, done by experts at the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), also noted that Delhi is home to one of the most polluting power plants in the country­ NTPC's Badarpur Thermal Power Plant­ which has contributed in turn ing the capital into the most polluted city in the world.

The study , done under CSE's Green Rating Project (GRP), analysed and rated 47 coal-based thermal power plants from across the country on a variety of environmental and energy parameters. About half of all plants operating in 2011-12 were selected for the rating.

“The objective of the study was to give a clear picture of the environmental performance of the sector. Our finding is that in India, where demand for power is increasing, power plants are performing way below the global benchmarks“, said Sunita Narain ahead of the study's release on Saturday.

She said, “Given the rapid increase in coal-based power projected by the government, stress on precious resources like water and land will increase and air and water pollution will worsen unless corrective measures are taken by the industry and policy-makers“.

The study was released jointly by M S Swaminathan, environment secretary Ashok Lavasa and chief economic advisor Arvind Subramanian in a function here, organized to award the greenest power plants.

Three top power plants (CSESBudge Budge, JSWELToranagallu and Tata-Trombay) were awarded for their overall environmental performance, while two others received awards for their efficient use of resources such as energy and water.

The study found that the country's thermal power plants are estimated to draw around 22 billion cubic meter of water, which is over half of India's domestic water need.It also noted that 55% of the units were violating air pollution standards which are already extremely lax.

[edit] Supply of coal to thermal power stations: 2018

Sanjay Dutta, Govt rushing coal to power plants to tackle summer, March 14, 2018: The Times of India

Supply of coal to thermal power stations: 2018
From: Sanjay Dutta, Govt rushing coal to power plants to tackle summer, March 14, 2018: The Times of India

The government has enhanced coal supply to ramp up buffer stock at thermal power stations in anticipation of electricity demand shooting in line with the weatherman’s prediction of an early and hot summer this year. Coal ministry data show 16 power stations, or 14%, of the 112 coal-fired power plants monitored by the Central Electricity Authority have received fuel supplies in excess of their 100% requirement.

Data show the level of excess supply reaching as high as 200% in one case, while remaining between 104% and 163% for the remaining 13 stations under this group.

There are 28 other power stations, or a quarter of the monitored plants, that are getting supplies well in excess of their ‘trigger level’ – which ranges between 75% and 90% – of the annual contracted quantity of coal tied up from state-run Coal India Ltd.

The push for increased coal supply is aimed at avoiding a repeat of last year’s situation when coal demand spiked as thermal plants raised output to bridge shortfall in generation from hydel, wind and nuclear sources. In the August-September period of 2017, nuclear generation fell 36%, wind 14% and hydel 12%.

Supplies from Bhutan also dropped. This supply gap was met by coal-fired plants, which saw generation rising by 17% as plants spun at 58% of capacity against 52% in August 2016.

This had led to coal demand rising by 20 million tonne. Coal India raised despatch by 21% but it still proved inadequate because power demand spiked with rising humidity and a prolonged dry spell.

Since then, the coal and railway minister Piyush Goyal has initiated several steps to ensure adequate coal stocks at power stations, some of which are still operating with low fuel stocks due to various reasons.

Coal India is despatching 8% more coal than it did a year ago, loading 308-310 rakes per day to wheel 1.8 million tonnes (mt) of the fuel daily.

Coal India’s production has also gone up to 2 million tonne a day and is set to increase further to 2.5 mt in the remaining days of March.

[edit] Consumption of electricity in India and the world

[edit] 2019

Per capita Consumption of electricity in India and the world, 2019
From: Vishwa Mohan, Nov 15, 2022: The Times of India

See graphic:

Per capita Consumption of electricity in India and the world, 2019

[edit] Consumption of electricity, in one day

[edit] 2021, Jan 20

January 21, 2021: The Times of India

India’s daily power demand surges to record 186 GW

New Delhi:

India’s power demand hit a record at 185.8 GW (gigawatts) on Wednesday, rising 1.6% over the previous record of 182.9 GW on December 30 and marking a 9% increase over the highest single-day supply of 171 GW in January 2020.

According to power secretary S N Sahai, the demand peaked at 9.35am. Government officials said the surge in demand indicated a rebound in industrial and commercial activities in January after a 0.3% dip in factory output in December. The country’s factory output had shown a growth of 1.8% in November. Others said the prolonged cold spell across the northern region also contributed to the surge in demand.

In another indicator of rising consumption, the NTPC group, the country’s largest generation utility, recorded highest-ever generation in a day at 1,009 million units on January 18. The group achieved gross cumulative generation of 222.4 billion units in the April-December period of 2020, marking an increase of 3.8% over the previous corresponding period.

[edit] Consumption of electricity, state-wise

[edit] Delhi vis-à-vis the other Top 3/ 2017

Year peak demand, 2001-2017; The Times of India, June 6, 2017

Paras Singh, Power demand in capital soars to all-India high, June 6, 2017: The Times of India


The soaring mercury level has pushed Delhi's power demand to an all-time high. The capital's peak consumption demand at 3.06pm on Monday touched 6,361MW, the highest ever recorded in any city of India. The last time Delhi set an all-time record was on June 30, 2016 when the electricity demand shot up to 6,261MW.

On May 15, Delhi's peak power demand breached the 6,000MW mark. In April, it was 5,685MW, a whopping 18% rise from last year's figure. Similarly , March too saw the peak power demand going up up to 4,000MW, first time in that month. It was an increase of over 14% from that of March 2016--3,617MW.

These numbers make it clear that Delhi is also the “power capital“ of the count ry. Currently , hovering around 6,000MW, the city's peak demand is almost thrice of Kolkata's (around 2,100 MW), four times than that of Chennai (1,500-1,800MW) and as much as 60% higher than financial capital, Mumbai's demand of 3,700MW. Delhi's power appetite is so huge that it is nearly two and a half times the total demand of seven Northeastern states--around 2,500 MW.

The higher power demand has been attributed to growing population, rising standard of living and exceptionally hot weather. Starting from 2MW in 1905, 27MW in 1947 to over 6,000MW now, the city's electricity appetite has grown exponentially in the past seven decades.

[edit] 2018/ electricity consumption vis-à-vis per capita NSDP, state-wise

Graph shows that in general, States with higher per capita NSDP consume higher electricity;
Power consumption per capita and per capita State domestic product at current prices in Rs 1000s,
presumably in 2018
From: July 25, 2018: The Hindu

See graphic:

Graph shows that in general, States with higher per capita NSDP consume higher electricity;
Power consumption per capita and per capita State domestic product at current prices in Rs 1000s,
presumably in 2018

[edit] Consumption of electricity, year-wise

[edit] 2001-19

Access to electricity and clean cooking in India. 2001- 19; Annual distance travelled per capita, 2000- 19
From: Sanjay Dutta, February 10, 2021: The Times of India

See graphic:

Access to electricity and clean cooking in India. 2001- 19; Annual distance travelled per capita, 2000- 19

[edit] 2012-18: power consumption in India, other countries

2012-18: power consumption in India, China, Japan, South Korea and USA
From: Sanjay Dutta, August 5, 2019: The Times of India


See graphic, ‘2012-18: power consumption in India, China, Japan, South Korea and USA ’


[edit] 2015 study

The Times of India Jan 11 2016

Electricity/ energy consumption in four major cities of India in winter and autumn

Chittaranjan Tembhekar

Mumbai

The Indian winter appears to be the warmest in Mumbai if we go by the pattern of electricity consumption of air conditioners and refrigerators across India's four major metros. It's high time Mumbaikars' fight against global warming is intensified as even during colder days their refrigerators and ACs are guzzling power much more than those living in other metros such as Kolkata and Bengaluru, whose temperature patterns are more or less similar to the maximum city .

A study by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) conducted in 2015 on behalf of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, finds Mumbai's consumption of power for refrigerators and air-conditioners (as percentage of power consumed by a household) is the highest among the households surveyed in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Bengaluru in both autumn and winter seasons respectively . Over 800 households were surveyed in each of these cities as part of the study .

Experts agree Mumbai obviously will spend more than Delhi, where winters are cold and autumns pleasant, but criticise Mumbaikars for spending so much more on air-conditioners than Calcutta and Bangalore.

While in autumn Mumbai showed 26.4% power consumption by a refrigerator in an average household, in winter it showed 45%, much high er among the four metros. For air conditioners a city household showed an average of 19.3 % power consumption in autumn while in winter it stood at 7.9% which is again much higher than remaining three cities surveyed during the study .

Power expert Ashok Pendse said air-conditioners were the killer for Mumbai as against 3200 MW consumption during summer, winter consumption of the city stood at just 1500 MW. “Keeping AC temperature between 24 and 26, servicing it regularly , avoiding its excess use, going for LED and star-rated gadgets, and strengthening greenery and avoiding vehicle pollution were the steps needed to be taken by Mumbaikars to counter the global warming which is indicative with the growing use of ACs,“ he said.

It may be recalled that a similar study made by BEE through TERI in 2009 had suggested that Mumbaikars' consumption on refrigerators, air conditioners and geysers was more than those living in Delhi, Bengaluru and Kolkata.

The survey had revealed that Mumbai's consumption was all time high across all four seasons summer, winter, spring and autumn. Among these three gadgets, as per 2009 study , Mumbai had consumed the most on refrigerators and air conditioners whereas Delhi consumed highest power on geyser during prolonged winter months followed by Kolkata.


[edit] 2016-17: Conventional and renewable

Sanjay Dutta, Solar energy helps boost power generation to 10gW , March 7, 2017: The Times of India

Rise in energy production, April 2015-January 2017; Sanjay Dutta, Solar energy helps boost power generation to 10gW , March 7, 2017: The Times of India


Green power is driving the growth in India's electricity generation as total installed solar capacity , including rooftop and off-grid projects, has crossed 10 gigawatts (gW), latest government and market data show.

Generation from conventional sources showed an annual growth rate of over 5% in the 11-month period of 2016-2017 financial year, while output from renewable power projects rose more than 26% during this period. Together, the total growth in generation is in excess of 6% from a year-ago period, government data show.

Power ministry officials say the net growth figure will be higher as generation data from renewable power projects come with a time lag, and therefore, does not reflect in the Central Electricity Authority's latest report The officials said the total generation this February showed marginal decline than the year-ago period due to the effect of 2016 being a leap year. A da y's extra generation in February 2016 affected the February 2017 figure by 3.57%. Had February 2017 also had one extra day , the increase in electricity generation from conventional sources would have been 3.52%, the officials said.

Market watchers see renewables continuing to carve a bigger space in the country's generation sphere on the back of the Narendra Modi government's funding push. After coming to power in 2014, the government revised the target for renewables from 20 gW to 175 gW, including 100 gW of grid-connected solar projects, by 2022.

Last month, the government announced an ambitious scheme to double solar power generation capacity under the solar parks scheme to 40,000 mega watts (mW) by 2020, with Rs 8,100 crore assistance to fund 30% of the initial project cost of developers.

India is expected to add new solar capacity of 5.1 gW this year, which is a growth of 137% over last year, a recent report by Bridge To India, a green energy-focused consultant, said. It expected an annual capacity addition of about 8-10 gW in 2017.

“India is expected to become the world's third biggest solar market from next year onwards after China and the US,“ it said.

Tamil Nadu has the highest installed solar energy capacity , followed by Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Guj arat, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. These seven states collectively accounted for more than 80% of total installed capacity as of mid-November.

[edit] 2019

Demand for electricity and coal in India, 2019
From: February 25, 2021: The Times of India

See graphic:

Demand for electricity and coal in India, 2019

[edit] 2012-22

Sudarshan Varadhan, Nov 1, 2023: www.reuters.com

CHENNAI, Nov 1 (Reuters) - India's electricity demand grew 4.1% in October from a year earlier, leading to a shortfall in supply of 1%, government data showed.

Energy demand has been boosted by increased economic activity after the second wave of coronavirus infections subsided and led to a shortage of coal that forced India's northern states to cut power last month for up to 14 hours a day.

The data showed that coal-fired power generation rose 1.8% in October from a year earlier, while solar energy output increased by 28.4%.

Surging demand and high global prices have left utilities scrambling for coal, India's dominant fuel for power generation, despite record supplies from state-run Coal India (COAL.NS), which has a near-monopoly of production.

Coal India said that it had supplied a record 364.4 million tonnes from April-October, 19% higher than the previous year.

"Against coal consumption of around 1.8 million tonnes per day by the power sector, the supply from Coal India and other sources has been around 2.2 MTs during the last week of October, with Coal India accounting for the major share," the miner said in a statement.

India's Coal Minister Pralhad Joshi on Monday urged Coal India to increase production to ensure power plants had 18 days of coal stock by the end of November, while reiterating a target to achieve an output of 1 billion tonnes by 2024.

India's power supply shortage of 1,201 million kilowatt hours (KWh) in October was the worst since January 2017, data from federal grid regulator POSOCO showed.

Coal's share in India's electricity generation jumped to 70.6% in October from an average of 66.5% in September, the data showed.

Over a third of India's coal-fired capacity now has inventories of three days or less, latest data from the power ministry shows. The average coal inventory held by power plants would last six days, half the average of 12 days over two months ago.

[edit] Distribution companies (DISCOMs)

[edit] 2013-19

Discoms’ power purchase costs, 2013-18
Aggregate transmission and distribution (AT&C) losses, and discoms’ losses, 2015-19
From: May 11, 2019: The Times of India


See graphic:

Discoms’ power purchase costs, 2013-18
Aggregate transmission and distribution (AT&C) losses, and discoms’ losses, 2015-19.

[edit] Arrears, 2018, ’19

SANJAY DUTTA, May 29, 2019: The Times of India

Dues from government departments , ULBs to discoms, 2018, ’19
From: SANJAY DUTTA, May 29, 2019: The Times of India

A review document of UDAY (Ujjwal Discom Assurance Yojana), the Centre’s ambitious plan for resuscitating distribution utilities, by government think-tank Niti Aayog last month shows government departments and local bodies running up power dues of Rs 41,386 crore in the first nine months of 2018-19.

In contrast, discoms’ overdue payment to power stations during the same period stood at Rs 22,061 crore, or nearly half the unpaid amount from government departments and ULBs — government offices, police, fire, water and sewage departments as well as other civic bodies.

“This indicates a problem at the state government end and not with UDAY per se. Performance of discoms is as much about their own performance as of other entities in the power sector value chain. States have to realise in any case, they have to bear the cross of discom losses. We are impressing upon states to look at a system wherein governments directly pay discoms for power consumed by departments and ULBs,” a power ministry official said. Such large unpaid bills adversely impact cash flow and operational capability of discoms. The impact gets magnified by other issues such as inadequate tariff revision and delayed subsidy. Ultimately, independent power plants find it difficult to service loans on time and face increased threat of becoming stressed assets due to delayed payments from discoms.

According to the Niti Aayog review, government departments and ULBs of UP, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh account for Rs 30,354 crore, or over 73%, of the discoms’ arrears. UP, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are also with the bulk of overdue payments to generation companies.

[edit] Ease of getting power

[edit] 2016: India's rank rises by 73

Sanjay Dutta, Ease of getting power: India's rank up by 73 , May 12, 2017: The Times of India

Increase in electricity prices, 2004-14 and 2014-16; Sanjay Dutta, Ease of getting power: India's rank up by 73 , May 12, 2017: The Times of India

Govt Halved Rate At Which Prices Rise Every Year

The focused reforms unleashed by the Narendra Modi government in the last three years have halved the rate at which power prices rose every year, and improved India's position in the global `ease of getting electricity' ranking.

The compounded annual growth in power prices in the 2014-16 period stood at 3.27% against 5.94% through the last 10 years between 2004 and 2014.

Simultaneously during the last two years, India moved up to the 26th spot in global electricity accessibility ranking, moving up from 99th in 2014 aided largely by the Modi government's rural electrification programme in the last three years since it came to power.

Nowhere has the suc cess of the government's policies become more visible than the development where solar power tariff went below coal-fired power for a project at Bhadla solar park in Rajasthan.

Overall Energy shortage too has come down to 0.7% at present from 4.2% in 2014. No wonder power, coal renewable energy and mines minister Piyush Goyal spoke from a position of strength when he told the Vienna Energy Forum, “Many problems had earlier set India back for many years but now the mood has changed.“ “India is taking rapid strides in terms of commitment and target for promoting energy conservation and efficiency ,“ he told the gathering.

“Traditionally India's stand has been what the world was ready to do to help us go green. Finally , we are able to tell the world that we will do whatever it takes to improving our pollution levels to meet the challenges of climate change, irrespective of what the world does. We have finally been able to make solar tariff go below grid parity ... India's leadership position in green energy will new benefit the world,“ he said.

[edit] Rural electrification

[edit] 1950-2017

Why Are 77% Of Households Without Power When 99.5% Of Villages Have Electricity?, October 2, 2017: The Times of India


Electricity in India, a timeline, 1950-2017; Highest proportion of households without electricity, state-wise; Electricity consumption, 2014; Why Are 77% Of Households Without Power When 99.5% Of Villages Have Electricity?, October 2, 2017: The Times of India


How is village electrification different from that of a household?

A village is considered electrified if 10% of its households have electricity connec tion, and hence there is a considerable scope that many families may not have electricity despite being located in an electrified village. According to Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana website, there are only 0.5% un-electrified villages in the country while 23% households are yet to get electricity. In some states, nearly all households have electricity, while there are others with significant village electrification but many house holds without power.

Does providing an electricity connection itself address power problem?

Despite access to electricity, a large part of India's population suffers from power shortage. As a result India's per capita consumption of electricity is far lower than similar economies. Per capita consumption of power indicates the degree of industrialisation as well as quality of life in a country .

[edit] Tariff

[edit] 2016: E-bidding helps cut power tariff

The Times of India, May 24 2016

The power ministry's move to channel procurement of short-term power by states through reverse auction on its e-bidding platform appears to be paying off. The first round of bidding on the DEEP (Discovery of Efficient Electricity Price) portal has seen tariffs go down by more than a third from a year-ago period.

Uttarakhand, Kerala, Bihar and private discom Torrent Power kicked off the DEEP bidding process, with Kerala discovering a price of Rs 3.14 per unit, the lowest for May in the slot of the day , against Rs 4.70 per unit paid for roundthe-clock supplies in 2015.

Uttarakhand discovered a price of Rs 2.59 per unit, the lowest for July on round-theclock basis. The state discoms had procured short-term power at Rs 3.41 per unit last year in the same period. Bihar received the lowest rate for July at Rs 3.08 per unit, while Torrent Power received the lowest price of Rs 2.95 per unit for May-June in slot of the day . While the state did not procure power through bidding before this, Torrent did not procure short-term power in 2014-15 and 2015-16. Bidding for Uttarakhand and Kerala concluded on April 29, for Torrent Power Ltd on May 3 and for Bihar on May 9, the power ministry said on Sunday .

Lower prices are expected to reduce the overall cost of procurement of power for dis coms and ultimately benefit consumers. Power minister Piyush Goyal had inaugurated the portal, making it mandatory for discoms to procure short-term power through reverse e-bidding.

[edit] 2018: tariff in the major cities

2018: the power tariff in India’s major cities
From: October 3, 2018: The Times of India

See graphic:

2018: the power tariff in India’s major cities

[edit] Trade (cross-border)

[edit] 2017/ India becomes net exporter of power

India becomes net exporter of power for the first time: Government, Mar 29, 2017, The Times of India

HIGHLIGHTS

New transmission lines with Bangladesh and Myanmar helped India sell more.

India is set to sell more power to Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar.

NEW DELHI: India has become a net exporter of electricity for the first time, the power ministry said on Wednesday, adding that upcoming cross-border transmission lines with neighbouring countries such as Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar will only increase sales.

April-February power exports of around 5,798 million units were 4 percent higher than what India bought from Bhutan, which has been a steady supplier of hydro-electricity to the country since the eighties. New transmission lines with Bangladesh and Myanmar helped India sell more, the government said.

Known for its crippling power cuts, India has been investing heavily on generation infrastructure over the past few years. A massive surge in the local supply of raw materials like coal in the past two years has also helped power companies boost output. Some experts, however, say local power demand has grown slower than expected.

[edit] Why India exports power

See graphic.

Per capita electricity consumption annually for 2013, India and the world; The Times of India, April 1, 2017

[edit] Spot market faces regulatory hurdles

The Times of India, Jul 23 2015

Sanjay Dutta

India’s current electricity trade; Graphic courtesy: The Times of India, Jul 23 2015

Neighbours still can't buy from spot market

Daily spark missing in India's int'l power trade

India has emerged as a hub of South Asian transmission network but the daily spark of dayahead trading is missing in its cross-border power trade due to regulatory hurdles.

Indian power exchanges have petitioned the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission to open the doors to spot buyers from neighbouring countries as millions of units go waste at home due to busy transmission lines or poor appetite of financially stressed state utilities.

Tata Power has petitioned the regulator for permission to import power from its 126 MW Dagachhu hydel project in Bhutan through the Indian exchanges for sale in India till bilateral contracts are signed. Industry sources say there are consumers in Nepal and Bangladesh, countries with large unmet demand, willing to buy power from the Indian spot market.

But for the regulator, it is a grey area as the existing policy does not reflect the chang ing reality of expanding interlinks with neighbouring countries and power projects coming up in Bhutan and Bangladesh with Indian private investments. The government is examining the new reality and at least Tata Power's case is awaiting the foreign ministry's approval. The Indian grid is connected with Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Plans for establishing interlinks with Pakistan and Sri Lanka have remained enmeshed in the complexities of bilateral politics. Trade through the existing interlinks is guided by bilateral arrangements between governments. There is no third-party transit through the Indian network. In dia imports power from hydel projects it has set up in Bhutan and supplies electricity from a central pool to Nepal and Bangladesh.

The Dagachhu hydel project is the first of several private projects being built on foreign soil for supplying to local market, India or a third country. Reliance Power and Adani group recently inked deals for large power plants in Bangladesh. The petitions by power exchanges point out that the ground is ready for cross-border trading because of financial and regulatory similarities in electricity markets of the interlinked countries.

Initially, the volumes are expected to be small due to limited interlink capacity.But, with plans for their expansion, a full-on regional power market is just round the corner, much in line with the scenario in Europe.

India, with a rapidly expanding generation capacity -estimated at 2.72 GW (giga watt) at last count -and surrounded by deficit countries, can be in the driver's seat only if it moves fast.

[edit] Transmission and distribution losses

[edit] 2005-10

Costly leak: Power cos lose Rs 30,000cr every year

Plan Panel Puts Blame On Theft, Faulty Metering & Poor Billing Mahendra Kumar Singh

Times of India


New Delhi: The average cost of electricity in India may be the highest in the world but distribution utilities are losing around Rs 30,000 crore annually because they cannot recover the cost due to theft and poor billing practices, an industry euphemism for ‘transmission and distribution losses’.

Indicating that outdated networks are adding to the losses of distribution companies, the Planning Commission sees the average cost of taking power to the consumer’s doorstep increasing from Rs 3.60 per unit in 2005-06 to Rs 4.16 per unit in 2009-10, or an increase of 15.5%.

Against this level of rise in the costs, average tariff has increased from Rs 2.87 per unit to Rs 3.37 in the same period, marking a 17.4% increase. ‘‘The gap has increased to around 89 paise per unit in 2009-10,’’ the panel says in its mid-term review of the 11th Plan. Another reason for the utilities losing money in their distribution operation, the panel notes, is their failure to recover the cost owing to unsustainable level of technical and commercial losses due to pilferages and inefficiencies in metering and billing.

According to the mid-term review (MTR), the financial performance of 20 major states barring Delhi and Orissa discloses that total expenditure in distribution was Rs 2,03,097 crore in 2008-09, which is likely to be Rs 2,25,282 crore this fiscal, while commercial losses without subsidy worked out to Rs 40,910 crore in 2008-09 and are likely to be Rs 38,420 crore this fiscal. The average tariff was Rs 328.57 crore (at Rs 14.22 paise/Kwh) in 2008-09, which is likely to go up to Rs 338.32 crore (at Rs 17.47 paise/Kwh). “The gap between average cost of supply and average tariff has been found to be around 104 paise in 2008-09 and is expected to be around 89 paise in 2009-10,” the document suggests.

Criticising the distribution utilities for their poor power procurement planning, the MTR suggested that the distribution sector required substantial improvements in business planning and forecasting to manage its finances and operations better.

“Much of the present cost problems are on account of poor power procurement planning and contract management,” the panel argued. It called for for improvement in customer service and management methods which would lead to greater customer satisfaction and overall reduction in service costs and also facilitate in implementing cost reflective tariffs and timely payments from consumers.

[edit] Losses from power theft, 2017>18

i) Losses from power theft, 2017>18;
ii) 2018, May: the five states with the longest power cuts.
From: T.C.A. Sharad Raghavan, Discoms, not Centre, to guarantee power supply to all villages, says official, June 26, 2018: The Hindu

See graphic:

i) Losses from power theft, 2017>18;
ii) 2018, May: the five states with the longest power cuts.

[edit] Transmission lines and the law

[edit] SC: No need for landowner's nod to lay power line

Dhananjay Mahapatra, Dec 30, 2016: The Times of India


Removing roadblocks in reaching electricity to every village, the Supreme Court has ruled that no prior consent of landowners was required to lay overhead power transmission lines and erect towers to support these lines.

Through the judgment, the SC settled the issue which gave rise to conflicting judgments from various HCs. The SC's top priority was to enable the go vernment and its agencies to get electricity to the last household in the remotest areas.

A bench of Justices A K Sikri and R Banumathi said, “It is well known that India is an energy deficient country.There are many households where lighting even an electric bulb is a dream.“

The issue was filed by a cement manufacturer from Chhattisgarh and Power Grid Corporation. The cement manufacturer challenged Power Grid's decision to erect towers for transmission lines on its limestone mine lease area without its consent. The bench said, “As per the provisions of the Indian Telegraph Act, unobstructed access to lay down telegraph andor electricity transmission lines is an imperative in the larger public interest.“

[edit] Transmission issues

[edit] Inter-region transfer

The Times of India, Jul 05 2015

Wastage of electricity, due to congestion, year-wise:2009-14; Graphic courtesy: The Times of India, Jul 05 2015

Sanjay Dutta

Supply from surplus to deficit regions blocked

It is the height of paradox for a country where blackouts are more a norm than exception. Over 3 billion units of electricity , or a day's national consumption, were wasted in 2014-15 as congestion in the transmission highways blocked trading between surplus and deficit regions. Data from various power exchanges show a higher wastage in 2013-14 at 5.3 billion units, or Delhi's consumption for roughly 56-60 days.

Inter-region transfer through short-term open access stood at 78.38 billion units during this period. No doubt, such wastage ­ both in terms of actual power fed into the grid but not used and generation capacity that was not `scheduled' due to grid bottlenecks ­ comes at a cost to the economy in terms of lost opportunities and idling power stations.

But even consumers, especially in deficit southern region, end up paying more as transmission gridlock not only affects volumes traded but also the price of electricity .

Power is traded on bourses through a mechanism called `market splitting' in industry parlance. In this system, tariff on surplus and deficit regions are adjusted in a way that the power flow equals the network capacity available for trading.As a result, the price in surplus area declines and rises in deficit regions, which either go dark or have to look for costlier alternatives.

The southern region is one of the worst sufferers in this regard. Some industry estimates say network congestion cost the region at least Rs 5,000 crore in the last three years during which time 19 billion units could not flow to it due to congestion. The opportunity cost alone of the unserved power is estimated at Rs 1,862 crore, assuming utilities earn Re 1 per unit extra revenue after meeting operating expenditure. Besides, in the absence of access to surplus power, cost of supplies were higher than what it would have been if there was no congestion. Utilities had to buy tap costlier options or shed load. The price differential works out to Rs 2,996 crore. This came from consumers' pockets.

Industry watchers say the problem lies in the way capaci ty of transmission highways are planned with singular focus on wheeling power under long-term supply agreements.This leaves only marginal capacity for trading, considered an ingredient for real competition and ensuring the government's promise of 24X7 supply .

Reserving some transmission capacity transmission networks, thus, is cited as need of the hour for growth of a healthy power market. This is important since distribution utilities are unable to forecast demand until very close to the delivery day due to factors such as seasonal variations, unscheduled generation outages, social events, political factors and business cycle etc.


[edit] See also

Power: India, 1

Power: India, 2 (ministry data)

Energy: India

Coal: India

Green (renewable) energy: India, 1

Green (renewable) energy: India, 2 (ministry data)

Petroleum, diesel, natural gas, India: I

Petroleum, diesel, natural gas, India, II (ministry data)

Electricity, supply of: India

Water: Drinking water and its availability, India

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